title: Non-operative therapies for colorectal liver metastases.
abstract: Locoregional therapies for colorectal liver metastases complement systemic therapy by providing an opportunity for local control of hepatic spread. The armamentarium for liver-directed therapy includes ablative therapies, embolization, and stereotactic body radiation therapy. At this time, prospective studies comparing these modalities are limited and decision-making relies on a multidisciplinary approach for optimal patient management. Herein, we describe multiple therapeutic non-surgical procedures and an overview of the results of these treatments.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nosher
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Inaya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Akshar N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Vyacheslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gendel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Murillo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruswick, NJ, USA ; 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, 3 Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Salma K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jabbour
keywords: Colon cancer; ablation; embolization; liver metastases; radiation
references.citation: Cancer. 2000 Jul 15;89(2):276-84
references.pmid: 10918156
references.citation: Am J Surg. 2001 Dec;182(6):552-7
references.pmid: 11839316
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 1995;34(6):861-70
references.pmid: 7576756
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2011 Dec;31(12 ):4581-7
references.pmid: 22199334
references.citation: Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011 May;7(5):313-6
references.pmid: 21857833
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2006 Oct;13(10 ):1284-92
references.pmid: 16955384
references.citation: Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007 Dec;10 (4):261-9
references.pmid: 18572139
references.citation: Cancer. 2003 Jul 15;98(2):320-30
references.pmid: 12872352
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Jan;17(1):171-8
references.pmid: 19707829
references.citation: Dis Colon Rectum. 1997 Jul;40(7):770-5
references.pmid: 9221850
references.citation: Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013 Mar;30(1):12-20
references.pmid: 24436513
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Apr 1;70(5):1447-52
references.pmid: 17996394
references.citation: Radiographics. 2005 Oct;25 Suppl 1:S69-83
references.pmid: 16227498
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 1;67(3):793-8
references.pmid: 17197128
references.citation: Arch Surg. 2002 Apr;137(4):422-6; discussion 427
references.pmid: 11926946
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1494-500
references.pmid: 19157721
references.citation: Colorectal Dis. 2011 Sep;13(9):e252-65
references.pmid: 21689362
references.citation: Ann Surg. 1998 Aug;228(2):201-8
references.pmid: 9712565
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2009 May;19(5):1206-13
references.pmid: 19137310
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2004 Dec;14(12):2261-7
references.pmid: 15599547
references.citation: Dig Surg. 2008;25(6):445-60
references.pmid: 19212117
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Mar 20;25(9):1099-106
references.pmid: 17369573
references.citation: J Gastrointest Surg. 2012 Aug;16(8):1531-8
references.pmid: 22528576
references.citation: J Surg Oncol. 2004 Nov 1;88(2):78-85
references.pmid: 15499601
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013 Aug;24(8):1209-17
references.pmid: 23885916
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2009 Nov;32(6):1179-86
references.pmid: 19680720
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Feb;94(2):322-7
references.pmid: 10022623
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):734-5
references.pmid: 15716576
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 10;28(23):3687-94
references.pmid: 20567019
references.citation: Oncologist. 2009 May;14 (5):478-88
references.pmid: 19411318
references.citation: Cancer. 2011 Sep 1;117(17):4060-9
references.pmid: 21432842
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 Nov;181(5):1319-25
references.pmid: 14573427
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jun 1;65(2):412-25
references.pmid: 16690429
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec;31(10):1152-9
references.pmid: 16126363
references.citation: Cancer. 2009 May 1;115(9):1849-58
references.pmid: 19267416
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012 Oct;35(5):1066-73
references.pmid: 21800231
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011 May;137(5):865-73
references.pmid: 20859640
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jun;33(5):590-6
references.pmid: 17321714
references.citation: Cancer J. 2006 Jul-Aug;12(4):318-26
references.pmid: 16925977
references.citation: Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec;16 Suppl 1:S137-40
references.pmid: 18055196
references.citation: Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006 Apr;391(2):118-23
references.pmid: 16604376
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 1;27(10):1585-91
references.pmid: 19255313
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 1;27(25):4089-95
references.pmid: 19652069
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005 Jul;16(7):937-45
references.pmid: 16002501
references.citation: Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2012 Sep;11(3):195-9
references.pmid: 22277350
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2012 Apr;32(4):1387-95
references.pmid: 22493375
references.citation: Cancer. 2008 Apr 1;112(7):1538-46
references.pmid: 18260156
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Dec 1;60(5):1552-63
references.pmid: 15590187
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb;33(1):67-71
references.pmid: 17174059
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 1;27(10):1572-8
references.pmid: 19255321
references.citation: Radiology. 2001 Oct;221(1):159-66
references.pmid: 11568334
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2014 Jan;50(2):320-31
references.pmid: 24140268
references.citation: Radiology. 2009 Jan;250(1):281-9
references.pmid: 19092099
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Mar 1;82(3):1047-57
references.pmid: 22284028
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006 Oct;17 (10 ):1631-7
references.pmid: 17057005
references.citation: Cancer. 2003 Jun 15;97(12):3027-35
references.pmid: 12784338
references.citation: ANZ J Surg. 2006 Aug;76(8):696-703
references.pmid: 16916386
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2010 Jul 27;103(3):324-31
references.pmid: 20628388
references.citation: Int J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug;17(4):306-15
references.pmid: 22806426
references.citation: Cancer. 1998 Apr 1;82(7):1250-9
references.pmid: 9529016
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Oct 1;78(2):486-93
references.pmid: 20350791
references.citation: HPB (Oxford). 2007;9(2):120-4
references.pmid: 18333126
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2012 Oct;41(4):1213-20
references.pmid: 22842404
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45493
references.pmid: 23029051
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):823-30
references.pmid: 16982546
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010 Mar;36(3):264-8
references.pmid: 19880269
references.citation: Cancer. 2011 Jan 15;117(2):343-52
references.pmid: 20830766
references.citation: Cancer Treat Rev. 2004 Aug;30(5):425-36
references.pmid: 15245775
references.citation: Ann Surg. 2004 Jun;239(6):818-25; discussion 825-7
references.pmid: 15166961
references.citation: Ann Oncol. 2014 Jan;25(1):107-16
references.pmid: 24356622
references.citation: Radiology. 2012 Dec;265(3):958-68
references.pmid: 23091175