title: Open-source image registration for MRI-TRUS fusion-guided prostate interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We propose two software tools for non-rigid registration of MRI and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images of the prostate. Our ultimate goal is to develop an open-source solution to support MRI-TRUS fusion image guidance of prostate interventions, such as targeted biopsy for prostate cancer detection and focal therapy. It is widely hypothesized that image registration is an essential component in such systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The two non-rigid registration methods are: (1) a deformable registration of the prostate segmentation distance maps with B-spline regularization and (2) a finite element-based deformable registration of the segmentation surfaces in the presence of partial data. We evaluate the methods retrospectively using clinical patient image data collected during standard clinical procedures. Computation time and Target Registration Error (TRE) calculated at the expert-identified anatomical landmarks were used as quantitative measures for the evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presented image registration tools were capable of completing deformable registration computation within 5 min. Average TRE was approximately 3 mm for both methods, which is comparable with the slice thickness in our MRI data. Both tools are available under nonrestrictive open-source license.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We release open-source tools that may be used for registration during MRI-TRUS-guided prostate interventions. Our tools implement novel registration approaches and produce acceptable registration results. We believe these tools will lower the barriers in development and deployment of interventional research solutions and facilitate comparison with similar tools.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, fedorov@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Andriy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fedorov
authors.forename: Siavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khallaghi
authors.forename: C Antonio
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lasso
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fels
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuncali
authors.forename: Emily Neubauer
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Sugar
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: Chenxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Purang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abolmaesumi
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tempany
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D014463:Ultrasonography
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