title: Prefrontal cortical α2A-adrenoceptors and a possible primate model of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a prevalent syndrome in children worldwide, is characterized by impulsivity, inappropriate inattention, and/or hyperactivity. It seriously afflicts cognitive development in childhood, and may lead to chronic under-achievement, academic failure, problematic peer relationships, and low self-esteem. There are at least three challenges for the treatment of ADHD. First, the neurobiological bases of its symptoms are still not clear. Second, the commonly prescribed medications, most showing short-term therapeutic efficacy but with a high risk of serious side-effects, are mainly based on a dopamine mechanism. Third, more novel and efficient animal models, especially in nonhuman primates, are required to accelerate the development of new medications. In this article, we review research progress in the related fields, focusing on our previous studies showing that blockade of prefrontal cortical α2A-adrenoceptors in monkeys produces almost all the typical behavioral symptoms of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China, chaolin.ma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chao-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Bao-Ming
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D011323:Primates; D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018341:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1377-84
references.pmid: 15950011
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;50(7):565-76
references.pmid: 8317950
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2005 Jun;115(6):e749-57
references.pmid: 15930203
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2003 May 23;14(7):1013-6
references.pmid: 12802193
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 15;69(12 ):e145-57
references.pmid: 21550021
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;35(4):504-11
references.pmid: 11531733
references.citation: Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Dec;22(12):2557-66
references.pmid: 17166338
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003 Nov;27(7):605-13
references.pmid: 14624805
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Jun;156(6):891-6
references.pmid: 10360128
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Dec;40(12):1410-7
references.pmid: 11765286
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;169(3):264-72
references.pmid: 22294258
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Sep;33(10):2536-45
references.pmid: 18046306
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2006 Jul;132(4):560-81
references.pmid: 16822167
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 Jan;29(1):86-92
references.pmid: 12931141
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Nov 11;402(6758):181-4
references.pmid: 10647009
references.citation: Jpn Circ J. 1963 Mar;27:282-93
references.pmid: 13939773
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992 Nov;33(8):1347-54
references.pmid: 1429961
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):495-502
references.pmid: 19337883
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Aug;33(9):2263-71
references.pmid: 17957212
references.citation: Learn Mem. 2006 Nov-Dec;13(6):770-6
references.pmid: 17101879
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Nov;31(11):2376-83
references.pmid: 16855530
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;25(2):277-83
references.pmid: 1652243
references.citation: Postgrad Med. 2008 Sep;120(3):60-8
references.pmid: 18824826
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):876-82
references.pmid: 9448254
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004 Oct;72(5):757-66
references.pmid: 15482034
references.citation: Folia Biol (Praha). 2006;52(6):194-201
references.pmid: 17184598
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1992 Apr;20(2):163-88
references.pmid: 1593025
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;161(9):1650-7
references.pmid: 15337656
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Oct;66(10):1135-42
references.pmid: 19805704
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Jul;50(7):486
references.pmid: 18611195
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Jan;34(1):50-4
references.pmid: 7860456
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2014 Jan 30;215(1):163-9
references.pmid: 24287203
references.citation: Rev Neurosci. 2011;22(3):365-71
references.pmid: 21591908
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;46(11):1211-8
references.pmid: 16238668
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 1990 Mar 5;37(2):157-68
references.pmid: 2108704
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;41(3):222-30
references.pmid: 17464703
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Nov;27(5):699-711
references.pmid: 12431845
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2002;53:113-31
references.pmid: 11818466
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Jan;36(1):207-26
references.pmid: 20881946
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1970 Nov 26;11(4):376-86
references.pmid: 4993199
references.citation: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jun;24(5):245-52
references.pmid: 24945085
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 1998 Jun;31(2):83-95
references.pmid: 9700714
references.citation: Behav Neural Biol. 1990 Jan;53(1):88-102
references.pmid: 2302145
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;158(7):1067-74
references.pmid: 11431228
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan 15;57(2):192-5
references.pmid: 15652880
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 1998 Jul;94(1):73-82
references.pmid: 9708841
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 May;53(5):448-55
references.pmid: 8624188
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987 Sep;26(5):676-86
references.pmid: 2889717
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 15;20(6):RC65
references.pmid: 10704519
references.citation: Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2004 Mar;3(2):93-100
references.pmid: 15006715
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;163(4):716-23
references.pmid: 16585449
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar;39(3):411-25
references.pmid: 9670096
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;40(8):1169-83
references.pmid: 10604396
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2013 May;51(6):1085-93
references.pmid: 23391561
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;44 Suppl 1:S11-5
references.pmid: 15838256
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 May 15;53(10):871-8
references.pmid: 12742674
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Nov 16;378(6554):279-81
references.pmid: 7477346
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;44(2):177-86
references.pmid: 15689731
references.citation: Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2011 Jan;Chapter 9:Unit9.35
references.pmid: 21207367
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;47(10):1051-62
references.pmid: 17073984
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1215-20
references.pmid: 15949990
references.citation: Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;10 Suppl 1:157S-164S
references.pmid: 6994770
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2011;189:155-69
references.pmid: 21489388
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;95(3):303-12
references.pmid: 3137615
references.citation: Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Feb;48(2):209-25
references.pmid: 24259638
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 Jan;66(1):57-63
references.pmid: 9886453
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2000 Jan;24(1):31-9
references.pmid: 10654658
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999 May;38(5):503-12
references.pmid: 10230181
references.citation: Behav Neural Biol. 1979 Oct;27(2):187-200
references.pmid: 508216
references.citation: CNS Spectr. 2006 Oct;11(10 Suppl 11):4-6
references.pmid: 17008823
references.citation: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2000 Jul;9(3):557-72, vii-viii
references.pmid: 10944657
references.citation: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 Aug;15(11):1601-10
references.pmid: 24992513
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 1;74(3):227-33
references.pmid: 23507001
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;44(4):377-84
references.pmid: 15782085
references.citation: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1959 Feb;52(1):18-24
references.pmid: 13641458
references.citation: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1963 Apr;56:232-6
references.pmid: 13950748
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Mar;42(3):303-10
references.pmid: 12595783
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 Nov;21(5):601-10
references.pmid: 10516956
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1997 Jan;121(1):65-94
references.pmid: 9000892
references.citation: J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Feb;15(1):27-39
references.pmid: 18392193
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2000 Sep;106(3):533-9
references.pmid: 10969099
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;1024(1-2):176-82
references.pmid: 15451380
references.citation: Behav Neurosci. 1997 Oct;111(5):883-91
references.pmid: 9383511
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1981 Apr 10;256(7):3298-303
references.pmid: 6259160
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Sep;34(9):1140-6
references.pmid: 7559307
references.citation: Behav Neural Biol. 1994 Sep;62(2):134-9
references.pmid: 7993303
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1989 Jan;46(1):48-52
references.pmid: 2783366
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2010 Oct;48(12):3650-6
references.pmid: 20801134
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Apr 20;129(2):397-410
references.pmid: 17448997
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 Dec 31;1030(2):172-82
references.pmid: 15571667
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1239-47
references.pmid: 15949994
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;182(2):205-13
references.pmid: 16078088
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2009;23 Suppl 1:33-41
references.pmid: 19621976
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1997 Feb;35(2):165-76
references.pmid: 9025120
references.citation: Clin Genet. 1999 Mar;55(3):160-72
references.pmid: 10334470
references.citation: Physiol Behav. 1993 Dec;54(6):1047-55
references.pmid: 8295939