title: The cysteine proteome.
abstract: The cysteine (Cys) proteome is a major component of the adaptive interface between the genome and the exposome. The thiol moiety of Cys undergoes a range of biologic modifications enabling biological switching of structure and reactivity. These biological modifications include sulfenylation and disulfide formation, formation of higher oxidation states, S-nitrosylation, persulfidation, metalation, and other modifications. Extensive knowledge about these systems and their compartmentalization now provides a foundation to develop advanced integrative models of Cys proteome regulation. In particular, detailed understanding of redox signaling pathways and sensing networks is becoming available to allow the discrimination of network structures. This research focuses attention on the need for atlases of Cys modifications to develop systems biology models. Such atlases will be especially useful for integrative studies linking the Cys proteome to imaging and other omics platforms, providing a basis for improved redox-based therapeutics. Thus, a framework is emerging to place the Cys proteome as a complement to the quantitative proteome in the omics continuum connecting the genome to the exposome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Young-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: dpjones@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Dean P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; D013879:Thioredoxins; D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine
keywords: Cysteine proteome; Free radicals; Functional network; Redox proteome; Redox signaling; Thiol
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Jan 13;45(1):13-24
references.pmid: 22244329
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2009 Dec;112(2):354-62
references.pmid: 19748993
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 14;281(15):10420-30
references.pmid: 16418165
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013 Dec;305(11):L831-43
references.pmid: 24077948
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11158-62
references.pmid: 11562475
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2013 Nov-Dec;751-752:1-7
references.pmid: 24459704
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010 Apr;10(2):133-8
references.pmid: 20045379
references.citation: J Inorg Biochem. 2002 Sep 20;91(4):542-53
references.pmid: 12237221
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 1999 Nov;6(11):1054-9
references.pmid: 10578173
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Nov 8;288(45):32149-32159
references.pmid: 24062309
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Jun 11;94(11):1483-91
references.pmid: 15117824
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 May 22;49(20):1993-2000
references.pmid: 17512353
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Mar;294(3):L469-77
references.pmid: 18156441
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 2010;474:67-82
references.pmid: 20609905
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):745-50
references.pmid: 10639150
references.citation: Cell. 2014 Mar 27;157(1):241-53
references.pmid: 24679539
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Dec;374(1-2):25-32
references.pmid: 16859665
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2014 Sep 01;5:4776
references.pmid: 25175731
references.citation: Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):245-7
references.pmid: 9092471
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;45:51-88
references.pmid: 15822171
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Jul 15;43(2):282-8
references.pmid: 17603937
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2007 Apr 13;26(1):1-14
references.pmid: 17434122
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Feb 1;42(3):363-70
references.pmid: 17210449
references.citation: Molecules. 2014 Oct 09;19(10):16146-57
references.pmid: 25302704
references.citation: Front Immunol. 2014 Jan 09;4:514
references.pmid: 24409188
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Dec 26;377(4):1274-8
references.pmid: 18992711
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2013;4:2430
references.pmid: 24026195
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2013 Apr 15;319(7):1001-12
references.pmid: 23353834
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2005 May;77(5):598-625
references.pmid: 15689384
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2013 Feb;15(2):222-8
references.pmid: 23314862
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Jun 7;277(23):20336-42
references.pmid: 11916965
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2000 Winter;2(4):811-20
references.pmid: 11213485
references.citation: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011 Mar;10(3):M110.004606
references.pmid: 21193536
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2011 Oct;45(10):1124-35
references.pmid: 21740309
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Sep 15;13(6):731-43
references.pmid: 20121341
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Feb;1840(2):901-5
references.pmid: 23648414
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 Jun;59:85-91
references.pmid: 22750507
references.citation: Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):650-3
references.pmid: 12714747
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012 Mar 15;16(6):476-95
references.pmid: 21954972
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1982 Apr 1;214(2):806-14
references.pmid: 6284037
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 3;274(36):25933-44
references.pmid: 10464338
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(8):2522-32
