title: No quiet surrender: molecular guardians in multiple sclerosis brain.
abstract: The brain under immunological attack does not surrender quietly. Investigation of brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) reveals a coordinated molecular response involving various proteins and small molecules ranging from heat shock proteins to small lipids, neurotransmitters, and even gases, which provide protection and foster repair. Reduction of inflammation serves as a necessary prerequisite for effective recovery and regeneration. Remarkably, many lesion-resident molecules activate pathways leading to both suppression of inflammation and promotion of repair mechanisms. These guardian molecules and their corresponding physiologic pathways could potentially be exploited to silence inflammation and repair the injured and degenerating brain and spinal cord in both relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of MS and may be beneficial in other neurologic and psychiatric conditions.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinman
mesh_terms: D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064426:Gasotransmitters / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008055:Lipids / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000737:chemistry; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000502:physiology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology; D015843:Serpins / Q000502:physiology; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C059215:CRYAB protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D064426:Gasotransmitters; D008055:Lipids; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D015843:Serpins; D038203:alpha-Crystallin B Chain; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
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