title: Satiation attenuates BOLD activity in brain regions involved in reward and increases activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investigated the effect of satiation on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive food tastes and pictures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy participants (8 men, 8 women) were scanned on 2 separate test days, before and after eating a meal to satiation or after not eating for 4 h (satiated vs. premeal). fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals to the sight and/or taste of the stimuli were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A whole-brain cluster-corrected analysis (P < 0.05) showed that satiation attenuated the BOLD response to both stimulus types in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and insula but increased BOLD activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; local maxima corrected to P ≤ 0.001). A psychophysiological interaction analysis showed that the vmPFC was more highly connected to the dlPFC when individuals were exposed to food stimuli when satiated than when not satiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that natural satiation attenuates activity in reward-related brain regions and increases activity in the dlPFC, which may reflect a "top down" cognitive influence on satiation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298049.
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgs
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Colin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dourish
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Harmer
authors.affiliation: From the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (JMT, SH, and PCH); P1vital, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK (CTD); Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (CJH); and School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK (CM).
authors.forename: Ciara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D012201:Reward; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013649:Taste; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: fMRI; hypothalamus; prefrontal cortex; reward; satiation