title: Personality, perceived environment, and behavior systems related to future smoking intentions among youths: an application of problem-behavior theory in Shanghai, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking among youths is a worldwide problem, particularly in China. Many endogenous and environmental factors influence smokers' intentions to smoke; therefore, a comprehensive model is needed to understand the significance and relationship of predictors. This study aimed to develop a prediction model based on problem-behavior theory (PBT) to interpret intentions to smoke among Chinese youths.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study of 26,675 adolescents from junior, senior, and vocational high schools in Shanghai, China. Data on smoking status, smoking knowledge, attitude toward smoking, parents' and peers' smoking, and media exposure to smoking were collected from students. A structural equation model was used to assess the developed prediction model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental smoking rate and current smoking rate among the students were 11.0% and 3%, respectively. Our constructed model showed an acceptable fit to the data (comparative fit index = 0.987, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.034). Intention to smoke was predicted by perceived environment (β = 0.455, P < 0.001) system consisting of peer smoking (β = 0.599, P < 0.001), parent smoking (β = 0.152, P < 0.001), and media exposure to smoking (β = 0.226, P < 0.001), and behavior system (β = 0.487, P < 0.001) consisting of tobacco experimentation (β = 0.663, P < 0.001) and current smoking (β = 0.755, P < 0.001). Smoking intention was irrelevant for personality system in students (β = -0.113, P>0.05) which consisted of acceptance of tobacco use (β = 0.668, P < 0.001) and academic performance (β = 0.171, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PBT-based model we developed provides a good understanding of the predictors of intentions to smoke and it suggests future interventions among youths should focus on components in perceived environment and behavior systems, and take into account the moderating effects of personality system.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jingfen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Redmon
authors.affiliation: Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D010551:Personality; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*
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