title: A pilot study of a new method of cognitive stimulation using abacus arithmetic in healthy and cognitively impaired elderly subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study explores the applicability of a cognitive stimulation method based on abacus arithmetic in elderly people with and without cognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational and prospective pilot study was performed in 2 hospitals. The study assessed the applicability of a programme of arithmetic training developed for use in the elderly population. The primary endpoint was an evaluation of the stimulation programme, in terms of usability, satisfaction, and participation, in healthy elderly controls and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease. Secondary endpoints were family satisfaction, caregiver burden, and the behaviour and cognition of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Usability, satisfaction, and degree of participation were high. The Mini-Mental State Examination showed significant changes (23.1±4.8 before the intervention vs 24.9±4.2 afterwards, P=.002); there were no changes on the Trail Making Test parts A and B, Yesavage Geriatric Depression scale, and Zarit caregiver burden scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests that cognitive stimulation with abacus arithmetic may be used in elderly people with and without cognitive impairment. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of this kind of programmes.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria «San Carlos», Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España; Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina de Parla, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España. Electronic address: jordimatiasguiu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Matías-Guiu
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria «San Carlos», Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España; Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina de Parla, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria «San Carlos», Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España; Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina de Parla, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matías-Guiu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics / Q000379:methods*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain
keywords: Abacus; Alzheimer disease; Cognitive stimulation; Demencia; Dementia; Enfermedad de Alzheimer; Estimulación cognitiva; Non-pharmacological therapies; Terapias no farmacológicas; Ábaco