title: Abnormalities in hemispheric specialization of caudate nucleus connectivity in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hemispheric specialization of the human brain is a marker of successful neurodevelopment. Altered brain asymmetry that has been repeatedly reported in schizophrenia may represent consequences of disrupted neurodevelopment in the disorder. However, a complete picture of functional specialization in the schizophrenic brain and its connectional substrates is yet to be unveiled.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify intrinsic hemispheric specialization at cortical and subcortical levels and to reveal potential disease effects in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging has been previously used to quantitatively measure hemispheric specialization in healthy individuals in a reliable manner. We quantified the intrinsic hemispheric specialization at the whole brain level in 31 patients with schizophrenia and 37 demographically matched healthy controls from November 28, 2007, through June 29, 2010, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The caudate nucleus and cortical regions with connections to the caudate nucleus had markedly abnormal hemispheric specialization in schizophrenia. Compared with healthy controls, patients exhibited weaker specialization in the left, but the opposite pattern in the right, caudate nucleus (P < .001). Patients with schizophrenia also had a disruption of the interhemispheric coordination among the cortical regions with connections to the caudate nucleus. A linear classifier based on the specialization of the caudate nucleus distinguished patients from controls with a classification accuracy of 74% (with a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 78%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that hemispheric specialization could serve as a potential imaging biomarker of schizophrenia that, compared with task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging measures, is less prone to the confounding effects of variation in task compliance, cognitive ability, and command of language.
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown2Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown.
authors.forename: Danhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown.
authors.forename: Ruiqi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown3Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Daphne J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown.
authors.forename: Hesheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology*; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*
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