title: Neural responses to the mechanical characteristics of high velocity, low amplitude spinal manipulation: Effect of specific contact site.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systematic investigations are needed identifying how variability in the biomechanical characteristics of spinal manipulation affects physiological responses. Such knowledge may inform future clinical practice and research study design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how contact site for high velocity, low amplitude spinal manipulation (HVLA-SM) affects sensory input to the central nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  HVLA-SM was applied to 4 specific anatomic locations using a no-HVLA-SM control at each location randomized in an 8×8 Latin square design in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neural activity from muscle spindles in the multifidus and longissimus muscles were recorded from L6 dorsal rootlets in 16 anesthetized cats. A posterior to anterior HVLA-SM was applied through the intact skin overlying the L6 spinous process, lamina, inferior articular process and L7 spinous process. HVLA-SMs were preceded and followed by simulated spinal movement applied to the L6 vertebra. Change in mean instantaneous discharge frequency (ΔMIF) was determined during the thrust and the simulated spinal movement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All contact sites increased L6 muscle spindle discharge during the thrust. Contact at all L6 sites significantly increased spindle discharge more than at the L7 site when recording at L6. There were no differences between L6 contact sites. For simulated movement, the L6 contact sites but not the L7 contact site significantly decreased L6 spindle responses to a change in vertebral position but not to movement to that position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This animal study showed that contact site for an HVLA-SM can have a significant effect on the magnitude of sensory input arising from muscle spindles in the back.
authors.affiliation: Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Kawchuk
authors.affiliation: Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, Davenport, IA, USA. Electronic address: pickar_j@palmer.edu.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pickar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009470:Muscle Spindles / Q000502:physiology*; D064170:Paraspinal Muscles / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D011897:Random Allocation; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dose; Manual therapy; Muscle spindles; Specificity; Spinal manipulation
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