title: Amino acid fortified diets for weanling pigs replacing fish meal and whey protein concentrate: Effects on growth, immune status, and gut health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited availability of fish meal and whey protein concentrate increases overall feed costs. Availability of increased number of supplemental amino acids including Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Ile allows replacing expensive protein supplements to reduce feed costs. This study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate in nursery diets with 6 supplemental amino acids on growth performance and gut health of post-weaning pigs. Treatments were 1) FM-WPC: diet with fish meal (FM) and whey protein concentrate (WPC); 2) FM-AA: diet with FM and crystalline amino acids (L-Lys, L-Thr, L-Trp, DL-Met, L-Val, and L-Ile); 3) WPC-AA: diet with WPC and crystalline amino acid; and 4) AA: diet with crystalline amino acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs in FM-AA, WPC-AA, and AA had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed than pigs in FM-WPC during wk 1 (phase 1). Plasma insulin concentration of pigs in AA tended to be greater (P = 0.064) than that of FM-WPC at the end of wk 1(phase 1). Plasma concentrations of IgG in AA was lower (P < 0.05) compared with WPC-AA and FW, and FM-AA had lower (P < 0.05) IgG concentration than WPC-AA at the end of wk 1 (phase 1). Concentration of acetate in cecum digesta in FM-AA tended to be greater (P = 0.054) than that of FM-WPC and WPC-AA. Concentration of isovalerate in cecum digesta of pigs in FM-AA was greater (P < 0.05) than that of FW and WPC-AA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that use of 6 supplemental amino acids can replace fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate without adverse effects on growth performance, immune status, and gut health of pigs at d 21 to 49 of age. Positive response with the use of 6 supplemental amino acids in growth during the first week of post-weaning may due to increased plasma insulin potentially improving uptake of nutrients for protein synthesis and energy utilization. The replacement of fish meal and/or whey protein concentrate with 6 supplemental amino acids could decrease the crude protein level in nursery diets, and potentially lead to substantial cost savings in expensive nursery diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fellner
authors.affiliation: Evonik Corp, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA.
authors.forename: Sung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Amino acid; Fish meal; Growth performance; Pig; Whey protein concentrate
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