title: Adolescent girls' neural response to reward mediates the relation between childhood financial disadvantage and depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children who experience socioeconomic disadvantage are at heightened risk for developing depression; however, little is known about neurobiological mechanisms underlying this association. Low socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood may confer risk for depression through its stress-related effects on the neural circuitry associated with processing monetary rewards.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, we examined the relationships among the number of years of household receipt of public assistance from age 5-16 years, neural activation during monetary reward anticipation and receipt at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 16 in 123 girls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Number of years of household receipt of public assistance was positively associated with heightened response in the medial prefrontal cortex during reward anticipation, and this heightened neural response mediated the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and current depression symptoms, controlling for past depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood may alter neural circuitry involved in reward anticipation in adolescence, which in turn may confer risk for depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Romens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Melynda D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Casement
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McAloon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hipwell
authors.affiliation: Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Guyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Erika E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Forbes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011632:Public Assistance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012201:Reward; D012923:Social Class
keywords: Socioeconomic status; depression; medial prefrontal cortex; neural; reward
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