title: Recent developments in vascular imaging techniques in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
abstract: Adequate vascularisation is key in determining the clinical outcome of stem cells and engineered tissue in regenerative medicine. Numerous imaging modalities have been developed and used for the visualization of vascularisation in tissue engineering. In this review, we briefly discuss the very recent advances aiming at high performance imaging of vasculature. We classify the vascular imaging modalities into three major groups: nonoptical methods (X-ray, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and positron emission imaging), optical methods (optical coherence, fluorescence, multiphoton, and laser speckle imaging), and hybrid methods (photoacoustic imaging). We then summarize the strengths and challenges of these methods for preclinical and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457.
authors.forename: Paul Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Upputuri
authors.affiliation: Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457.
authors.forename: Kathyayini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sivasubramanian
authors.affiliation: Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457.
authors.forename: Chong Seow Khoon
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.affiliation: Nanyang Technological University, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457.
authors.forename: Manojit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pramanik
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
references.citation: Mater Today (Kidlington). 2013 Mar 1;16(3):67-77
references.pmid: 23766667
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37267
references.pmid: 22615959
references.citation: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2013;15:177-200
references.pmid: 23642245
references.citation: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:240
references.pmid: 24073942
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Nov 15;102 Pt 2:393-406
references.pmid: 25111471
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2008 Dec;106(6):515-27
references.pmid: 19134545
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2014 May;20(5):440-9
references.pmid: 24107069
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2008 Jun;49(6):871-8
references.pmid: 18483100
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:127170
references.pmid: 23983401
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e67559
references.pmid: 23844028
references.citation: Cell. 2011 Nov 23;147(5):983-91
references.pmid: 22118457
references.citation: J Vasc Res. 2004 Jan-Feb;41(1):54-63
references.pmid: 14730202
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2009;4(12):1737-46
references.pmid: 19893509
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2014;19(11):116003
references.pmid: 25364950
references.citation: Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Apr 13;2(5):1194-203
references.pmid: 21559131
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2010 Jan-Feb;15(1):011101
references.pmid: 20210427
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2010 Jan;23(1):48-55
references.pmid: 19650039
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2013 Mar;19(3):196-204
references.pmid: 22838500
references.citation: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Jan;5(1):155-63
references.pmid: 22253335
references.citation: Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1458-62
references.pmid: 22442475
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Oct 1;584(Pt 1):5-9
references.pmid: 17656430
references.citation: Electromagn Waves (Camb). 2014;147:1-22
references.pmid: 25642127
references.citation: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2012;48(1):10-8
references.pmid: 22456010
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2012 Sep;18(9):697-709
references.pmid: 22435776
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2002 Mar;51(3):386-91
references.pmid: 11861946
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Mar 30;109(12):1543-9
references.pmid: 15023891
references.citation: Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2015 Feb;5(1):23-9
references.pmid: 25694950
references.citation: Nat Med. 2006 Mar;12(3):354-60
references.pmid: 16501571
references.citation: Interface Focus. 2011 Aug 6;1(4):602-31
references.pmid: 22866233
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2008 Jul-Aug;13(4):040503
references.pmid: 19021307
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2010 Dec;16(6):1503-14
references.pmid: 20575690
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2013 Oct;93(4):1743-802
references.pmid: 24137021
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Jul;21(7):803-6
references.pmid: 12808463
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jan;89(1):25-33
references.pmid: 12540950
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86562
references.pmid: 24475146
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014;4:5839
references.pmid: 25059112
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2013 Apr;19(7-8):893-904
references.pmid: 23102089
references.citation: Biomed Opt Express. 2014 Jul 15;5(8):2620-34
references.pmid: 25136490
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2009 Feb 21;54(4):1035-46
references.pmid: 19168938
references.citation: Bone. 2012 Sep;51(3):535-45
references.pmid: 22617817
references.citation: MAGMA. 2008 May;21(3):169-76
references.pmid: 18317830
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2013 May;18(5):50901
references.pmid: 23616094
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58081
references.pmid: 23516432
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2012 Nov 14;4(160):160rv12
references.pmid: 23152327
references.citation: J Cell Biochem Suppl. 2002;39:11-7
references.pmid: 12552597
references.citation: Opt Lett. 2008 Jul 1;33(13):1530-2
references.pmid: 18594688
references.citation: Med Eng Phys. 2014 Nov;36(11):1436-42
references.pmid: 25080898
references.citation: Opt Express. 2014 Jun 2;22(11):12890-9
references.pmid: 24921486