title: Regulation of hyaluronan synthesis in vascular diseases and diabetes.
abstract: Cell microenvironment has a critical role determining cell fate and modulating cell responses to injuries. Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan that can be considered a signaling molecule. In fact, interacting with several cell surface receptors can deeply shape cell behavior. In vascular biology, HA triggers smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dedifferentiation which contributes to vessel wall thickening. Furthermore, HA is able to modulate inflammation by altering the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. In hyperglycemic conditions, HA accumulates in vessels and can contribute to the diabetic complications at micro- and macrovasculature. Due to the pivotal role in favoring atherogenesis and neointima formation after injuries, HA could be a new target for cardiovascular pathologies. This review will focus on the recent findings regarding the regulation of HA synthesis in human vascular SMCs. In particular, the effects of the intracellular HA substrates availability, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein O-GlcNAcylation on the main HA synthetic enzyme (i.e., HAS2) will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moretto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Evgenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karousou
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caon
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3361-2882
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3332-6704
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Passi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vigetti
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism; D000215:Acylation; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008833:Microcirculation; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D000117:Acetylglucosamine
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