title: The cost of perfection with apparent ease: Theoretical foundations and development of the Effortless Perfectionism Scale.
abstract: Effortless perfection is a term used to describe an intense pressure to be perfect without visible effort (Yee, 2003), and is thought to be linked to several indicators of maladjustment among college-age youth (Ruane, 2012; Yee, 2003). Although effortless perfectionism (EP) is a phenomenon referenced in popular culture, empirical support for this construct is needed. In addition to conceptualizing and discussing the theoretical underpinnings of EP, this paper describes the development of an instrument to assess EP: the 10-item Effortless Perfectionism scale (EPS). The responses of a large sample of students from a Midwestern university (N = 1,270) were used to develop a 1-factor measurement model for the EPS. The EPS showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and demonstrated convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity in relation to other perfectionism scales, as a predictor of psychosocial adjustment, and as a mediator of the effects of gender on adjustment. The present study supports the reliability and construct validity of the EPS as a self-report measure of EP, a distinct type of perfectionism that warrants future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Lea V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Edin T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Fred B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Colleen S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bohnert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072639:Perfectionism; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011582:Psychological Theory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult