title: A Monte Carlo software bench for simulation of spectral k-edge CT imaging: Initial results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spectral Computed Tomography (SCT) systems equipped with photon counting detectors (PCD) are clinically desired, since such systems provide not only additional diagnostic information but also radiation dose reductions by a factor of two or more. The current unavailability of clinical PCDs makes a simulation of such systems necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we present a Monte Carlo-based simulation of a SCT equipped with a PCD. The aim of this development is to facilitate research on potential clinical applications. Our MC simulator takes into account scattering interactions within the scanned object and has the ability to simulate scans with and without scatter and a wide variety of imaging parameters. To demonstrate the usefulness of such a MC simulator for development of SCT applications, a phantom with contrast targets covering a wide range of clinically significant iodine concentrations is simulated. With those simulations the impact of scatter and exposure on image quality and material decomposition results is investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results illustrate that scatter radiation plays a significant role in visual as well as quantitative results. Scatter radiation can reduce the accuracy of contrast agent concentration by up to 15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a reliable and robust software bench for simulation of SCTs equipped with PCDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: radin.nasirudin@tum.de.
authors.forename: Radin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nasirudin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Penchev
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ernst J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rummeny
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics and Radiation Protection, University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiebich
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Noël
mesh_terms: D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Material decomposition; Monte Carlo simulation; Photon-counting detectors; Spectral CT