title: Digit ratio (2D:4D), aggression, and dominance in the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Digit ratio (2D:4D)-a putative marker of prenatal androgen activity-has been shown to correlate with self-reported physical aggression and dominance behavior, especially in male children and adolescents. This evidence is derived primarily from the study of Western samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digit ratios, self-reported aggression, and dominance behavior were collected from men and women in two traditional, small-scale societies, i.e., the Hadza and the Datoga of Tanzania.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant differences in physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility between the two societies with the Datoga reporting higher scores on all four measures. Moreover, self-reported dominance in the Datoga was higher than in the Hadza. The Datoga showed lower left and right hand 2D:4D ratios than the Hadza. Men reported higher physical and verbal aggression and dominance, and had lower 2D:4D ratios than women. A significant negative association between 2D:4D and dominance was found in Hadza women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We discuss our findings with reference to differences in mating systems between the two small-scale societies and previous findings of Western and other small-scale societies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butovskaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burkova
authors.affiliation: Department of General Ecology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karelin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology and Courant Research Center Evolution of Social Behavior, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012930:Social Dominance; D013636:Tanzania; D055815:Young Adult