title: Molecular cartography of the human skin surface in 3D.
abstract: The human skin is an organ with a surface area of 1.5-2 m(2) that provides our interface with the environment. The molecular composition of this organ is derived from host cells, microbiota, and external molecules. The chemical makeup of the skin surface is largely undefined. Here we advance the technologies needed to explore the topographical distribution of skin molecules, using 3D mapping of mass spectrometry data and microbial 16S rRNA amplicon sequences. Our 3D maps reveal that the molecular composition of skin has diverse distributions and that the composition is defined not only by skin cells and microbes but also by our daily routines, including the application of hygiene products. The technological development of these maps lays a foundation for studying the spatial relationships of human skin with hygiene, the microbiota, and environment, with potential for developing predictive models of skin phenotypes tailored to individual health.
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouslimani
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering and.
authors.forename: Mingxun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Yurong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, and.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, and.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg-Lyon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, and.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
authors.forename: Gitte Julie
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Moeller Christensen
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, and Departments of.
authors.forename: Teruaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakatsuji
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, and Departments of.
authors.forename: Lingjuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, and Departments of.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Borkowski
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, and Departments of.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Computational Mass Spectrometry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; pdorrestein@ucsd.edu bandeira@ucsd.edu robknight@ucsd.edu theodore.alexandrov@embl.de.
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering and School of Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309; pdorrestein@ucsd.edu bandeira@ucsd.edu robknight@ucsd.edu theodore.alexandrov@embl.de.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Industrial Mathematics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany; SCiLS GmbH, 28359 Bremen, Germany; and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany pdorrestein@ucsd.edu bandeira@ucsd.edu robknight@ucsd.edu theodore.alexandrov@embl.de.
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alexandrov
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; pdorrestein@ucsd.edu bandeira@ucsd.edu robknight@ucsd.edu theodore.alexandrov@embl.de.
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 16S rRNA; 3D mapping; human skin; mass spectrometry
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