title: Stable isotopes reveal links between human food inputs and urban ant diets.
abstract: The amount of energy consumed within an average city block is an order of magnitude higher than that consumed in any other ecosystem over a similar area. This is driven by human food inputs, but the consequence of these resources for urban animal populations is poorly understood. We investigated the role of human foods in ant diets across an urbanization gradient in Manhattan using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. We found that some-but not all-ant species living in Manhattan's most urbanized habitats had δ(13)C signatures associated with processed human foods. In particular, pavement ants (Tetramorium sp. E) had increased levels of δ(13)C similar to δ(13)C levels in human fast foods. The magnitude of this effect was positively correlated with urbanization. By contrast, we detected no differences in δ(15)N, suggesting Tetramorium feeds at the same trophic level despite shifting to human foods. This pattern persisted across the broader ant community; species in traffic islands used human resources more than park species. Our results demonstrate that the degree urban ants exploit human resources changes across the city and among species, and this variation could play a key role in community structure and ecosystem processes where human and animal food webs intersect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA capenick@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Clint A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Penick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Biology Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000502:physiology*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D020387:Food Chain; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
keywords: New York; Tetramorium; ants; nutrition; stable isotopes; urban ecology
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