title: Impedance technology reveals correlations between cytotoxicity and lipophilicity of mono and bimetallic phosphine complexes.
abstract: Label free impedance technology enables the monitoring of cell response patterns post treatment with drugs or other chemicals. Using this technology, a correlation between the lipophilicity of metal complexes and the degree of cytotoxicity was observed. Au(L1)Cl (1), AuPd(L1)(SC4H8)Cl3 (1a) and Au(L2)Cl (2) [L1 = diphenylphosphino-2-pyridine; L2 = 2-(2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)-pyridine] were synthesised, in silico drug-likeness and structure-activity relationship monitored using impedance technology. Dose dependent changes in cytotoxicity were observed for the metal complexes resulting in IC50s of 12.5 ± 2.5, 18.3 ± 8.3 and 16.9 ± 0.5 µM for 1, 1a and 2 respectively in an endpoint assay. When a real time impedance assay was used, dose-dependent responses depicting patterns that suggested slower uptake (at a toxic 20 µM) and faster recovery of the cells (at the less toxic 10 µM) of the bimetallic complex (1a) compared to the monometallic complexes (1 and 2) was observed. These data agreed with the ADMET findings of lower aqueous solubility of 1a and non-ideal lipophilicity (AlogP98 of 6.55) over more water soluble 1 and 2 with ideal lipophilicity (4.91 and 5.03 respectively) values. The additional coordination of a Pd atom to the nitrogen atom of a pyridine ring, the sulfur atom of a tetrahydrothiophene moiety and two chlorine atoms in 1a could be contributing to the observed differences when compared to the monometallic complexes. This report presents impedance technology as a means of correlating drug-likeness of lipophilic phosphine complexes containing similar backbone structures and could prove valuable in filtering drug-like compounds in a drug discovery project.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fonteh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elkhadir
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Omondi
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guzei
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Darkwa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010720:Phosphines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010720:Phosphines; D010165:Palladium; D006046:Gold; C044646:phosphine