title: Allicin from garlic inhibits the biofilm formation and urease activity of Proteus mirabilis in vitro.
abstract: Several virulence factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis. This study determined the inhibitory effects of allicin on urease, hemolysin and biofilm of P. mirabilis ATCC 12453 and its antimicrobial activity against 20 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis. Allicin did not inhibit hemolysin, whereas it did inhibit relative urease activity in both pre-lysed (half-maximum inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 4.15 μg) and intact cells (IC50 = 21 μg) in a concentration-dependent manner. Allicin at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (2-32 μg mL(-1)) showed no significant effects on the growth of the bacteria (P > 0.05), but it reduced biofilm development in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001). A higher concentration of allicin was needed to inhibit the established biofilms. Using the microdilution technique, the MIC90 and MBC90 values of allicin against P. mirabilis isolates were determined to be 128 and 512 μg mL(-1), respectively. The results suggest that allicin could have clinical applications in controlling P. mirabilis infections.
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil 56157, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranjbar-Omid
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189, Iran M.arzanlou@arums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arzanlou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amani
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan 44169, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyedeh Khadijeh
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shokri Al-Hashem
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496, Iran.
authors.forename: Nour
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amir Mozafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peeri Doghaheh
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004220:Disulfides; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D013441:Sulfinic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014510:Urease / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D013441:Sulfinic Acids; C006452:allicin; D014510:Urease
keywords: Proteus mirabilis; allicin; antimicrobial; biofilm; hemolysin; urease