title: A spectroscopic and surface microhardness study on enamel exposed to beverages supplemented with lower iron concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to compare the in vitro mineral loss and surface microhardness (SMH) changes in human enamel specimens following supplementation of acidic carbonated beverages with low iron concentrations than when treated without.
  
  
  METHODS
  180 enamel blocks each from primary and permanent teeth were prepared and equally subdivided (n=10) for their respective treatments in Group 1 (Coca Cola and Sprite without iron supplementation) and Group 2 (beverages supplemented with 2/5 mmol/L FeSO₄.7H₂O). Following initial SMH estimation, the blocks were subjected to 3 treatment cycles of 5/20 minute incubation periods, equally interspaced by a 5-min treatment in artificial saliva. The calcium and phosphate released after each cycle were analyzed spectrophotometrically and the final SMH was recorded. The results were tested using student's T test, One-way ANOVA and Kruskal Walli's test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two and five mmol/L FeSO₄.7H₂O supplementation produced a highly significant SMH change and calcium and phosphate reduction than when treated without (p<.0005). Both the enamel specimens showed similar patterns of mineral loss and SMH reduction, with pronounced effects in the twenty minute incubation cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that 2 mmol/L FeSO₄.7H₂O supplementation to acidic beverages is beneficial in reducing mineral loss and preserving surface microhardness of human enamel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric dentistry, Amrita School of Dentistry.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Children Dentistry, A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shetty
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000473:pathology*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Aerated beverages; Dental enamel; Iron; Surface microhardness; Tooth erosion