title: Unfolding the unfolded protein response: unique insights into brain ischemia.
abstract: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for processing of proteins that are destined to be secreted, enclosed in a vesicle, or incorporated in the plasma membrane. Nascent peptides that enter the ER undergo a series of highly regulated processing steps to reach maturation as they transit the ER. Alterations in the intracellular environment that induce ER stress are thought to interrupt these processing steps, and result in unfolding of proteins in the ER. Accumulation of unfolded proteins concurrently activates three transmembrane stress sensors, IRE1, ATF6 and PERK, and is referred to as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Our understanding of the mechanisms of UPR induction has been assembled primarily from experiments inducing ER stress with chemical and genetic manipulations. However, physiological stress often induces activation of ER stress sensors in a distinct manner from the canonical UPR. The unique activation profiles in vivo have prompted us to examine the mechanism of UPR activation in neurons following cerebral ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. tsanders@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. molly.gallaway@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallaway
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Emergency Medicine and Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. rkuma@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D004722:Endoribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497111:ATF6 protein, human; D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6; C460640:EIF2AK3 protein, human; C528229:ERN1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; D004722:Endoribonucleases
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