title: Intrapleural alteplase decreases parapneumonic effusion volume in children more than saline irrigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this prospective, double-blind, randomized crossover trial, we determined the effect of intrapleural fibrinolysis with alteplase compared to that of normal saline irrigation on the thoracostomy tube output and pleural effusion volume in children with complicated parapneumonic effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty seven children, median age 3.5 years, referred to the interventional radiology service for thoracostomy tube drainage of a parapneumonic effusion were studied. Seventeen patients with pleural fluid thickness greater than 2 cm or >20% ipsilateral chest volume after 8 hr of thoracostomy tube drainage entered the treatment arm. They were randomized to receive alteplase 0.1 mg/kg twice a day on days 1 and 3, or on days 2 and 4, with normal saline irrigation on the alternate days. Daily pleural fluid volume measured by low dose chest computed tomography (CT) and thoracostomy tube output was compared between the saline and alteplase groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to normal saline irrigation, alteplase irrigation resulted in increased thoracostomy tube drainage and to a greater decline in pleural fluid volume. Earlier alteplase administration resulted in increased fluid mobilization compared to administration later in the hospital course. There were no bleeding complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrapleural fibrinolysis with alteplase safely increases pleural drainage and decreases the volume of pleural inflammatory debris compared to intrapleural administration of normal saline. The benefit of intrapleural alteplase on decreasing the volume of pleural inflammatory debris occurs for up to 72 hr with repeated twice daily dosing.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Sheila J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Havens
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Pippa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Melodee L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D013907:Thoracostomy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator
keywords: empyema; fibrinolysis; pediatric; pleural effusion