title: The Amsterdam model for control of tattoo parlours and businesses.
abstract: In the early 1980s, an outbreak of hepatitis B in Amsterdam stood at the start of the development of the first hygiene guidelines for tattooists in The Netherlands. Ever since, infection control in tattoo practice has continued to prove its importance as tattoo-related outbreaks of infectious diseases have continued to be reported in Europe. Furthermore, the act of tattooing includes breaking the skin barrier but is performed by professionals who are not medically trained. The Ministry of Health has now implemented uniform regulations that apply to professionals who perform tattooing and apply permanent make-up. These regulations include hygiene guidelines that were developed by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in cooperation with representatives of the tattooing associations. The guidelines contain a list of requirements, including for the studio interior, the cleanness of the studio, the safe use of permitted equipment and products, sterilization methods, and the information provided to the customer. A permit may be granted after an inspection by the local health service, during which the act of tattooing has to be performed. It is now estimated that over 95% of all tattoos in The Netherlands were obtained at one of the almost 900 licensed studios. Reports of complications are generally low in number. We suggest that uniform European hygiene guidelines would further contribute to the safety of tattooing.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veenstra
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D006796:Household Work / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards*; D008004:Licensure; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009426:Netherlands; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013242:Sterilization / Q000592:standards; D013653:Tattooing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards*