title: Association between Smoking and Uveitis: Results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether cigarette smoking is associated with the development of uveitis in a population-based setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, population-based, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged ≥ 18 years who were seen at a Kaiser Permanente Hawaii clinic between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2007. Analysis included 100 confirmed incident uveitis cases, 522 randomly selected controls from the general Kaiser Hawaii population, and 528 randomly selected controls from the Kaiser Hawaii ophthalmology clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision (ICD-9), diagnosis codes were used to identify possible uveitis cases. A uveitis fellowship-trained ophthalmologist then conducted individual chart review to confirm case status. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between smoking and uveitis, adjusting for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of uveitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smokers had a 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-3.00; P = 0.12) and 2.33 (95% CI, 1.22-4.45; P = 0.01) times greater odds of developing uveitis compared with those who never smoked using the general and ophthalmology control groups, respectively. The association was even stronger with noninfectious uveitis, which yielded odds ratios of 2.10 (95% CI, 1.10-3.99; P = 0.02) and 2.96 (95% CI, 1.52-5.77; P = 0.001) using the general and ophthalmology control groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with new-onset uveitis within a population-based setting. The association was stronger for noninfectious uveitis. Given the well-established risks of smoking with regard to other inflammatory disorders, these results reaffirm the importance of encouraging patients to avoid or cease smoking.
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Brenton G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Vivien M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Erica N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weinrib
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Durga S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Borkar
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
authors.forename: Aleli C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vinoya
authors.affiliation: F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: nisha.acharya@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Nisha R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Acharya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014605:Uveitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 May;145(5):841-6
references.pmid: 18321467
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 2011 May;60(5):409-24
references.pmid: 21298317
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Jun;54(6):4017-25
references.pmid: 23674757
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Mar;50(3):849-57
references.pmid: 15022327
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2003 Nov;74(5):942-51
references.pmid: 12960242
references.citation: J Clin Immunol. 2011 Aug;31(4):606-14
references.pmid: 21556937
references.citation: J Autoimmun. 2010 May;34(3):J258-65
references.pmid: 20042314
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):65-71
references.pmid: 18362915
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan;98(1):2-10
references.pmid: 11141320
references.citation: Scand J Immunol. 2011 Jul;74(1):1-13
references.pmid: 21338381
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jan;63(1):73-83
references.pmid: 20954258
references.citation: JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013 Nov;131(11):1405-12
references.pmid: 24008391
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 1;453(7191):106-9
references.pmid: 18362914
references.citation: Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014 Apr 15;:null
references.pmid: 24734915
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Sep 9;60(35):1207-12
references.pmid: 21900875
references.citation: J Inflamm (Lond). 2009 May 01;6:12
references.pmid: 19409098
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 1997 Aug;56(8):463-9
references.pmid: 9306868
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):59-64
references.pmid: 17047020
references.citation: Exp Dermatol. 2011 Apr;20(4):371-3
references.pmid: 21355889
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Jul 1;154(1):69-74
references.pmid: 11427406
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2003 Jun;30(6):1215-21
references.pmid: 12784392
references.citation: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Jun;249(6):903-7
references.pmid: 21207052
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2011;17:2003-10
references.pmid: 21850175
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4251-9
references.pmid: 16249505
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 Jul;94(7):848-53
references.pmid: 20606023
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2010 Mar;117(3):585-90
references.pmid: 20036011
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Sep;62(9):835-41
references.pmid: 12922955
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 19;287(43):36012-21
references.pmid: 22936807
references.citation: JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):479-82
references.pmid: 8419666
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 May;168(2):165-77
references.pmid: 22471277
references.citation: Brain. 2005 Jun;128(Pt 6):1461-5
references.pmid: 15758034