title: Attentional bias and treatment adherence in substitute-prescribed opiate users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attentional bias (AB) is implicated in the development and maintenance of substance dependence and in treatment outcome. We assessed the effects of attentional bias modification (ABM), and the relationship between AB and treatment adherence in opiate dependent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  An independent groups design was used to compare 23 opiate dependent patients with 21 healthy controls. Participants completed an AB task before either a control or an ABM task designed to train attention away from substance-related stimuli. Pre- and post-ABM AB and craving were assessed to determine any changes. Relationships between treatment adherence ('using on top' of prescribed opiates or not) and AB, craving and psychopathology were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no baseline difference in AB between patients and controls, and no significant effect of ABM on AB or substance craving. However, treatment adherent patients who did not use illicit opiates on top of their prescribed opiates had statistically significantly greater AB away from substance-related stimuli than both participants using on top and controls, and reported significantly lower levels of craving than non-treatment adherent patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst we did not find any significant effects of ABM on AB or craving, patients who were treatment adherent differed from both those who were not and from controls in their attentional functioning and substance craving. These findings are the first to suggest that AB may be a within-treatment factor predictive of adherence to pharmacological treatment and potentially of recovery in opiate users.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wellington
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mokrysz
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust Substance Misuse Services, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Ryan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: v.curran@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Curran
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D066249:Craving; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Attentional bias; Dependence; Illicit; Opiates; Prescribed