title: β2-Glycoprotein I-Dependent Anti-Cardiolipin Antibodies Associated With Periodontitis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It was reported that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibited increased levels of anticardiolipin (anti-CL) antibodies, a class of antiphospholipid antibodies associated with thrombosis. β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) has been considered as the actual target antigen for anti-CL antibodies. This study investigates the association of periodontal infection with anti-CL antibodies in patients with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three SLE female patients and 56 healthy female volunteers were recruited in this case-control study. All participants received periodontal examinations. The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in saliva and plaque samples was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Levels of serum anti-CL and anti-β2GPI antibodies were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with SLE exhibited more periodontal attachment loss and increased titers of serum anti-CL and anti-β2GPI antibodies compared with healthy controls. Patients with active SLE who harbored P. gingivalis or P. gingivalis together with T. denticola intraorally exhibited significantly higher anti-CL and anti-β2GPI antibodies than those without these bacteria. Anti-CL and anti-β2GPI antibody levels correlated positively with clinical attachment level. Furthermore, increased anti-β2GPI antibody levels were significantly associated with C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated anti-CL and anti-β2GPI antibody levels were associated with periodontopathic bacteria and periodontal breakdown in patients with SLE. Periodontitis might be a modifiable risk factor for SLE.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Tsu
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Chyuan
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mark Yen-Ping
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: King-Jean
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University.|Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital.
authors.forename: Ping-Ning
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Dental Education, Division of Advanced Clinical Education, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nawarat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wara-aswapati
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Periodontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D001799:Blood Sedimentation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000382:microbiology; D010976:Platelet Count; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000276:immunology; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Antibodies; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Treponema denticola; anticardiolipin; beta 2-glycoprotein I; periodontitis; systemic lupus erythematosus