title: Actigraphic-measured sleep disturbance predicts increased positive symptoms in adolescents at ultra high-risk for psychosis: A longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disturbance is prevalent among patients with psychosis, yet little is known about sleep health during the ultra high-risk (UHR) period. This study used actigraphy to evaluate sleep in healthy control (HC) and UHR adolescents to examine the relationship between sleep disturbance and psychosis symptoms at baseline and 12-month follow-up, as well as comparisons between objective and subjective measurements of sleep functioning in UHR youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six UHR and 31 HC youth participated in a baseline evaluation including 5 nights of actigraphy, subjective measurement of sleep health (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), and clinical interviews. Clinical measures were repeated with UHR youth (N=23) at a 12-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The actigraphy data indicated that UHR youth displayed increased wake time after onset (WASO), increased movements during sleep, and decreased efficiency compared to HC, and several markers of sleep disturbance including decreased efficiency, increased WASO, number of awakenings, and increased movements were associated with symptomatology in the UHR group. Interestingly, there were associations between actigraph and self-report indices of sleep duration and efficiency (at the trend level) but not awakenings. Several objective measures of sleep disturbance and one self-reported measure (disrupted continuity) predicted the longitudinal course of symptoms over 12 months in the UHR group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results suggest a potential role for sleep problems in the etiology of schizophrenia, and highlight sleep health as a possible target for prevention/intervention efforts. Additionally, actigraphy represents an inexpensive, sensitive measurement providing unique information not captured by self-report, and may be an informative adjunct to UHR assessments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lunsford-Avery
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Monique K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: LeBourgeois
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Actigraphy; Prodromal; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Sleep disturbance; Ultra high-risk
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