title: Adverse cutaneous drug reactions--a clinico-demographic study in a tertiary care teaching hospital of the Kashmir Valley, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDRs) are caused by a wide variety of agents. The aim was to study the incidence and clinico-demographic profile of ACDRs to identify any potential risk factors and compare the results with other studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a period of one year from October 2012 to October 2013 in the outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care teaching hospital of the Kashmir valley in India and various ACDRs were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of ACDRs was 0.16%. The mean age of patients was 39.36 ± 16.77 years. The male: female ratio was 0.97:1. The most frequently reported cutaneous reactions were with antimicrobials (57.33%) followed by NSAIDs (21.33%) and antiepileptic drugs (17.33%). Less common groups involved were steroids, antipsychotics and bisphosphonates (1.33% each). Fixed drug eruptions (FDEs) were the commonest (45.33%) followed by maculopapular (17.33%), photoallergic (8%), erythema multiforme (6.66%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (5.33%) and lichenoid eruptions (4%). Less common patterns were urticaria, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome) and acneform eruptions (2.66% each) followed by angioedema, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), exfoliative dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis (1.33% each).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should have adequate knowledge of adverse drug reactions, especially of newer drugs which are increasing every year in order to minimize such events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences-Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India.drshaziabistati@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qayoom
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences-Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India.
authors.forename: Shazia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bisati
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences-Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India.
authors.forename: Sheikh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences-Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sameem
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences-Medical College Hospital, Bemina, Srinagar, India.
authors.forename: Kafeel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D057566:Self Report; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013256:Steroids / Q000009:adverse effects; D063128:Tertiary Health Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D013256:Steroids