title: (-)-Epicatechin combined with 8 weeks of treadmill exercise is associated with increased angiogenic and mitochondrial signaling in mice.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct an 8 week endurance training program with and without (-)-epicatechin treatment and to determine whether there is a possible cumulative effect on protein markers of angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Thirty-four 14-month old male mice (C57BL/6N) were randomized into four groups: control (C); (-)-epicatechin only ((-)-Epi); control with endurance training (CE); and (-)-epicatechin with endurance training ((-)-Epi-Ex). Mice in the training groups performed treadmill exercise for 8 weeks (5 × /week for 60 min/session), whereas mice in the (-)-epicatechin group received 1.0 mg/kg of body mass twice daily during the training period. At 8 weeks, distance ran on the treadmill increased by 46, 69, and 84% in the (-)-Epi, CE, and (-)-Epi-Ex groups, respectively compared to the control group (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Furthermore, the (-)-Epi-Ex group had significantly higher exercise capacity than the (-)-Epi and CE group. For angiogenic regulators, the (-)-Epi-Ex group had significantly higher VEGF-R2 protein expression with a concomitant reduction in TSP-1 protein expression than the exercise group. Interestingly, FoxO1 protein expression was significantly reduced for all three experimental groups compared to the control group. Protein markers such as PGC-1β and TFAM were significantly higher in the (-)-Epi-Ex group compared to the three other groups. These findings suggest that (-)-epicatechin treatment combined with 8 weeks of endurance training provide a cumulative effect on a number of angiogenic and mitochondrial signaling which functionally translates to enhanced exercise tolerance.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Icksoo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Maik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hüttemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Aliccia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bollig-Fischer
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA ; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Moh H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Malek
keywords: exercise tolerance; fatigue; mitochondrial proteins; mouse model; muscle; skeletal
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