title: The evolving impact of g protein-coupled receptor kinases in cardiac health and disease.
abstract: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important regulators of various cellular functions via activation of intracellular signaling events. Active GPCR signaling is shut down by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and subsequent β-arrestin-mediated mechanisms including phosphorylation, internalization, and either receptor degradation or resensitization. The seven-member GRK family varies in their structural composition, cellular localization, function, and mechanism of action (see sect. II). Here, we focus our attention on GRKs in particular canonical and novel roles of the GRKs found in the cardiovascular system (see sects. III and IV). Paramount to overall cardiac function is GPCR-mediated signaling provided by the adrenergic system. Overstimulation of the adrenergic system has been highly implicated in various etiologies of cardiovascular disease including hypertension and heart failure. GRKs acting downstream of heightened adrenergic signaling appear to be key players in cardiac homeostasis and disease progression, and herein we review the current data on GRKs related to cardiac disease and discuss their potential in the development of novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac diseases including heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Priscila Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: J Kurt
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Chuprun
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054774:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D054769:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2; D054774:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5; D054768:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2011 Aug 9;4(185):ra51
references.pmid: 21868357
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 27;282(17):12893-906
references.pmid: 17329249
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2002 Aug;1(8):599-608
references.pmid: 12402500
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Mar 15;199(2):848-54
references.pmid: 8135832
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Jul 15;98(2):556-62
references.pmid: 8755668
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;182(1):173-82
references.pmid: 15225142
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2011 Nov;64(5):535-46
references.pmid: 21571071
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Oct;33(10):2415-24
references.pmid: 23950144
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 16;271(33):19826-30
references.pmid: 8702691
references.citation: J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Feb;12(2):261-72
references.pmid: 24738138
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Dec;1(3):215-20
references.pmid: 20443852
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2005 Jun;57(2):279-88
references.pmid: 15914470
references.citation: Cell. 2007 May 4;129(3):511-22
references.pmid: 17482545
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(9):2797-801
references.pmid: 2871555
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Jun;276(6):H1853-60
references.pmid: 10362663
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jul 15;255(2):363-8
references.pmid: 9716377
references.citation: Genomics. 1999 Sep 1;60(2):199-209
references.pmid: 10486211
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 7;272(6):3806-12
references.pmid: 9013639
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2013 Aug 29;4(4):625-32
references.pmid: 23972986
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 13;281(2):1261-73
references.pmid: 16280323
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 8;271(45):28691-6
references.pmid: 8910504
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 1;278(31):29164-73
references.pmid: 12738776
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 4;269(9):6832-41
references.pmid: 8120045
references.citation: Science. 1984 Oct 12;226(4671):182-4
references.pmid: 6091271
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 May 20;269(20):14329-32
references.pmid: 8182033
references.citation: Hypertension. 2010 Oct;56(4):696-704
references.pmid: 20660817
references.citation: ACS Chem Biol. 2012 Nov 16;7(11):1830-9
references.pmid: 22882301
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013 Oct 15;305(8):H1111-9
references.pmid: 23913704
references.citation: Circ Res. 2010 Oct 29;107(9):1140-9
references.pmid: 20814022
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2002 Sep;54(3):527-59
references.pmid: 12223533
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20308-16
references.pmid: 9685381
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;61(6):1444-52
references.pmid: 12021406
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 13;271(37):22552-62
references.pmid: 8798423
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Aug;38(2):534-40
references.pmid: 11499749
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Apr 24;38(2):291-303
references.pmid: 12718862
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Nov;285(5):H2201-11
references.pmid: 12869383
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2008 Feb;16(2):302-7
references.pmid: 18223549
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 7;284(32):21425-34
references.pmid: 19520868
references.citation: EMBO J. 2010 Oct 6;29(19):3249-59
references.pmid: 20729810
references.citation: Vis Neurosci. 1997 Mar-Apr;14(2):225-32
references.pmid: 9147475
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 7;275(14):10443-52
references.pmid: 10744734
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 13;287(16):12771-8
