title: Transfer of skills on LapSim virtual reality laparoscopic simulator into the operating room in urology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assessing the predictive validity of the LapSim simulator within a urology residency program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve urology residents at McGill University were enrolled in the study between June 2008 and December 2011. The residents had weekly training on the LapSim that consisted of 3 tasks (cutting, clip-applying, and lifting and grasping). They underwent monthly assessment of their LapSim performance using total time, tissue damage and path length among other parameters as surrogates for their economy of movement and respect for tissue. The last residents' LapSim performance was compared with their first performance of radical nephrectomy on anesthetized porcine models in their 4(th) year of training. Two independent urologic surgeons rated the resident performance on the porcine models, and kappa test with standardized weight function was used to assess for inter-observer bias. Nonparametric spearman correlation test was used to compare each rater's cumulative score with the cumulative score obtained on the porcine models in order to test the predictive validity of the LapSim simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kappa results demonstrated acceptable agreement between the two observers among all domains of the rating scale of performance except for confidence of movement and efficiency. In addition, poor predictive validity of the LapSim simulator was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Predictive validity was not demonstrated for the LapSim simulator in the context of a urology residency training program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Department of Urology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alwaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Talal M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Al-Qaoud
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Tarek M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Alzahrani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Josee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delisle
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anidjar
keywords: LapSim; Laparoscopic simulator; minimally invasive surgery training
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