title: The effectiveness of the problem-based learning teaching model for use in introductory Chinese undergraduate medical courses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the problem-based learning (PBL) emerged in 1969 and was soon widely applied internationally, the rapid development in China only occurred in the last 10 years. This study aims to compare the effect of PBL and lecture-based learning (LBL) on student course examination results for introductory Chinese undergraduate medical courses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and nonrandomized controlled trial studies on PBL use in Chinese undergraduate medical education were retrieved through PubMed, the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP-CSTJ) with publication dates from 1st January 1966 till 31 August 2014. The pass rate, excellence rate and examination scores of course examination were collected. Methodological quality was evaluated based on the modified Jadad scale. The I-square statistic and Chi-square test of heterogeneity were used to assess the statistical heterogeneity. Overall RRs or SMDs with their 95% CIs were calculated in meta-analysis. Meta-regression and subgroup meta-analyses were also performed based on comparators and other confounding factors. Funnel plots and Egger's tests were performed to assess degrees of publication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The meta-analysis included 31studies and 4,699 subjects. Fourteen studies were of high quality with modified Jadad scores of 4 to 6, and 17 studies were of low quality with scores of 1 to 3. Relative to the LBL model, the PBL model yielded higher course examination pass rates [RR = 1.09, 95%CI (1.03, 1.17)], excellence rates [RR = 1.66, 95%CI (1.33, 2.06)] and examination scores [SMD = 0.82, 95%CI (0.63, 1.01)]. The meta-regression results show that course type was the significant confounding factor that caused heterogeneity in the examination-score meta-analysis (t = 0.410, P<0.001). The examination score SMD in "laboratory course" subgroup [SMD = 2.01, 95% CI: (1.50, 2.52)] was higher than that in "theory course" subgroup [SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: (0.56, 0.89)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PBL teaching model application in introductory undergraduate medical courses can increase course examination excellence rates and scores in Chinese medical education system. It is more effective when applied to laboratory courses than to theory-based courses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yazhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Dali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000193:education; D002681:China; D003479:Curriculum; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D017594:Publication Bias; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013334:Students; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*
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