title: Systematic calibration of an integrated x-ray and optical tomography system for preclinical radiation research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) guided small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) has been developed for focal tumor irradiation, allowing laboratory researchers to test basic biological hypotheses that can modify radiotherapy outcomes in ways that were not feasible previously. CBCT provides excellent bone to soft tissue contrast, but is incapable of differentiating tumors from surrounding soft tissue. Bioluminescence tomography (BLT), in contrast, allows direct visualization of even subpalpable tumors and quantitative evaluation of tumor response. Integration of BLT with CBCT offers complementary image information, with CBCT delineating anatomic structures and BLT differentiating luminescent tumors. This study is to develop a systematic method to calibrate an integrated CBCT and BLT imaging system which can be adopted onboard the SARRP to guide focal tumor irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The integrated imaging system consists of CBCT, diffuse optical tomography (DOT), and BLT. The anatomy acquired from CBCT and optical properties acquired from DOT serve as a priori information for the subsequent BLT reconstruction. Phantoms were designed and procedures were developed to calibrate the CBCT, DOT/BLT, and the entire integrated system. Geometrical calibration was performed to calibrate the CBCT system. Flat field correction was performed to correct the nonuniform response of the optical imaging system. Absolute emittance calibration was performed to convert the camera readout to the emittance at the phantom or animal surface, which enabled the direct reconstruction of the bioluminescence source strength. Phantom and mouse imaging were performed to validate the calibration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All calibration procedures were successfully performed. Both CBCT of a thin wire and a euthanized mouse revealed no spatial artifact, validating the accuracy of the CBCT calibration. The absolute emittance calibration was validated with a 650 nm laser source, resulting in a 3.0% difference between simulated and measured signal. The calibration of the entire system was confirmed through the CBCT and BLT reconstruction of a bioluminescence source placed inside a tissue-simulating optical phantom. Using a spatial region constraint, the source position was reconstructed with less than 1 mm error and the source strength reconstructed with less than 24% error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A practical and systematic method has been developed to calibrate an integrated x-ray and optical tomography imaging system, including the respective CBCT and optical tomography system calibration and the geometrical calibration of the entire system. The method can be modified and adopted to calibrate CBCT and optical tomography systems that are operated independently or hybrid x-ray and optical tomography imaging systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136.
authors.forename: Yidong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231.
authors.forename: Ken Kang-Hsin
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
authors.forename: Sohrab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.
authors.forename: Iulian I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Iordachita
authors.affiliation: Juravinski Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
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