title: A prototype hand-held tri-modal instrument for in vivo ultrasound, photoacoustic, and fluorescence imaging.
abstract: Multi-modality imaging is beneficial for both preclinical and clinical applications as it enables complementary information from each modality to be obtained in a single procedure. In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel tri-modal in vivo imaging system to exploit molecular/functional information from fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging as well as anatomical information from ultrasound (US) imaging. The same ultrasound transducer was used for both US and PA imaging, bringing the pulsed laser light into a compact probe by fiberoptic bundles. The FL subsystem is independent of the acoustic components but the front end that delivers and collects the light is physically integrated into the same probe. The tri-modal imaging system was implemented to provide each modality image in real time as well as co-registration of the images. The performance of the system was evaluated through phantom and in vivo animal experiments. The results demonstrate that combining the modalities does not significantly compromise the performance of each of the separate US, PA, and FL imaging techniques, while enabling multi-modality registration. The potential applications of this novel approach to multi-modality imaging range from preclinical research to clinical diagnosis, especially in detection/localization and surgical guidance of accessible solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeeun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Veilleux
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DaCosta
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Seunghan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: GE Ultrasound Korea, Seongnam 462-807, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Gun
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: GE Ultrasound Korea, Seongnam 462-807, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: iBULe Photonics, Incheon 406-840, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Goo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital, Kyonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital, Kyonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hak Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Bok
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Sogang Institute of Advanced Technology, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seunghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yangmo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tai-Kyong
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000295:instrumentation; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007834:Lasers; D051379:Mice; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods