title: Household smoking restrictions among urban residents in China: individual and regional influences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examines individual and regional influences on household smoking restrictions (HSR) in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 16,866 urban residents, who were identified through a multistage survey sampling process conducted in 21 Chinese cities. The data collection instrument was a self-administered questionnaire. The sample was characterized in terms of the prevalence of complete HSRs. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine individual and environmental influences on HSR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost 22 % of respondents reported HSR. Both individual and regional-level restrictions on smoking in the workplace were associated with HSR. There was a negative association between individual household income and HSR, and positive associations between HSR awareness of secondhand smoking (SHS), and smoking in smoke-free public places, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed individual and regional influences on HSR in China. Findings underscore that efforts to restrict smoking in Chinese households should emphasize environmental smoking restrictions, while simultaneously raising public awareness of the perils of SHS. This information should be considered in designing interventions to sustain and promote the adoption of HSR in Chinese and other populations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research/Department of Social Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China, Tingzhongyang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tingzhong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lingwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shuhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.forename: Randall R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Ian R H
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rockett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011633:Public Facilities; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
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