title: Pretreatment Differences in BOLD Response to Emotional Faces Correlate with Antidepressant Response to Scopolamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Faster acting antidepressants and biomarkers that predict treatment response are needed to facilitate the development of more effective treatments for patients with major depressive disorders. Here, we evaluate implicitly and explicitly processed emotional faces using neuroimaging to identify potential biomarkers of treatment response to the antimuscarinic, scopolamine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy participants (n=15) and unmedicated-depressed major depressive disorder patients (n=16) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover infusion study using scopolamine (4 μg/kg). Before and following scopolamine, blood oxygen-level dependent signal was measured using functional MRI during a selective attention task. Two stimuli comprised of superimposed pictures of faces and houses were presented. Participants attended to one stimulus component and performed a matching task. Face emotion was modulated (happy/sad) creating implicit (attend-houses) and explicit (attend-faces) emotion processing conditions. The pretreatment difference in blood oxygen-level dependent response to happy and sad faces under implicit and explicit conditions (emotion processing biases) within a-priori regions of interest was correlated with subsequent treatment response in major depressive disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations were observed exclusively during implicit emotion processing in the regions of interest, which included the subgenual anterior cingulate (P<.02) and middle occipital cortices (P<.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude and direction of differential blood oxygen-level- dependent response to implicitly processed emotional faces prior to treatment reflect the potential to respond to scopolamine. These findings replicate earlier results, highlighting the potential for pretreatment neural activity in the middle occipital cortices and subgenual anterior cingulate to inform us about the potential to respond clinically to scopolamine.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575. mfurey@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Maura L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Furey
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575.
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Drevets
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szczepanik
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (Dr Furey, Ms Szczepanik, Dr Nugent, and Dr Zarate); Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ (Dr Drevets); Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY (Dr Khanna).Registry number NCT00055575.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Zarate
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D012601:Scopolamine; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Biomarker; anticholinergic; antimuscarinic; mood disorders
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