title: Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus by phenolic compounds extracted of Piper betle L.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Food contamination by aflatoxins is an important food safety concern for agricultural products. In order to identify and develop novel antifungal agents, several plant extracts and isolated compounds have been evaluated for their bioactivities. Anti-infectious activity of Piper betle used in traditional medicine of Malaysia has been reported previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude methanol extract from P. betel powdered leaves was partitioned between chloroform and water. The fractions were tested against A. flavus UPMC 89, a strong aflatoxin producing strain. Inhibition of mycelial growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis were tested by disk diffusion and macrodillution techniques, respectively. The presence of aflatoxin was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques using AFB1 standard. The chloroform soluble compounds were identified using HPLC-Tandem mass spectrometry technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results, evaluated by measuring the mycelial growth and quantification of aflatoxin B1(AFLB1) production in broth medium revealed that chloroform soluble compounds extract from P. betle dried leaves was able to block the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway at concentration of 500μg/ml without a significant effect on mycelium growth. In analyzing of this effective fractions using HPLC-MS(2) with ESI ionization technique, 11 phenolic compounds were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that the certain phenolic compounds are able to decline the aflatoxin production in A. flavus with no significant effect on the fungus mycelia growth. The result also suggested P. betle could be used as potential antitoxin product.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutic Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants-ACECR, Karaj, Iran ; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Darab
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zainal Abidin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Mior Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yee How
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Indu Bala
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Jaganath
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahnazi
keywords: A. flavus; LC-MS2; Piper betle; aflatoxin biosynthesis; phenolic compounds
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2006 Feb;27(1):1-93
references.pmid: 16105678
references.citation: Food Addit Contam. 1995 May-Jun;12(3):347-50
references.pmid: 7664926
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 1999 Nov;29(5):289-91
references.pmid: 10664967
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jun 13;112(2):271-7
references.pmid: 17428630
references.citation: Planta Med. 1985 Dec;(6):507-11
references.pmid: 3841613
references.citation: Fungal Genet Biol. 2011 Jan;48(1):4-14
references.pmid: 20519150
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1975 Dec;30(6):1050-1
references.pmid: 2104
references.citation: J AOAC Int. 2000 Jan-Feb;83(1):95-8
references.pmid: 10693009
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2005 Feb 15;98(3):271-9
references.pmid: 15698688
references.citation: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010 Feb 03;9:7
references.pmid: 20128889
references.citation: Bacteriol Rev. 1977 Dec;41(4):822-55
references.pmid: 23090
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Oct;67(10):4858-62
references.pmid: 11571194
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2008 Nov 7;1210(1):45-54
references.pmid: 18838145
references.citation: Fitoterapia. 2005 Mar;76(2):233-6
references.pmid: 15752638
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 Jul;87(3):899-911
references.pmid: 20495914