title: A Method to Determine the Density of Foods using X-ray Imaging.
abstract: Density of foods is an important physical property, which depends on structural properties of food. For porous foods such as baked foods, accurate measurement of density is challenging since traditional density measurement techniques are tedious, operator-dependent and incapable of precise volume measurement of foods. To overcome such limitations, a methodology was developed using both digital radiography(DR) and computed tomography(CT) x-ray imaging to directly determine density of foods. Apparent density was determined directly from x-ray linear attenuation coefficients by scanning at 40, 60, 80 kVp on DR and 45, 55, 70 kVp on CT. The apparent density can be directly determined using CT however sample thickness is needed to determine density using DR. No significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between density obtained from traditional methods, with density determined from x-ray linear attenuation coefficients. Density determined on CT for all foods with mean 0.579 g/cm3had a standard deviation, SD = 0.0367 g/cm3. Density determination using x-ray linear attenuation was found to be a more efficient technique giving results comparable with conventional techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Shivangi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana ; Epidemiology Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawai'I.
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boushey
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okos
keywords: Apparent density; computed tomography; digital radiography; porous foods; x-ray imaging; x-ray linear attenuation coefficient
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