title: Dysmenorrhea Management and Coping among Students in Ghana: A Qualitative Exploration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study sought to gain an in-depth understanding of primary dysmenorrhea management and coping strategies for dysmenorrhea among adolescents and young adults who were in school.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study adopted a qualitative exploratory approach using a descriptive phenomenology to explore the phenomenon of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in two educational institutions in Accra, Ghana: a Senior High School (SHS) and a University.
  Sixteen participants were purposively recruited (8 SHS and 8 University students) through snowball sampling. Individual interviews were conducted in English, audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using content analysis procedures. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and rigor was ensured through prolonged engagement and member checking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants employed both pharmacologic (orthodox and herbal) and nonpharmacologic approaches such as warm compress, exercise, and water and diet therapy for their dysmenorrhea. Students' dysmenorrhea was managed at the school clinic and the hospital. Health professionals demonstrated negative attitudes towards dysmenorrhea management. Students coped with dysmenorrhea by planning activities before the onset of pain, receiving social and spiritual support, and developing a mind-set to bear pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individualized approaches should be employed to enhance dysmenorrhea management. Health professionals should be educated on dysmenorrhea to improve their attitude and skills for dysmenorrhea management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: aziatol@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aziato
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dedey
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Joe Nat A
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Clegg-Lamptey
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dysmenorrhea; Ghana; Menstrual pain; Pain management; Phenomenology