title: A Histopathology Study of Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica) (Phocidae, Mammalia) Liver Infected with Trematode, Pseudamphistomum truncatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Opisthorchidae, Trematoda).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Main objective of this study was to investigate the invasive activity of the liver fluke, Pseudamphistomom truncatum against the Caspian seal (Pusa caspica) and was exemplified at the gross, light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was done on a freshly dead Caspian Seal in the southern coast of Caspian Sea. The checked Caspian seal probably being died of canine distemper virus and was found host to numerous parasites of four helminth species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. truncatum caused edematous foci on the surface of the liver with prominent fluid accumulation. Sections of the liver viewed with LM had multiple necrotic areas with extensive hemorrhaging and disorganized hepatic lobules. Granulocytes and invasion of connective tissue were prominent. Whole worms were visible with invasive pathways through the host tissue. Damage to both hepatic ducts and blood vessels were prominent. At the EM level, organelles within the impacted hepatocytes were disorganized as exemplified by the cristae of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Parasite eggs were scattered throughout the tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was shown that this trematode can be very pathogenic to Caspian Seal and as this only mammal of Caspian Sea is an endangered species; this needs more investigation toward control or possible treatment of this helminth.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heckmann
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biodiversity (Zoology), University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga 0727, Polokwane, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halajian
authors.affiliation: College of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Biodiversity (Zoology), University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga 0727, Polokwane, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wilmien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luus-Powell
keywords: Caspian seal; Iran; Liver; P. truncatum; Pathology
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