title: Compounds from Sedum caeruleum with antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is the first study on the phytochemistry, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial activities of Sedum caeruleum L. (Crassulaceae).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to isolate the secondary metabolites and determine the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial activities of S. caeruleum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six compounds (1-6) were isolated from the extracts of S. caeruleum and elucidated using UV, 1D-, 2D-NMR, and MS techniques. Antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH(•), CUPRAC, and ferrous-ions chelating assays. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes using the Ellman method. Antibacterial activity was performed according to disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated compounds were elucidated as ursolic acid (1), daucosterol (2), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), apigenin (4), apigetrin (5), and apiin (6). The butanol extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity in all tests (IC50 value: 28.35 ± 1.22 µg/mL in DPPH assay, IC50 value: 40.83 ± 2.24 µg/L in metal chelating activity, and IC50 value: 23.52 ± 0.44 µg/L in CUPRAC), and the highest BChE inhibitory activity (IC50 value: 36.89 ± 0.15 µg/L). Moreover, the chloroform extract mildly inhibited (MIC value: 80 µg/mL) the growth of all the tested bacterial strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ursolic acid (1), daucosterol (2), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), apigenin (4), apigetrin (5), and apiin (6) were isolated from Sedum caeruleum for the first time. In addition, a correlation was observed between antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of bioactive ingredients of this plant.
authors.affiliation: a Université Mentouri - Constantine, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Constantine 1 , Constantine , Algeria .
authors.forename: Chawki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bensouici
authors.affiliation: a Université Mentouri - Constantine, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Constantine 1 , Constantine , Algeria .
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabouche
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Florence , Sesto , Fiorentino (FI) , Italy , and.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karioti
authors.affiliation: c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University , Mugla , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University , Mugla , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Emin
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Florence , Sesto , Fiorentino (FI) , Italy , and.
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bilia
authors.affiliation: a Université Mentouri - Constantine, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Constantine 1 , Constantine , Algeria .
authors.forename: Zahia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kabouche
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D031963:Sedum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase
keywords: Flavonoids; phytochemistry; steroids; structure elucidation; ursolic acid