title: Sensation-to-cognition cortical streams in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: We sought to determine whether functional connectivity streams that link sensory, attentional, and higher-order cognitive circuits are atypical in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We applied a graph-theory method to the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 120 children with ADHD and 120 age-matched typically developing children (TDC). Starting in unimodal primary cortex-visual, auditory, and somatosensory-we used stepwise functional connectivity to calculate functional connectivity paths at discrete numbers of relay stations (or link-step distances). First, we characterized the functional connectivity streams that link sensory, attentional, and higher-order cognitive circuits in TDC and found that systems do not reach the level of integration achieved by adults. Second, we searched for stepwise functional connectivity differences between children with ADHD and TDC. We found that, at the initial steps of sensory functional connectivity streams, patients display significant enhancements of connectivity degree within neighboring areas of primary cortex, while connectivity to attention-regulatory areas is reduced. Third, at subsequent link-step distances from primary sensory cortex, children with ADHD show decreased connectivity to executive processing areas and increased degree of connections to default mode regions. Fourth, in examining medication histories in children with ADHD, we found that children medicated with psychostimulants present functional connectivity streams with higher degree of connectivity to regions subserving attentional and executive processes compared to medication-naïve children. We conclude that predominance of local sensory processing and lesser influx of information to attentional and executive regions may reduce the ability to organize and control the balance between external and internal sources of information in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Center for Brain Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.|Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.affiliation: Neuroendocrinology Bakker Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elseline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoekzema
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.|Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York.
authors.forename: Francisco X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.|Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: García-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurostatistics, Cuba Neuroscience Center, Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lage-Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Center for Brain Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Koene R A
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Navas-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Kenia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.|Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desco
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.|Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sepulcre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; default mode network; resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; sensorimotor network; ventral attention network
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