title: Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to address facilitators and barriers to participation at work.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was approved by the World Health Assembly in 2001. Ten years later, strong arguments have arisen regarding the added value of ICF to the policies on employment and the outcomes at the workplace. As a conceptual framework, ICF has universality because of its inclusive and comprehensive view of human functioning. At a practical level ICF can be used to quantify the impact of impairment on an individual's ability to act in his/her environment and to assess interventions to minimize the impact of disability and maximize functioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore key indicators of social participation (life habits) of persons with disabilities, particularly related to work, among environmental and personal factors.
  Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires from a convenience sample of 149 working-age persons with disabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social participation is a construct composed by multiple components and employment domain is the strongest indicator of participation. Correlations between social participation and personal factors, such as self-efficacy and attitudes towards disability were moderate. Those who are employed scored higher quality of life in terms of satisfaction with life, more positive attitudes toward disabilities and higher self-efficacy than the ones who are retired or unemployed. Persons using adapted wheelchair and those who were involved in wheelchair selection scored higher in social participation in general, performance at work, and quality of life. Age and disability duration were not associated with participants' employment status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that rehabilitation and vocational agents, like physiotherapists and other professionals, should have knowledge and understanding of the multiple factors that influence persons with disabilities' participation at work. Programs should provide appropriate wheelchairs, skills training, empowerment and problem-solving strategies in labour activities and occupational environment to promote employment of working-age persons with disabilities.
authors.affiliation: Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTeSC Coimbra Health School, Physiotherapy Department, Rua 5 de Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal. Tel.: +351 239 802 430; Fax: +351 239 813 395; E-mail: anabelacmartins@estescoimbra.pt.
authors.forename: Anabela Correia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D020377:Self Efficacy; D058992:Social Participation; D014910:Wheelchairs; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Assistive technologies; employment; personal factors; persons with disabilities; social participation