title: Altered white matter in cocaine-dependent subjects with traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a useful technique for non-invasively investigating the microstructural organization of white matter (WM), and the most consistent DTI finding regarding cocaine-related WM alterations is in the corpus callosum (CC). WM injury has also been observed in subjects with traumatic brain injury (TBI), including in the CC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used DTI to test if the WM microstructure is relatively more impaired in cocaine-dependent subjects who had suffered a mild TBI (mTBI). Fractional anisotropy (FA), which reflects the degree of alignment of cellular structures within fiber tracts and their structural integrity, was compared across cocaine-dependent subjects with mTBI (COCTBI group, n = 9), matched cocaine-dependent subjects without TBI (COC group, n = 12), and matched healthy controls (CTL group, n = 12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The COCTBI group had significantly lower FA in the genu, body, and splenium of CC, than the CTL group whenever the education was controlled or not. The COC group had significantly lower FA in the left and right anterior corona radiata than the CTL group only when the education was controlled. There was no significant difference in FA between the COC and COCTBI groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine dependence (or mTBI) related WM impairments in the CC were not detectable in this small subject sample. The significant finding in the CC suggests that the concurrence of cocaine dependence and mTBI might result in more severe damage to the CC, which could even be detected in small sample size.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Radiology, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: lma@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Liangsuo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keyser-Marcus
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ponnada A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Randall E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: F Gerard
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: David X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Cifu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000473:pathology; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Cocaine dependence; Diffusion tensor imaging; TBSS; Traumatic brain injury
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 Jan 1;44(1):83-98
references.pmid: 18501637
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Aug 15;62(2):782-90
references.pmid: 21979382
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Winter;14(1):1-5
references.pmid: 11884647
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2014 Mar 30;221(3):220-30
references.pmid: 24507117
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Feb;110(1):40-8
references.pmid: 11261398
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Jan 1;92(1-3):164-72
references.pmid: 17904770
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Rev. 2007 Mar;26(2):201-14
references.pmid: 17364856
references.citation: Am J Addict. 2015 Jun;24(4):341-7
references.pmid: 25662909
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Nov;37(9 Pt A):2037-46
references.pmid: 23628740
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011 Apr 1;114(2-3):159-68
references.pmid: 21075564
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2007 Apr 15;154(3):253-8
references.pmid: 17321725
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Oct 1;104(3):262-7
references.pmid: 19595517
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2009 Mar 31;171(3):242-51
references.pmid: 19217266
references.citation: Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2003 Jan-Mar;13(1-2):165-88
references.pmid: 21854333
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 Nov;20(3):1714-22
references.pmid: 14642481
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Sep;50(3):589-98
references.pmid: 12939767
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2009 Jul;26(7):1077-82
references.pmid: 19203230
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Apr 15;55(4):1454-60
references.pmid: 21238597
references.citation: Front Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 30;3:77
references.pmid: 22969732
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2006 Jul;56(1):130-7
references.pmid: 16755537
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 May;22(5):952-8
references.pmid: 11337342
references.citation: Med Image Anal. 2001 Jun;5(2):143-56
references.pmid: 11516708
references.citation: Stat Med. 2002 Oct 15;21(19):2917-30
references.pmid: 12325108
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2013 Aug 30;213(2):161-8
references.pmid: 23769420
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 15;31(4):1487-505
references.pmid: 16624579
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 1;36(3):630-44
references.pmid: 17481925
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2006 Oct;23(10):1412-26
references.pmid: 17020479
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Feb 1;54(3):2006-19
references.pmid: 20955803
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2014 Mar 1;31(5):466-75
references.pmid: 24224684
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Jun;35(7):1541-9
references.pmid: 20393459
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Jan 1;39(1):336-47
references.pmid: 17931890
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 Mar;30(3):610-7
references.pmid: 15637640
references.citation: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Nov-Dec;34(11):2064-74
references.pmid: 23306011
references.citation: NeuroRehabilitation. 2012;31(3):281-93
references.pmid: 23093455
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2013 Jul 30;213(1):47-55
references.pmid: 23693086
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Mar 30;181(3):174-82
references.pmid: 20153142
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Nov;17(3):143-55
references.pmid: 12391568
references.citation: Neuroimage Clin. 2015;7:87-97
references.pmid: 25610770
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11591
references.pmid: 20661285
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Nov;17(3):1429-36
references.pmid: 12414282
references.citation: J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992;9(3):199-213
references.pmid: 1334156
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Jul;6(7):750-7
references.pmid: 12808459
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Apr 15;65(8):680-90
references.pmid: 19103436