title: Percutaneous penetration of silver from a silver containing garment in healthy volunteers and patients with atopic dermatitis.
abstract: Human data on dermal absorption of silver under "in use" scenario are scarce which hampers health risk assessment. The main objective of the present study was to determine percutaneous penetration of silver after dermal exposure to silver containing garment in healthy individuals and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. Next to assess pro-inflammatory effect of silver in the skin. Healthy subjects (n=15) and patients with AD (n=15) wore a sleeve containing 3.6% (w/w) silver on their lower arms for 8h during 5 consecutive days. The percutaneous penetration parameters were deduced from the silver concentration-depth profiles in the stratum corneum (SC) collected by adhesive tapes. Furthermore, silver was measured in urine samples collected before and after exposure. Inflammatory response was assessed by measuring IL-1α and IL-1RA in the exposed and non-exposed skin sites. Dermal flux of silver in healthy subjects and AD patients was respectively 0.23 and 0.20 ng/cm(2)/h. The urine silver concentrations showed no increase after exposure. Furthermore, exposure to silver did not lead to the changes in the profiles of IL-1α and IL-1RA. Dermal absorption of silver under "real life scenario" was lower than the current reference dose. Furthermore, dermal exposure did not lead to altered expression of inflammatory IL-1 cytokines in the skin.
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olivier A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Pluut
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: carlotta.bianco@phd.units.it.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: ijakasa@pbf.hr.
authors.forename: Ivone
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jakasa
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Philips Innovation Services, High Tech Campus 11, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: petra.krystek@philips.com.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krystek
authors.affiliation: UnitaClinicoOperativa di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento di Scienze di MedicinaPubblica, UniversitadegliStudi di Trieste,Via della Pieta, 19-24120 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Larese-Filon
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands. Electronic address: T.Rustemeyer@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rustemeyer
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.kezic@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kezic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001822:Body Burden; D003020:Clothing; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012834:Silver / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: C508584:IL1A protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D012834:Silver
keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Cytokines; Dermal exposure; Percutaneous penetration; Silver