title: Habitual physical activity and plasma metabolomic patterns distinguish individuals with low vs. high weight loss during controlled energy restriction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total weight loss induced by energy restriction is highly variable even under tightly controlled conditions. Identifying weight-loss discriminants would provide a valuable weight management tool and insights into body weight regulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study characterized responsiveness to energy restriction in adults from variables including the plasma metabolome, endocrine and inflammatory markers, clinical indices, body composition, diet, and physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a controlled feeding trial investigating the effect of 3-4 dairy product servings in an energy-restricted diet (2092 kJ/d reduction) over 12 wk. Partial least squares regression was used to identify weight-loss discriminants in 67 overweight and obese adults. Linear mixed models were developed to identify discriminant variable differences in high- vs. low-weight-loss responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both pre- and postintervention variables (n = 127) were identified as weight-loss discriminants (root mean squared error of prediction = 1.85 kg; Q(2) = 0.43). Compared with low-responders (LR), high-responders (HR) had greater decreases in body weight (LR: 2.7 ± 1.6 kg; HR: 9.4 ± 1.8 kg, P < 0.01), BMI (in kg/m(2); LR: 1.0 ± 0.6; HR: 3.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.01), and total fat (LR: 2.2 ± 1.1 kg; HR: 8.0 ± 2.1 kg, P < 0.01). Significant group effects unaffected by the intervention were determined for the respiratory exchange ratio (LR: 0.86 ± 0.05; HR: 0.82 ± 0.03, P < 0.01), moderate physical activity (LR: 127 ± 52 min; HR: 167 ± 68 min, P = 0.02), sedentary activity (LR: 1090 ± 99 min; HR: 1017 ± 110 min, P = 0.02), and plasma stearate [LR: 102,000 ± 21,000 quantifier ion peak height (QIPH); HR: 116,000 ± 24,000 QIPH, P = 0.01].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overweight and obese individuals highly responsive to energy restriction had accelerated reductions in adiposity, likely supported in part by higher lipid mobilization and combustion. A novel observation was that person-to-person differences in habitual physical activity and magnitude of weight loss were accompanied by unique blood metabolite signatures. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00858312.
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA; and.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.affiliation: West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA; and.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fiehn
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Sean H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
authors.forename: Marta D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Loan
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA; and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA john.newman@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012146:Rest; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: body composition; branched-chain amino acids; calorie restriction; metabolomics; obesity; physical activity; respiratory exchange ratio; statistical modeling; weight loss
references.citation: Patient Prefer Adherence. 2009 Nov 03;3:151-60
references.pmid: 19936157
references.citation: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(4):215-23
references.pmid: 19922035
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Mar;36(3):448-55
references.pmid: 21946707
references.citation: J Obes. 2011;2011:989657
references.pmid: 21941636
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Dec;17 Suppl 3:S34-8
references.pmid: 19927144
references.citation: Obes Res. 2001 Aug;9(8):452-61
references.pmid: 11500525
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2011 Sep;12(9):688-708
references.pmid: 21535362
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;96(6):E996-1000
references.pmid: 21470990
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Dec;111(6):1554-60
references.pmid: 21868679
references.citation: Int J Obes. 1991 Apr;15(4):283-93
references.pmid: 2071318
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Aug;51(8):2459-66
references.pmid: 12145158
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2005 Jul;115(7):1699-702
references.pmid: 16007246
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;288(4):E818-25
references.pmid: 15585590
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Feb;22(2):363-70
references.pmid: 23804562
references.citation: Health Rep. 2011 Mar;22(1):15-23
references.pmid: 21510586
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Dec;18(12):2255-9
references.pmid: 20448540
references.citation: Pediatr Obes. 2013 Feb;8(1):52-61
references.pmid: 22961720
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012 May;20(5):1122-6
references.pmid: 22016090
references.citation: Bone. 2014 Jul;64:138-46
references.pmid: 24709689
references.citation: JAMA. 2010 Oct 27;304(16):1795-802
references.pmid: 20935337
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15234
references.pmid: 21170321
references.citation: Nutrients. 2013 Sep;5(9):3352-66
references.pmid: 24067385
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Apr;17(4):448-53
references.pmid: 21423183
references.citation: Adv Nutr. 2011 Nov;2(6):445-56
references.pmid: 22332087
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Oct;17(10):1924-31
references.pmid: 19543210
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Sep;29(9):2102-7
references.pmid: 16936160
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2010 Aug;51(8):2394-404
references.pmid: 20332421
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Apr;18(4):725-35
references.pmid: 19696752
references.citation: J Physiol. 1949 Aug;109(1-2):1-9
references.pmid: 15394301
references.citation: Diabetes. 2003 Sep;52(9):2191-7
references.pmid: 12941756
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2001 Jun;17(6):520-5
references.pmid: 11395428
references.citation: Pac Symp Biocomput. 2007;:169-80
references.pmid: 17990490
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1990 Nov;259(5 Pt 1):E650-7
references.pmid: 2240203
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2010 Aug;33(4):305-14
references.pmid: 20195742
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 May;15(5):1068-75
references.pmid: 17495181
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2000 Jul 18;133(2):92-103
references.pmid: 10896648
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Nov;36(5):936-42
references.pmid: 7137077