title: Bully/victims: a longitudinal, population-based cohort study of their mental health.
abstract: It has been suggested that those who both bully and are victims of bullying (bully/victims) are at the highest risk of adverse mental health outcomes. However, unknown is whether most bully/victims were bullies or victims first and whether being a bully/victim is more detrimental to mental health than being a victim. A total of 4101 children were prospectively studied from birth, and structured interviews and questionnaires were used to assess bullying involvement at 10 years (elementary school) and 13 years of age (secondary school). Mental health (anxiety, depression, psychotic experiences) was assessed at 18 years. Most bully/victims at age 13 (n = 233) had already been victims at primary school (pure victims: n = 97, 41.6 % or bully/victims: n = 47, 20.2 %). Very few of the bully/victims at 13 years had been pure bullies previously (n = 7, 3 %). After adjusting for a wide range of confounders, both bully/victims and pure victims, whether stable or not from primary to secondary school, were at increased risk of mental health problems at 18 years of age. In conclusion, children who are bully/victims at secondary school were most likely to have been already bully/victims or victims at primary school. Children who are involved in bullying behaviour as either bully/victims or victims at either primary or secondary school are at increased risk of mental health problems in late adolescence regardless of the stability of victimization. Clinicians should consider any victimization as a risk factor for mental health problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Suzet Tanya
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lereya
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zammit
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. D.Wolke@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058445:Bullying; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ALSPAC; Anxiety; Bully/victims; Depression; Psychotic experiences
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2013 Nov;25(4 Pt 2):1619-34
references.pmid: 24342859
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;42(1):111-27
references.pmid: 22507743
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;52(6):608-18.e2
references.pmid: 23702450
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;170(7):742-50
references.pmid: 23639948
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2007 Aug;120(2):397-404
references.pmid: 17671067
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2014 Jul;44(10):2199-211
references.pmid: 24342773
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;51(3):271-282.e3
references.pmid: 22365463
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;38(5):581-6
references.pmid: 9255702
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2013 Apr;37(4):224-34
references.pmid: 23332296
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2010 Apr;34(4):244-52
references.pmid: 20304490
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2004 Sep;130(5):711-47
references.pmid: 15367078
references.citation: Aggress Behav. 2012 Sep-Oct;38(5):342-56
references.pmid: 22782434
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010 Aug;38(6):843-56
references.pmid: 20405198
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2003 Dec;112(6 Pt 1):1231-7
references.pmid: 14654590
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2014 Jul;31(7):574-82
references.pmid: 24788688
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2009 May;33(5):307-11
references.pmid: 19457555
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;54(6):644-52
references.pmid: 23121554
references.citation: Psychol Rep. 2004 Aug;95(1):133-53
references.pmid: 15460369
references.citation: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;70(4):419-26
references.pmid: 23426798
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;50(6):574-582.e3
references.pmid: 21621141
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2010 May;40(5):717-29
references.pmid: 19785920
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2013 Sep;39(5):1045-55
references.pmid: 22941743
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;41(8):989-1002
references.pmid: 11099116
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;35(7):1171-90
references.pmid: 7806605
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1992 May;22(2):465-86
references.pmid: 1615114
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2012 Dec;42(12):2463-74
references.pmid: 22400714
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;195(3):249-56
references.pmid: 19721116
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2015 Sep;100(9):879-85
references.pmid: 25670406
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2014 Nov;50(11):2426-36
references.pmid: 25313592
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;66(9):1005-12
references.pmid: 19736357
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2001 Sep;85(3):197-201
references.pmid: 11517098
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009 Jan;44(1):15-22
references.pmid: 18604618
references.citation: Br J Educ Psychol. 2007 Jun;77(Pt 2):441-64
references.pmid: 17504556
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2013 Oct;24(10):1958-70
references.pmid: 23959952
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;47(9):1030-8
references.pmid: 18665001
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2014 Mar;133(3):440-7
references.pmid: 24534401
references.citation: Eur J Public Health. 2008 Jun;18(3):300-5
references.pmid: 18202085
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1987 Mar;101(2):213-32
references.pmid: 3562706
references.citation: J Sch Psychol. 2011 Jun;49(3):339-59
references.pmid: 21640248
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 27;111(21):7570-5
references.pmid: 24821813
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2012 Nov;42(11):2405-20
references.pmid: 22475090
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 Jul;41(5):645-55
references.pmid: 10946756
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013 Feb;41(2):309-23
references.pmid: 22956274
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;123(3):1059-65
references.pmid: 19255040
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2013 Dec;37(12):1091-108
references.pmid: 23623619
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2005 Jul;41(4):672-82
references.pmid: 16060813
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007 Apr;35(2):217-28
references.pmid: 17295065
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):527-36
references.pmid: 19414712
references.citation: Aggress Behav. 2012 May-Jun;38(3):222-38
references.pmid: 22331629
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2006 Jun;35(2):313-22
references.pmid: 16597227
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2000 Jul;24(7):873-81
references.pmid: 10905413