references.pmid: 17403694
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Sep 1;51(5):1068-84
references.pmid: 21683786
references.citation: Biochem J. 2005 Mar 1;386(Pt 2):215-9
references.pmid: 15647005
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011 Apr;300(4):L615-23
references.pmid: 21216977
references.citation: Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1983 Sep-Oct;3(5):377-82
references.pmid: 6357923
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 22;283(34):22890-4
references.pmid: 18593714
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Aug 15;13(4):489-509
references.pmid: 20210649
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2014 Sep 09;7(342):ra87
references.pmid: 25205851
references.citation: Nature. 2012 May 16;485(7399):459-64
references.pmid: 22622569
references.citation: Immunity. 2012 Dec 14;37(6):1037-49
references.pmid: 23159440
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Dec 24;285(52):40699-705
references.pmid: 20929858
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):C849-68
references.pmid: 18684987
references.citation: Sci Signal. 2009 Nov 10;2(96):ra72
references.pmid: 19903941
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1995;251:8-28
references.pmid: 7651233
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;62(6):1409-17
references.pmid: 12435809
references.citation: Biochemistry. 1999 Sep 21;38(38):12408-15
references.pmid: 10493809
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2007 May 15;46(19):5754-65
references.pmid: 17444656
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Dec 15;177(12):8714-22
references.pmid: 17142773
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2004 Nov;5(11):1053-7
references.pmid: 15520806
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2012 Jul;64(3):520-39
references.pmid: 22544865
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2014 Feb 20;53(4):562-576
references.pmid: 24508390
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981 Sep;210(2):505-16
references.pmid: 7305340
references.citation: FASEB J. 2004 Aug;18(11):1246-8
references.pmid: 15180957
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Sep;8(9):784-90
references.pmid: 22842973
references.citation: Biochem J. 2003 May 1;371(Pt 3):887-95
references.pmid: 12570874
references.citation: Nature. 2005 May 19;435(7040):347-53
references.pmid: 15902258
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 9;274(15):10363-71
references.pmid: 10187825
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 May 25;276(21):18223-8
references.pmid: 11359792
references.citation: J Proteomics. 2011 Oct 19;74(11):2498-509
references.pmid: 21704743
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 1997 Oct;10(10):1097-103
references.pmid: 9348431
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2002 Jan 29;41(4):1293-301
references.pmid: 11802729
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Sep;127(3):261-70
references.pmid: 20435060
references.citation: Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014 May 20;11:24
references.pmid: 24885895
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2006 May 8;236(1):46-53
references.pmid: 15982805
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Feb 20;25(2):239-51
references.pmid: 22053936
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 20;282(16):11885-92
references.pmid: 17329258
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1973 Jan;154(1):106-16
references.pmid: 4689773
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2013 Mar;24(5):543-54
references.pmid: 23283984
references.citation: FEBS J. 2007 Jan;274(1):212-26
references.pmid: 17140414
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Mar 15;44(6):921-37
references.pmid: 18155672
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):45-53
references.pmid: 16337878
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jul;26(13):4895-910
references.pmid: 16782878
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2012 Mar;90(3):233-44
references.pmid: 22361849
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Mar 27;284(13):8470-7
references.pmid: 19176523
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Nov-Dec;8(11-12):2101-9
references.pmid: 17034353
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Jan 15;48(2):275-83
references.pmid: 19879942
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Sep 13;288(37):26512-20
references.pmid: 23861437
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Sep 1;13(5):565-73
references.pmid: 20218863
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Feb 15;189(4):463-74
references.pmid: 24325366
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Nov 14;129(45):14082-91
references.pmid: 17939659
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 7;270(27):16230-5
references.pmid: 7608189
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:305-29
references.pmid: 2862840
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2001 Aug 1;295(1):45-56
references.pmid: 11476544
references.citation: J Biochem. 1976 Sep;80(3):595-609
references.pmid: 824285
references.citation: Protein Sci. 2004 Oct;13(10):2744-52
references.pmid: 15340164
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 May 1;18(13):1699-711
references.pmid: 23198979
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011 Mar;31(3):650-6
references.pmid: 21212402
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2009 Nov 15;394(2):147-58
references.pmid: 19664585
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2015 Aug;53(2):193-205
references.pmid: 25490247
references.citation: Oncogene. 2005 Jun 2;24(24):3853-63
references.pmid: 15824742
