title: Right ventricular function and right-heart echocardiographic response to therapy predict long-term outcome in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension (PH) is linked to adverse outcomes, but this response is considered heterogeneous because it can be associated with multiple factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  RV function of 51 PH patients was calculated by averaging peak speckle-tracking longitudinal strain from RV free-wall (RV-free), and the cutoff for RV dysfunction was predefined as RV-free ≤ 19%. Right-sided heart remodelling was assessed in terms of RV end-systolic area (RVESA) and right atrial (RA) area (RA-area). Midterm reverse remodelling was defined as a relative decrease in RVESA (ΔRVESA) and RA-area (ΔRA-area) of at least 15% at 5.7 ± 4.0 months after introduction of pulmonary artery hypertension-specific drugs. Long-term outcome was tracked for 3.0 ± 2.0 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with midterm RV and RA reverse remodelling showed more favourable long-term outcomes than those without (P = 0.01, P = 0.047, respectively). Sequential Cox models showed that a model based on hemodynamic parameters (χ(2) = 0.3) was improved by the addition of RV-free (χ(2) = 6.4; P = 0.01), and further improved by addition of ΔRVESA and ΔRA-area (χ(2) = 28.2; P < 0.001). Furthermore, preservation of baseline RV function and midterm reverse remodelling in right-sided heart was associated with an optimal outcome: a survival rate of 100%. In contrast, absence of midterm reverse remodelling in the right-sided heart of patients with impaired baseline RV function was associated with significantly worse outcome with a survival rate of 33% (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RV function and echocardiographic right-heart reverse remodelling with therapy improves the prediction of long-term outcomes for PH patients over standard hemodynamic indices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. Electronic address: tanakah@med.kobe-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Motoji
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ryo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirata
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents