title: Variability in prefrontal hemodynamic response during exposure to repeated self-selected music excerpts, a near-infrared spectroscopy study.
abstract: Music-induced brain activity modulations in areas involved in emotion regulation may be useful in achieving therapeutic outcomes. Clinical applications of music may involve prolonged or repeated exposures to music. However, the variability of the observed brain activity patterns in repeated exposures to music is not well understood. We hypothesized that multiple exposures to the same music would elicit more consistent activity patterns than exposure to different music. In this study, the temporal and spatial variability of cerebral prefrontal hemodynamic response was investigated across multiple exposures to self-selected musical excerpts in 10 healthy adults. The hemodynamic changes were measured using prefrontal cortex near infrared spectroscopy and represented by instantaneous phase values. Based on spatial and temporal characteristics of these observed hemodynamic changes, we defined a consistency index to represent variability across these domains. The consistency index across repeated exposures to the same piece of music was compared to the consistency index corresponding to prefrontal activity from randomly matched non-identical musical excerpts. Consistency indexes were significantly different for identical versus non-identical musical excerpts when comparing a subset of repetitions. When all four exposures were compared, no significant difference was observed between the consistency indexes of randomly matched non-identical musical excerpts and the consistency index corresponding to repetitions of the same musical excerpts. This observation suggests the existence of only partial consistency between repeated exposures to the same musical excerpt, which may stem from the role of the prefrontal cortex in regulating other cognitive and emotional processes.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moghimi
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schudlo
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Guerguerian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2014 Feb 11;5:90
references.pmid: 24575066
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 1999 Apr;2(4):382-7
references.pmid: 10204547
references.citation: J Neural Eng. 2011 Dec;8(6):066004
references.pmid: 21975364
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Sep 05;7:534
references.pmid: 24046738
references.citation: Complement Ther Med. 2011 Dec;19(6):332-48
references.pmid: 22036525
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 26;105(34):12569-74
references.pmid: 18723676
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2010 Jun;14(6):277-90
references.pmid: 20493761
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2005 Dec 19;16(18):1981-4
references.pmid: 16317338
references.citation: J Neural Eng. 2013 Aug;10(4):046018
references.pmid: 23867792
references.citation: J Neuroimaging. 2011 Apr;21(2):e94-101
references.pmid: 20002968
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Apr;17(4):179-93
references.pmid: 23541122
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 15;49(4):3039-46
references.pmid: 19945536
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11818-23
references.pmid: 11573015
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2010 Mar;14(3):131-7
references.pmid: 20153242
references.citation: J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009;6:39
references.pmid: 19900285
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27241
references.pmid: 22110619
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 7;106(14):6011-6
references.pmid: 19307566
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2002 Sep;39(5):657-63
references.pmid: 12236333
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2009 Jan 7;20(1):87-92
references.pmid: 19033878
references.citation: Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2012 May-Jun;31(3):159-66
references.pmid: 22475701
references.citation: Brain. 2004 Jul;127(Pt 7):1616-25
references.pmid: 15128620
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 Nov;42(3):287-301
references.pmid: 11812395
references.citation: J Clin Nurs. 2012 Mar;21(5-6):776-83
references.pmid: 22035368
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2011 Dec 01;2:308
references.pmid: 22144968
references.citation: Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2167-70
references.pmid: 12481131
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2008 May 7;19(7):711-5
references.pmid: 18418244
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2012 Sep 6;525(1):7-11
references.pmid: 22842396
references.citation: IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern. 2006 Jun;36(3):588-99
references.pmid: 16761812
references.citation: Dermatol Surg. 2013 Feb;39(2):298-305
references.pmid: 23346989
references.citation: JAMA. 2013 Jun 12;309(22):2335-44
references.pmid: 23689789
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Feb 11;29(6):1860-73
references.pmid: 19211893