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Aug 18;102(4):499-509
references.pmid: 10966111
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 23;280(51):41921-7
references.pmid: 16219762
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):412-3
references.pmid: 19628854
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Nov 15;35(10):1185-93
references.pmid: 14607517
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Sep 14;47(5):767-76
references.pmid: 22819323
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2010 Feb 9;49(5):835-42
references.pmid: 20050630
references.citation: Metallomics. 2011 Jan;3(1):61-73
references.pmid: 21553704
references.citation: Trends Biochem Sci. 2014 Jul;39(7):305-7
references.pmid: 24924147
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39404
references.pmid: 22761781
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Aug 31;287(36):30346-57
references.pmid: 22778269
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Dec 20;19(18):2199-212
references.pmid: 23718729
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 7;276(36):33478-87
references.pmid: 11429404
references.citation: Front Chem. 2014 Aug 26;2:70
references.pmid: 25207270
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 May;70:278-87
references.pmid: 24486343
references.citation: J Amino Acids. 2011;2011:709404
references.pmid: 22332003
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jul 1;332(2):362-9
references.pmid: 15910747
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):47763-6
references.pmid: 11684673
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Nov;29(11):1843-50
references.pmid: 19592468
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Jan 1;50(1):14-26
references.pmid: 20970495
references.citation: Biochem J. 2001 Aug 15;358(Pt 1):233-9
references.pmid: 11485572
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 9;284(2):723-7
references.pmid: 18757362
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Dec 1;21(16):2192-207
references.pmid: 24702258
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Feb 1;18(4):363-75
references.pmid: 22775451
references.citation: Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Mar-Apr;48(2):173-81
references.pmid: 23356510
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Dec 20;21(18):2531-42
references.pmid: 24766279
references.citation: Front Cell Dev Biol. 2014 Nov 17;2:68
references.pmid: 25453035
references.citation: J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2000 Feb;21(2):171-81
references.pmid: 10961840
references.citation: Environ Mol Mutagen. 2010 Jun;51(5):380-90
references.pmid: 20544880
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Feb 15;128(6):1879-85
references.pmid: 16464088
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3633-8
references.pmid: 9108029
references.citation: Metallomics. 2012 Aug;4(8):739-50
references.pmid: 22791193
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Nov;22(11):1833-40
references.pmid: 19821602
references.citation: Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1551-5
references.pmid: 12202830
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 Dec 15;516(2):146-53
references.pmid: 22001739
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Mar 1;30(5):572-9
references.pmid: 11182528
references.citation: Redox Biol. 2014 May 02;2:673-8
references.pmid: 24944912
references.citation: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 1998 Apr;2(2):173-81
references.pmid: 9667933
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2014 Jul;44(1):122-9
references.pmid: 24659542
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):1139-49
references.pmid: 22090031
references.citation: Redox Biol. 2014 Jan 10;2:358-60
references.pmid: 24563853
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 1998;67:71-98
references.pmid: 9759483
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 May 20;286(20):18048-55
references.pmid: 21385867
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;387:69-75
references.pmid: 8794196
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2014 May 19;27(5):882-94
references.pmid: 24661219
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 2012 Aug 13;213(1):83-90
references.pmid: 21501670
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Mar 28;21(14):2191-200
references.pmid: 11948402
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1847-50
references.pmid: 16103423
references.citation: Redox Biol. 2014 Apr 18;2:786-94
references.pmid: 25009780
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Nov 13;9(11):e112797
references.pmid: 25393952
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Aug;1844(8):1367-82
references.pmid: 24418392
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Nov 1;19(13):1539-605
references.pmid: 23397885
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2013 Sep 16;202(6):861-74
references.pmid: 24043701
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Jan 28;326(4):799-804
references.pmid: 15607740
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Feb 10;45(3):398-408
references.pmid: 22245228
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Apr 9;34(15):5245-60
references.pmid: 24719103
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Oct 30;425(6961):980-4
references.pmid: 14586471
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 2;287(45):38210-9
references.pmid: 22977247
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1383-8
references.pmid: 17086175
references.citation: J Proteomics Bioinform. 2011 Oct 30;4(10):196-209
references.pmid: 22605892
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Dec 1;106(48):20515-9
