title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the cirrhotic liver: An update.
abstract: Noninvasive imaging has become the standard for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis in cirrhotic livers. In this review paper, we go over the basics of MR imaging in cirrhotic livers and describe the imaging appearance of a spectrum of hepatic nodules marking the progression from regenerative nodules to low- and high-grade dysplastic nodules, and ultimately to HCCs. We detail and illustrate the typical imaging appearances of different types of HCC including focal, multi-focal, massive, diffuse/infiltrative, and intra-hepatic metastases; with emphasis on the diagnostic value of MR in imaging these lesions. We also shed some light on liver imaging reporting and data system, and the role of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and future MRI techniques including the use of advanced MR pulse sequences and utilization of hepatocyte-specific MRI contrast agents, and how they might contribute to improving the diagnostic performance of MRI in early stage HCC diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Mamdoh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: AlObaidy
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Velloni
authors.affiliation: Agnes Watanabe, Miguel Ramalho, Mamdoh AlObaidy, Hye Jin Kim, Fernanda G Velloni, Richard C Semelka, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510, United States.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Semelka
keywords: Dysplastic nodules; Hepatic nodules; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver imaging reporting and data system; Magnetic resonance imaging; Regenerative nodules
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