title: Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity.
abstract: While no single factor is responsible for the recent, dramatic increases in overweight and obesity, a scientific consensus has emerged suggesting that consumption of sugar-sweetened products, especially beverages, is casually linked to increases in risk of chronic, debilitating diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke. One approach that might be beneficial would be to replace sugar-sweetened items with products manufactured with artificial sweeteners that provide sweet tastes but with fewer calories. Unfortunately, evidence now indicates that artificial sweeteners are also associated with increased risk of the same chronic diseases linked to sugar consumption. Several biologically plausible mechanisms may explain these counterintuitive negative associations. For example, artificial sweeteners can interfere with basic learning processes that serve to anticipate the normal consequences of consuming sugars, leading to overeating, diminished release of hormones such as GLP-1, and impaired blood glucose regulation. In addition, artificial sweeteners can alter gut microbiota in rodent models and humans, which can also contribute to impaired glucose regulation. Use of artificial sweeteners may also be particularly problematic in children since exposure to hyper-sweetened foods and beverages at young ages may have effects on sweet preferences that persist into adulthood. Taken as a whole, current evidence suggests that a focus on reducing sweetener intake, whether the sweeteners are caloric or non-caloric, remains a better strategy for combating overweight and obesity than use of artificial sweeteners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: swithers@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Swithers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia; D007858:Learning; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Learning; Metabolic dysregulation; Obesity; Sweeteners