references.pmid: 19918082
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 Apr;19(4):587-93
references.pmid: 16608171
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;76(6):1265-78
references.pmid: 19786557
references.citation: Science. 2010 Oct 22;330(6003):460-1
references.pmid: 20966241
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2014 May 19;27(5):794-804
references.pmid: 24716714
references.citation: Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2011 Jun;68(6):340-54
references.pmid: 21634027
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 2007 Aug;(106):S3-8
references.pmid: 17653208
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29;278(35):33408-15
references.pmid: 12816947
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2001 Jun 8;498(2-3):208-13
references.pmid: 11412859
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2014 Jan;137(1):1-2
references.pmid: 24213143
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;6(2):150-66
references.pmid: 15688001
references.citation: Redox Biol. 2013 May 23;1:313-8
references.pmid: 24024166
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2009;464:303-17
references.pmid: 18951192
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Sep;22(9):1499-508
references.pmid: 19610654
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2000 Jan;10(1):153-62
references.pmid: 10668905
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 2;107(44):18838-43
references.pmid: 20956331
references.citation: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013 Nov;12(11):3285-96
references.pmid: 23946468
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 3;279(36):37559-65
references.pmid: 15234975
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 Jan;19(1):20-9
references.pmid: 16411652
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Dec;27(11-12):1208-18
references.pmid: 10641713
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Nov 15;179(10):6456-67
references.pmid: 17982034
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Nov 15;53(10):1954-9
references.pmid: 22982576
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Jul;9(7):807-16
references.pmid: 17508907
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Dec 1;47(11):1661-71
references.pmid: 19766715
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 1999 Oct;17(10):994-9
references.pmid: 10504701
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Sep-Oct;8(9-10):1865-79
references.pmid: 16987039
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2006;75:681-706
references.pmid: 16756507
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2014 May;139(1):59-73
references.pmid: 24496640
references.citation: Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol. 1990;63:69-172
references.pmid: 2407068
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):322-8
references.pmid: 10468205
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 3;99(18):11700-5
references.pmid: 12189205
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 2009 Dec 15;191(2-3):203-10
references.pmid: 19735704
references.citation: Thromb Res. 2008;122 Suppl 1:S19-22
references.pmid: 18691493
references.citation: Nat Commun. 2013;4:1982
references.pmid: 23770887
references.citation: Biochem J. 2012 Jan 1;441(1):305-16
references.pmid: 21892922
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Mar 15;42(6):823-9
references.pmid: 17320764
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2006 Jul;13(7):1138-46
references.pmid: 16224490
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2009 May 15;284(20):13291-5
references.pmid: 19182219
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1979 Mar;28(3):343-7
references.pmid: 436980
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2001 Oct;14(10):1453-64
references.pmid: 11599938
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Feb;1840(2):847-75
references.pmid: 23748139
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2007 Jul 31;581(19):3652-7
references.pmid: 17475256
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2013 Jul 10;113(7):4633-79
references.pmid: 23514336
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Jan 19;1037(1):86-91
references.pmid: 2136799
references.citation: Methods. 2013 Aug 1;62(2):177-81
references.pmid: 23811297
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;8(10):813-24
references.pmid: 17848967
references.citation: FEBS J. 2014 Aug;281(16):3545-58
references.pmid: 24976139
references.citation: Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Jun;123(2):155-62
references.pmid: 10425719
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2004 Mar 30;43(12):3301-9
references.pmid: 15035601
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):R1069-75
references.pmid: 17567723
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 15;6(4):e18918
references.pmid: 21526215
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2012 Jan 13;45(1):1-3
references.pmid: 22244324
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Nov;27(11):2325-31
references.pmid: 17823364
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Sep 19;29(3):404-13
references.pmid: 18771940
references.citation: J Proteomics. 2013 Oct 30;92:195-203
references.pmid: 23748021
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2014 Oct 10;289(41):28129-36
references.pmid: 25160625
references.citation: Biochem J. 2012 Mar 15;442(3):453-64
references.pmid: 22364280
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1970 Dec;11(3):172-176
references.pmid: 11945479
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 4;100(3):1169-73
references.pmid: 12552119
references.citation: J Proteome Res. 2010 Mar 5;9(3):1598-609
