title: Integrated pest management of "Golden Delicious" apples.
abstract: Monitoring of plant protection product (PPP) residues in "Golden Delicious" apples was performed in 2011-2013, where 216 active substances were analysed with three analytical methods. Integrated pest management (IPM) production and improved IPM production were compared. Results were in favour of improved IPM production. Some active compounds determined in IPM production (boscalid, pyraclostrobin, thiacloprid and thiametoxam) were not found in improved IPM production. Besides that, in 2011 and 2012, captan residues were lower in improved IPM production. Risk assessment was also performed. Chronic exposure of consumers was low in general, but showed no major differences for IPM and improved IPM production for active substances determined in both types of production. Analytical results were compared with the European Union report of 2010 where 1.3% of apple samples exceeded maximum residue levels (MRLs), while MRL exceedances were not observed in this survey.
authors.affiliation: a Department for Agroecology and Natural Resources , Agricultural Institute of Slovenia , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simončič
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stopar
authors.forename: Š
authors.initials: Š
authors.lastname: Velikonja Bolta
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bavčar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leskovšek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baša Česnik
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000592:standards; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005062:European Union; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D063427:Food Quality; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000592:standards; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017524:Slovenia; D000073739:Strobilurins; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013843:Thiazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011725:Pyridines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D009536:Niacinamide; C550088:2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C417209:thiacloprid
keywords: Golden Delicious; Slovenia; apples; integrated pest management; pesticide residues