title: Increased cerebral cannabinoid-1 receptor availability is a stable feature of functional dyspepsia: a [F]MK-9470 PET study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) defined by chronic epigastric symptoms in the absence of organic abnormalities likely to explain them. Comorbidity with mood and anxiety disorders as well as with other FGIDs and functional somatic syndrome (FSS) is high. FD is characterized by abnormal regional cerebral activity in cognitive/affective pain modulatory circuits, but it is unknown which neurotransmitter systems are involved. The authors aimed to assess and compare in vivo cerebral cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor availability between FD patients and age-, gender- and BMI-matched healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve FD patients and 12 matched HC were investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) with the CB1 receptor radioligand [(18)F]MK-9470. Nine of the patients received a second PET scan after a naturalistic follow-up period of 36 ± 9.6 months (range: 25.2-50.4 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  FD patients had significantly higher CB1 receptor availability in the cerebral regions involved in (visceral) nociception (brainstem, insula, anterior cingulate cortex) as well as in the homeostatic and hedonic regulation of food intake [hypothalamus, (ventral) striatum] (p < 0.05 corrected for multiple testing, region of interest analysis), which persisted after a follow-up period of 36 ± 9.6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these findings need replication in larger samples, they suggest that the abnormal brain activity in several of these regions, previously demonstrated in FD, may be due to a sustained endocannabinoid system dysfunction, identifying it as a potential novel target for treatment and warranting further studies to elucidate whether it is also a feature of other FGIDs or FSSs.
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Huynh Giao
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceccarini
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weltens
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bormans
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Laere
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Oudenhove
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C571130:CNR1 protein, human; C528731:MK-9470; D011725:Pyridines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1