title: Vaccines against influenza A viruses in poultry and swine: Status and future developments.
abstract: Influenza A viruses are important pathogens with a very broad host spectrum including domestic poultry and swine. For preventing clinical disease and controlling the spread, vaccination is one of the most efficient tools. Classical influenza vaccines for domestic poultry and swine are conventional inactivated preparations. However, a very broad range of novel vaccine types ranging from (i) nucleic acid-based vaccines, (ii) replicon particles, (iii) subunits and virus-like particles, (iv) vectored vaccines, or (v) live-attenuated vaccines has been described, and some of them are now also used in the field. The different novel approaches for vaccines against avian and swine influenza virus infections are reviewed, and additional features like universal vaccines, novel application approaches and the "differentiating infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA)-strategy are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany. Electronic address: martin.beer@fli.bund.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011200:Poultry; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Chicken; Influenza virus vaccines; Novel developments; Swine