title: Using Functional Electrical Stimulation Mediated by Iterative Learning Control and Robotics to Improve Arm Movement for People With Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: Few interventions address multiple sclerosis (MS) arm dysfunction but robotics and functional electrical stimulation (FES) appear promising. This paper investigates the feasibility of combining FES with passive robotic support during virtual reality (VR) training tasks to improve upper limb function in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The system assists patients in following a specified trajectory path, employing an advanced model-based paradigm termed iterative learning control (ILC) to adjust the FES to improve accuracy and maximise voluntary effort. Reaching tasks were repeated six times with ILC learning the optimum control action from previous attempts. A convenience sample of five pwMS was recruited from local MS societies, and the intervention comprised 18 one-hour training sessions over 10 weeks. The accuracy of tracking performance without FES and the amount of FES delivered during training were analyzed using regression analysis. Clinical functioning of the arm was documented before and after treatment with standard tests. Statistically significant results following training included: improved accuracy of tracking performance both when assisted and unassisted by FES; reduction in maximum amount of FES needed to assist tracking; and less impairment in the proximal arm that was trained. The system was well tolerated by all participants with no increase in muscle fatigue reported. This study confirms the feasibility of FES combined with passive robot assistance as a potentially effective intervention to improve arm movement and control in pwMS and provides the basis for a follow-up study.
authors.forename: Patrica
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coote
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demain
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Feys
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meadmore
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome