title: Factors associated with participation in research conducted in a pediatric emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of demographic and study characteristics in eligible subjects who agree to participate compared with those who did not participate in clinical research studies in a pediatric emergency department (PED).
  
  
  METHODS
  Information for all families approached for participation in PED-based clinical research studies during a 6-year period was recorded in an electronic database. This included demographic factors, decision to participate, primary reason for not participating, and study characteristics. Forty studies were included in this analysis. Differences in participation rate among demographic and study characteristics were examined. Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participation rates were similar with respect to sex (50.1% in male vs 49.9% in female), whereas families with younger children were more likely to participate (mean age, 8.5 years vs 10.2 years among nonparticipants P < 0.001). White patients were more likely to participate than African American patients (54.7% vs 45.6% in African Americans, P < 0.001). The presence of compensation, brief time requirement, and older children was negatively associated with participation for moderate to very invasive studies. However, for noninvasive and mildly invasive studies, the presence of compensation and the time required were not associated with participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study characteristics including invasiveness, time required of patients, and whether compensation is offered, along with demographic factors, influence participation in clinical studies conducted in the PED. When designing a research study in the PED, these, along with novel approaches to including all races and ethnicities in PED research, should be considered.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Regina G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hounchell
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grupp-Phelan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010372:Pediatrics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult