title: Sleep- and wake-dependent changes in neuronal activity and reactivity demonstrated in fly neurons using in vivo calcium imaging.
abstract: Sleep in Drosophila shares many features with mammalian sleep, but it remains unknown whether spontaneous and evoked activity of individual neurons change with the sleep/wake cycle in flies as they do in mammals. Here we used calcium imaging to assess how the Kenyon cells in the fly mushroom bodies change their activity and reactivity to stimuli during sleep, wake, and after short or long sleep deprivation. As before, sleep was defined as a period of immobility of >5 min associated with a reduced behavioral response to a stimulus. We found that calcium levels in Kenyon cells decline when flies fall asleep and increase when they wake up. Moreover, calcium transients in response to two different stimuli are larger in awake flies than in sleeping flies. The activity of Kenyon cells is also affected by sleep/wake history: in awake flies, more cells are spontaneously active and responding to stimuli if the last several hours (5-8 h) before imaging were spent awake rather than asleep. By contrast, long wake (≥29 h) reduces both baseline and evoked neural activity and decreases the ability of neurons to respond consistently to the same repeated stimulus. The latter finding may underlie some of the negative effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and is consistent with the occurrence of local sleep during wake as described in behaving rats. Thus, calcium imaging uncovers new similarities between fly and mammalian sleep: fly neurons are more active and reactive in wake than in sleep, and their activity tracks sleep/wake history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719 ccirelli@wisc.edu bushey@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bushey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tononi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719 ccirelli@wisc.edu bushey@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cirelli
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007834:Lasers; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D024521:Mushroom Bodies / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; D019342:Acetic Acid; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium
keywords: GCaMP5; Kenyon cells; mushroom bodies; sleep deprivation
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