title: New approaches for moving upstream: how state and local health departments can transform practice to reduce health inequalities.
abstract: Growing evidence shows that unequal distribution of wealth and power across race, class, and gender produces the differences in living conditions that are "upstream" drivers of health inequalities. Health educators and other public health professionals, however, still develop interventions that focus mainly on "downstream" behavioral risks. Three factors explain the difficulty in translating this knowledge into practice. First, in their allegiance to the status quo, powerful elites often resist upstream policies and programs that redistribute wealth and power. Second, public health practice is often grounded in dominant biomedical and behavioral paradigms, and health departments also face legal and political limits on expanding their scope of activities. Finally, the evidence for the impact of upstream interventions is limited, in part because methodologies for evaluating upstream interventions are less developed. To illustrate strategies to overcome these obstacles, we profile recent campaigns in the United States to enact living wages, prevent mortgage foreclosures, and reduce exposure to air pollution. We then examine how health educators working in state and local health departments can transform their practice to contribute to campaigns that reallocate the wealth and power that shape the living conditions that determine health and health inequalities. We also consider health educators' role in producing the evidence that can guide transformative expansion of upstream interventions to reduce health inequalities.
authors.affiliation: City University of New York, NY, USA nfreuden@hunter.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freudenberg
authors.affiliation: City University of New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franzosa
authors.affiliation: City University of New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: City University of New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Libman
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D015438:Health Behavior; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D009111:Local Government; D015980:Public Health Practice; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013219:State Government; D014481:United States
keywords: health disparities; health policy; health promotion; social determinants; social inequalities