title: Ability and Disability in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is the first in a series of four empirical investigations to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The objective was to use a systematic review approach to identify, number, and link functional ability and disability concepts used in the scientific ASD literature to the nomenclature of the ICF-CY (Children and Youth version of the ICF, covering the life span).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches on outcome studies of ASD were carried out in Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC and Cinahl, and relevant functional ability and disability concepts extracted from the included studies. These concepts were then linked to the ICF-CY by two independent researchers using a standardized linking procedure. New concepts were extracted from the studies until saturation of identified ICF-CY categories was reached.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one studies were included in the final analysis and 2475 meaningful concepts contained in these studies were linked to 146 ICF-CY categories. Of these, 99 categories were considered most relevant to ASD (i.e., identified in at least 5% of the studies), of which 63 were related to Activities and Participation, 28 were related to Body functions, and 8 were related to Environmental factors. The five most frequently identified categories were basic interpersonal interactions (51%), emotional functions (49%), complex interpersonal interactions (48%), attention functions (44%), and mental functions of language (44%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The broad variety of ICF-CY categories identified in this study reflects the heterogeneity of functional differences found in ASD--both with respect to disability and exceptionality--and underlines the potential value of the ICF-CY as a framework to capture an individual's functioning in all dimensions of life. The current results in combination with three additional preparatory studies (expert survey, focus groups, and clinical study) will provide the scientific basis for defining the ICF Core Sets for ASD for multipurpose use in basic and applied research and every day clinical practice of ASD.
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elles
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Schipper
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundequist
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Petrus J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: CHILD, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granlund
authors.affiliation: LWL-University Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Learning Disability Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College & K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karande
authors.affiliation: Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.affiliation: Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.affiliation: Action for Autism, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tonge
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Developmental Behavioral Paediatrics and NeuroHabilitation, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Virginia C N
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Lonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zwaigenbaum
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bölte
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
keywords: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; International Classification of Diseases; assessment; autism; child psychiatry; diagnostics; neurodevelopmental disorder
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