title: Impact of source tissue and ex vivo expansion on the characterization of goat mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is considerable interest in using goats as models for genetically engineering dairy animals and also for using stem cells as therapeutics for bone and cartilage repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated and characterized from various species, but are poorly characterized in goats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Goat MSCs isolated from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue (ASCs) have the ability to undergo osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Cytochemical staining and gene expression analysis show that ASCs have a greater capacity for adipogenic differentiation compared to BM-MSCs and fibroblasts. Different methods of inducing adipogenesis also affect the extent and profile of adipogenic differentiation in MSCs. Goat fibroblasts were not capable of osteogenesis, hence distinguishing them from the MSCs. Goat MSCs and fibroblasts express CD90, CD105, CD73 but not CD45, and exhibit cytoplasmic localization of OCT4 protein. Goat MSCs can be stably transfected by Nucleofection, but, as evidenced by colony-forming efficiency (CFE), yield significantly different levels of progenitor cells that are robust enough to proliferate into colonies of integrants following G418 selection. BM-MSCs expanded over increasing passages in vitro maintained karyotypic stability up to 20 passages in culture, exhibited an increase in adipogenic differentiation and CFE, but showed altered morphology and amenability to genetic modification by selection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide characterization information on goat MSCs, and show that there can be significant differences between MSCs isolated from different tissues and from within the same tissue. Fibroblasts do not exhibit trilineage differentiation potential at the same capacity as MSCs, making it a more reliable method for distinguishing MSCs from fibroblasts, compared to cell surface marker expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA ; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nuradilla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamad-Fauzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors.forename: Pablo J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA ; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Murray
keywords: Adipose; Bone marrow; Characterization; Differentiation; Goat; Mesenchymal stem cells
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