title: Retinoblastoma: achieving new standards with methods of chemotherapy.
abstract: The management of retinoblastoma (RB) has dramatically changed over the past two decades from previous radiotherapy methods to current chemotherapy strategies. RB is a remarkably chemotherapy-sensitive tumor. Chemotherapy is currently used as a first-line approach for children with this malignancy and can be delivered by intravenous, intra-arterial, periocular, and intravitreal routes. The choice of route for chemotherapy administration depends upon the tumor laterality and tumor staging. Intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) is used most often in bilateral cases, orbital RB, and as an adjuvant treatment in high-risk RB. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is used in cases with group C or D RB and selected cases of group E tumor. Periocular chemotherapy is used as an adjunct treatment in eyes with group D and E RB and those with persistent/recurrent vitreous seeds. Intravitreal chemotherapy is reserved for eyes with persistent/recurrent vitreous seeds. In this review, we describe the various forms of chemotherapy used in the management of RB. A database search was performed on PubMed, using the terms "RB," and "treatment," "chemotherapy," "systemic chemotherapy," "IVC," "IAC," "periocular chemotherapy," or "intravitreal chemotherapy." Relevant English language articles were extracted, reviewed, and referenced appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Support provided by Operation Eyesight Institute for Eye Cancer (SK) and Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation (SK), Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaliki
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shields
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000592:standards; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
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