title: Effect of weathering transformations of coal combustion residuals on trace elements mobility in view of the environmental safety and sustainability of their disposal and use. II. Element release.
abstract: This paper is the second one of two companion papers. It presents results of a study aimed at assessing the effect of real time weathering transformations of Coal Combustion Residuals (CCRs) on trace element binding/release and its environmental implications. The study is based on the chemical composition of pore solutions extracted from primary alkaline Class F CCRs, 0 to >40 years old, sampled from the surface layer and vertical profiles at four selected typical CCRs impoundments. The long-term weathering transformations were found to lead to gradual acidification to pH < 4 of this primary alkaline material, due to internal processes of mineral formation/dissolution. Direct analysis of the pore solutions and a statistical analysis have shown different susceptibility of many trace elements to release during internal acidification processes occurring at consecutive Wash-out I (pH > 8), Dissolution II (8 ≥ pH ≥ 7) and Delayed Release III (pH < 7) stages of weathering compared to that at external sources of pH. The elements occurring in the CCRs are represented by three major groups showing the highest release to pore water: (a) within the acidic pH range (Na, K, Zn, Fe, Cd, Mo, Cr, B, Mn, Be and Ni; (b) within the near-neutral pH range (Al, V, Ba, Cu and Ag) and also Sb, Hg and Co not analyzed at pH < 7; (c) within the alkaline pH range (Ca, Mg, Pb, As, Se, Tl). Elements whose concentrations exceeded the threshold values for good chemical status of groundwater (TVs) at all weathering stages over the entire pH range studied were K, Al, B, Cr, Mo, V, As, Se, Sb and Hg, while Na, Zn, Fe and Cd showed particularly high delayed release at pH < 7, thus confirming the need of a precautionary approach to CCRs uncontrolled disposal and bulk reuse as common fill in view of long term environmental safety and sustainability.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Sklodowska-Curie St., Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Electronic address: sebastian.stefaniak@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefaniak
authors.affiliation: AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 A. Mickiewicza Al., Krakow, 30-059, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.kmiecik@agh.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kmiecik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Sklodowska-Curie St., Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.miszczak@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miszczak
authors.affiliation: AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 A. Mickiewicza Al., Krakow, 30-059, Poland. Electronic address: jadwiga.szczepanska@agh.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szczepańska-Plewa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Sklodowska-Curie St., Zabrze 41-819, Poland. Electronic address: irena@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Twardowska
mesh_terms: D060729:Coal Ash / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D060729:Coal Ash; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014131:Trace Elements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Actual pore solutions; Coal combustion residuals (CCRs); Concentration distribution; Environmental risk; Long-term element release; Weathering transformations