title: Stress-related hormones and glycinebetaine interplay in protection of photosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions.
abstract: Plants subjected to abiotic stresses such as extreme high and low temperatures, drought or salinity, often exhibit decreased vegetative growth and reduced reproductive capabilities. This is often associated with decreased photosynthesis via an increase in photoinhibition, and accompanied by rapid changes in endogenous levels of stress-related hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene. However, certain plant species and/or genotypes exhibit greater tolerance to abiotic stress because they are capable of accumulating endogenous levels of the zwitterionic osmolyte-glycinebetaine (GB). The accumulation of GB via natural production, exogenous application or genetic engineering, enhances plant osmoregulation and thus increases abiotic stress tolerance. The final steps of GB biosynthesis occur in chloroplasts where GB has been shown to play a key role in increasing the protection of soluble stromal and lumenal enzymes, lipids and proteins, of the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, we suggest that the stress-induced GB biosynthesis pathway may well serve as an additional or alternative biochemical sink, one which consumes excess photosynthesis-generated electrons, thus protecting photosynthetic apparatus from overreduction. Glycinebetaine biosynthesis in chloroplasts is up-regulated by increases in endogenous ABA or SA levels. In this review, we propose and discuss a model describing the close interaction and synergistic physiological effects of GB and ABA in the process of cold acclimation of higher plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. lkurepin@uwo.ca.|Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. lkurepin@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Leonid V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Kurepin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. aivanov@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.affiliation: Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Pharis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.|Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russia.|Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
authors.forename: Suleyman I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Allakhverdiev
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vaughan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hurry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and The Biotron Center for Experimental Climate Change Research, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Norman P A
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Hüner
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000064:Acclimatization; D001622:Betaine / Q000378:metabolism*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D055864:Droughts; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D054712:Salinity; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D001622:Betaine; D000040:Abscisic Acid
keywords: Abscisic acid; Cold acclimation; Environmental stress; Glycinebetaine; Photosynthetic apparatus; Plant hormones
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