title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration in the aqueous humor of healthy and diseased dogs: a preliminary pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine reference values of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in the aqueous humor of control dogs. To show whether these values are significantly different from those obtained in dogs affected with intraocular pathology: acute anterior uveitis (AAU) or chronic primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four dogs were included in the study and were divided into two groups: a control group and a group with intraocular disease. Twenty-seven dogs (9 males and 18 females) were examined and found to be normal after a complete ophthalmological examination (control group), 7 (6 females and 1 male) presented with PACG, and 10 (7 females and 3 males) presented with AAU secondary to corneal perforation. One aqueous humor sample (volume ≥ 0.2 mL) was collected from one eye of all dogs. The aqueous TNF-α concentration was determined with an Elisa kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α levels were detectable in all dogs. TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the group with intraocular disease compared to the normal control group (P=0.001). In the group with intraocular disease, TNF-α levels were significantly higher in the aqueous humor of the AAU group compared with the PACG group (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the dog, it is possible to measure the concentration of TNF-α in the aqueous humor. The level of TNF-α was significantly higher in the case of AAU. TNF-α is an interesting biomarker for longitudinal follow-up studies of comparative ophthalmology.
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier vétérinaire des Cordeliers, 29, avenue Joffre, 77100 Meaux, France. Electronic address: phil.durieux2@wanadoo.fr.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier vétérinaire des Cordeliers, 29, avenue Joffre, 77100 Meaux, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etchepareborde
authors.affiliation: Companion animal laboratory (C.A.L), 1, rue Salomon-Rachi, 10000 Troyes, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U968, UPMC université Paris 06, UMR-S968, institut de la vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Clinique vétérinaire Voltaire, 19, boulevard Voltaire, 92600 Asnières-sur-Seine, France.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rosolen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000737:chemistry*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012016:Reference Values; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis*; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Aqueous humor; Chiens; Dogs; Glaucoma; Glaucome; Humeur aqueuse; TNF-α; Uveitis; Uvéite