title: Surgical treatment of an atlantoaxial fracture after a delayed diagnosis in a comatose patient.
abstract: METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of fractures of the right lateral atlantoaxial joint and C2 body diagnosed more than 5 months after injury. Misdiagnosis of an injury to the cervical spine has been reported frequently. For patients in whom cervical injury is suspected, the primary screening modality is axial CT from the occiput to T1 with sagittal and coronal reconstructions. The inadequacy of this radiological evaluation could delay diagnosis of fractures and lead to unnecessary surgical treatment of the cervical spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the case of a 74-year-old woman with an old, displaced combined fracture of the C1 and C2 right facet joint. In this case, CT of the brain was evaluated at the time of injury, but not CT of the cervical spine. As a consequence, diagnosis was delayed and surgical treatment was necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed posterior fusion surgery for C1 and C2. A pedicle screw was not inserted on both sides of C2, because of destruction of the insertional point on the right side and a high-riding VA on the left. Alternatively, a lamina screw and hook were used for C2, fixed with lateral mass screws on C1, with a bone graft harvested from the iliac crest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To avoid unnecessary surgery, surgeons should recognize the possibility of cervical fractures that cannot be detected without CT, especially in patients who are comatose at injury. Atlantoaxial fixation with a hook and lamina screw in C2 is an option for old upper cervical fractures in cases where a pedicle screw cannot be inserted into C2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imura
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaso
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D001863:Bone Screws; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D003128:Coma / Q000150:complications; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
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