title: Cerebral cartography and connectomics.
abstract: Cerebral cartography and connectomics pursue similar goals in attempting to create maps that can inform our understanding of the structural and functional organization of the cortex. Connectome maps explicitly aim at representing the brain as a complex network, a collection of nodes and their interconnecting edges. This article reflects on some of the challenges that currently arise in the intersection of cerebral cartography and connectomics. Principal challenges concern the temporal dynamics of functional brain connectivity, the definition of areal parcellations and their hierarchical organization into large-scale networks, the extension of whole-brain connectivity to cellular-scale networks, and the mapping of structure/function relations in empirical recordings and computational models. Successfully addressing these challenges will require extensions of methods and tools from network science to the mapping and analysis of human brain connectivity data. The emerging view that the brain is more than a collection of areas, but is fundamentally operating as a complex networked system, will continue to drive the creation of ever more detailed and multi-modal network maps as tools for on-going exploration and discovery in human connectomics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA osporns@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sporns
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
keywords: brain connectivity; brain mapping; connectome; fMRI
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 1998 Dec 1;2(12):474-84
references.pmid: 21227298
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2015 Jan 15;105:525-35
references.pmid: 25462790
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2007 Apr;17(4):816-25
references.pmid: 16707738
references.citation: Chaos. 2013 Dec;23(4):046111
references.pmid: 24387590
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2012 Feb;22(1):144-53
references.pmid: 21908183
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014 Oct 5;369(1653). pii: 20130526. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0526
references.pmid: 25180304
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 20;110(34):13982-7
references.pmid: 23924609
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 1;31(22):8259-70
references.pmid: 21632947
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 14;106(28):11747-52
references.pmid: 19564605
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2014 Aug;24(8):2036-54
references.pmid: 23476025
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2011;1(1):3-12
references.pmid: 22432951
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Apr 29;360(1456):651-2
references.pmid: 15937005
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Jan 16;505(7483):309-17
references.pmid: 24429629
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 18;28(25):6453-8
references.pmid: 18562616
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 May 15;41(1):45-57
references.pmid: 18367410
references.citation: Cell. 2014 May 8;157(4):773-5
references.pmid: 24813604
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 22;104(21):8685-90
references.pmid: 17502601
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1999 Apr-May;9(3):277-99
references.pmid: 10355908
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 1991 Jan-Feb;1(1):1-47
references.pmid: 1822724
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Sep;62(3):1732-49
references.pmid: 22699045
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Aug;20(8):519-34
references.pmid: 20471808
references.citation: Nature. 2014 May 15;509(7500):331-6
references.pmid: 24805243
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 15;80:53-61
references.pmid: 23528922
references.citation: Neuroinformatics. 2004;2(3):353-60
references.pmid: 15365196
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2011 Jun;105(6):2753-63
references.pmid: 21430278
references.citation: Cortex. 2014 Feb;51:56-66
references.pmid: 24315034
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Jun;93 Pt 2:292-7
references.pmid: 24374078
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12788-93
references.pmid: 22807481
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2014 May;17(5):652-60
references.pmid: 24686784
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Apr;23(2):162-71
references.pmid: 23294553
references.citation: Front Neuroinform. 2009 Oct 30;3:37
references.pmid: 19949480
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2013 May;36(5):268-74
references.pmid: 23561718
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 9;107(10):4734-9
references.pmid: 20176931
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jul 15;111(28):10341-6
references.pmid: 24982140
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 14;111(2):833-8
references.pmid: 24379387
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 May 1;60(4):2096-106
references.pmid: 22343126
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Oct 20;437(7062):1173-8
references.pmid: 16189514
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Jun;93 Pt 2:276-91
references.pmid: 23876247
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Aug;3(8):606-16
references.pmid: 12154362
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2013;3(3):223-39
references.pmid: 23402339
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2010 Jan;103(1):297-321
references.pmid: 19889849
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2014 Oct 30;236:51-7
references.pmid: 25149109
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Sep;8(9):700-11
references.pmid: 17704812
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):168-74
references.pmid: 23925239
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Nov 15;102 Pt 2:283-93
references.pmid: 25109527
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2006 Oct;16(10):1418-30
references.pmid: 16306320
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Feb 22;32(8):2703-13
references.pmid: 22357854
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Apr 1;75(7):565-73
references.pmid: 24629669
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1986 Nov 12;314(1165):1-340
references.pmid: 22462104
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Mar;88:212-27
references.pmid: 24185018
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2014 Sep;24(9):2436-48
references.pmid: 23599164
references.citation: Cell. 2014 Feb 27;156(5):1096-111
references.pmid: 24581503
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Jul 20;442(7100):259-64
references.pmid: 16855581
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 Aug 29;356(1412):1159-86
references.pmid: 11545697
references.citation: Neuron. 2010 Jul 15;67(1):156-70
references.pmid: 20624599
