title: Plastid genome-based phylogeny pinpointed the origin of the green-colored plastid in the dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum.
abstract: Unlike many other photosynthetic dinoflagellates, whose plastids contain a characteristic carotenoid peridinin, members of the genus Lepidodinium are the only known dinoflagellate species possessing green alga-derived plastids. However, the precise origin of Lepidodinium plastids has hitherto remained uncertain. In this study, we completely sequenced the plastid genome of Lepidodinium chlorophorum NIES-1868. Our phylogenetic analyses of 52 plastid-encoded proteins unite L. chlorophorum exclusively with a pedinophyte, Pedinomonas minor, indicating that the green-colored plastids in Lepidodinium spp. were derived from an endosymbiotic pedinophyte or a green alga closely related to pedinophytes. Our genome comparison incorporating the origin of the Lepidodinium plastids strongly suggests that the endosymbiont plastid genome acquired by the ancestral Lepidodinium species has lost genes encoding proteins involved in metabolism and biosynthesis, protein/metabolite transport, and plastid division during the endosymbiosis. We further discuss the commonalities and idiosyncrasies in genome evolution between the L. chlorophorum plastid and other plastids acquired through endosymbiosis of eukaryotic photoautotrophs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan kamikawa.ryoma.7v@kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryoma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamikawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tanifuji
authors.affiliation: The National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies and Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D054627:Genome, Plastid; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Lepidodinium; Pedinophyceae; genome reduction; plastid replacement; secondary plastids
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