title: ANMS-ESNM position paper and consensus guidelines on biofeedback therapy for anorectal disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anorectal disorders such as dyssynergic defecation, fecal incontinence, levator ani syndrome, and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome are common, and affect both the adult and pediatric populations. Although they are treated with several treatment approaches, over the last two decades, biofeedback therapy using visual and verbal feedback techniques has emerged as an useful option. Because it is safe, it is commonly recommended. However, the clinical efficacy of biofeedback therapy in adults and children is not clearly known, and there is a lack of critical appraisal of the techniques used and the outcomes of biofeedback therapy for these disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility convened a task force to examine the indications, study performance characteristics, methodologies used, and the efficacy of biofeedback therapy, and to provide evidence-based recommendations. Based on the strength of evidence, biofeedback therapy is recommended for the short-term and long-term treatment of constipation with dyssynergic defecation (Level I, Grade A), and for the treatment of fecal incontinence (Level II, Grade B). Biofeedback therapy may be useful in the short-term treatment of Levator Ani Syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (Level II, Grade B), and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (Level III, Grade C), but the evidence is fair. Evidence does not support the use of biofeedback for the treatment of childhood constipation (Level 1, Grade D).
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: S S C
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Benninga
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bharucha
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiarioni
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000628:therapy*; D004576:Electromyography; D005060:Europe; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000628:therapy*; D005762:Gastroenterology; D006801:Humans; D008365:Manometry; D010146:Pain; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D012955:Societies, Medical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014456:Ulcer / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States
keywords: biofeedback therapy; constipation; dyssynergic defecation; fecal incontinence; levator ani syndrome
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