title: Embelia ribes ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Fam. Myrsinaceae) locally known as Vidanga have been used for treating tumors, ascites, bronchitis, jaundice, diseases of the heart and brain in traditional Indian medicine. However, no scientific studies providing new insights in its pharmacological properties with respect to acute respiratory distress syndrome have been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of Embelin isolated from Embelia ribes seeds on attenuation of LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in murine models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embelin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and Roflumilast (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered for four days and prior to LPS in rats (i.t.). Four hour after LPS challenge animals were anesthesized and bronchoalveolar lavage was done with ice-cold phosphate buffer. Assessment of BAL fluid was done for albumin, total protein, total cell and neutrophil count, TNF-α levels, nitrosoative stress. Superior lobe of right lung was used for histopathologic evaluation. Inferior lobe of right lung was used to obtain lung edema. Left lung was used for myeloperoxidase estimation. Arterial blood was collected immediately and analyzed for pH, pO2 and pCO2 were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with embelin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased lung edema, mononucleated cellular infiltration, nitrate/nitrite, total protein, albumin concentrations, TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase activity in lung homogenate. Embelin markedly prevented pO2 down-regulation and pCO2 augmentation. Additionally, it attenuated lung histopathological changes in acute respiratory distress syndrome model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates the effectiveness of Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Fam. Myrsinaceae) seeds in acute respiratory distress syndrome possibly related to its anti-inflammatory and protective effect against LPS induced airway inflammation by reducing nitrosative stress, reducing physiological parameters of blood gas change, TNF-α and mononucleated cellular infiltration indicating it as a potential therapeutic agent for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, A. R. A. College of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: rahulshirole@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Shirole
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A. R. A. College of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Shirole
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Saraf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D002452:Cell Count; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D031645:Embelia; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012639:Seeds; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016227:Benzoquinones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase; C010945:embelin
keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Embelia ribes; Embelin; Lipopolysaccharide