title: Visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid: a good alternative to pap smear for cervical cancer screening in resource-limited setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection of cervix using 3% acetic acid as a screening test for early detection of cervical cancer taking histopathology as the gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study was conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi from July 1 to December 31, 2012 and comprised all sexually active women aged 19-60 years. During speculum examination 3% acetic acid was applied over the cervix with the help of cotton swab. The observations were noted as positive or negative on visual inspection of the cervix after acetic acid application according to acetowhite changes. Colposcopy-guided cervical biopsy was done in patients with positive or abnormal looking cervix. Colposcopic-directed biopsy was taken as the gold standard to assess visual inspection readings. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 500 subjects with a mean age of 35.74 ± 9.64 years. Sensitivity, specifically, positive predicted value, negative predicted value of visual inspection of the cervix after acetic acid application was 93.5%, 95.8%, 76.3%, 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual inspection of the cervix after acetic acid application is an effective method of detecting pre-invasive phase of cervical cancer and a good alternative to cytological screening for cervical cancer in resource-poor setting like Pakistan and can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
authors.forename: Momna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Syeda Seema
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.forename: Nigar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.forename: Uzma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khans
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000379:methods; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D055815:Young Adult; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D019342:Acetic Acid