title: Exercise and inflammation-related epigenetic modifications: focus on DNA methylation.
abstract: Epigenetics is the study of mitotically or meiotically heritable phenotypes that occur as a result of modifications to DNA, thereby regulating gene expression independently of changes in base sequence due to manipulation of the chromatin structure. These modifications occur through a variety of mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, and can cause transcriptional suppression or activation depending on the location within the gene. Environmental stimuli, such as diet and exercise, are thought to be able to regulate these mechanisms, with inflammation as a probable contributory factor. Research into these areas is still in its infancy however. This review will focus on DNA methylation in the context of inflammation (both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes) and exercise. The complexity and relative shortcomings of some existing techniques for studying epigenetics will be highlighted, and recommendations for future study approaches made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horsburgh
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.|Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robson-Ansley
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rozanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D056352:Athletes; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D018899:CpG Islands; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005544:Forecasting; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010090:Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating / Q000502:physiology; D012377:Rodentia; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D058847:Inflammasomes; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; C492716:Nlrp3 protein, mouse; D010090:Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating; C117595:methyl-CpG DNA demethylase; D015257:DNA-Cytosine Methylases
keywords: DNA methyltransferase; NLRP3; glucocorticoid; physical activity.; stress