title: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control fungal infections.
abstract: Skin mycoses are caused mainly by dermatophytes, which are fungal species that primarily infect areas rich in keratin such as hair, nails, and skin. Significantly, there are increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance among dermatophytes, especially for Trichophyton rubrum, the most frequent etiologic agent worldwide. Hence, investigators have been developing new therapeutic approaches, including photodynamic treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes a photosensitive substance activated by a light source of a specific wavelength. The photoactivation induces cascades of photochemicals and photobiological events that cause irreversible changes in the exposed cells. Although photodynamic approaches are well established experimentally for the treatment of certain cutaneous infections, there is limited information about its mechanism of action for specific pathogens as well as the risks to healthy tissues. In this work, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of PDT as it specifically applies to fungal diseases. The data to date suggests that photodynamic treatment approaches hold great promise for combating certain fungal pathogens, particularly dermatophytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ludmila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Baltazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cisalpino
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosanchuk
keywords: fungal cells; light source; photochemicals and photobiological events; photodynamic inhibition; photosensitizer; treatment
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