title: Ultrastructural analysis of 3 hyaluronic acid soft-tissue fillers using scanning electron microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although hyaluronic acid (HA) specifications such as molecular weight and particle size are fairly well characterized, little information about HA ultrastructural and morphologic characteristics has been reported in clinical literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine uniformity of HA structure, the effects of extrusion, and lidocaine dilution of 3 commercially available HA soft-tissue fillers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, investigators examined the soft-tissue fillers at various magnifications for ultrastructural detail and elemental distributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All HAs contained oxygen, carbon, and sodium, but with uneven distributions. Irregular particulate matter was present in RES but BEL and JUV were largely particle free. Spacing was more uniform in BEL than JUV and JUV was more uniform than RES. Lidocaine had no apparent effect on morphology; extrusion through a 30-G needle had no effect on ultrastructure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Descriptions of the ultrastructural compositions and nature of BEL, JUV, and RES are helpful for matching the areas to be treated with the HA soft-tissue filler architecture. Lidocaine and extrusion through a 30-G needle exerted no influence on HA structure. Belotero Balance shows consistency throughout the syringe and across manufactured lots.
authors.affiliation: *Cary Skin Center, Cary, North Carolina; †Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ‡Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; §Pandion Laboratories LLC, West Lafayette, Indiana; ‖San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Timothy Corcoran
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Seok-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008012:Lidocaine; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009339:Needles; D010316:Particle Size; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015595:Skin Aging; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005782:Gels; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D008012:Lidocaine