title: Sero-prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) and HIV infection in Kampala, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) is high worldwide. Previous studies in Uganda were rural or in women. We estimated age and sex-specific sero-prevalence of HSV-2 in Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using two-stage random sampling stratified on population density, a survey of persons 15-65 years was conducted. Type-specific serological tests for HSV-2, HSV-1(HerpeSelect2 and 1 ELISA), HIV (Rapid tests and ELISA), syphilis (RPR and TPHA) were done. Additional prevalence analysis included post-stratification weighting on the Uganda 2002 Census gender distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1124 persons, HSV-2 prevalence was 58% (95% CI: 55, 60), HSV-1; 98% (95% CI: 97.6, 99.1), HIV; 17.7% (95% CI: 14.8, 19.2) and syphilis; 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4, 1.9). Weighted HSV-2 prevalence was 53.8% (Women; 63.8%, men; 43.2%), similar to unweighted data. Weighted HIV prevalence was 20.7% in women, 8.6% in men. Of 165 HIV infected persons, 85.4% had HSV-2. Risk factors for HSV-2 were being a woman (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.42, 2.78), age (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 2.43, 4.53), education (OR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.34) and HIV (OR 4.5; 95% CI: 2.70, 7.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of HSV-2 and HIV was high especially in women. Syphilis was rare. Awareness of herpes was low. Interventions in young people are needed.
authors.affiliation: Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakku-Joloba
authors.affiliation: STD Clinic/Ward 12, Mulago National Referral Hospital.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kambugu
authors.affiliation: Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Computer Science.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasubire
authors.affiliation: STD Clinic/Ward 12, Mulago National Referral Hospital.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimeze
authors.affiliation: Case Western reserve University, Medicine.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salata
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Biostatistics.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Epidemiology.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whalen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HIV; HSV-2; Kampala Uganda
references.citation: AIDS. 2008 Jan 11;22(2):193-201
references.pmid: 18097221
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2007 Feb 15;195(4):493-501
references.pmid: 17230408
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2011 Apr;87(3):238-41
references.pmid: 21307152
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Apr;82(2):164-8
references.pmid: 16581748
references.citation: J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009 Dec 15;3(10):803-6
references.pmid: 20009284
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2006 Apr;82(2):159-63
references.pmid: 16581747
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2013 May;24(5):375-82
references.pmid: 23970705
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Aug 1;33(4):526-35
references.pmid: 12869843
references.citation: Herpes. 2002 Jul;9(2):38-45
references.pmid: 12106510
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Aug;15 Suppl 4:S51-60
references.pmid: 11686466
references.citation: AIDS. 1992 Dec;6(12):1521-8
references.pmid: 1492935
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 1994 Sep-Oct;5(5):332-7
references.pmid: 7819350
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Apr 23;59(15):456-9
references.pmid: 20414188
references.citation: Lancet. 2008 Jun 21;371(9630):2109-19
references.pmid: 18572080
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2008 Oct;86(10):805-12, A
references.pmid: 18949218
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 1999 Apr;75(2):98-102
references.pmid: 10448361
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Aug;15 Suppl 4:S97-108
references.pmid: 11686471
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1582-3
references.pmid: 15947174
references.citation: AIDS. 2009 Jul 31;23(12):1595-8
references.pmid: 19512858
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Apr 14;357(9263):1161-7
references.pmid: 11323043
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2006 Apr 10;6:91
references.pmid: 16603091
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Oct;19(10):694-7
references.pmid: 18824623
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Apr;38(4):316-23
references.pmid: 23330152
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;199(7):945-9
references.pmid: 19220138
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010 Feb;63(2):110-9
references.pmid: 20015330
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Feb;38(2):140-7
references.pmid: 20706175
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2001 Feb;28(2):77-81
references.pmid: 11234789
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Apr;42(4):1794-6
references.pmid: 15071053
references.citation: Int Fam Plan Perspect. 2005 Mar;31(1):6-14
references.pmid: 15888404
references.citation: BMC Res Notes. 2011 Mar 15;4:64
references.pmid: 21406077
references.citation: Afr J Reprod Health. 2004 Aug;8(2):13-37
references.pmid: 15623116
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2002 Oct 15;186 Suppl 1:S3-28
references.pmid: 12353183
references.citation: Sex Transm Infect. 2010 Feb;86(1):46-50
references.pmid: 19837726
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2010 Sep;21(9):611-6
references.pmid: 21097732
references.citation: Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Apr;19(4):272-8
references.pmid: 18482949
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2002 Jan 1;185(1):45-52
references.pmid: 11756980
references.citation: AIDS. 2001 Jul 27;15(11):1399-408
references.pmid: 11504961
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2007 Dec;34(12):1019-24
references.pmid: 18080353
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):427-39
references.pmid: 20089951
references.citation: Nat Med. 2009 Aug;15(8):886-92
references.pmid: 19648930
references.citation: Sex Transm Dis. 2011 Feb;38(2):117-23
references.pmid: 20838363