title: Enhancing the Detection of Giardia duodenalis Cysts in Foods by Inertial Microfluidic Separation.
abstract: The sensitivity and specificity of current Giardia cyst detection methods for foods are largely determined by the effectiveness of the elution, separation, and concentration methods used. The aim of these methods is to produce a final suspension with an adequate concentration of Giardia cysts for detection and a low concentration of interfering food debris. In the present study, a microfluidic device, which makes use of inertial separation, was designed and fabricated for the separation of Giardia cysts. A cyclical pumping platform and protocol was developed to concentrate 10-ml suspensions down to less than 1 ml. Tests involving Giardia duodenalis cysts and 1.90-μm microbeads in pure suspensions demonstrated the specificity of the microfluidic chip for cysts over smaller nonspecific particles. As the suspension cycled through the chip, a large number of beads were removed (70%) and the majority of the cysts were concentrated (82%). Subsequently, the microfluidic inertial separation chip was integrated into a method for the detection of G. duodenalis cysts from lettuce samples. The method greatly reduced the concentration of background debris in the final suspensions (10-fold reduction) in comparison to that obtained by a conventional method. The method also recovered an average of 68.4% of cysts from 25-g lettuce samples and had a limit of detection (LOD) of 38 cysts. While the recovery of cysts by inertial separation was slightly lower, and the LOD slightly higher, than with the conventional method, the sample analysis time was greatly reduced, as there were far fewer background food particles interfering with the detection of cysts by immunofluorescence microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kyle R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ganz
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Liviu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clime
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Corneau
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Division, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada brent.dixon@hc-sc.gc.ca teodor.veres@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Teodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veres
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada brent.dixon@hc-sc.gc.ca teodor.veres@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Brent R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D005502:Food; D016266:Food Parasitology / Q000379:methods*; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D018545:Lactuca / Q000469:parasitology; D057230:Limit of Detection; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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