title: Risk Factors for Infective Complications with Long-Term Subdural Electrode Implantation in Patients with Medically Intractable Partial Epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate infective complications with intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recording so as to lessen them.
  
  
  METHODS
  A database of intracranial monitoring cases with subdural electrodes at Kyoto University Hospital between May 1992 and March 2012 was retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis included 46 EEG monitoring sessions. Infective complications related to intracranial electrodes occurred in 4 monitoring sessions (8.7%; 3 male patients). Causative agents were identified as Staphylococcus aureus in 3 monitoring sessions and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1 session. In univariate analysis, the season of monitoring was identified as the sole significant risk factor. More infective complications occurred when monitoring occurred in autumn. More infective complications tended to occur in patients who had implantation in the right side or discontinuation of intravenously administered prophylactic antibiotics, although these factors were not statistically significant. Age, sex, duration of monitoring, number of electrodes, and pathologic diagnosis did not seem to be associated with an increased risk of infective complications. Infective complications had no significant influence on seizure outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive EEG monitoring during autumn might be a risk factor in terms of infective complications. S aureus was a common pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: kuny@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Rika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Riki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikuni
authors.affiliation: Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epilepsy; Implanted electrode; Infection; Risk factors