title: Screening for depression and anxiety in childhood neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic illnesses are known to have anxiety disorders and are likely to be depressed. Anxiety and depression (A/D) has been studied in adults with spina bifida (SB), however, no study has directly screened for A/D in pediatric patients with neurogenic bladder (NB) and their caregivers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of our study were to determine the prevalence of A/D in caregivers of all children with SB and other NB dysfunction and in adolescents with validated screening measures.
  This was a preliminary cross-sectional screening investigation for A/D in pediatric patients with NB and their caregivers and adolescents with NB. Pediatric patients were defined as ages birth to 19 years and adolescents as ages 10 years-19 years. A caregiver was self-defined as a primary parent/guardian who took care of the pediatric patient for a majority of their time on a daily basis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We contacted 75 families by mail, of which 15 returned the consent and completed the questionnaires. Subsequently, 25 consecutive families whose children were seen for routine office appointments by the pediatric urology service at the Albany Medical Center in New York participated in person. 22 adolescents completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). 47 caregivers completed both the HADS and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression among adolescents: Of the 22 adolescents who completed the HADS, the median HADS score was 5.5 (Inter-quartile range (IQR): 1.75-8.75) for anxiety and 1.5 (IQR: 0-4.25) for depression; both scores were within the normal range (<8/21). Individual abnormal HADS scores (≥8/21) were seen in 6/22 (27%) for anxiety and 1/22 (5%) for depression. Anxiety and depression among caregivers: Of the 47 caregivers who completed the HADS and CES-D, the median HADS score was 7 (IQR: 4-11) for anxiety and 4 (IQR: 1-7) for depression; both scores were within the normal range. Individual abnormal HADS scores were seen in 23/47 (49%) for anxiety and 10/47 (21%) for depression. Abnormal CES-D scores (>15) were seen in 15/47 (32%). The median CES-D scores were 8 (IQR: 3-19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary screening study, we found considerable anxiety in adolescents with NB and both A/D in caregivers. When screening by two validated surveys, adolescents with NB had median scores for A/D that were normal; yet 27% of these patients exhibited scores for anxiety that outwit the normal range. For the caregivers, the median scores were also normal; yet 49% and 32% had scores for A/D, respectively, that were abnormal. SB among pediatric patients has been shown to result in alterations in daily functioning and to increase the dependency on adult care, factors that are associated with altered self-concept, psychological distress, including A/D. Our findings underscore such results from previous studies. In caregivers, we observed a higher prevalence of anxiety than adolescents; similar findings have been reported for caregivers of other chronic conditions. Surprisingly, in caregivers, a lower percentage of scores for depression was observed. Although we have no data on the cause of this finding this may be related to a caregiver's ability to adapt to the demands of the situation in chronic illness or perhaps, lower expectations. The cross-sectional nature of our study limited us to draw any causal relationships for anxiety or depression between neurogenic patients and their caregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite our study limitations, the prevalence of anxiety in adolescents and in the caregivers is striking. Our data highlight that clinicians should screen for A/D more aggressively in pediatric patients with NB dysfunction and in their caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. Electronic address: kabra@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Aashish T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.affiliation: Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Feustel
authors.affiliation: Urological Institute of Northeastern New York Community Care Physicians, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kogan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anxiety; Caregivers; Children; Depression; Screening; Spina bifida