title: Selection and spread of artemisinin-resistant alleles in Thailand prior to the global artemisinin resistance containment campaign.
abstract: The recent emergence of artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion poses a major threat to the global effort to control malaria. Tracking the spread and evolution of artemisinin-resistant parasites is critical in aiding efforts to contain the spread of resistance. A total of 417 patient samples from the year 2007, collected during malaria surveillance studies across ten provinces in Thailand, were genotyped for the candidate Plasmodium falciparum molecular marker of artemisinin resistance K13. Parasite genotypes were examined for K13 propeller mutations associated with artemisinin resistance, signatures of positive selection, and for evidence of whether artemisinin-resistant alleles arose independently across Thailand. A total of seven K13 mutant alleles were found (N458Y, R539T, E556D, P574L, R575K, C580Y, S621F). Notably, the R575K and S621F mutations have previously not been reported in Thailand. The most prevalent artemisinin resistance-associated K13 mutation, C580Y, carried two distinct haplotype profiles that were separated based on geography, along the Thai-Cambodia and Thai-Myanmar borders. It appears these two haplotypes may have independent evolutionary origins. In summary, parasites with K13 propeller mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were widely present along the Thai-Cambodia and Thai-Myanmar borders prior to the implementation of the artemisinin resistance containment project in the region.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eldin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Talundzic
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sheila Akinyi
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Okoth
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand; Bansomdej-chaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kanungnit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Congpuong
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mateusz M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Plucinski
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ira F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kachur
authors.affiliation: Independent Scholar, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chansuda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wongsrichanalai
authors.affiliation: Bureau of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wichai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Satimai
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Barnwell
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Venkatachalam
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Udhayakumar
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D037621:Artemisinins; D003264:Containment of Biohazards / Q000379:methods; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D037621:Artemisinins; C030659:K antigens; C031327:artemisinin
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