title: High-risk alcohol use and anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medical literature shows that alcohol consumption is common among diabetic individuals and is associated with poor adherence to treatment, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. However, no study has assessed the association between high-risk alcohol consumption and the presence of anxiety and depression in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Uberlândia, Brazil, and it assessed 209 outpatients in relation to alcohol consumption and the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms, using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, and glycemic control, according to the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association between the investigated variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of high-risk alcohol consumption (AUDIT ≥ 8) among individuals with 1DM was high, specifically 24.9% among the entire group of subjects, 12.9% among the adolescents, 14.7% among the females, and 34.6% among the males. In comparisons based on gender and age, the odds of high-risk drinking were higher among males and participants aged 30 to 40 years (33.9%). The frequency of high-risk alcohol consumption did not differ as a function of gender among adolescents (females: 9.0%, males: 16.2%; p = 0.374). There was a linear trend in proportions related to the scores of anxiety and depression symptoms with high-risk alcohol consumption scores, indicating the association of these variables (p = 0.0229 and p = 0.0262, respectively). Moreover, the odds of female subjects exhibiting anxiety and depression symptoms were higher (odds ratio - OR: 4.4 and OR: 7.4, respectively). Glycemic control did not exhibit an association between high-risk alcohol consumption and the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of high-risk drinking increased along with age and was greater among males; however, this frequency did not exhibit differences in terms of gender among adolescents. There was a positive association between high risk alcohol consumption and anxiety and depression symptoms, although glycemic control was inadequate in most of the sample independent of alcohol consumption and the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP: 38400-902 Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Knychala
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP: 38400-902 Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Luiza Mendonça Pereira
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.affiliation: Management of Nutrition and Dietetics, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG Brazil.
authors.forename: Cinara Knychala
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Muniz
authors.affiliation: Mathematics Faculty, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila Neves
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP: 38400-902 Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Tannús
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Jorge
keywords: Alcohol; Anxiety; Depression; Glycemic control; Prevalence; Type 1 diabetes mellitus
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