title: Twilight dominates over moonlight in adjusting Drosophila's activity pattern.
abstract: Light is the most important zeitgeber for the synchronization of the Drosophila melanogaster circadian clock. In nature, there is twilight, and the nights are rarely completely dark, a fact that is usually disregarded in lab experiments. Recent studies showed contrary effects of simulated twilight and moonlight on fly locomotor activity, with twilight shifting morning and evening activity into the day and moonlight shifting it into the night. A currently unanswered question is, what may happen to locomotor activity when flies are exposed to more natural conditions in which both moonlight and twilight are simulated? Our data demonstrate that flies are able to integrate twilight and moonlight. However, twilight seems to dominate over moonlight as both, morning and evening activity peaks, take place at dawn or at dusk, respectively, and not during the night. Furthermore, nocturnal activity decreases in the presence of twilight. The compound eyes are essential for this behavior, and by investigating different photoreceptor mutants, we unraveled the importance of photoreceptor cells 7 and 8 for wild-type phases of the activity peaks. To adjust nocturnal activity levels to a wild-type manner, all photoreceptor cells work together in a complex way, with rhodopsin 6 having a prominent role.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlichting
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grebler
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Menegazzi
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany charlotte.foerster@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Helfrich-Förster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001683:Biological Clocks; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003624:Darkness; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D017440:Photoperiod; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000502:physiology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D012243:Rhodopsin
keywords: circadian clock; entrainment; moonlight; rhodopsins; twilight