title: Inertial imaging with nanomechanical systems.
abstract: Mass sensing with nanoelectromechanical systems has advanced significantly during the last decade. With nanoelectromechanical systems sensors it is now possible to carry out ultrasensitive detection of gaseous analytes, to achieve atomic-scale mass resolution and to perform mass spectrometry on single proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution of mass within an individual analyte can be imaged--in real time and at the molecular scale--when it adsorbs onto a nanomechanical resonator. Each single-molecule adsorption event induces discrete, time-correlated perturbations to all modal frequencies of the device. We show that by continuously monitoring a multiplicity of vibrational modes, the spatial moments of mass distribution can be deduced for individual analytes, one-by-one, as they adsorb. We validate this method for inertial imaging, using both experimental measurements of multimode frequency shifts and numerical simulations, to analyse the inertial mass, position of adsorption and the size and shape of individual analytes. Unlike conventional imaging, the minimum analyte size detectable through nanomechanical inertial imaging is not limited by wavelength-dependent diffraction phenomena. Instead, frequency fluctuation processes determine the ultimate attainable resolution. Advanced nanoelectromechanical devices appear capable of resolving molecular-scale analytes.
authors.affiliation: 1] Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics &Applied Physics and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering and National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Selim
authors.identifier: 000000021928044X
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hanay
authors.affiliation: Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics &Applied Physics and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Scott I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kelber
authors.affiliation: Bio21 Institute &School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Cathal D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Bio21 Institute &School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mulvaney
authors.affiliation: 1] Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics &Applied Physics and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA [2] School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.affiliation: Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Departments of Physics &Applied Physics and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Roukes
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003720:Densitometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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