title: Effects of dance on motor functions, cognitive functions, and mental symptoms of Parkinson's disease: a quasi-randomized pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effectiveness of dance on motor functions, cognitive functions, and mental symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study employed a quasi-randomised, between-group design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dance, PD exercise, and all assessments were performed in community halls in different regions of Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six mild-moderate PD patients participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six PD patient associations that agreed to participate in the study were randomly assigned to a dance group, PD exercise group, or non-intervention group. The dance and PD exercise groups performed one 60-min session per week for 12 weeks. Control group patients continued with their normal lives. All groups were assessed before and after the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to assess motor function, the Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside (FAB) and Mental Rotation Task (MRT) to assess cognitive function, and the Apathy Scale (AS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) to assess mental symptoms of PD. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used for general assessment of PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing results before and after intervention, the dance group showed a large effect in TUG time (ES=0.65, p=0.006), TUG step number (ES=0.66, p=0.005), BBS (ES=0.75, p=0.001), FAB (ES=0.77, p=0.001), MRT response time (ES=0.79, p<0.001), AS (ES=0.78, p<0.001), SDS (ES=0.66, p=0.006) and UPDRS (ES=0.88, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dance was effective in improving motor function, cognitive function, and mental symptoms in PD patients. General symptoms in PD also improved. Dance is an effective method for rehabilitation in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Aino University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: h-hashimoto@ot-u.aino.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takabatake
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naitou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003614:Dance Therapy; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Cognitive functions; Dance; Mental symptoms; Motor functions; Parkinson's disease; Rehabilitation