title: Simple Accuracy Enhancing Techniques in Neuronavigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuronavigation is an essential tool in cranial neurosurgery. Despite continuing improvements in the technologies used for neuronavigation, certain events can lead to unacceptable mismatches. To provide the best possible outcome for the patients, surgeons need to do everything possible to reduce mismatches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some simple techniques can greatly improve neuronavigation accuracy and patient safety. We describe two simple methods that were developed or refined in the Department of Neurosurgery at Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland: the transdermal navigation landmark and use of bone screws for co-registration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both techniques are easy to use, do not require expensive additional instruments, and are helpful in procedures involving neuronavigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurosurgery, Zurich University Hospital, Switzerland. Electronic address: Lennart.Stieglitz@usz.ch.
authors.forename: Lennart Henning
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Stieglitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beck
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D001864:Bone Wires; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D061214:Patient Safety; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Bone screw; Neuronavigation; Stereotaxy