title: Nonequilibrium Conditions Explain Spatial Variability in Genetic Structuring of Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor).
abstract: Factors responsible for spatial structuring of population genetic variation are varied, and in many instances there may be no obvious explanations for genetic structuring observed, or those invoked may reflect spurious correlations. A study of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in southeast Australia documented low spatial structuring of genetic variation with the exception of colonies at the western limit of sampling, and this distinction was attributed to an intervening oceanographic feature (Bonney Upwelling), differences in breeding phenology, or sea level change. Here, we conducted sampling across the entire Australian range, employing additional markers (12 microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA, 697 individuals, 17 colonies). The zone of elevated genetic structuring previously observed actually represents the eastern half of a genetic cline, within which structuring exists over much shorter spatial scales than elsewhere. Colonies separated by as little as 27 km in the zone are genetically distinguishable, while outside the zone, homogeneity cannot be rejected at scales of up to 1400 km. Given a lack of additional physical or environmental barriers to gene flow, the zone of elevated genetic structuring may reflect secondary contact of lineages (with or without selection against interbreeding), or recent colonization and expansion from this region. This study highlights the importance of sampling scale to reveal the cause of genetic structuring.
authors.affiliation: From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann). chris.burridge@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Burridge
authors.affiliation: From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann).
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Peucker
authors.affiliation: From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann).
authors.forename: Sureen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Valautham
authors.affiliation: From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann).
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Styan
authors.affiliation: From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (Burridge and Valautham); the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia (Peucker and Styan); the School of Energy and Resources, UCL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia (Styan); and the Research Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria 3922, Australia (Dann).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D046429:Spheniscidae / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: colonization; hybridization; isolation by distance; seabird; secondary contact; tension zone
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