title: Effects of differently activated rodent macrophages on sensory neurons: implications for arthritis pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In arthritis, macrophages invade the affected joint. Experimental arthritis models have shown that macrophages also invade the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of the inflamed segments in which the perikarya of sensory neurons are located. It is unclear whether this macrophage invasion contributes to arthritis pain and/or furthers neuronal damage. The present study was undertaken to investigate how differently activated macrophages affect DRG neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the phenotype of macrophages in the DRGs of rats with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). In a DRG neuron-macrophage coculture system, we investigated whether differently activated macrophages (stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide [LPS]/interferon-γ [IFNγ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], or interleukin-4) damage DRG neurons and/or stimulate them to release the mediator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which promotes pain and neurogenic inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophages in the DRGs of rats with AIA showed the phenotype of TNF-stimulated macrophages but did not express inducible nitric oxide synthase, which was found in cultured macrophages only after LPS/IFNγ activation. In neuron-macrophage cocultures, activation of macrophages stimulated DRG neurons to release CGRP within 1 hour, indicating neuronal activation by macrophages. Only 48-hour activation of macrophages with LPS/IFNγ increased the neuronal cell death rate in culture, provided that the macrophages were in direct contact with DRG neurons. This effect was dependent on nitric oxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrophages have the potential to stimulate sensory neurons in the DRGs, and this may contribute to arthritis pain. If they are classically activated, such as after LPS/IFNγ stimulation, this may also further neuronal cell death. This is not the case in AIA but may occur in models involving damage of sensory neurons.
authors.affiliation: Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Massier
authors.affiliation: Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eitner
authors.affiliation: Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Segond von Banchet
authors.affiliation: Jena University Hospital and Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Georg
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schaible
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide