title: The response of meat ducks from 15 to 35 d of age to gossypol from cottonseed meal.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of meat ducks of 15 to 35 d of age to free gossypol (FG) from cottonseed meal (CSM) and to establish the maximum limits of dietary FG concentration based on growth performance, blood parameters, and tissue residues of gossypol. Nine hundred 15-d-old ducks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 10 cages/treatment and 18 ducks/cage on the basis of BW. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis to produce diets in which 0% (without FG), 25% (36 mg FG/kg), 50% (75 mg FG/kg), 75% (111 mg FG/kg), and 100% (153 mg FG/kg) of protein from soybean meal were replaced by that from CSM. Increasing dietary FG content, BW, and ADG decreased (linearly, P<0.05, except for ADG of days 29 to 35), and F/G linearly increased (P<0.05). At 35 d, blood hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration linearly decreased (P<0.05), while serum total protein, albumin, and globulin content linearly decreased (P<0.05), and the residue of gossypol in liver, kidney, heart, breast, and leg muscle linearly increased (P<0.001) with increases in dietary FG concentration. Ducks fed 36 mg FG/kg (5.83% CSM of diet) diet had a normal histological structure of liver, and muscle (breast and leg) had no residue of gossypol. The maximum limit of dietary FG concentration was estimated to range from a low of 36 mg/kg to maximize serum globulin concentration to a high of 124 mg/kg to minimize feed intake for 22 to 28 d on the basis of a quadratic broken-line model.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130 zqf@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Q F
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: ChengDu Feed Measure Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041.
authors.forename: S Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: ChengDu Feed Measure Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 611130.
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D003369:Cottonseed Oil / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004372:Ducks / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D006072:Gossypol / Q000633:toxicity*; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D003369:Cottonseed Oil; D006072:Gossypol
keywords: duck; gossypol; hematology; hepatic histopathology; residue of gossypol; serum biochemical profile
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2006 Apr;84 Suppl:E155-65
references.pmid: 16582088
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2005 Sep;84(9):1376-82
references.pmid: 16206558
references.citation: J Nutr. 1967 Aug;92(4):425-8
references.pmid: 6054742
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2001 Jun;80(6):789-94
references.pmid: 11441847
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2014 Aug;93(8):2000-9
references.pmid: 24902707
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2010 Sep;89(9):1878-86
references.pmid: 20709972
references.citation: J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2009 Apr;93(2):253-62
references.pmid: 19320937
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002 Nov 5;779(2):313-9
references.pmid: 12361745
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 1975 Apr;40(4):640-7
references.pmid: 1173579
references.citation: J Nutr. 1966 Apr;88(4):434-8
references.pmid: 5931188
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959 Oct;84:486-97
references.pmid: 14419129
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2002 Sep;80(9):2485-92
references.pmid: 12350026
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1997 Oct;57(4):901-7
references.pmid: 9314596
references.citation: J Nutr. 1973 Jun;103(6):882-9
references.pmid: 4705274
references.citation: Poult Sci. 2001 Jul;80(7):920-5
references.pmid: 11469655
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2001 Jul-Sep;45(3):598-604
references.pmid: 11569732