references.pmid: 22389501
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2009 May 26;48(20):4285-93
references.pmid: 19338266
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 20;273(47):31510-8
references.pmid: 9813065
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Apr 1;174(7):4400-6
references.pmid: 15778405
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1972 Jan 15;20(1):1-6
references.pmid: 11946367
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 May 1;125(17):2108-18
references.pmid: 22496128
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1985 Apr 10;260(7):3883-6
references.pmid: 2858484
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:451-82
references.pmid: 17037978
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):16614-20
references.pmid: 14764583
references.citation: Mol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov;20(11):3014-26
references.pmid: 16887887
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15192-9
references.pmid: 11278469
references.citation: Biochem J. 2004 Sep 1;382(Pt 2):393-409
references.pmid: 15214841
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):27791-4
references.pmid: 7961702
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 19;278(51):50908-14
references.pmid: 14557268
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 May 15;273(20):12316-24
references.pmid: 9575184
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 25;273(52):35238-44
references.pmid: 9857063
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 21;8(6):e66234
references.pmid: 23805205
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1998 Mar 13;424(3):159-64
references.pmid: 9539142
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 15;90(20):9398-402
references.pmid: 8415712
references.citation: Circ Res. 2011 Jul 22;109(3):309-19
references.pmid: 21778435
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Mar;13(3):315-23
references.pmid: 17322894
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Oct 3;383(6599):447-50
references.pmid: 8837779
references.citation: Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1106-10
references.pmid: 22267580
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):18953-9
references.pmid: 11259422
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 15;268(32):23735-8
references.pmid: 8226899
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Nov 15;450(7168):383-7
references.pmid: 17952055
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 8;270(36):21346-53
references.pmid: 7673171
references.citation: J Immunol. 2013 Jul 15;191(2):857-64
references.pmid: 23772028
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Dec 1;84(3):407-15
references.pmid: 19620130
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Jan;280(1):H151-9
references.pmid: 11123229
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2013;4:1532
references.pmid: 23443560
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;24(23):10169-79
references.pmid: 15542828
references.citation: Biochem J. 2009 Dec 14;425(1):169-78
references.pmid: 19796012
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):381-5
references.pmid: 164024
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 May 5;268(13):9161-4
references.pmid: 7683643
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2001 Dec 21;7:305-13
references.pmid: 11754336
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Aug 1;303(3):H368-76
references.pmid: 22685168
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):H2083-92
references.pmid: 17259440
references.citation: Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 Jan;21(1):42-9
references.pmid: 21127457
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1999 Jul 2;454(1-2):115-21
references.pmid: 10413107
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Mar;51(3):1728-37
references.pmid: 19834036
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 3;274(49):34531-4
references.pmid: 10574913
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1996 Apr 2;35(13):4155-60
references.pmid: 8672451
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 23;279(17):17989-95
references.pmid: 14976207
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Aug 14;512(7513):218-222
references.pmid: 25043026
references.citation: Vitam Horm. 1995;51:193-234
references.pmid: 7483322
references.citation: J Card Fail. 2006 Jun;12(5):360-8
references.pmid: 16762799
references.citation: Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):825-9
references.pmid: 8381559
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 1999 Sep;162(3):401-8
references.pmid: 10467231
references.citation: Circulation. 1993 Feb;87(2):454-63
references.pmid: 8381058
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Oct 27;98(17):1783-9
references.pmid: 9788834
references.citation: BMJ. 2011 Aug 10;343:d5060; author reply d5079
references.pmid: 21831947
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2002 Dec;48(12):2131-40
references.pmid: 12446468
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 4;271(40):24907-13
references.pmid: 8798768
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Sep 15;268(26):19521-7
references.pmid: 8366096
references.citation: Nat Med. 2008 May;14(5):510-7
references.pmid: 18425130
references.citation: Psychiatr Genet. 2007 Dec;17(6):315-22
references.pmid: 18075471
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2013 May;34(19):1437-47
references.pmid: 22261894
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2000 May 19;473(3):280-4
references.pmid: 10818226
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 19;276(3):1911-5
references.pmid: 11042191
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 7;278(10):8052-7
