title: Current and emerging strategies for treatment of childhood dystonia.
abstract: Childhood dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both (Sanger et al, 2003). Dystonia is a devastating neurological condition that prevents the acquisition of normal motor skills during critical periods of development in children. Moreover, it is particularly debilitating in children when dystonia affects the upper extremities such that learning and consolidation of common daily motor actions are impeded. Thus, the treatment and rehabilitation of dystonia is a challenge that continuously requires exploration of novel interventions. This review will initially describe the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of the motor impairments found in childhood dystonia followed by the clinical measurement tools that are available to document the presence and severity of symptoms. Finally, we will discuss the state-of-the-art of therapeutic options for childhood dystonia, with particular emphasis on emergent and innovative strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertucco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Child Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biokinesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: terry@sangerlab.net.
authors.forename: Terence D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sanger
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002648:Child; D004421:Dystonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents
keywords: Childhood; Dystonia; Movement disorders; Physical therapy; Rehabilitation
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