title: The Multidimensional Aspects of Sleep Spindles and Their Relationship to Word-Pair Memory Consolidation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies proposed a link between sleep spindles and sleep dependent memory consolidation in declarative learning tasks. In addition to these state-like aspects of sleep spindles, they have also trait-like characteristics, i.e., were related to general cognitive performance, an important distinction that has often been neglected in correlative studies. Furthermore, from the multitude of different sleep spindle measures, often just one specific aspect was analyzed. Thus, we aimed at taking multidimensional aspects of sleep spindles into account when exploring their relationship to word-pair memory consolidation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject underwent 2 study nights with all-night high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Sleep spindles were automatically detected in all EEG channels. Subjects were trained and tested on a word-pair learning task in the evening, and retested in the morning to assess sleep related memory consolidation (overnight retention). Trait-like aspects refer to the mean of both nights and state-like aspects were calculated as the difference between night 1 and night 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy male subjects (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overnight retention was negatively correlated with trait-like aspects of fast sleep spindle density and positively with slow spindle density on a global level. In contrast, state-like aspects were observed for integrated slow spindle activity, which was positively related to the differences in overnight retention in specific regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the importance of a multidimensional approach when investigating the relationship between sleep spindles and memory consolidation and thereby provide a more complete picture explaining divergent findings in the literature.
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Zurich, Switzerland.|Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lustenberger
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.|Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wehrle
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.|Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tüshaus
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland.|Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Achermann
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Zurich, Switzerland.|University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children Research Center, Switzerland.|Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.|University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D000069077:Memory Consolidation / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: declarative learning tasks; integrated spindle activity; sleep spindle density; state-like; trait-like
references.citation: Front Neurol. 2012 May 14;3:77
references.pmid: 22593753
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Jul 1;430(6995):78-81
references.pmid: 15184907
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Mar;112(3):521-7
references.pmid: 11222974
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2005;132(2):529-35
references.pmid: 15802203
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2001;103(3):581-92
references.pmid: 11274780
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49561
references.pmid: 23185361
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2012 Jan 25;23(2):93-7
references.pmid: 22166798
references.citation: Sleep. 2011 Feb;34(2):181-9
references.pmid: 21286251
references.citation: Sleep. 2009 Mar;32(3):302-10
references.pmid: 19294950
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2007 Jun 4;180(1):48-61
references.pmid: 17400305
references.citation: Behav Neurosci. 2007 Feb;121(1):1-10
references.pmid: 17324046
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2014 Apr;11(4):385-92
references.pmid: 24562424
references.citation: Sleep. 2004 Dec 15;27(8):1479-85
references.pmid: 15683137
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;167(11):1339-48
references.pmid: 20843876
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2003 May 1;8:d878-99
references.pmid: 12700074
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2013 Apr;93(2):681-766
references.pmid: 23589831
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2009 Apr;12(4):396-7
references.pmid: 18836440
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Feb 2;31(5):1563-9
references.pmid: 21289163
references.citation: Cortex. 2013 Jan;49(1):340-7
references.pmid: 22974674
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Mar 8;21(5):R183-4
references.pmid: 21377092
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57394
references.pmid: 23451218
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Apr;23(7):1738-46
references.pmid: 16623830
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33079
references.pmid: 22457736
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2005 Sep;14(3):285-92
references.pmid: 16120103
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2013 Aug;22(4):406-13
references.pmid: 23398120
references.citation: Neuron. 2011 Apr 14;70(1):153-69
references.pmid: 21482364
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2004 Mar 15;134(1):9-21
references.pmid: 15102499
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Nov 30;444(7119):610-3
references.pmid: 17086200
references.citation: Sleep. 2011 Oct;34(10):1411-21
references.pmid: 21966073
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Nov 3;24(44):9985-92
references.pmid: 15525784
references.citation: Sleep. 2004 Dec 15;27(8):1443-5
references.pmid: 15683132
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Jan;15(1):1-25
references.pmid: 11747097
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Dec;83:658-68
references.pmid: 23770411
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16905
references.pmid: 21340034
references.citation: Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006 Jun;31(2):97-114
references.pmid: 16845599
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Apr;35(5):1154-65
references.pmid: 21167865
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Aug 1;22(15):6830-4
references.pmid: 12151563
references.citation: Learn Mem. 2012;19(7):264-7
references.pmid: 22700468
references.citation: Sleep. 2012 Jan;35(1):69-79
references.pmid: 22215920
references.citation: Sleep. 2013 Sep;36(9):1317-26
references.pmid: 23997364
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 Nov;25(5 Suppl):S57-62
references.pmid: 11682275
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;164(3):483-92
references.pmid: 17329474
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012 May;18(3):490-500
references.pmid: 22300710
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2009 Sep;18(3):304-12
references.pmid: 19702788
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2013 Oct;25(10):1597-610
references.pmid: 23767926
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb;81(2):728-35
references.pmid: 8636295
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2003 Oct;7(5):423-40
references.pmid: 14573378
references.citation: Neuron. 2013 May 8;78(3):545-53
references.pmid: 23583623
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 30;26(35):8976-82
references.pmid: 16943553
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Mar 6;33(10):4494-504
references.pmid: 23467365
references.citation: J Appl Psychol. 2000 Dec;85(6):835-47
references.pmid: 11125649
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(4):457-70
references.pmid: 11684178
references.citation: Brain Res. 2008 Jan 29;1191:127-35
references.pmid: 18164280
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Jul;37(7):987-98
references.pmid: 22153362
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2012 Dec;21(6):612-9
references.pmid: 22591117
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Dec 7;31(49):17821-34
references.pmid: 22159098
references.citation: Brain Res. 1993 Oct 29;626(1-2):190-9
references.pmid: 8281430