title: Optimization of multiple quality characteristics in bone drilling using grey relational analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drilling of bone is common during bone fracture treatment to fix the fractured parts with screws wires or plates. Minimally invasive drilling of the bone has a great demand as it helps in better fixation and quick healing of the broken bones. The purpose of the present investigation is to determine the optimum cutting condition for the minimization of the temperature, force and surface roughness simultaneously during bone drilling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, drilling experiments have been performed on bovine bone with different conditions of feed rate and drill rotational speed using full factorial design. Optimal level of the drilling parameters is determined by the grey relational grade (GRG) obtained from the GRA as the performance index of multiple quality characteristics. The effect of each drilling parameter on GRG is determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the results obtained are validated by confirmation experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Grey relational analysis showed that the investigation with feed rate of 40 mm/min and spindle speed of 500 rpm has the highest grey relational grade and is recommended setting for minimum temperature, force and surface roughness simultaneously during bone drilling. Feed rate has the highest contribution (59.49%) on the multiple performance characteristics followed by the spindle speed (37.69%) as obtained from ANOVA analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of grey relational analysis will simplify the complex process of optimization of the multi response characteristics in bone drilling by converting them into a single grey relational grade. The use of the above suggested methodology can greatly minimize the bone tissue injury during drilling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 800013, India.
authors.forename: Rupesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna 800013, India.
authors.forename: Sudhansu Sekhar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Panda
keywords: Analysis of variance (ANOVA); Bone drilling; Grey relational analysis (GRA); Optimization
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