title: Graphene-based nanovehicles for photodynamic medical therapy.
abstract: Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) have been widely explored as promising drug delivery vehicles for improved cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on their applications in photodynamic therapy. The large specific surface area of GO facilitates efficient loading of the photosensitizers and biological molecules via various surface functional groups. By incorporation of targeting ligands or activatable agents responsive to specific biological stimulations, smart nanovehicles are established, enabling tumor-triggering release or tumor-selective accumulation of photosensitizer for effective therapy with minimum side effects. Graphene-based nanosystems have been shown to improve the stability, bioavailability, and photodynamic efficiency of organic photosensitizer molecules. They have also been shown to behave as electron sinks for enhanced visible-light photodynamic activities. Owing to its intrinsic near infrared absorption properties, GO can be designed to combine both photodynamic and photothermal hyperthermia for optimum therapeutic efficiency. Critical issues and future aspects of photodynamic therapy research are addressed in this review.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongyong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Donglu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D006108:Graphite; D049329:Nanostructures; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D006108:Graphite
keywords: graphene; hyperthermia; nanovehicle; photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer
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