title: No deficit in neurocortical information processing in patients with cleft lip and palate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cleft lip and palate (CLP) represents the most common malformation of the midfacial region worldwide. It can be suggested that the facial stigmatization, the speech impediment, and the long-standing pressure of treatment cause a range of life stressors. Neurocortical information is influenced by physiological and psychological factors and varies significantly in patients suffering from chronic stress, anxiety, depression, or other psychopathological conditions following maladaptation. The aims of the present study were to investigate the neurocortical information processing of patients with CLP using the contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm and to evaluate secondary psychopathology, anxiety, and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five adults with CLP and 25 healthy volunteers, matched in age and gender, were investigated using recordings of the CNV. Initial CNV (iCNV), late CNV (lCNV), and total CNV (tCNV) as well as habituation slope of the iCNV were determined in each subject. Additionally, each participant had to complete the hospital anxiety and depression questionnaire (HADS) and the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with CLP did not differ significantly from healthy subjects according to any of the CNV parameters investigated. No correlations could be revealed between the measured items and the confounding factors age and gender. Additionally, there were no differences between the groups regarding depression and SCL-90-R; however, anxiety showed significant group differences on a subclinical level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that subjects with CLP show normal neurocortical information processing. It seems likely that CLP and its treatment have no impact on psychosocial functioning and neurophysiological mechanisms of attention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specific living conditions of patients with CLP do not result in disease-specific neurophysiological changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany. gassling@mkg.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gassling
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Receveur
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Niederberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia Helene
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Overath
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 26, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolf-Dieter
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siniatchkin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000523:psychology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000523:psychology*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011599:Psychopathology / Q000379:methods*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; Cleft lip; Contingent negative variation; Depression; Event-related potentials; Psychopathology
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