title: Eating- and weight-related parenting of adolescents in the context of food insecurity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food insecurity is hypothesized to influence mothers' use of parenting strategies to regulate children's eating. Little is known about the parenting practices directed toward adolescents in food-insecure households.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to examine the differences in use of eating- and weight-related parenting practices among mothers of adolescents by household food-security status.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sociodemographically diverse sample of mothers and adolescents from the Minneapolis/St Paul, MN, metropolitan area who participated in the Eating and Activity Among Teens 2010 and Project Families and Eating and Activity Among Teens studies in 2009 to 2010 (dyad n=2,087). Seventy percent of mothers identified as nonwhite.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined mother-reported use of parenting practices, including pressuring children to eat, restricting high-calorie foods, and encouraging dieting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression models were used to determine the predicted probabilities of parenting practices among food-secure, low food-secure, and very-low food-secure households. Sociodemographic characteristics, mothers' body mass index, and adolescents' body mass index-for-age percentile were examined as confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In unadjusted models, food-insecure mothers were more likely than food-secure mothers to frequently encourage their children to diet, comment on their child's weight, be concerned about their child's weight, use restrictive feeding practices, and use pressured feeding practices. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and mothers' and children's body mass index, compared to food-secure mothers, mothers with low food security were more likely to frequently comment on their sons' weight (41.5% vs 32.9%, prevalence difference=8.6; 95% CI 0.9 to 16.3) and mothers with very low food security were more likely to be concerned about their sons' weight (48.8% vs 35.1%; prevalence difference=13.7; 95% CI 3.5 to 23.9). Mothers with very low food security were more likely to frequently use restrictive feeding practices with their daughters compared to food-secure mothers (33.0% vs 20.5%; prevalence difference=12.4; 95% CI 4.2 to 20.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions to improve food-insecure adolescents' eating behaviors may benefit from supporting mothers' use of health-promoting parenting practices.
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Rich
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacLehose
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Nicole I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumark-Sztainer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005192:Family Health / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000191:economics; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Adolescents; Food security; Nutrition; Obesity; Parenting
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:25
references.pmid: 21453516
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):464-73
references.pmid: 16452367
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2012 Aug;130(2):254-61
references.pmid: 22826569
references.citation: J Nutr. 2011 Jun;141(6):1114-9
references.pmid: 21525257
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2007 Jun;64(11):2177-88
references.pmid: 17383060
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Feb;138(2):371-8
references.pmid: 18203906
references.citation: Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2011 Dec;22(3):601-13, xiii
references.pmid: 22423466
references.citation: Appetite. 2001 Jun;36(3):201-10
references.pmid: 11358344
references.citation: J Nutr. 2008 Mar;138(3):604-12
references.pmid: 18287374
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2015 Feb;38(1):122-35
references.pmid: 24997555
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Dec;26(12):1579-87
references.pmid: 12461674
references.citation: J Eat Disord. 2013 Dec 27;1:45
references.pmid: 24999423
references.citation: J Nutr. 2011 Sep;141(9):1738-45
references.pmid: 21795427
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2009 Feb;12(2):267-83
references.pmid: 18559129
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2009 May;99(5):822-8
references.pmid: 19299675
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Nov;118(5):e1406-13
references.pmid: 17079542
references.citation: Appetite. 2006 May;46(3):318-23
references.pmid: 16626838
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Mar;15(3):719-30
references.pmid: 17372323
references.citation: J Nutr. 2005 Dec;135(12):2831-9
references.pmid: 16317128
references.citation: Vital Health Stat 11. 2002 May;(246):1-190
references.pmid: 12043359
references.citation: J Health Econ. 2004 Jul;23(4):839-62
references.pmid: 15587700
references.citation: BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:16
references.pmid: 22348599
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2012 Mar;102(3):520-6
references.pmid: 22390517
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):924-9
references.pmid: 12146552
references.citation: Int J Eat Disord. 2014 Apr;47(3):310-4
references.pmid: 24105668
references.citation: J Nutr. 2007 Sep;137(9):2160-5
references.pmid: 17709458
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1358-71
references.pmid: 19776137
references.citation: J Law Med Ethics. 2007 Spring;35(1):22-34
references.pmid: 17341215
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Apr;109(4):697-701
references.pmid: 19328265
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1999 Aug;89(8):1231-4
references.pmid: 10432912
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):e854-60
references.pmid: 18829783
references.citation: Appetite. 2006 Jul;47(1):36-45
references.pmid: 16624444
references.citation: J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011 Nov-Dec;43(6):455-63
references.pmid: 21855417
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Dec;109(12):2001-9
references.pmid: 19942017
references.citation: J Nutr. 1990 Nov;120 Suppl 11:1559-600
references.pmid: 2243305
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2001 Jan;107(1):54-60
references.pmid: 11134434
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 Mar 6;125(9):1186-207
references.pmid: 22271754
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2012 Jul;102(7):1346-52
references.pmid: 22594740
references.citation: J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Jan;101(1):28-34; quiz 35-6
references.pmid: 11209581
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Apr;18(4):818-25
references.pmid: 19816417
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2012 Aug;75(3):496-504
references.pmid: 22591825
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2013 Oct;16(10):1861-9
references.pmid: 23089267
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 May;131(5):e1443-50
references.pmid: 23610202
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2006 Sep;63(6):1503-16
references.pmid: 16777308
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:193-209
references.pmid: 17954670
references.citation: JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Aug 1;167(8):746-53
references.pmid: 23797808
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2008 Aug;100(2):438-44
references.pmid: 18275621