title: Parent-Child Interactions During the Initial Weeks Following Brain Injury in Young Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand how traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects parent-child interactions acutely following injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young children hospitalized for TBI (n= 80) and orthopedic injuries (OI;n= 113).
  
  
  METHODS
  Raters coded videotaped interactions during free play and structured tasks for parental warmth/responsiveness and negativity and child warmth, behavior regulation, and cooperation. Raters also counted parental directives, critical/restricting statements, and scaffolds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of children with TBI exhibited less warm responsiveness and made more directive statements during a structured task than parents in the OI group. Children with TBI displayed less behavior regulation than children with OI. Parental warm responsiveness was more strongly related to child cooperativeness in the OI group than in the TBI group. Child behavior also mediated group differences in parental responsiveness and directiveness. TBI accounted for as much variance in parental behaviors as or more than did sociodemographic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBI-related changes in child behavior may negatively influence parent-child interactions and disrupt the reciprocity between parent and child.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University.
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Nicolay Chertkoff
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
authors.forename: Shelia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.affiliation: MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stancin
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oberjohn
authors.affiliation: Columbus Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, and Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Keith Owen
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
keywords: early childhood; family impact; parent–child interaction; traumatic brain injury
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