title: A novel in vitro assay for assessing efficacy and toxicity of antifungals using human leukaemic cells infected with Candida albicans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes a novel in vitro assay that simultaneously determines antifungal efficiency and host cell toxicity using suspensions of human leukaemic cells (HL-60) infected with Candida albicans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect of Candida infection on host cell viability was evaluated by the microscopy of trypan blue-stained cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The in vitro 'drug potency assay' utilized the Cell Counting Kit-8 and measured post-antifungal treatment viability of Candida-infected HL-60 cells and the ability of the antifungal treatment to prevent infection. LDH activity showed that 42% ± 4·0 and 85·3% ± 7·40 of HL-60 cells were killed following Candida infection at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 : 1 and 1 : 5, respectively. The antifungal nystatin (0·78-25 μmol l(-1) ) was found to inhibit C. albicans infection as seen by the significantly increased viability of HL-60 cells. Cytotoxicity of nystatin towards infected HL-60 cells was evident at higher concentrations and this was also confirmed by propidium iodide staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An assay using undisturbed cell suspension conditions was successfully developed for assessing the selectivity of the antifungal therapy in the host-Candida environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assay employing Candida infection of host cell suspensions represents a promising method for testing interactions of antifungal compounds with both fungal and host cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boros-Majewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk (UG) and Medical University of Gdańsk (MUG), Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Ł
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Turczyk
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milewski
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009761:Nystatin / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009761:Nystatin
keywords: antimicrobials; fungi; infection; mycology; nystatin