title: A blinded assessment of video quality in wearable technology for telementoring in open surgery: the Google Glass experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of telementoring is to recreate face-to-face encounters with a digital presence. Open-surgery telementoring is limited by lack of surgeon's point-of-view cameras. Google Glass is a wearable computer that looks like a pair of glasses but is equipped with wireless connectivity, a camera, and viewing screen for video conferencing. This study aimed to assess the safety of using Google Glass by assessing the video quality of a telementoring session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four (n = 34) surgeons at a single institution were surveyed and blindly compared via video captured with Google Glass versus an Apple iPhone 5 during the open cholecystectomy portion of a Whipple. Surgeons were asked to evaluate the quality of the video and its adequacy for safe use in telementoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four of 107 invited surgical attendings (32%) responded to the anonymous survey. A total of 50% rated the Google Glass video as fair with the other 50% rating it as bad to poor. A total of 52.9% of respondents rated the Apple iPhone video as good. A significantly greater proportion of respondents felt Google Glass video quality was inadequate for telementoring versus the Apple iPhone's (82.4 vs 26.5%, p < 0.0001). Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.924 (95% CI 0.660-0.999, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While Google Glass provides a great breadth of functionality as a wearable device with two-way communication capabilities, current hardware limitations prevent its use as a telementoring device in surgery as the video quality is inadequate for safe telementoring. As the device is still in initial phases of development, future iterations or competitor devices may provide a better telementoring application for wearable devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRB425, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. dahashimoto@partners.org.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRB425, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phitayakorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRB425, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandez-del Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRB425, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Ozanan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Meireles
mesh_terms: D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000193:education*; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000193:education*; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000068997:Smartphone; D066231:Surgeons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Open surgery; Surgical education; Telementoring; Wearable technology
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