title: Regional variations in home canning practices and the risk of foodborne botulism in the Republic of Georgia, 2003.
abstract: Foodborne botulism is a severe, paralytic illness caused by ingestion of preformed neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. In 2003, we conducted a population-based household survey of home canning practices to explore marked regional variations in botulism incidence in the Republic of Georgia (ROG). We designed a cluster sampling scheme and subdivided each of the 10 regions of the ROG into a variable number of strata. Households were selected from each stratum using a two-step cluster sampling methodology. We administered a questionnaire about home canning practices to household members responsible for food preparation. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we modeled high (eastern ROG) against low (western ROG) incidence areas. Overall, we surveyed 2,742 households nationwide. Home canning with a capping device hermetically sealing the lid covering the jar was practiced by 1,909 households (65.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.8 to 72.1%). Canning was more prevalent in regions of low botulism incidence (34 versus 32%; P < 0.01). When compared with low-botulism areas, the following practices were associated with an increased risk in high-botulism areas: ≥ 6 months between canning vegetables and consuming them (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.5) and adding any of the following ingredients to the jar at time of preparation: >1 tablespoon of salt per liter (aOR = 5.1; 95% CI: 1.2 to 22.6); vinegar (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.7), and greens (aOR = 5.6; 95% CI: 1.7 to 18.2). The following practices were associated with a decreased risk in high-botulism areas: >57 jars canned per household annually (aOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.9), covering or immersing vegetables in boiling water before placing them into the jar (aOR = 0.3 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.6), covering or immersing vegetables in boiling water after placing them into the jar (aOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.9), or adding garlic (aOR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.5) or aspirin (aOR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.2) to the jar at the time of preparation.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. nato.tarkhashvili@state.sd.us.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tarkhashvili
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control, 9 Asatiani, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chokheli
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control, 9 Asatiani, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chubinidze
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control, 9 Asatiani, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abazashvili
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control, 9 Asatiani, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chakvetadze
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control, 9 Asatiani, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imnadze
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kretsinger
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobel
mesh_terms: D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003014:Clostridium botulinum; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D005846:Georgia (Republic) / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
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