title: Efficacy of cleansing agents in killing microorganisms in mixed species biofilms present on silicone facial prostheses--an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of different cleansing agents in killing mixed species biofilms on silicone facial prostheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two bacterial and three yeast strains, isolated from silicone facial prostheses, were selected for the mixed species biofilms. A variety of agents used to clean facial prostheses were employed, viz., antibacterial soap, essential-oil-containing mouth rinse, ethanol 27 %, chlorhexidine mouth rinse, and buttermilk. Colony forming units (CFUs) and live/dead staining were analyzed to assess the efficacy of these cleansing agents against 24-h and 2-week biofilms and regrown biofilms on silicone samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chlorhexidine was the most effective cleansing agent. Chlorhexidine killed 8 log unit CFUs (>99.99 % killing) in a 24-h biofilm and 5 log unit CFUs (>99.99 % killing) in 2-week biofilms. Also, after regrowth and repeated treatment of the biofilm, chlorhexidine was the most effective cleansing agent showing no detectable CFUs. The essential-oil-containing mouth rinse (containing 26.9 % ethanol) showed a similar efficacy as ethanol (27 %) alone. Antibacterial soap and buttermilk were the least effective agents tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorhexidine showed the highest reduction in CFUs in 24-h, 2-week, and regrown mixed species biofilm of microorganisms isolated from silicone facial prostheses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorhexidine mouth rinse (easy obtainable and relatively cheap) is very effective in killing bacteria and yeast present in biofilms on silicone facial prostheses. When applied on a regular basis, cleansing a facial prosthesis with chlorhexidine will presumably increase its lifetime and reduce skin irritations.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.|Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ariani
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margot R I M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Teulings
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tri Budi W
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rahardjo
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vissink
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands. h.c.van.der.mei@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D000070696:Buttermilk; D002175:Candida / Q000254:growth & development*; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000431:Ethanol; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D012915:Soaps; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004202:Disinfectants; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D012915:Soaps; D000431:Ethanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Biofilms; Chlorhexidine; Facial prostheses; Mouthwashes; Silicone elastomers
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Nov;62(5):1031-6
references.pmid: 18703525
references.citation: Braz Oral Res. 2009 Jan-Mar;23(1):49-53
references.pmid: 19488472
references.citation: Dent Mater. 2009 Dec;25(12):1493-502
references.pmid: 19683338
references.citation: Dent Mater. 2010 Jan;26(1):76-82
references.pmid: 19782391
references.citation: J Prosthet Dent. 2010 Feb;103(2):118-26
references.pmid: 20141816
references.citation: J Dent. 2010 Jun;38 Suppl 1:S2-5
references.pmid: 20621240
references.citation: Int J Prosthodont. 2013 Jan-Feb;26(1):57-67
references.pmid: 23342336
references.citation: J Endod. 2013 Apr;39(4):473-7
references.pmid: 23522539
references.citation: J Craniofac Surg. 2010 Jul;21(4):1270-3
references.pmid: 20613613
references.citation: Braz Oral Res. 2010 Jul-Sep;24(3):303-8
references.pmid: 20877967
references.citation: J Prosthodont. 2011 Oct;20(7):566-9
references.pmid: 21880094
references.citation: Biofouling. 2012;28(6):583-91
references.pmid: 22703052
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2012 Jul;57(7):940-7
references.pmid: 22365324
references.citation: J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21(3):278-83
references.pmid: 23857654
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 Nov;71(6):1613-9
references.pmid: 23638764
references.citation: BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:2
references.pmid: 24410850
references.citation: Oral Health Prev Dent. 2014;12(1):61-9
references.pmid: 24619784
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2014 Jun;22(6):326-33
references.pmid: 24598086
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol. 2000 Jan;120(1):92-9
references.pmid: 10779194
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2000 Apr;83(4):641-7
references.pmid: 10791778
references.citation: J Prosthet Dent. 2000 May;83(5):572-7
references.pmid: 10793391
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Apr;29(2):99-103
references.pmid: 10833145
references.citation: Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001 Aug;39(4):269-75
references.pmid: 11437422
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Apr;15(2):167-93
references.pmid: 11932229
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30 Suppl 5:19-21
references.pmid: 12787199
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Oct;32(5):452-8
references.pmid: 14759101
references.citation: J Oral Rehabil. 2004 May;31(5):453-9
references.pmid: 15140171
references.citation: Cytometry A. 2004 Oct;61(2):189-95
references.pmid: 15382024
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1983 Jul;62(7):853-5
references.pmid: 6575029
references.citation: Int J Prosthodont. 1988 Sep-Oct;1(2):153-8
references.pmid: 3250571
references.citation: Microbios. 1989;58(236-237):155-64
references.pmid: 2770556
references.citation: J Prosthet Dent. 1994 Mar;71(3):295-300
references.pmid: 8164173
references.citation: Eur J Oral Sci. 1995 Dec;103(6):355-61
references.pmid: 8747670
references.citation: J Prosthet Dent. 1995 Nov;74(5):499-502
references.pmid: 8809256
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan;12(1):147-79
references.pmid: 9880479
references.citation: J Prosthet Dent. 1999 Apr;81(4):423-30
references.pmid: 10095212
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2005 Jan;13(1):34-40
references.pmid: 15639630
references.citation: Head Neck. 2005 Jun;27(6):471-7
references.pmid: 15825199
references.citation: Int J Dent Hyg. 2005 May;3(2):54-8
references.pmid: 16451382
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Oct;50(10):3283-8
references.pmid: 17005806
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2007 Jul;78(7):1218-28
references.pmid: 17608576
references.citation: Cytometry A. 2007 Aug;71(8):592-8
references.pmid: 17421025
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008 Jan-Feb;23(1):89-98
references.pmid: 18416416
references.citation: J Prosthodont. 2008 Jun;17(4):318-22
references.pmid: 18266656