references.pmid: 20063901
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Dec 19;24(12):2302-11
references.pmid: 22084934
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 13;111(19):6964-9
references.pmid: 24778250
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;11(10):1241-6
references.pmid: 19734890
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2010 Nov;268(5):432-48
references.pmid: 20964735
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2014 Jul;94(3):739-77
references.pmid: 24987004
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2000 Aug;17(8):1232-9
references.pmid: 10908643
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2009 Sep 29;48(38):9156-69
references.pmid: 19681600
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Jun;24(9):1390-5
references.pmid: 9641256
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 May 1;32(9):927-37
references.pmid: 11978495
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Apr 22;870(3):385-91
references.pmid: 3697358
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Jan 15;445(2):199-213
references.pmid: 16288970
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 May-Jun;7(5-6):560-77
references.pmid: 15890001
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Nov 15;47(10):1477-85
references.pmid: 19703554
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Jul 18;129(28):8872-81
references.pmid: 17585764
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Jun 21;288(25):18421-8
references.pmid: 23629660
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 6;370(2):331-48
references.pmid: 17521670
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Feb 10;20(5):770-82
references.pmid: 23600844
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Mar;4(3):181-9
references.pmid: 15039755
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2010 Apr;113(1):14-26
references.pmid: 20067586
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Sep 12;21(41):6317-27
references.pmid: 12214272
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 2013;528:3-25
references.pmid: 23849856
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 Jan;54:62-70
references.pmid: 23142420
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Apr;21(4):796-804
references.pmid: 18324786
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2003 Jul;149(Pt 7):1699-1710
references.pmid: 12855721
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 2;274(14):9427-30
references.pmid: 10092623
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2002 Jul;18(7):302-8
references.pmid: 12379950
references.citation: BMC Biochem. 2007 Dec 10;8:26
references.pmid: 18070357
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014 Feb 1;20(4):545-56
references.pmid: 23919619
references.citation: Blood. 2006 Jan 15;107(2):558-65
references.pmid: 16166591
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2004 Apr 27;43(16):4799-809
references.pmid: 15096049
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Apr 18;24(4):434-50
references.pmid: 21391663
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 17;285(38):29200-7
references.pmid: 20657012
references.citation: Biochem J. 2009 Jul 29;422(1):111-7
references.pmid: 19492988
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 Aug 1;13(3):249-58
references.pmid: 20059400
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Nov 15;47(10):1329-38
references.pmid: 19715755
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1973 Jan;154(1):117-31
references.pmid: 4347674
references.citation: Int J Cell Biol. 2012;2012:273549
references.pmid: 22654912
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Aug 25;126(33):10216-7
references.pmid: 15315413
references.citation: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2006 May;16(4):109-14
references.pmid: 16713532
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4245-50
references.pmid: 11929995
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Dec;77:82-94
references.pmid: 25229186
references.citation: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:169-87
references.pmid: 21210746
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Aug;29(2):206-12
references.pmid: 12626341
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2004 Sep;104(9):3947-80
references.pmid: 15352783
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2010 May 1;316(8):1296-303
references.pmid: 20206159
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012 Dec 15;17(12):1738-47
references.pmid: 22530689
references.citation: Subcell Biochem. 2007;44:115-41
references.pmid: 18084892
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2007 Sep;5(9):e233
references.pmid: 17760506
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1995;251:31-45
references.pmid: 7651211
references.citation: ACS Chem Biol. 2009 Sep 18;4(9):783-99
references.pmid: 19645509
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8197-202
references.pmid: 18287020
references.citation: Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov. 2012 Dec;7(3):218-29
references.pmid: 22742419
references.citation: J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2012 Jan;50(1):23-34
references.pmid: 22247597
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Jan 1;52(1):1-6
references.pmid: 22027063
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2000 Jun 13;39(23):6969-78
references.pmid: 10841779
references.citation: Appl Microbiol. 1975 Aug;30(2):199-204
references.pmid: 809006
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2015 Jun;49(6):695-710
references.pmid: 25564094
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 2012 Oct 2;214(1):53-62
references.pmid: 22906494