title: Understanding the anatomic basis for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adolescents have not been well characterized. Because many adolescents with OSAS are obese, we hypothesized that the anatomic OSAS risk factors would be more similar to those in adults than those in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anatomic risk factors in adolescents with OSAS compared with obese and lean control subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of adolescents (age range: 12-16 yr) underwent MRI: obese individuals with OSAS (n = 49), obese control subjects (n = 38), and lean control subjects (n = 50).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 137 subjects and found that (1) obese adolescents with OSAS had increased adenotonsillar tissue compared with obese and lean control subjects; (2) obese OSAS adolescents had a smaller nasopharyngeal airway than control subjects; (3) the size of other upper airway soft tissue structures (volume of the tongue, parapharyngeal fat pads, lateral walls, and soft palate) was similar between subjects with OSAS and obese control subjects; (4) although there were no major craniofacial abnormalities in most of the adolescents with OSAS, the ratio of soft tissue to craniofacial space surrounding the airway was increased; and (5) there were sex differences in the pattern of lymphoid proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased size of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue, rather than enlargement of the upper airway soft tissue structures, is the primary anatomic risk factor for OSAS in obese adolescents. These results are important for clinical decision making and suggest that adenotonsillectomy should be considered as the initial treatment for OSAS in obese adolescents, a group that has poor continuous positive airway pressure adherence and difficulty in achieving weight loss.
authors.affiliation: 1 Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagchi
authors.forename: Brendan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: François-Louis
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Comyn
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ignacio E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: Shirley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Traylor
authors.forename: Drew A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Torigian
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: MRI; adenoid; adolescents; obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; tonsils
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