title: How life history influences the responses of the clam Scrobicularia plana to the combined impacts of carbamazepine and pH decrease.
abstract: In the present study, the bivalve Scrobicularia plana, collected from two contrasting areas (pristine location and mercury contaminated area), was selected to assess the biochemical alterations imposed by pH decrease, carbamazepine (an antiepileptic) and the combined effect of both stressors. The effects on oxidative stress related biomarkers after 96 h exposure revealed that pH decrease and carbamazepine induced alterations on clams, with greater impacts on individuals from the contaminated area which presented higher mortality, higher lipid peroxidation and higher glutathione S-transferase activity. These results emphasize the risk of extrapolating results from one area to another, since the same species inhabiting different areas may be affected differently when exposed to the same stressors. Furthermore, the results obtained showed that, when combined, the impact of pH decrease and carbamazepine was lower than each stressor acting alone, which could be related to the defence mechanism of valves closure when bivalves are under higher stressful conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ângela
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Valdemar I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Geography, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, David Turpin Building, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wrona
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Etelvina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011174:Portugal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Biomarkers; Bivalves; Ocean acidification; Oxidative stress; Pharmaceutical drugs