references.pmid: 12486133
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jun 19;284(25):17206-17215
references.pmid: 19364770
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul 5;262(19):9026-32
references.pmid: 3036840
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jan 10;415(6868):206-12
references.pmid: 11805844
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Jul 19;477(7366):549-55
references.pmid: 21772288
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014 May;349(2):199-208
references.pmid: 24570070
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 18;272(29):18273-80
references.pmid: 9218466
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 15;88(6):2568-72
references.pmid: 2006192
references.citation: Circ Res. 2011 Jan 7;108(1):27-39
references.pmid: 21106943
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17818-23
references.pmid: 19008357
references.citation: Circulation. 2009 Jan 6;119(1):89-98
references.pmid: 19103992
references.citation: Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(4):274-9
references.pmid: 22639547
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2013 Oct 29;6(299):ra95
references.pmid: 24170934
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 10;272(41):25425-8
references.pmid: 9325250
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 May 27;269(21):14924-30
references.pmid: 8195124
references.citation: Genomics. 2006 Sep;88(3):263-73
references.pmid: 16753280
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Apr 30;285(18):13748-60
references.pmid: 20194499
references.citation: Nat New Biol. 1972 May 24;237(73):125-7
references.pmid: 4503852
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 26;105(34):12457-62
references.pmid: 18711143
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 24;95(24):14082-7
references.pmid: 9826657
references.citation: Ann Hum Genet. 2006 Nov;70(Pt 6):778-83
references.pmid: 17044852
references.citation: Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1264-7
references.pmid: 1325672
references.citation: Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1256-62
references.pmid: 12764189
references.citation: Health Psychol. 1989;8(5):577-95
references.pmid: 2560975
references.citation: Mol Vis. 1998 Dec 08;4:27
references.pmid: 9852166
references.citation: Circ Heart Fail. 2011 Sep;4(5):659-68
references.pmid: 21768220
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 1;88(19):8715-9
references.pmid: 1656454
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7478-83
references.pmid: 12032308
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Jan;133(1):40-69
references.pmid: 21903131
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 Sep;117(9):2445-58
references.pmid: 17786238
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 18;283(16):10601-10
references.pmid: 18165681
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Aug 1;97(16):8868-73
references.pmid: 10908673
references.citation: Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Jan;12(1):13-6
references.pmid: 20023040
references.citation: Arch Med Sci. 2012 Dec 20;8(6):970-7
references.pmid: 23319968
references.citation: Circ Res. 2008 Aug 15;103(4):413-22
references.pmid: 18635825
references.citation: FASEB J. 1999 Apr;13(6):715-25
references.pmid: 10094932
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;138(5):921-31
references.pmid: 12642394
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9649-54
references.pmid: 19497875
references.citation: Nature. 2013 May 2;497(7447):137-41
references.pmid: 23604254
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2011 May;226(5):1323-33
references.pmid: 20945396
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2011 Mar 22;50(11):1940-9
references.pmid: 21265573
references.citation: Circ Res. 2012 Sep 28;111(8):1048-53
references.pmid: 22859683
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2010 Jun 08;3(125):ra46
references.pmid: 20530803
references.citation: Circ Res. 2013 Apr 12;112(8):1121-34
references.pmid: 23467820
references.citation: Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1258-65
references.pmid: 17962520
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2008 Nov;40(9):3014-6
references.pmid: 19010176
references.citation: Circ Res. 2013 Aug 30;113(6):739-53
references.pmid: 23989716
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2000 Nov;98(1-2):127-31
references.pmid: 11044616
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):7825-31
references.pmid: 8096517
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Oct;275(4):H1298-306
references.pmid: 9746479
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Mar 15;268(8):6004-13
references.pmid: 8383684
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Aug;18(8):2960-9
references.pmid: 17538017
references.citation: Hypertension. 2012 Oct;60(4):957-64
references.pmid: 22949529
references.citation: Science. 2007 Nov 23;318(5854):1266-73
references.pmid: 17962519
references.citation: Hypertension. 2000 Jan;35(1 Pt 1):38-42
references.pmid: 10642272
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):175-80
references.pmid: 21228869
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 5;265(25):15333-40
references.pmid: 2394724
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Dec 13;288(50):35683-9
references.pmid: 24174526
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 15;271(11):6403-10
references.pmid: 8626439
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jun 25;268(18):13650-6
references.pmid: 8514797
references.citation: Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2009;2009:327360
references.pmid: 20204079
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Mar 29;277(13):10842-51
