title: The biomarkers of fetal growth in intrauterine growth retardation and large for gestational age cases: from adipocytokines to a metabolomic all-in-one tool.
abstract: Adipose tissue is no longer considered as inert; the literature describes the role it plays in the production of many substances, such as adiponectin, visfatin, ghrelin, S100B, apelin, TNF, IL-6 and leptin. These molecules have specific roles in humans and their potential as biomarkers useful for identifying alterations related to intrauterine growth retardation and large for gestational age neonates is emerging. Infants born in such conditions have undergone metabolic changes, such as fetal hypo- or hyperinsulinemia, which may lead to development of dysmetabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases in adulthood. In this review, these biomarkers are analyzed specifically and it is discussed how metabolomics may be an advantageous tool for detection, discrimination and prediction of metabolic alterations and diseases. Thus, a holistic approach, such as metabolomics, could help the prevention and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section - Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pravettoni
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cesare Marincola
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schirru
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D047109:Fetal Development; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: biomarkers; fetal growth; intrauterine growth retardation; large for gestational age; metabolomics