title: Diagnosis and management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: While UTUC is relatively uncommon, it has an aggressive natural history and poor prognosis, which has not substantially improved over the past two decades. Nevertheless, continued research has led to the discovery of risk factors improving the prevention and early detection of UTUC. Although RNU remains the standard treatment for localized invasive UTUC, nephron-sparing surgery for selected patients has made considerable progress in the recent years. The stagnation in the prognosis of UTUC over the past two decades highlights the necessity for incorporating multimodal approaches including refinements in systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy to attain better outcomes for patients with UTUC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland. Electronic address: luccaila@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lucca
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Urology, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Leow
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Rd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Urology, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Chemotherapy; Kidney neoplasms; Nephroureterectomy; Radiotherapy; Upper tract urothelial carcinoma; Ureteral neoplasms; Urothelial carcinoma