title: Quantification of turbulence and velocity in stenotic flow using spiral three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate spiral three-dimensional (3D) phase contrast MRI for the assessment of turbulence and velocity in stenotic flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  A-stack-of-spirals 3D phase contrast MRI sequence was evaluated in vitro against a conventional Cartesian sequence. Measurements were made in a flow phantom with a 75% stenosis. Both spiral and Cartesian imaging were performed using different scan orientations and flow rates. Volume flow rate, maximum velocity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were computed for both methods. Moreover, the estimated TKE was compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was good agreement between the turbulent kinetic energy from the spiral, Cartesian and CFD data. Flow rate and maximum velocity from the spiral data agreed well with Cartesian data. As expected, the short echo time of the spiral sequence resulted in less prominent displacement artifacts compared with the Cartesian sequence. However, both spiral and Cartesian flow rate estimates were sensitive to displacement when the flow was oblique to the encoding directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spiral 3D phase contrast MRI appears favorable for the assessment of stenotic flow. The spiral sequence was more than three times faster and less sensitive to displacement artifacts when compared with a conventional Cartesian sequence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Division of Media and Information Technology, Department of Science and Technology/Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dyverfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sigfridsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Media and Information Technology, Department of Science and Technology/Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lantz
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Physiology, Institution of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl-Johan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Carlhäll
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Division of Media and Information Technology, Department of Science and Technology/Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebbers
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: 4d flow; phase contrast mri; spiral; stenosis; turbulence mapping
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