title: Pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, oxidative stress, insulin, Zn and Cu: Interrelations with obesity in Egyptian non-diabetic obese children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inter-relationships between adipocytokines, oxidative stress, insulin, Zn and Cu and obesity among Egyptian obese non-diabetic children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 obese children and adolescents of both sexes (5-17 years) were recruited for the study. 40 healthy normal non-obese persons of matched ages and sexes were used as control group. Lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin levels were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were estimated. Micronutrients (Zn and Cu) concentrations in addition to insulin and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were also evaluated. Estimation of insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR)) was derived from FBS measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant elevations (P<0.001) in TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, MDA, Cu and FBS levels and significant decreases (P<0.001) in GSH, Zn levels and SOD activity were detected among obese individuals as compared with control group. Insulin and triglyceride levels were significantly increased in obese male children and HDL-cholesterol level was increased significantly in obese adolescent females compared to controls. However, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly high in all obese cases as compared with controls. Insulin resistance was detected in 100% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that obesity with pro-inflammatory adipocytokines and hypozincemia together by many mechanisms participate in excessive oxidative stress and are highly associated with inflammation and the development of obesity-related complications. Obesity represents a critical risk factor for development of insulin resistance status.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Salem A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt. Electronic address: entsarsaad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Entsar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elsharkawy
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Zeinab R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Attia
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003300:Copper; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Adipocytokines; Insulin; Micronutrients; Obesity; Oxidative stress