title: Feasibility of combined unipolar and bipolar voltage maps to improve sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) has a low sensitivity. Electroanatomic voltage mapping (EVM) is effective in guiding EMB thanks to its ability in identifying and locating low-voltage regions. The analysis of unipolar EVM can correlate with epicardial pathological involvement. We evaluated the unipolar EVM in EMB areas to determine whether it can increase EMB sensitivity in diagnosing epicardial diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed endocardial bipolar EVM-guided EMBs in 29 patients and we analyzed unipolar EVM at withdrawal sites. Eighty myocardial samples were collected (mean, 2.8±0.9; median, 3 fragments per patient) and 60 were suitable for histological analysis. Ten specimens (17%) were collected from an area with discordant normal bipolar/low-voltage unipolar EVM and they were diagnostic or suggestive for arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy in 6 patients, for myocarditis and sarcoidosis in 1 patient each. Six samples (10%) were collected from an area with discordant low-voltage bipolar/normal unipolar EVM and they showed nonspecific features. The sensitivity of unipolar EVMs for a diagnostic biopsy finding EMB was significantly higher compared with bipolar EVMs analyzed according to samples (P<0.01) and patients (P=0.008). The specificity of unipolar EMB was better than bipolar EMB when analyzed for all samples (P=0.0014) but the difference did not reach statistical significance when analyzed by patient (P=0.083). The diagnostic yield was 63.3% for the bipolar and 83.3% for the unipolar EVM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that use of a combined bipolar/unipolar map may be able to improve the diagnostic yield of endomyocardial ventricular biopsy.
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.). michela.casella@ccfm.it claudio.tondo@ccfm.it.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizzamiglio
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dello Russo
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carbucicchio
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Ghaliah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Al-Mohani
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Notarstefano
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieroni
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Amati
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sommariva
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannardi
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carnevali
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fassini
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santangeli
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolognese
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.).
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.affiliation: From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Milan, Italy (M.C., F.P., A.D.R., C.C., G.A.-M., E.R., S.R., G.F., F.T., C.T.); Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy (E.S., M.G.); Cardiovascular and Neurological Department, San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy (P.N., M.P., A.C., L.B.); Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy (G.D.A.,); Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St. David's Medical Center, Austin (P.S., L.D.B., A.N.); Department of Cardiology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy (P.S., L.D.B.); Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York City (L.D.B.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin (L.D.B., A.N.); Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (A.N.); Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (A.N.); Interventional Electrophysiology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA (A.N.); and EP Services, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco (A.N.). michela.casella@ccfm.it claudio.tondo@ccfm.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tondo
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001706:Biopsy; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; myocarditis