title: Pediatric Pain Management in the Emergency Department: The Triage Nurses' Perspective.
abstract: Understanding triage nurses' perspectives of pain management is essential for timely pain care for children in the emergency department. Objectives of this study were to describe the triage pain treatment protocols used, knowledge of pain management modalities, and barriers and attitudes towards implementation of pain treatment protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  A paper-based survey was administered to all triage nurses at three Canadian pediatric emergency departments, between December 2011 and January 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 86% (n=126/147). The mean respondent age was 40 years (standard deviation [SD] 9.3) with 8.6 years (SD 7.7) of triage experience. General triage emergency department (GTED) nurses rated adequacy of triage pain treatment lower than pediatric-only triage emergency department (PTED) nurses (P < .001). GTED nurses reported a longer acceptable delay between triage time and administration of analgesia than PTED nurses (P < .002). Most nurses rated more comfort with a protocol involving administration of acetaminophen (97 mm, interquartile range [IQR] 92, 99) or ibuprofen (97 mm, IQR 93, 100) than for oral morphine (67 mm, IQR 35, 94) or oxycodone (57 mm, IQR 15, 81). The top three reported barriers to triage-initiated pain protocols were monitoring capability, time, and access to medications. Willingness to implement a triage-initiated pain protocol was rated as 81 mm (IQR 71, 96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triage nurses are willing to implement pain protocols for children in the emergency department, but differences in comfort and experience exist between PTED and GTED nurses. Provision of triage initiated pain protocols and associated education may empower nurses to improve care for children in pain in the emergency department.
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Daina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Janeva
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kircher
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Plint
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Amanda S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Rhonda J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rosychuk
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Simran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: sali@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016529:Emergency Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072222:Nurses, Pediatric / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014218:Triage
keywords: Analgesia; Emergency department; Pain; Pediatrics; Protocol; Triage