title: Area deprivation and the food environment over time: A repeated cross-sectional study on takeaway outlet density and supermarket presence in Norfolk, UK, 1990-2008.
abstract: Socioeconomic disparities in the food environment are known to exist but with little understanding of change over time. This study investigated the density of takeaway food outlets and presence of supermarkets in Norfolk, UK between 1990 and 2008. Data on food retail outlet locations were collected from telephone directories and aggregated within electoral wards. Supermarket presence was not associated with area deprivation over time. Takeaway food outlet density increased overall, and was significantly higher in more deprived areas at all time points; furthermore, socioeconomic disparities in takeaway food outlet density increased across the study period. These findings add to existing evidence and help assess the need for environmental interventions to reduce disparities in the prevalence of unhealthy food outlets.
authors.affiliation: UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: erm49@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eva R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.affiliation: UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: tb464@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burgoine
authors.affiliation: UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: pm491@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monsivais
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D004777:Environment; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Food environment; Inequalities; Socioeconomic status; Supermarket; Takeaway food outlet
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