title: Polymer Stabilized Fe3O4-Graphene as an Amphiphilic Drug Carrier for Thermo-Chemotherapy of Cancer.
abstract: In light of the growing interest in the search for cheap and effective solutions for cancer treatment, we report a simple one pot synthesis of polymer stabilized iron oxide-graphene (PIG) that could be realized on a large scale. The structural (Fe3O4 particle size of ∼11 nm), functional (various oxygen containing moieties), and magnetic (moment of ∼43 emu/g) properties of PIG are explored using various characterization techniques for possible biomedical applications. PIG shows good colloidal stability and is biocompatible even at higher concentrations (2.5 mg/mL) by virtue of cross-linking polymers. The biocompatibility of the composite has been tested using HeLa cell lines by computing the percentage of the reactive oxygen species through the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) intensity level. PIG has the ability to load and release both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs with a good loading efficiency and capacity. The dug loading efficiency of PIG is measured to be ∼87% and ∼91% for doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTXL), respectively. Under an AC magnetic field, superparamagnetic PIG (2.5 mg/mL) takes less than 16 min to reach the stable hyperthermia temperature, suggesting it as a good anticancer material. A time-dependent cellular uptake of doxorubicin-conjugated PIG has been studied to optimize the parameters for thermo-chemotherapy of cancer. The synergetic effect of both the drug and hyperthermia is observed in the killing of the cancerous cells, verified by computing the cell apoptotic population using a flow cytometer. However, it has been noticed that, even in the absence of chemotherapy, PIG shows good antiproliferative activity with thermotherapy alone.
authors.affiliation: †IITB-Monash Research Academy, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400076.
authors.forename: Akshaya Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: ‡Center for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400076.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: §Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400076.
authors.forename: Dhirendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bahadur
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004058:Diffusion; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005079:Excipients; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D053769:Nanocapsules; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D006108:Graphite; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: cancer; drug carrier; graphene; iron oxide; stability; thermo-chemotherapy