title: Sequential Versus Continual Purified Urinary FSH/hCG in Men With Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gonadotropin therapy using a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and FSH preparation is an effective regimen in inducing masculinization and spermatogenesis in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). However, the high cost of medication and frequent injections affect compliance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of sequential use of highly purified urinary FSH (uFSH)/hCG in men with IHH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, open-label, prospective, controlled noninferiority trial with an 18-month follow-up was conducted in 9 tertiary hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 67 Chinese men with IHH were randomly allocated into group A receiving continual uFSH (75 U, 3 times a week) and hCG (2000 U, twice a week) injection and group B receiving sequential uFSH (75 U, 3 times a week every other 3 months) and hCG (2000 U, twice a week) injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the proportion of subjects with a sperm concentration of ≥ 1.0 × 10(6)/mL during the 18 months. The efficacy between groups A and B was compared for noninferiority.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients, 17/33 (51.5%) receiving continual uFSH/hCG and 19/34 (55.9%) receiving sequential uFSH/hCG achieved sperm concentrations of ≥ 1.0 × 10(6)/mL. The efficacy in the sequential uFSH/hCG group was not inferior to that in the continual uFSH/hCG group (noninferiority, P = .008) by intention-to-treat analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of the sequential uFSH/hCG regimen is not inferior to that of the continual uFSH/hCG regimen in inducing spermatogenesis and masculinization of patients with IHH.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Manna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Guoyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yaoming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Zuojie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yuanming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Xueyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Shouyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Dalong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism (M.Z., Y.L., S.S., G.N., X.L.), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 201101; Department of Endocrinology (G.T., H.H., D.Z.), Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China 210029; Department of Endocrinology (Y.M., Q.G., Y.G.), General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China 100037; Department of Endocrinology (J.W., Y.Z.), The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 510630; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Ya.X., Y.C.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China 510515; Department of Endocrinology (Z.Luo, J.Z.), Guangxi Medical University and First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi, China 530027; Department of Endocrinology (Yu.X., B.N.), The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China 650091; Department of Endocrinology (L.S., H.L.), The Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guizhou, China 550004; Department of Endocrinology (X.W.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 100730; and Epidemiology Research Unit (Z.Li), The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 361003.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects; D050477:Urofollitropin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D050477:Urofollitropin