title: Association between arterial stiffness, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Arterial stiffness may be a cause of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the association between stiffness, cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment. For the associations between stiffness (i.e. carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), carotid stiffness and pulse pressure) on the one hand and cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment on the other, we identified 23 (n=15,666/20 cross-sectional; 1 longitudinal; 2 combined cross-sectional/longitudinal) and 41 studies (n=57,671/26 cross-sectional; 11 longitudinal; 4 combined cross-sectional/longitudinal), respectively. Pooled analyses of cross-sectional studies showed that greater stiffness was associated with markers of cerebral small vessel disease with odds ratios, per +1 SD, of 1.29-1.32 (P<.001). Studies on cognitive impairment could not be pooled due to large heterogeneity. Some (but not all) studies showed an association between greater stiffness and cognitive impairment, and the strength of this association was relatively weak. The present study supports the hypothesis that greater arterial stiffness is a contributor to microvascular brain disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht and School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Prof. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: van Sloten
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Prof. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Athanase D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Protogerou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Prof. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Prof. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miranda T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schram
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Prof. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: cda.stehouwer@mumc.nl.
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D059345:Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Cerebral infarcts; Cerebral microbleeds; Cerebral small vessel disease; Cognitive impairment; Dementia; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; White matter hyperintensities
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