title: Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress in U251 human glioma cells.
abstract: Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs; however, the side effects and drug resistance limit its usage. Previous findings have demonstrated that cisplatin kills tumor cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which provides a novel method to minimize cisplatin toxicity and circumvent cisplatin resistance. ER stress induces cell autophagy, cell apoptosis and the complicated regulatory network between them. The role of autophagy in cisplatin chemotherapy remains to be elucidated. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is normally used as an inhibitor of autophagy. The present study reveals a significant role of the inhibition of autophagy by treatment with 3-MA and cisplatin in combination in U251 human glioma cells. It was demonstrated that cisplatin induced the ER stress associated with apoptosis and autophagy in U251 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA increased the expression levels of protein disulfide isomerase, ubiquitinated proteins, glucose regulated protein 78 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, and induced the activation of caspase-4 and caspase-3. Treatment with 3-MA combined with cisplatin increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing ER stress. Therefore, the inhibition of autophagy has the potential to improve cisplatin chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ruijian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ruijun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qianxue
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053471:Caspases, Initiator / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C025946:3-methyladenine; C093516:CASP4 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053471:Caspases, Initiator; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases; D000225:Adenine; D002945:Cisplatin
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