title: Non-influenza viruses in acute respiratory infections among young children. High prevalence of HMPV during the H1N1V.2009 pandemic in Poland.
abstract: In Poland the majority of hospitalized cases of pneumonia (annually more than 70000) were reported without determination of an aetiological agent (J18 of ICD-10), also because diagnosis of viral ARTI is limited to identification of influenza viruses or sometimes RSV.
  
  
  METHODS
  For determination the contribution of non-influenza viruses in ARTI among children, 381 nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized in period X.2008-IV.2011y. children (aged 1 day - 5 y.o.) were tested for RSV, HMPV, HEV/HRV, HPIV 1-3, HAdV, HBoV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least one viral agent was detected in 72.7% of patients. The most predominant was RSV infection (49%), followed by HEV/HRV (15.5%); HMPV (8.7%), Adenoviruses (7.4%), HPIVt.1-3 (5.8%) and HBoV (5.5%). Seven periods based on the median of examined children/month were determined: 3 with increased number of ARTI. RSV infections, diagnosed in all periods, were predominate in five periods, mainly in LRTI cases. In the 3th period - HMPV was predominant, in the 5th - HEV/HRV. It was found that clinical manifestation of HMPV infections varied depending on the period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relatively high prevalence of HBoV or HMPV cases of ARTI, especially different clinical picture in some periods (ARTI without pneumonia or bronchiolitis), indicated necessary of more detailed molecular and epidemiological studies. Also our results indicate the need for improved diagnostic capabilities of virological tests in acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Pancer
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abramczuk
authors.affiliation: The Children's Memorial Health Institute (IP-CZD), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bożena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lipka
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology National Institute of Public Health, National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogumiła
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Litwińska
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology*; D058873:Pandemics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010252:Paramyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013048:Specimen Handling