title: Substance-use and sexual harm reduction strategies of methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men and inject drugs.
abstract: Research indicates that men who have sex with men (MSM), use methamphetamine, and inject drugs are at high risk of HIV infection and they employ multiple harm reduction strategies simultaneously to reduce that risk. In this study, we identified substances most commonly injected and harm reduction strategies most often employed by methamphetamine-using MSM, used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of harm reduction strategies, and differentiated MSM within each class by individual characteristics. We analyzed data from 284 participants who completed an online cross-sectional survey. Commonly injected substances were methamphetamine (93.70%), gamma-hydroxybutyrate/gamma-butyrolactone (41.55%), flunitrazepam (40.49%), and cocaine (35.56%). The substance-use strategies most often used were avoidance of sharing needles (85.92%) and use of bleach to clean drug paraphernalia (64.08%). The sexual strategy most often used was avoidance of condomless anal intercourse (CAS) while using drugs (77.11%). Using an LCA approach, we identified three classes distinguishable by age, race/ethnicity, and outness. One class (19%) employed lay strategies to reduce harm: they avoided sharing drug preparation equipment, serosorted when sharing needles and equipment or having CAS, and practiced withdrawal when having CAS. The largest class (53%) combined sexual and substance-use strategies: they avoided sharing needles, used bleach to clean needles and equipment, avoided CAS when using drugs, and used extra lubricant when having CAS. The remaining class (28%) employed only substance-use rather than sexual strategies. More MSM of color were in the substance-use class, and more young, non-Hispanic White men were in the lay class. The low utilization of sexual strategies by younger, non-Hispanic White men in the lay class is concerning as they are just as likely as older, non-Hispanic White men in the combined class to have CAS with multiple male partners. Interventionists should consider these differences when developing interventions tailored to methamphetamine-using MSM.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilkerson
authors.forename: Syed W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.forename: Ellen D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Breckenridge
authors.forename: Adeniyi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adeboye
authors.forename: B R Simon
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rosser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040261:Harm Reduction; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine; D008875:Middle Aged; D016485:Needle Sharing; D015995:Prevalence; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: HIV prevention; gay men; injection drug use; latent class analysis; methamphetamine
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