title: Stable nanoparticles prepared by heating electrostatic complexes of whey protein isolate-dextran conjugate and chondroitin sulfate.
abstract: A simple and green method was developed for preparing the stable biopolymer nanoparticles with pH and salt resistance. The method involved the macromolecular crowding Maillard process and heat-induced gelation process. The conjugates of whey protein isolate (WPI) and dextran were produced by Maillard reaction. The nanoparticles were fabricated by heating electrostatic complexes of WPI-dextran conjugate and chondroitin sulfate (ChS) above the denaturation temperature and near the isoelectric point of WPI. Then, the nanoparticles were characterized by spectrophotometry, dynamic laser scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the nanoparticles were stable in the pH range from 1.0 to 8.0 and in the presence of high salt concentration of 200 mM NaCl. WPI-dextran conjugate, WPI, and ChS were assembled into the nanoparticles with dextran conjugated to WPI/ChS shell and WPI/ChS core. The repulsive steric interactions, from both dextran covalently conjugated to WPI and ChS electrostatically interacted with WPI, were the major formation mechanism of the stable nanoparticles. As a nutrient model, lutein could be effectively encapsulated into the nanoparticles. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibited a spherical shape and homogeneous size distribution regardless of lutein loading. The results suggested that the stable nanoparticles from proteins and strong polyelectrolyte polysaccharides would be used as a promising target delivery system for hydrophobic nutrients and drugs at physiological pH and salt conditions.
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.|§College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Beijing Middle Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: §College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Beijing Middle Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shabbar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karangwa
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: †State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chengsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000191:economics*; D055672:Static Electricity; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates
keywords: chondroitin sulfate; conjugate; dextran; electrostatic complex; nanoparticle; whey protein isolate