title: Anthrax in injecting drug users: the need for increased vigilance in the clinic.
abstract: The emergence of a previously unrecognized route of Bacillus anthracis infection over the last few years has led to concern: sporadic anthrax outbreaks among heroin users in northern Europe have demonstrated the severe pathology associated with the newly described 'injectional anthrax'. With a high case fatality rate and non-specific early symptoms, this is a novel clinical manifestation of an old disease. Lack of awareness of this syndrome among emergency room clinicians can lead to a delayed diagnosis among heroin users; indeed, for many health workers in developed countries, where infection by B. anthracis is rare, this may be the first time they have encountered anthrax infections. As the putative route of contamination of the heroin supply is potentially ongoing, it is important that clinicians and public health workers remain vigilant for early signs of injectional anthrax.
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Compton, UK.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ascough
authors.forename: Daniel Martin
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Altmann
mesh_terms: D000881:Anthrax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004340:Drug Contamination; D055030:Drug Users; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003932:Heroin
keywords: edema factor; heroin; injectional anthrax; intravenous drug use; lethal factor; protective antigen