references.pmid: 11801607
references.citation: Clin Transl Sci. 2010 Dec;3(6):279-86
references.pmid: 21167003
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 9;95(12):7000-5
references.pmid: 9618528
references.citation: J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009 Nov;28(11):1166-71
references.pmid: 19782607
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Oct 23;104(17):2069-74
references.pmid: 11673348
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 1;102(5):1442-7
references.pmid: 15671181
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Jul 15;266(20):12949-55
references.pmid: 2071581
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2005 Sep;26(17):1752-8
references.pmid: 16055494
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Mar;77(3):405-15
references.pmid: 20038610
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):8256-60
references.pmid: 8463335
references.citation: FEBS J. 2005 Dec;272(23):6039-51
references.pmid: 16302968
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2008 Mar;29(3):379-96
references.pmid: 17125886
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001 Jul;22(7):368-76
references.pmid: 11431032
references.citation: Circ Res. 2000 Jan 7-21;86(1):43-50
references.pmid: 10625304
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2011 Aug 1;221(1):25-33
references.pmid: 21333691
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):H2490-9
references.pmid: 11709416
references.citation: Nature. 1986 Jun 26-Jul 2;321(6073):869-72
references.pmid: 3014340
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 16;281(24):16785-93
references.pmid: 16613860
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 20;1498(2-3):112-21
references.pmid: 11108955
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Jul;303(1):H66-74
references.pmid: 22542621
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Sep 10;359(6391):147-50
references.pmid: 1522899
references.citation: J Card Fail. 2012 Jan;18(1):53-61
references.pmid: 22196842
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 8;274(41):29381-9
references.pmid: 10506199
references.citation: Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 Aug;18(8):729-32
references.pmid: 18622265
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57324
references.pmid: 23472081
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6362-6
references.pmid: 3018728
references.citation: Recept Channels. 1994;2(1):1-7
references.pmid: 8081729
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 31;471(7340):651-5
references.pmid: 21389988
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Jun 1;184(11):6188-98
references.pmid: 20421637
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Dec 1;171(11):6128-34
references.pmid: 14634128
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Oct;35(10):1167-74
references.pmid: 14519424
references.citation: Protein Eng. 1994 Feb;7(2):195-203
references.pmid: 8170923
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 May;65(5):545-51
references.pmid: 10340920
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 31;276(35):33019-26
references.pmid: 11389137
references.citation: Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2008 Sep;98(1):85-106
references.pmid: 18619997
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Jul 21;23(14):2821-9
references.pmid: 15241473
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20653-7
references.pmid: 9685424
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1995 Jan 31;34(4):1446-54
references.pmid: 7827093
references.citation: Cell. 2002 Apr;109 Suppl:S81-96
references.pmid: 11983155
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2001 Apr;107(8):967-74
references.pmid: 11306600
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1998 Nov 17;37(46):16053-9
references.pmid: 9819198
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1998 Jul 17;273(29):18180-4
references.pmid: 9660778
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5588-92
references.pmid: 7685906
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:653-88
references.pmid: 1652922
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 17;63(23):2549-2557
references.pmid: 24703913
references.citation: FASEB J. 1995 Feb;9(2):175-82
references.pmid: 7781920
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 24;284(30):20375-86
references.pmid: 19509284
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 May 02;8(5):e62508
references.pmid: 23658733
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Jul;54(1):71-6
references.pmid: 19487588
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):C953-61
references.pmid: 9316417
references.citation: Eur J Heart Fail. 2013 Jul;15(7):730-3
references.pmid: 23794609
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 8;98(10):5809-14
references.pmid: 11331748
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 4;281(31):22118-22130
references.pmid: 16735506
references.citation: Science. 1989 Oct 13;246(4927):235-40
references.pmid: 2552582
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 2011 Apr 15;107(8):1125-30
references.pmid: 21296320
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 11;286(10):7715-7721
references.pmid: 21199869
references.citation: J Innate Immun. 2013;5(4):401-13
references.pmid: 23485819
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Nov 1;298(3):303-8
references.pmid: 12413940
references.citation: Hypertension. 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):402-7
references.pmid: 9931137
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Sep 4;60(10):898-907
references.pmid: 22703928
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 4;272(27):17223-9
references.pmid: 9202046
