title: Determining particulate matter and black carbon exfiltration estimates for traditional cookstove use in rural Nepalese village households.
abstract: A majority of black carbon (BC) emitted to the atmosphere in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region is from burning biomass fuel used in traditional, open-design cookstoves. However, BC and particulate matter (PM) household emissions are not well characterized. Household emission information is needed to develop emission profiles to validate regional climate change models and serve as a baseline for assessing the impact of adopting improved stove technology. This paper presents field-based household PM and BC exfiltration (amount exiting) estimates from village homes in rural Nepal that utilize traditional, open-design cookstoves. Use of these stoves resulted in a 26% mean PM exfiltration, ranging from 6% to 58%. This is a significant departure from an 80% estimate cited in previous reports. Furthermore, having a window/door resulted in an 11% increase in exfiltration when an opening was present, while fuel type had a marginally significant impact on emission. Air-exchange rates (AER) were determined with average (95% CI) AER of 12 (10-14) per hour, consistent with previous studies. In addition, BC to PM2.5 mass-ratio composition during cooking was ascertained, with an average (95% CI) of 31% (24-39), agreeing with previous biomass fuel emission composition literature.
authors.forename: Sutyajeet I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Soneja
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Global Health, Milken School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20037, United States.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tielsch
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Curriero
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zaitchik
authors.affiliation: ⊥Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project - Sarlahi, Harioun 45804, Nepal.
authors.forename: Subarna K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khatry
authors.affiliation: #Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States.
authors.forename: Beizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: #Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chillrud
authors.forename: Patrick N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Breysse
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D018533:Biomass; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005374:Filtration; D006794:Household Articles; D009390:Nepal; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012424:Rural Population; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D053260:Soot; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
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