title: Clinical evaluation of Chinese patients with primary distal renal tubular acidosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis disorder characterized by a normal anion gap with abnormal urinary hydrogen (H(+)) excretion. At present, there are few available reports regarding the clinical status of primary dRTA. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the clinical features and outcomes of primary dRTA.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study performed in patients with primary dRTA who were hospitalized at Ruijin Hospital between March 1996 and July 2009; the clinical features of these patients were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study included 95 consecutive inpatients: 40 men (42.11%) and 55 women (57.89%). Among them, 60 had hypokalemia (63.12%), 29 had complete dRTA and 66 had incomplete dRTA. The mean urine calcium levels of the patients with and without urinary lithiasis were 0.10±0.04 and 0.07±0.05 mmol/24 h・kg, respectively (p=0.04). The blood pH values of the patients with and those without bone disease were 7.37±0.06 and 7.32±0.06, respectively (p=0.01). A total of 8.33% (8/27) of the patients had tubular proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypokalemia is the most common clinical manifestation of primary dRTA. Primary dRTA can also be accompanied by proximal tubular dysfunction. Controlling the urine calcium and citrate levels is crucial for the treatment of nephrocalcinosis and/or nephrolithiasis, while restoring the blood pH to the normal level is essential for controlling bone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, China.
authors.forename: Chunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Pingyan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yaowen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuhuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000141:Acidosis, Renal Tubular / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002951:Citrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D019343:Citric Acid; D019357:Potassium Citrate; D002118:Calcium