title: Antemortem Diagnosis and Successful Treatment of Pulmonary Candidiasis in a Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis).
abstract: An adult male sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis) was evaluated because of lethargy, ruffled feathers, and decreased appetite. Physical examination revealed hypothermia, dehydration, dyspnea, and crop distention. Results of a complete blood cell count revealed a marked inflammatory leukogram, and cytologic examination of a crop swab sample identified gram-negative bacilli and occasional yeast organisms. Radiographs demonstrated an opaque, ill-defined, soft tissue structure in the caudal coelom just cranial to the renogonadal silhouette, loss of serosal detail, and splenomegaly. Endoscopic examination revealed a pale, granuloma-like structure within the caudal aspect of the left lung, splenomegaly, and an enlarged proventriculus. Intraoperative cytologic examination of a biopsy sample of the lesion demonstrated yeast organisms, and a subsequent culture of the biopsy sample revealed Candida albicans . The bird was treated intraoperatively with intralesional amphotericin B. Postoperative treatment consisted of meloxicam, trimethoprim sulfa, amphotericin B by nebulization, and systemic itraconazole and fluconazole. The bird made a complete recovery, was discontinued from all medications, and has remained asymptomatic for 6 months. Although rare, pulmonary candidiasis should be on the list of differential diagnoses for any respiratory infection in birds. Endoscopic biopsy, cytology, and fungal culture were valuable in making the diagnosis.
authors.forename: Laila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Proença
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schnellbacher
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Chien-Tsun
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Dainna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stelmach
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Divers
keywords: Aratinga solstitialis; Candida albicans; avian; fungal pneumonia; pulmonary candidiasis; sun conure