title: When emotions are expressed figuratively: Psycholinguistic and Affective Norms of 619 Idioms for German (PANIG).
abstract: Despite flourishing research on the relationship between emotion and literal language, and despite the pervasiveness of figurative expressions in communication, the role of figurative language in conveying affect has been underinvestigated. This study provides affective and psycholinguistic norms for 619 German idiomatic expressions and explores the relationships between affective and psycholinguistic idiom properties. German native speakers rated each idiom for emotional valence, arousal, familiarity, semantic transparency, figurativeness, and concreteness. They also described the figurative meaning of each idiom and rated how confident they were about the attributed meaning. The results showed that idioms rated high in valence were also rated high in arousal. Negative idioms were rated as more arousing than positive ones, in line with results from single words. Furthermore, arousal correlated positively with figurativeness (supporting the idea that figurative expressions are more emotionally engaging than literal expressions) and with concreteness and semantic transparency. This suggests that idioms may convey a more direct reference to sensory representations, mediated by the meanings of their constituting words. Arousal correlated positively with familiarity. In addition, positive idioms were rated as more familiar than negative idioms. Finally, idioms without a literal counterpart were rated as more emotionally valenced and arousing than idioms with a literal counterpart. Although the meanings of ambiguous idioms were less correctly defined than those of unambiguous idioms, ambiguous idioms were rated as more concrete than unambiguous ones. We also discuss the relationships between the various psycholinguistic variables characterizing idioms, with reference to the literature on idiom structure and processing.
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Humanities Council, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Francesca M M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Citron
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, Modena, Italy. cristina.cacciari@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cacciari
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kucharski
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Institute for Quality Development and Education, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Luna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Cognitive, Social and Organisational Psychology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion", Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Dahlem Institute for the Neuroimaging of Emotion (D.I.N.E.), Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Arthur M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D019365:Metaphor; D008875:Middle Aged; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012660:Semantics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Affect; Arousal; Concreteness; Emotion; Familiarity; Figurativeness; Idioms; Semantic transparency; Valence