title: Determination of high-intensity sweeteners in river water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: High-intensity sweeteners have been suggested as potential organic contaminants due to their widespread use in food, drugs and sanitary products. As a consequence, they are introduced into the environment by different pathways, affecting aquatic life. In this study, a method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) has been developed and validated for the determination of eight sweeteners (saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, sucralose, stevioside and glycyrrhizic acid) in river water and wastewater. To get the maximum recoveries in SPE, several commercial sorbents were tested and Oasis HLB gave the best results, with recoveries higher than 41% for all of the compounds in the different matrices. Method limits of detection were in the range of 0.001-0.04μg/L in river water and 0.01-0.5μg/L in influent and effluent wastewater. Method reproducibility between days (n=5) was below 15% for all compounds. The method was applied to the determination of sweeteners in various river waters and wastewaters in Catalonia. Cyclamate, aspartame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, acesulfame and sucralose were found in river water, with the two last compounds being present at the highest values (1.62μg/L for acesulfame and 3.57μg/L for sucralose). In influent and effluent wastewater, all of the compounds were found at concentration levels ranging from 0.05 to 155μg/L except for stevioside and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, which were not detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel-lí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arbeláez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel-lí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrull
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel-lí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain. Electronic address: eva.pocurull@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pocurull
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel-lí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marcé
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Amide polar-embedded reversed-phase column; Liquid chromatography; River water and wastewater; Solid phase extraction; Sweeteners; Tandem mass spectrometry