title: Prevalence, resistance patterns, and risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from retail chicken meat in Colombia.
abstract: As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (COIPARS), this study aimed to establish the baseline antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella serovars, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp. isolates in retail poultry meat from independent stores and from a main chain distributor center. MICs of the isolates were determined for antimicrobials used both in humans and animals, using an automated system. Salmonella serovars were isolated from 26% of the meat samples and E. coli from 83%, whereas Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were detected in 81 and 13% of the meat samples, respectively. A principal finding of concern in this study was that almost 98% of isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were the antimicrobials that showed the highest frequency of resistance among Salmonella and E. coli isolates. For enterococci, 61.5% of E. faecium isolates were found to be resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin; this is significant because it is used to treat nosocomial infections when vancomycin resistance is present. Vancomycin resistance was detected in 4% of the E. faecalis isolates. The results of our study highlight the need for rapid implementation of an integrated program for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance by the Colombian authorities in order to monitor trends, raise awareness, and help promote practices to safeguard later generation antimicrobial agents.
authors.affiliation: Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilometro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia. pidonado@corpoica.org.co.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donado-Godoy
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Carrera 41 No. 17-81, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Maribel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilometro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Universidad de los Andes, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y de Alimentos (LEMA), Carrera 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanegas
authors.affiliation: Carulla S.A. Laboratorio de Calidad, Carrera 68 D No. 21-35, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coral
authors.affiliation: Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilometro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arevalo
authors.affiliation: Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Biotecnología y Bioindustria (CBB), Kilometro 14, Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Clavijo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos, Carrera 68 D No. 17-11/21, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Programa de Investigación en Medicina Poblacional, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, P.O. Box 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Romero Zuñiga
authors.affiliation: Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Carrera 41 No. 17-81, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
authors.forename: McAllister
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafur
authors.affiliation: Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, 525 Twenty-third Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Woutrina A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology; D003105:Colombia; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance; D014769:Virginiamycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014769:Virginiamycin; C062940:quinupristin-dalfopristin