title: Emerging neural stimulation technologies for bladder dysfunctions.
abstract: In the neural engineering field, physiological dysfunctions are approached by identifying the target nerves and providing artificial stimulation to restore the function. Neural stimulation and recording technologies play a central role in this approach, and various engineering devices and stimulation techniques have become available to the medical community. For bladder control problems, electrical stimulation has been used as one of the treatments, while only a few emerging neurotechnologies have been used to tackle these problems. In this review, we introduce some recent developments in neural stimulation technologies including microelectrode array, closed-loop neural stimulation, optical stimulation, and ultrasound stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jee Woong
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Daejeong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sangjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyungsup
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Gu-Haeng
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoonkey
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nam
keywords: Electric stimulation; Microelectrodes; Urinary Bladder
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