title: Normative Values for Grip and Pinch Strength for 6- to 19-Year-Olds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide current normative data for grip and pinch strength in children and young adults aged 6 to 19 years as well as to examine the effect of age, sex, and hand dominance on grip and pinch strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two grade schools, 2 high schools, and 1 university.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=1508; 741 male students and 767 female students) aged 6 to 19 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Means and SDs were calculated for each strength measurement (grip, tip pinch, lateral pinch, palmar pinch) and stratified by age and sex. Analysis of covariance and 2-sample t tests were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analyses demonstrated that age and sex had a significant effect on hand strength values, as evidenced by increasing hand strength with age as well as greater hand strength in males than in females. Hand dominance was not shown to have a significant effect on hand strength. The results of this study were statistically significantly different from previously published normative values, with most hand strength values being lower than those published 28 years ago.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Having updated normative data are paramount for rehabilitation practitioners to compare the grip and pinch strength of their clients with the average values to objectively assess impairment and tracking progress. The statistical significance observed for most data collected in this study as compared with those previously published supports the need for continually updating normative data.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: Victoria.mcquiddy@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: McQuiddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Carol R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Scheerer
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavalley
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: Center for Professional Excellence Research & Evidence-Based Practice, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052581:Pinch Strength / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Child; Hand strength; Pinch strength; Reference values; Rehabilitation