title: Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity.
abstract: Inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants and cigarette smoke increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). Whether exposure to ambient air pollution particulate matter (PM) alters protective human host immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been little studied. Here, we examined the effect of PM from Iztapalapa, a municipality of Mexico City, with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) on innate antimycobacterial immune responses in human alveolar type II epithelial cells of the A549 cell line. Exposure to PM2.5 or PM10 deregulated the ability of the A549 cells to express the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin 2 (HBD-2) and HBD-3 upon infection with M. tuberculosis and increased intracellular M. tuberculosis growth (as measured by CFU count). The observed modulation of antibacterial responsiveness by PM exposure was associated with the induction of senescence in PM-exposed A549 cells and was unrelated to PM-mediated loss of cell viability. Thus, the induction of senescence and downregulation of HBD-2 and HBD-3 expression in respiratory PM-exposed epithelial cells leading to enhanced M. tuberculosis growth represent mechanisms by which exposure to air pollution PM may increase the risk of M. tuberculosis infection and the development of TB.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: César E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rivas-Santiago
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Srijata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cantarella
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, ECHA, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Osornio-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quintana-Belmares
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Global Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Qingyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kirn
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohman Strickland
authors.affiliation: Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Judith C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Global Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA schwansk@sph.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwander
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008800:Mexico; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000502:physiology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; C106641:DEFB4A protein, human; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023083:beta-Defensins
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