title: Metal mobilization from soils by phytosiderophores - experiment and equilibrium modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test if multi-surface models can provide a soil-specific prediction of metal mobilization by phytosiderophores (PS) based on the characteristics of individual soils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mechanistic multi-surface chemical equilibrium modeling was applied for obtaining soil-specific predictions of metal and PS speciation upon interaction of the PS 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) with 6 soils differing in availability of Fe and other metals. Results from multi-surface modeling were compared with empirical data from soil interaction experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For soils in which equilibrium was reached during the interaction experiment, multi-surface models could well predict PS equilibrium speciation. However, in uncontaminated calcareous soils, equilibrium was not reached within a week, and experimental and modeled DMA speciation differed considerably. In soils with circum-neutral pH, on which Fe deficiency is likely to occur, no substantial Fe mobilization by DMA was predicted. However, in all but the contaminated soils, Fe mobilization by DMA was observed experimentally. Cu and Ni were the quantitatively most important metals competing with Fe for complexation and mobilization by DMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermodynamics are unable to explain the role of PS as Fe carrier in calcareous soils, and the kinetic aspects of metal mobilization by PS need to be closer examined in order to understand the mechanisms underlying strategy II Fe acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Geosciences Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: W D C
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Schenkeveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schindlegger
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hann
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puschenreiter
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Geosciences Center for Earth Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kraemer
keywords: DMA; Fe acquisition; Fe shuttle; Metal mobilization; Multi-surface modeling; Phytosiderophores
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