title: The effects of altered distances between obstacles on the jump kinematics and apparent joint angulations of large agility dogs.
abstract: Canine agility is a rapidly growing sport in the UK. However, there is a paucity of scientific research examining jump kinematics and associated health and welfare implications of the discipline. The aim of this research was to examine differences in jump kinematics and apparent joint angulation of large (>431 mm at the withers) agility dogs (n = 54), when the distance between hurdles was altered (3.6 m, 4 m and 5 m apart) and to determine how level of skill impacted upon jump kinematics. Significant differences were observed for both the take-off (P <0.001) and landing distances (P <0.001) between the 3.6 m, 4 m and 5 m distances. Further differences were observed when level of skill was controlled for; take-off (F[3,55] = 5.686, P = 0.002) and landing (F[3,55] = 7.552, P <0.001) distances differed at the 3.6 m distance, as did the take-off distance at the 4 m hurdle distance (F[3,50] = 6.168, P = 0.001). Take-off and landing speeds differed for hurdle distances (P <0.001) and level of skill (P <0.001). There were significant differences in apparent neck angle during take-off and landing (P <0.001), lumbar spine angles during take-off, bascule and landing (P <0.01), and in shoulder angles during the bascule phase (P <0.05). The results indicate that agility dogs alter their jumping patterns to accommodate the spacing between hurdles, which ultimately may impact long term health and welfare due to altered kinematics.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 OQF, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 OQF, UK. Electronic address: jacqueline.boyd@ntu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford, London E15 4LZ, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 OQF, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pullen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports
keywords: Biomechanics; Canine; Welfare