title: Proteomic and metabonomic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third in overall global cancer-related mortality. Symptomatic presentation often means advanced disease where potentially curative treatment options become very limited. Numerous international guidelines propose the routine monitoring of those with the highest risk factors for the condition in order to diagnose potential tumourigenesis early. To aid this, the fields of metabonomic- and proteomic-based biomarker discovery have applied advanced tools to identify early changes in protein and metabolite expression in HCC patients vs controls. With robust validation, it is anticipated that from these candidates will rise a high-performance non-invasive test able to diagnose early HCC and related conditions. This review gathers the numerous markers proposed by studies using mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and evaluates areas of consistency as well as discordance.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 661 Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimhofer
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit (UK), The Gambia Laboratories, PO Box 273, Fajara, Atlantic Boulevard, The Gambia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fye
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taylor-Robinson
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital Campus, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thursz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 661 Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
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