title: Foot posture is associated with kinematics of the foot during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet.
abstract: Variations in foot posture are associated with the development of some lower limb injuries. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The objective of this study was to compare foot kinematics between normal, pes cavus and pes planus foot posture groups using a multi-segment foot model. Ninety-seven healthy adults, aged 18-47 were classified as either normal (n=37), pes cavus (n=30) or pes planus (n=30) based on normative data for the Foot Posture Index, Arch Index and normalised navicular height. A five segment foot model was used to measure tri-planar motion of the rearfoot, midfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot and hallux during barefoot walking at a self-selected speed. Angle at heel contact, peak angle, time to peak angle and range of motion was measured for each segment. One way ANOVAs with post-hoc analyses of mean differences were used to compare foot posture groups. The pes cavus group demonstrated a distinctive pattern of motion compared to the normal and pes planus foot posture groups. Effect sizes of significant mean differences were large and comparable to similar studies. Three key differences in overall foot function were observed between the groups: (i) altered frontal and transverse plane angles of the rearfoot in the pes cavus foot; (ii) Less midfoot motion in the pes cavus foot during initial contact and midstance; and (iii) reduced midfoot frontal plane ROM in the pes planus foot during pre-swing. These findings indicate that foot posture does influence motion of the foot.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia. Electronic address: a.buldt@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Buldt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science Victoria University, Footscray, VIC 8001, Australia.
authors.forename: Pazit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levinger
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: George S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Murley
authors.affiliation: Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Hylton B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Menz
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nester
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Lower Extremity and Gait Studies Program, College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Karl B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Landorf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biomechanics; Foot; Gait; Motion; Walking