title: Characterization and quantification of dynamic eccentric regurgitation of the left atrioventricular valve after atrioventricular septal defect correction with 4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and retrospective valve tracking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To characterize and directly quantify regurgitant jets of left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) in patients with corrected atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) by four-dimensional (4D)Flow Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR), streamline visualization and retrospective valve tracking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical ethical committee approval and informed consent from all patients or their parents were obtained. In 32 corrected AVSD patients (age 26 ± 12 years), echocardiography and whole-heart 4DFlow CMR were performed. Using streamline visualization on 2- and 4-chamber views, the angle between regurgitation and annulus was followed throughout systole. On through-plane velocity-encoded images reformatted perpendicular to the regurgitation jet the cross-sectional jet circularity index was assessed and regurgitant volume and fraction were calculated. Correlation and agreement between different techniques was performed with Pearson's r and Spearman's rho correlation and Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 8 patients, multiple regurgitant jets over the LAVV were identified. Median variation in regurgitant jet angle within patients was 36°(IQR 18-64°) on the 2-chamber and 30°(IQR 20-40°) on the 4-chamber. Regurgitant jets had a circularity index of 0.61 ± 0.16. Quantification of the regurgitation volume was feasible with 4DFlow CMR with excellent correlation between LAVV effective forward flow and aortic flow (r = 0.97, p < 0.001) for internal validation and moderate correlation with planimetry derived regurgitant volume (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and echocardiographic grading (rho = 0.51, p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4DFlow CMR with streamline visualization revealed multiple, dynamic and eccentric regurgitant jets with non-circular cross-sectional shape in patients after AVSD correction. 4DFlow with retrospective valve tracking allows direct and accurate quantification of the regurgitation of these complex jets.
authors.forename: Emmeline E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calkoen
authors.forename: Jos J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: Lucia J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kroft
authors.forename: Nico A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hazekamp
authors.forename: Marry E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rijlaarsdam
authors.forename: Monique R M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jongbloed
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: Arno A W
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Roest
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
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