title: A combination of palm oil tocotrienols and citrus peel polymethoxylated flavones does not influence elevated LDL cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects have been individually described for tocotrienols (TTs) and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs). This study investigated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)- and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)-reducing effects of combined TT-PMF treatment in low doses in hypercholesterolemic individuals with subclinical inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 240 Caucasians with LDL-C ⩾3.36 mmol/l and hsCRP ⩾1 mg/l were enrolled and randomized into group S1 (12 mg/day TT and 103 mg/day PMF), group S2 (27 mg/day TT and 32 mg/day PMF) or placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three subjects dropped out of the study, 13 were excluded from the analysis because of lack of compliance. A total of 204 subjects per-protocol analysis were included. After 12 weeks of treatment, no significant differences in LDL-C levels (primary outcome) were observed between groups. LDL-C levels significantly decreased in all intervention groups (S1: -5.2%, S2: -4.8% and P: -4.2%). Total cholesterol and hsCRP (secondary outcome) did not change significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PMF-TT supplements had no effect beyond that of placebo on elevated LDL-C and hsCRP levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schuchardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D024508:Tocotrienols; D000073878:Palm Oil; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Jun 15;65(12):2065-71
references.pmid: 12787887
references.citation: Lipids. 2004 Feb;39(2):143-51
references.pmid: 15134141
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(21):2170-5
references.pmid: 21774785
references.citation: Food Chem. 2012 Sep 15;134(2):717-24
references.pmid: 23107683
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):213-9
references.pmid: 9989682
references.citation: Inflammation. 2013 Feb;36(1):15-25
references.pmid: 22865000
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(4):499-506
references.pmid: 15050096
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2002 Mar;161(1):199-207
references.pmid: 11882333
references.citation: Eur Heart J. 2011 Jul;32(14):1769-818
references.pmid: 21712404
references.citation: Altern Ther Health Med. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):44-8
references.pmid: 17985810
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007 Feb 1;846(1-2):291-7
references.pmid: 17035106
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4 Suppl):1021S-1026S
references.pmid: 2012010
references.citation: Lipids. 1995 Dec;30(12 ):1179-83
references.pmid: 8614310
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Nov 15;25(8):953-63
references.pmid: 9840741
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2007 Mar 12;167(5):502-6
references.pmid: 17353499
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013 Feb;24(1):34-40
references.pmid: 23254473
references.citation: Diabetes. 2011 May;60(5):1446-57
references.pmid: 21471511
references.citation: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006 Spring;36(2):163-9
references.pmid: 16682512
references.citation: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010 Oct 27;17(10):1019-32
references.pmid: 20702976
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4 Suppl):1027S-1030S
references.pmid: 2012011
references.citation: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1995 Feb-Mar;52(2-3):205-7
references.pmid: 7784459
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 May 19;52(10):2879-86
references.pmid: 15137829
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jun;43(6):1002-9
references.pmid: 21085036
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2001 Feb;8(2):135-53
references.pmid: 11172671
references.citation: Can J Cardiol. 2010 Mar;26 Suppl A:41A-44A
references.pmid: 20386760
references.citation: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2006 Dec;52(6):473-8
references.pmid: 17330512
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2001 Jul;44(7):834-8
references.pmid: 11508267
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Jun;111(12):1805-12
references.pmid: 12813013
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007 Jul;17(6):436-41
references.pmid: 17134956
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2011 May 11;59(9):4496-503
references.pmid: 21425871
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1994 Aug 15;350(1):9-12
references.pmid: 8062931
references.citation: Lipid Insights. 2008 Nov 11;2008(2):75
references.pmid: 20157638
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2001 Jun;12(6):318-329
references.pmid: 11516635
references.citation: Free Radic Res. 2004 Aug;38(8):771-85
references.pmid: 15493450
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Nov 1;29(9):834-45
references.pmid: 11063909
references.citation: J Nutr. 1996 Feb;126(2):389-94
references.pmid: 8632210
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1990 Jun 1;39(11):1743-50
references.pmid: 2344371
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 May 25;268(15):11230-8
references.pmid: 8388388
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 20;359(21):2195-207
references.pmid: 18997196
references.citation: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 Jan;71(1):36-44
references.pmid: 11276920
references.citation: Lipids. 1999 Jun;34(6):591-8
references.pmid: 10405973
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1237-43
references.pmid: 12450888