title: Effect of time-activity adjustment on exposure assessment for traffic-related ultrafine particles.
abstract: Exposures to ultrafine particles (<100 nm, estimated as particle number concentration, PNC) differ from ambient concentrations because of the spatial and temporal variability of both PNC and people. Our goal was to evaluate the influence of time-activity adjustment on exposure assignment and associations with blood biomarkers for a near-highway population. A regression model based on mobile monitoring and spatial and temporal variables was used to generate hourly ambient residential PNC for a full year for a subset of participants (n=140) in the Community Assessment of Freeway Exposure and Health study. We modified the ambient estimates for each hour using personal estimates of hourly time spent in five micro-environments (inside home, outside home, at work, commuting, other) as well as particle infiltration. Time-activity adjusted (TAA)-PNC values differed from residential ambient annual average (RAA)-PNC, with lower exposures predicted for participants who spent more time away from home. Employment status and distance to highway had a differential effect on TAA-PNC. We found associations of RAA-PNC with high sensitivity C-reactive protein and Interleukin-6, although exposure-response functions were non-monotonic. TAA-PNC associations had larger effect estimates and linear exposure-response functions. Our findings suggest that time-activity adjustment improves exposure assessment for air pollutants that vary greatly in space and time.
authors.affiliation: 1] Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Madeleine Kangsen
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Scammell
authors.affiliation: 1] Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA [2] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Allison P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Durant
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mkaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mwamburi
authors.affiliation: Somerville Transportation Equity Partnership, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Wig
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zamore
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brugge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
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