title: Update on intravitreal anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies for ocular disorders.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with a variety of ocular diseases. The currently available TNF-? inhibitors are etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab. Experimental and clinical studies on the intravitreal use of these agents have been reported with etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab: etanercept has shown limited efficacy in scarce reports; infliximab has been associated with local safety concerns but appears to benefit certain cases; adalimumab has shown no efficacy in cases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME), but the combination with bevacizumab may be effective in refractory cases of macular diseases. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in order to be able to obtain a more robust conclusion on the use of intravitreal TNF-? inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, n° 106, Valencia, 46026, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pascual-Camps
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, n° 106, Valencia, 46026, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hernández-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Complex, Alto de Nava s/n, Leon, 24071, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monje-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, n° 106, Valencia, 46026, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dolz-Marco
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, n° 106, Valencia, 46026, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallego-Pinazo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, Paseo Colón, San José, PO BOX 3971-1000, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Lihteh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Retina Division, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA ; Vitreoretinal Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Al Arubah Rd, Umm AL Hamam AL Gharbi, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: J Fernando
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Arévalo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Llopis
keywords: Adalimumab; Etanercept; Infliximab; Intravitreal injection; Ocular disorders; Tumor necrosis factor alpha
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