title: Acute toxicity and ecotoxicological risk assessment of rice pesticides to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of some pesticides used in irrigated rice farming to Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. The LC 50-96h for commercial formulations containing bentazon, penoxsulam, vegetable oil, permethrin and carbofuran, separately and their mixtures, were determined at the proportions commonly used in the field. The limits of risk concentrations of these products for the studied species were also established. The LC 50-96h for tadpoles was 4,530 mg L(-1) for bentazon; 7.52 mg L(-1) for penoxsulam + 145.66 mg L(-1) of vegetable oil; 81.57 mg L(-1) for vegetable oil; 0.10 mg L(-1) for permethrin; 29.90 mg L(-1) for carbofuran (active ingredients), and 38.79 times the dose used in the field for the mixture of these products. The environmental risk was determined only for permethrin, and care should be taken when using the vegetable oil.
authors.affiliation: a Engineering School of Lorena , University of São Paulo - USP , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Menezes
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Teresa C Brazil
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: De Paiva
authors.forename: Adriana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Marcantônio
authors.forename: Patrícia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Cláudia Maris
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012275:Oryza; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011892:Rana catesbeiana / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: CL50; amphibian; bentazon; bullfrog; carbofuran; ecotoxicology; mixture toxicity; penoxsulam; permethrin; vegetable oil