title: National trends of incidence, treatment, and hospital charges of isolated C-2 fractures in three different age groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Incidence of C-2 fracture is increasing in elderly patients. Patient age also influences decision making in the management of these fractures. There are very limited data on the national trends of incidence, treatment interventions, and resource utilization in patients in different age groups with isolated C-2 fractures. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence, treatment, complications, length of stay, and hospital charges of isolated C-2 fracture in patients in 3 different age groups by using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were obtained from NIS from 2002 to 2011. Data on patients with closed fractures of C-2 without spinal cord injury were extracted using ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 805.02. Patients with isolated C-2 fractures were identified by excluding patients with other associated injuries. The cohort was divided into 3 age groups: < 65 years, 65-80 years, and > 80 years. Incidence, treatment characteristics, inpatient/postoperative complications, and hospital charges (mean and total annual charges) were compared between the 3 age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10,336 patients with isolated C-2 fractures were identified. The majority of the patients were in the very elderly age group (> 80 years; 42.3%) followed by 29.7% in the 65- to 80-year age group and 28% in < 65-year age group. From 2002 to 2011, the incidence of hospitalization significantly increased in the 65- to 80-year and > 80-year age groups (p < 0.001). However, the incidence did not change substantially in the < 65-year age group (p = 0.287). Overall, 21% of the patients were treated surgically, and 12.2% of the patients underwent nonoperative interventions (halo and spinal traction). The rate of nonoperative interventions significantly decreased over time in all age groups (p < 0.001). Regardless of treatment given, patients in older age groups had a greater risk of inpatient/postoperative complications, nonroutine discharges, and longer hospitalization. The mean hospital charges were significantly higher in older age groups (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of hospitalization for isolated C-2 fractures is progressively increasing in older age groups. Simultaneously, there has been a steadily decreasing trend in the preference for nonoperative interventions. Due to more complicated hospital stay, longer hospitalizations, and higher rates of nonroutine discharges, the patients in older age groups seem to have a higher propensity for greater health care resource utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kukreja
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalakoti
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Menarvia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nixon
authors.forename: Symeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Missios
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guthikonda
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanda
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: C-2 fracture; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; LOS = length of stay; NIS = Nationwide Inpatient Sample; age; age groups; axis fracture; incidence; national trends; treatment