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Mar;69(3):759-69
references.pmid: 16338988
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Jun;63(6):1256-72
references.pmid: 12761335
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2008 Mar;104(6):1622-36
references.pmid: 17996024
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2006 Jan;69(1):46-56
references.pmid: 16288730
references.citation: Adv Pharmacol. 2010;59:135-63
references.pmid: 20933201
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Oct 24;272(43):27422-7
references.pmid: 9341194
references.citation: Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2011 Jun 01;16(8):3047-60
references.pmid: 21622221
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 28;270(30):18060-6
references.pmid: 7629115
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Oct;16(10):387-91
references.pmid: 1664548
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 15;42(8):1487-92
references.pmid: 14563597
references.citation: Hypertension. 2014 Feb;63(2):369-75
references.pmid: 24191280
references.citation: Cell Signal. 2012 Feb;24(2):468-475
references.pmid: 21983013
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1995 Jan;95(1):203-10
references.pmid: 7814617
references.citation: EMBO J. 2001 Sep 17;20(18):5129-38
references.pmid: 11566877
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 May 19;270(20):11707-10
references.pmid: 7744811
references.citation: Basic Res Cardiol. 2003 Mar;98(2):97-103
references.pmid: 12607131
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Mar 03;9(3):e90597
references.pmid: 24594703
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2008 Aug;115(3):79-89
references.pmid: 18593382
references.citation: Science. 1995 Jun 2;268(5215):1350-3
references.pmid: 7761854
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1997 May 1;99(9):2087-93
references.pmid: 9151780
references.citation: Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2005 Jan;282(1):13-23
references.pmid: 15584034
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 May 21;285(21):16378-86
references.pmid: 20351116
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3718-22
references.pmid: 10097103
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Nov 26;274(48):34483-92
references.pmid: 10567430
references.citation: Circ Res. 2008 Jun 20;102(12):1458-70
references.pmid: 18566312
references.citation: Circ Res. 2001 Sep 28;89(7):599-606
references.pmid: 11577025
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul 18;272(29):18125-31
references.pmid: 9218446
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 4;270(31):18660-5
references.pmid: 7629197
references.citation: EMBO J. 2008 Apr 23;27(8):1206-18
references.pmid: 18369319
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1978 Oct 10;253(19):7040-6
references.pmid: 690139
references.citation: FASEB J. 2000 Dec;14(15):2569-80
references.pmid: 11099476
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Apr 12;489(3):167-77
references.pmid: 15087239
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 Oct 24;16(20):2042-7
references.pmid: 17055984
references.citation: Hum Hered. 2004;57(1):28-38
references.pmid: 15133310
references.citation: Auton Autacoid Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;28(1):29-39
references.pmid: 18257749
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2009 Aug 4;48(30):7325-33
references.pmid: 19715378
references.citation: Circ Res. 2006 Oct 27;99(9):996-1003
references.pmid: 17008600
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;61(4):749-58
references.pmid: 11901213
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1991 Aug 15;266(23):14939-46
references.pmid: 1869533
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 16;104(42):16657-62
references.pmid: 17925438
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2004 May;22(5):931-6
references.pmid: 15097232
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):12974-9
references.pmid: 8917529
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Mar 6;103(9):1311-6
references.pmid: 11238278
references.citation: Circulation. 2000 May 2;101(17):2083-9
references.pmid: 10790351
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 9;97(10):5428-33
references.pmid: 10779554
references.citation: Circulation. 2011 May 10;123(18):1953-62
references.pmid: 21518983
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9954-9
references.pmid: 8790438
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1998 Jun;8(3):335-44
references.pmid: 9687355
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 1993 Jul;6(7 Pt 1):630-5
references.pmid: 8398005
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 31;471(7340):656-60
references.pmid: 21389983
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 19;99(6):3872-7
references.pmid: 11904438
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):697-703
references.pmid: 1338872
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 5;93(5):2105-9
references.pmid: 8700892
references.citation: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011 Jan;156B(1):104-7
references.pmid: 21184589
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):5742-7
references.pmid: 7890702
references.citation: Neuron. 1999 Dec;24(4):1029-36
references.pmid: 10624964
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 12;277(28):25266-72
references.pmid: 12101219
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 1;102(5):1448-53
references.pmid: 15671180
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1986 Mar 25;25(6):1371-7
references.pmid: 3008828
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Nov;54(5):1070-6
references.pmid: 19752292
references.citation: Blood Press Suppl. 1995;1:1-45
references.pmid: 7599749