title: Nail surgery: best way to obtain effective anesthesia.
abstract: Nail procedures require an effective and reliable approach to anesthesia of the distal digit. Several techniques have been described in the literature. Herein, the relevant anatomy of the nail unit, pain pathways, anesthetic options, and several injection approaches to achieve complete anesthesia are reviewed. Also considered are the potential pitfalls and complications and their management. Ultimately, the physician's approach must be individualized to the patient, procedure, and setting.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Professionals, Inc, 1672 South County Trail, East Greenwich, RI 02818, USA; Division of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Electronic address: winenut15@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nathaniel J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Jellinek
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Professionals, Inc, 1672 South County Trail, East Greenwich, RI 02818, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Vélez
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001706:Biopsy; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009262:Nails / Q000473:pathology*; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D013696:Temperature; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Anesthesia complications; Anesthesia of the nail unit; Dermatologic surgery; Digital anesthesia; Nail biopsy; Nail surgery