title: Clinical symptoms associated with suicidality in patients with panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with panic disorder have higher rates of suicide than the general population. Among panic disorder subjects, early onset, female gender, alcohol abuse, and mood disorder increase the risk of suicidality. However, less is known about the unique relationships between discrete DSM-IV panic symptoms and higher suicidality. Therefore, in the current study we examined the panic symptom profile that is associated with higher suicidality in a sample of outpatients with panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 427 patients diagnosed with current panic disorder on the basis of the DSM-IV-TR. In order to assess the contribution of the clinical variables, a univariate logistic regression was carried out examining the relationships between the demographic variables, suicidality from the suicide module of the Korean version of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus, and DSM-IV panic symptoms. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify specific panic symptoms that were significant risk factors for suicidality among patients with current panic disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 74 (17.33%) panic disorder patients experienced high suicidality. Univariate analyses showed that high suicidality was significantly associated with a younger age (OR = 13.66; 95% CI 2.68-69.70), comorbid depressive disorders (OR = 4.57; 95% CI 2.57-8.11), and the following panic symptoms: palpitations (OR = 2.20; 95% CI 0.90-5.35), trembling (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.362-1.18), nausea or abdominal distress (OR = 1.77; 95% CI 0.96-3.27), fear of losing control or going crazy (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.12-4.23), and paresthesia (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 0.83-2.98). Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that specific panic symptoms, such as palpitations (adjusted OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.08-6.73) and fear of losing control or going crazy (adjusted OR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.21-4.31), were related to suicidality after controlling for confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some panic symptoms (e.g. palpitations and fear of losing control or going crazy) are associated with a risk of suicidality among patients with panic disorder. A priori identification of high-risk suicidal subjects could lead to effective treatment strategies for panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Eun-Mi
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Dong-Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Young-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kang-Seob
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires