title: Preventing childhood scalds within the home: Overview of systematic reviews and a systematic review of primary studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesise and evaluate the evidence of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent scalds in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  An overview of systematic reviews (SR) and a SR of primary studies were performed evaluating interventions to prevent scalds in children. A comprehensive literature search was conducted covering various resources up to October 2012. Experimental and controlled observational studies reporting scald injuries, safety practices and safety equipment use were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen systematic reviews and 39 primary studies were included. There is little evidence that interventions are effective in reducing the incidence of scalds in children. More evidence was found that inventions are effective in promoting safe hot tap water temperature, especially when home safety education, home safety checks and discounted or free safety equipment including thermometers and thermostatic mixing valves were provided. No consistent evidence was found for the effectiveness of interventions on the safe handling of hot food or drinks nor improving kitchen safety practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Education, home safety checks along with thermometers or thermostatic mixing valves should be promoted to reduce tap water scalds. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions on scald injuries and to disentangle the effects of multifaceted interventions on scald injuries and safety practices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, 13th Floor Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: zoukun.jy@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, 13th Floor Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: persephone.wynn@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Persephone M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wynn
authors.affiliation: Acute Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK. Electronic address: Philip.Miller@nuh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Great North Children's Hospital, Research Unit Level 2, New Victoria Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK. Electronic address: Paul.Hindmarch@nuth.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hindmarch
authors.affiliation: NHS Clinical Research & Trials Unit, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. Electronic address: gosia.majsak-newman@nnuh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Gosia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majsak-Newman
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, 13th Floor Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: ben.young@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Child Accident Prevention Trust, Canterbury Court (1.09), 1-3 Brixton Road, London SW9 6DE, UK. Electronic address: mike.hayes@capt.org.uk.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, 13th Floor Tower Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: denise.kendrick@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kendrick
mesh_terms: D000061:Accidents, Home / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000293:Adolescent; D002056:Burns / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054626:Consumer Health Information; D003296:Cooking; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012498:Sanitary Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D013821:Thermometers
keywords: Children; Home; Prevention; Scald; Systematic review
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