title: Tattoo inks: legislation, pigments, metals and chemical analysis.
abstract: Legal limits for chemical substances require that they are linked to clearly defined analytical methods. Present limits for certain chemicals in tattoo and permanent make-up inks do not mention analytical methods for the detection of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or forbidden colourants. There is, therefore, no established method for the determination of the quantities of these chemicals in tattoo and permanent make-up inks. Failing to provide an appropriate method may lead to unqualified and questionable results which often cause legal disputes that are ultimately resolved by a judge with regard to the method that should have been applied. Analytical methods are tuned to exactly what is to be found and what causes the health problems. They are extremely specific. Irrespective of which is the correct method for detecting metals in tattoo inks, the focus should be on the actual amounts of ink in the skin. CTL® has conducted experiments to determine these amounts and these experiments are crucial for toxicological evaluations and for setting legal limits. When setting legal limits, it is essential to also incorporate factors such as daily consumption, total uptake and frequency of use. A tattoo lasts for several decades; therefore, the limits that have been established for heavy metals used in drinking water or soap are not relevant. Drinking water is consumed on a daily basis and soap is used several times per week, while tattooing only occurs once.
authors.affiliation: CTL Bielefeld GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prior
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007281:Ink; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013653:Tattooing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D008670:Metals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons