title: The Japanese version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire: Examination of the reliability, validity, and scale structure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) to gather data on Japanese mothers for comparison with other cultures and to examine the scale structure of the PBQ among Japanese mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the PBQ to a cross-section of 244 mothers 4 weeks after delivery and again 2 weeks later to 199 mothers as a retest to examine reliability. We used exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure of the PBQ. Correlations with the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), the Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and sociodemographic variables were calculated for validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 14-item version of the PBQ extracted by exploratory analysis consisted of four factors: 'impaired bonding', 'rejection and anger', 'anxiety about care', and 'lack of affection'. We found significant correlations of the total scores of the PBQ and the 14-item version of the PBQ positively with the MIBS and negatively with the MAI. Moderate significant correlations with total scores were also found with the EPDS. Total scores for primiparous and depressed mothers were higher than those for multiparous mothers and mothers without depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrated the reliability and validity of the PBQ and the 14-item version of the PBQ in Japanese mothers 4 weeks after delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences and Nursing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suetsugu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education and Human Development, School of Education, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences and Nursing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences and Nursing, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: kkamibeppu-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamibeppu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Attachment; Bonding; Japanese maternal bonding; Mother–infant relationship; Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire