title: Quantitative trait locus mapping of acute functional tolerance in the LXS recombinant inbred strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported that acute functional tolerance (AFT) to the hypnotic effects of alcohol was significantly correlated with drinking in the dark (DID) in the LXS recombinant inbred panel, but only in mice that had been pretreated with alcohol. Here, we have conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for AFT. DNA sequencing of the progenitor ILS and ISS strains and microarray analyses were also conducted to identify candidate genes and functional correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  LXS mice were given either saline or alcohol (5 g/kg) on day 1 and then tested for loss of righting reflex AFT on day 2. QTLs were mapped using standard procedures. Two microarray analyses from brain were conducted: (i) naïve LXS mice and (ii) an alcohol treatment time course in the ILS and ISS. The full genomes of the ILS and ISS were sequenced to a depth of approximately 30×.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant QTL for AFT in the alcohol pretreatment group was mapped to distal chromosome 4; numerous suggestive QTLs were also mapped. Preference drinking and DID have previously been mapped to the chromosome 4 locus. The credible interval of the significant chromosome 4 QTL spanned 23 Mb and included 716 annotated genes of which 150 had at least 1 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism or small indel that differed between the ILS and ISS; expression of 48 of the genes was cis-regulated. Enrichment analysis indicated broad functional categories underlying AFT, including proteolysis, transcription regulation, chromatin modification, protein kinase activity, and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chromosome 4 QTL is a key region containing possibly pleiotropic genes for AFT and drinking behavior. Given that the region contains many viable candidates and a large number of the genes in the interval fall into 1 or more of the enriched functional categories, we postulate that many genes of varying effect size contribute to the observed QTL effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Aaron T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tabakoff
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D017849:Animals, Inbred Strains / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D057897:Reflex, Righting / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Acute Functional Tolerance; Alcoholism; Deep Sequencing; Ethanol; Genetics; Microarray; Mouse; Quantitative Trait Locus
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