title: Dutch-Flemish translation of nine pediatric item banks from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)®.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS(®)) is a new, state-of-the-art assessment system for measuring patient-reported health and well-being of adults and children. It has the potential to be more valid, reliable, and responsive than existing PROMs. The items banks are designed to be self-reported and completed by children aged 8-18 years. The PROMIS items can be administered in short forms or through computerized adaptive testing. This paper describes the translation and cultural adaption of nine PROMIS item banks (151 items) for children in Dutch-Flemish.
  
  
  METHODS
  The translation was performed by FACITtrans using standardized PROMIS methodology and approved by the PROMIS Statistical Center. The translation included four forward translations, two back-translations, three independent reviews (at least two Dutch, one Flemish), and pretesting in 24 children from the Netherlands and Flanders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For some items, it was necessary to have separate translations for Dutch and Flemish: physical function-mobility (three items), anger (one item), pain interference (two items), and asthma impact (one item). Challenges faced in the translation process included scarcity or overabundance of possible translations, unclear item descriptions, constructs broader/smaller in the target language, difficulties in rank ordering items, differences in unit of measurement, irrelevant items, or differences in performance of activities. By addressing these challenges, acceptable translations were obtained for all items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Dutch-Flemish PROMIS items are linguistically equivalent to the original USA version. Short forms are now available for use, and entire item banks are ready for cross-cultural validation in the Netherlands and Flanders.
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. L.Haverman@amc.nl.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haverman
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.a.grootenhuis@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.raat@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.a.vanrossum@amc.uva.nl.|Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Jan van Breemen Research Institute | Reade, Dr. Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.a.vanrossum@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Marion A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E.vanDulmen-denBroeder@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Dulmen-den Broeder
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment and Health, Youth Health Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000, Louvain, Belgium. Karel.Hoppenbrouwers@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoppenbrouwers
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. Saint Clair St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. helena-correia@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Center on Outcomes Research and Education, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 1001 University Pl, Suite 100, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA. d-cella@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center | Reade, Overtoom 283, 1054 HW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.roorda@reade.nl.
authors.forename: Leo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Roorda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. cb.terwee@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Terwee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D001249:Asthma; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D009426:Netherlands; D010146:Pain; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010372:Pediatrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations
keywords: HRQOL; Measurements; PROMIS; PROs; Pediatric item banks; Quality improvement
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