title: Correction and optimization of a T2-based approach to map blood oxygenation in small cerebral veins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral venous blood oxygenation (Yv ) is an important biomarker in brain physiology and function. The present study proposes a procedure to provide a quantitative map of the brain's intravascular Yv.
  
  
  METHODS
  The method is based on a pulse sequence, T2 -Relaxation-Under-Phase-Contrast (TRU-PC) MRI, with postprocessing approaches to correct eddy-current effects. A complete scan protocol consists of four TRU-PC scans sensitized to large and small vessels with anterior-posterior and foot-head flow-encoding directions, and the data are analyzed conjunctively. Eddy-current correction was performed by fitting the tissue phase to a hyperplane, and then subtracting the eddy-current phase from the measured vessel phase. The reproducibility of the Yv-maps was examined in five participants. Sensitivity of the Yv map to a caffeine challenge was studied in another five participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of eddy-current induced artifact allowed for the correction of T2 measurements, as demonstrated in vivo and with simulation. A Yv-map depicting all vessels in the slice can be obtained with the proposed protocol. Test-retest variability of the Yv -map was 3.7 ± 1.2%. Yv reduction can be reliably detected (P < 0.001) following the caffeine ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the proposed TRU-PC protocol and eddy-current correction procedure, an accurate, vessel-specific Yv map of the human brain can be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Deng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.|Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Hanzhang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: CMRO2; TRU-PC; blood oxygen saturation; eddy-currents; small vessel
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