title: Evaluating lifestyle and health-related characteristics of older adults with co-occurring depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comorbid depression and cardiometabolic abnormalities might represent an important subgroup of depression. The aim of the present study was to evaluate lifestyle and health-related characteristics of individuals with both depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample was comprised of 5365 adults aged 50-80 years. High depressive symptoms were based on the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scale. Cardiometabolic abnormalities were defined as having ≥3 cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertension, impaired glycemic control, systemic inflammation, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and central obesity). Four groups were created based on Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scores and cardiometabolic abnormalities: those with (i) comorbid depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic abnormalities (DCM); (ii) depressive symptoms only (DnoCM); (iii) cardiometabolic abnormalities only; and (iv) neither depressive symptoms nor cardiometabolic abnormalities. Lifestyle and health-related characteristics of the four groups were compared using chi-square tests. A modified Poisson regression analysis was performed to compare the DCM and the DnoCM groups with respect to lifestyle and health-related characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those in the DCM group were significantly less physically active (p = 0.003), had poorer self-rated health (p < 0.001), had lower income (p = 0.001), and were more likely to be retired (p < 0.001) than those in the DnoCM group. The pattern of results remained after controlling for other lifestyle and health-related factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide support for a cardiometabolic subgroup of depression that is associated with physical inactivity, poorer self-rated health, lower income, and retirement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deschênes
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England.
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: cardiometabolic factors; depression; lifestyle; population-based study