title: The Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium plus Vitamin D during Pregnancy on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests a high prevalence of calcium and vitamin D deficiencies exists in both pregnant women and babies. Adequate intake of micronutrients has great importance especially during pregnancy and lactation period. Thus, the present study aimed at assessing the effect of vitamin D and calcium-vitamin D on pregnancy and birth outcomes (including duration of pregnancy, type of delivery and infant anthropometric indicators).
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled, clinical, triple-blind trial conducted on 126 pregnant women referring to Tabriz health centers in 2013-14. Subjects were allocated into three groups using block randomization. Interventional groups received vitamin D, calcium-vitamin D and placebo pills daily for 60 days. ANCOVA and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By controlling BMI before and during pregnancy, there were no significant differences between the group in average neonatal weight, height and head circumference, duration of pregnancy, type of delivery and gestational age at the time of delivery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that calcium-vitamin D and vitamin D have no effect on duration of pregnancy, type of delivery and infant anthropometric indicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Research Center of Health Effective Social Factors, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Sakineh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirghafourvand
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ameneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansouri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Moslem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzane
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khodabande
keywords: Calcium; Pregnancy; Vitamin D
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2012 Jul;70(7):397-409
references.pmid: 22747842
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1206S-1212S
references.pmid: 15883453
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):788-95
references.pmid: 17344501
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Mar;194(3):639-49
references.pmid: 16522392
references.citation: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Jun;18(6):835-9
references.pmid: 19514825
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Mar;94(3):940-5
references.pmid: 19106272
references.citation: Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006 Oct;22(10):585-9
references.pmid: 17135038
references.citation: World J Pediatr. 2010 Aug;6(3):265-7
references.pmid: 20706824
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;108(3 Pt 1):565-71
references.pmid: 16946216
references.citation: J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 1996 Oct;22(5):425-30
references.pmid: 8987323
references.citation: Dermatol Ther. 2010 Jan-Feb;23(1):13-22
references.pmid: 20136905
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Oct;163(4 Pt 1):1124-31
references.pmid: 2220915
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4):1749-57
references.pmid: 20139235
references.citation: Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;23(6):422-6
references.pmid: 21986726
references.citation: Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Mar;24(2):57-64
references.pmid: 22327734
references.citation: Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981 Oct;88(10 ):987-91
references.pmid: 6793058
references.citation: Brain. 2010 Jul;133(Pt 7):1869-88
references.pmid: 20584945
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;71(5 Suppl):1317S-24S
references.pmid: 10799409
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Sep;68(3):300-4
references.pmid: 3755517
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1060-4
references.pmid: 15883429
references.citation: BJOG. 2012 Dec;119(13):1617-23
references.pmid: 23078336
references.citation: Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007 Jan;46(1):42-4
references.pmid: 17164508
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):556.e1-4
references.pmid: 21507371
references.citation: Acta Diabetol. 2009 Sep;46(3):183-9
references.pmid: 18846317
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct;26(10):2341-57
references.pmid: 21706518
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Oct 05;(10):CD007079
references.pmid: 21975761
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 1998 Jun;79(6):501-7
references.pmid: 9771337
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2008 Oct;66(10 Suppl 2):S182-94
references.pmid: 18844847
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD008873
references.pmid: 22336854
references.citation: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Jul;74(1):17-21
references.pmid: 11430936
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2007 Sep;92(9):737-40
references.pmid: 17715433
references.citation: Am J Perinatol. 2011 Oct;28(9):667-72
references.pmid: 21500145
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Oct;94(4):577-82
references.pmid: 10511362
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):717-26
references.pmid: 15113709