title: Dietary intake of minerals in relation to depressive symptoms in Japanese employees: the Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although intake of minerals has been suggested to be beneficial against depression, epidemiologic data from free-living settings are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the cross-sectional associations between the intake of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japanese employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 1792 men and 214 women ages 19 to 69 y. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated, brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Participants with depressive symptoms were defined as those with a scale score of ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27.8%. Intakes of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc were inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of having depressive symptoms were 0.63 (0.44-0.91), 0.64 (0.47-0.88), 0.59 (0.40-0.87), and 0.63 (0.45-0.87) in the highest versus lowest tertiles of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that higher dietary intake of magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc is associated with lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in Japanese employees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: Takakomiki-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kochi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuruoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurotani
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shamima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akter
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kashino
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngoc Minh
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D008903:Minerals; D017967:Zinc Compounds
keywords: Depression; Diet; Epidemiology; Japanese; Minerals