title: The Effect of Brief Exposure to Sub-Therapeutic Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Digluconate on the Susceptibility of Staphylococci to Platelet Microbicidal Protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiseptic agents are widely used in hospitals and are essential when prevention and control of nosocomial infections is required. It is necessary to consider several aspects that affect the biocide activity because they have direct impact on the nosocomial infection rate. Organisms belonging to the Staphylococcus genus are involved in such infections and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHXD) is one of the most used antiseptic agents for human and animal health. In the context of such infections, anti-bacterial peptides have been isolated from platelets and have been termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMP). Platelet microbicidal proteins have been shown to enhance the bacterial inhibitory activities of sub-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to different sub-therapeutic concentrations of CHXD on the susceptibility of staphylococci to PMP.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of brief exposure to three different sub-therapeutic concentrations of CHXD (0.005%, 0.0025%, and 0.00125%) on the subsequent staphylocidal effect of PMP was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all clinical staphylococcal strains studied, all isolates were considered to be resistant to the bactericidal action of PMP. Exposure of staphylococci to CHXD prior to PMP resulted in significantly increased staphylococcal killing compared with the killing achieved with PMP alone. This enhanced effect was most marked for concentrations of CHXD of 0.005%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined data indicate that PMP exerts cooperative bactericidal effect with CHXD. The anti-staphylococcal PMP and CHXD synergistic activity in vitro demonstrated in the present study make these molecules potentially useful for preventing endovascular catheter-associated infections. Future research based on animal and human models is needed to elucidate the in vivo efficacies and toxicities and utility in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Iuri B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Viktor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gritsenko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C061615:PPBP protein, human; D001620:beta-Thromboglobulin; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine