title: Effects of long-term exercise on spatial learning, memory ability, and cortical capillaries in aged rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to determine the effects of long-term running exercise on spatial learning, spatial memory, and cortical capillaries in aged rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen-month-old female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into an exercised group (EG) and a non-exercised group (NG). The EG rats were trained on treadmill running for 4 or 14 months. The NG rats were housed under identical conditions without running. Spatial learning and memory were assessed with the Morris water maze. The cortical capillary parameters were quantitatively investigated using immunohistochemical and stereological methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The escaped latencies of the EG were significantly different from those of the NG in 18-month-old females and 28-month-old males (p<0.05). However, 28-month-old females and 18-month-old males showed no differences in escape latency between the EG and NG (p>0.05). In 28-month-old female rats, stereological techniques showed significant differences between the EG and NG in the cortical capillary volume (median, 22.55 vs. 11.42, p<0.05) and the cortical capillary surface area (median, 7474.13 vs. 3935.90, p<0.05). In 28-month-old male rats, the EG had a significantly longer total cortical capillary length (median, 530.35 vs. 156.27, p<0.05), significantly larger cortical capillary volume (median, 16.47 vs. 3.65, p<0.01), and a significantly larger cortical capillary total surface area (median, 7885.79 vs. 1957.16, p<0.01) compared with the NG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that exercise improved spatial learning, memory capacity and cortical capillaries in aged rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Sanrong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Chunni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Yanmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time; D065853:Spatial Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
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