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Jul 9;34(28):9202-12
references.pmid: 25009254
references.citation: Front Neurosci. 2014 Jun 11;8:138
references.pmid: 24999315
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014 Oct;15(10):683-95
references.pmid: 25186238
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2011;1(1):13-36
references.pmid: 22432952
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Apr 16;34(16):5552-63
references.pmid: 24741045
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jun 1;56(3):1202-21
references.pmid: 21182971
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):183-8
references.pmid: 21390125
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Mar 16;31(11):4087-100
references.pmid: 21411650
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2013;3(2):121-45
references.pmid: 23442172
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Apr 17;33(16):6782-90
references.pmid: 23595737
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2016 Jan;26(1):288-303
references.pmid: 25316338
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 Jan;10(1):e1003427
references.pmid: 24415931
references.citation: Neuron. 2011 Nov 17;72(4):665-78
references.pmid: 22099467
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 15;80:360-78
references.pmid: 23707587
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 9;110(15):6169-74
references.pmid: 23530246
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 May;13(5):351-8
references.pmid: 22353782
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Mar;10(3):186-98
references.pmid: 19190637
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 15;54(2):875-91
references.pmid: 20817103
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Sep;52(3):1059-69
references.pmid: 19819337
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2012 Jul;22(7):1586-92
references.pmid: 21893683
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2011;1(3):169-83
references.pmid: 22433046
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Dec;17(12):683-96
references.pmid: 24231140
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Sep;45:100-18
references.pmid: 24875392
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Jun;73:239-54
references.pmid: 22846632
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2015 Mar;25(3):667-79
references.pmid: 24084128
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2013 May;10(5):413-20
references.pmid: 23524393
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):177-82
references.pmid: 21390124
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):391-9
references.pmid: 22996553
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Jan 28;29(4):1175-90
references.pmid: 19176826
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2011 Aug;8(8):665-70
references.pmid: 21706013
references.citation: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2004 Feb;69(2 Pt 2):026113
references.pmid: 14995526
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Jul 1;6(7):e159
references.pmid: 18597554
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Mar 28;32(13):4386-99
references.pmid: 22457489
references.citation: Nature. 1988 Sep 22;335(6188):311-7
references.pmid: 3047584
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Nov 15;43(3):554-61
references.pmid: 18771736
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Sep 7;101(36):13335-40
references.pmid: 15340158
references.citation: Neuron. 2010 Feb 25;65(4):550-62
references.pmid: 20188659
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(8):e1002582
references.pmid: 22915996
references.citation: Neuroimage Clin. 2014;4:779-87
references.pmid: 24936428
references.citation: Neuron. 2014 Mar 19;81(6):1328-43
references.pmid: 24656252
references.citation: Neuron. 2013 Jun 19;78(6):1116-26
references.pmid: 23791200
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Apr 15;90:335-47
references.pmid: 24384152
references.citation: Neuron. 2014 Oct 22;84(2):262-74
references.pmid: 25374354
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 4;106(31):13040-5
references.pmid: 19620724
references.citation: Science. 2012 Jul 27;337(6093):437-44
references.pmid: 22837521
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):175-81
references.pmid: 23925240
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2013 Jun;10(6):524-39
references.pmid: 23722212
references.citation: Neuroinformatics. 2005;3(1):65-78
references.pmid: 15897617
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Apr 10;508(7495):207-14
references.pmid: 24695228
references.citation: Cell. 2013 Jan 17;152(1-2):109-19
references.pmid: 23332749
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Jan 11;21(1):1-11
references.pmid: 21129968
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000408
references.pmid: 19521503
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):1238411
references.pmid: 24179229
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 10;106(6):2035-40
references.pmid: 19188601
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2014 May;10(5):e1003591
references.pmid: 24830758
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2014 Sep;11(9):941-50
references.pmid: 25068736
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2011 Sep;106(3):1125-65
references.pmid: 21653723
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 10;31(32):11597-616
references.pmid: 21832190
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jan 15;54(2):1262-79
references.pmid: 20850551
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 May 24;91(11):5033-7
references.pmid: 8197179
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Mar 26;110(13):5187-92
references.pmid: 23479610
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013 Feb;23(1):119-26
references.pmid: 23246238
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jul 9;110(28):11583-8
references.pmid: 23798414
references.citation: Front Syst Neurosci. 2014 Jul 30;8:132
references.pmid: 25126060
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 Apr;16(4):219-30
references.pmid: 22440830
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 23;106(25):10302-7
references.pmid: 19497858
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 26;104(26):11073-8
references.pmid: 17576922
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2013 Jul;16(7):832-7
references.pmid: 23799476
references.citation: Neuron. 2012 Jun 21;74(6):970-4
references.pmid: 22726828
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 12;107(41):17757-62
references.pmid: 20837536
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Sep 15;58(2):339-61
references.pmid: 21477655
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2014 Nov;17(11):1500-9
references.pmid: 25151264
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Apr;6(4):e1000748
references.pmid: 20421990
references.citation: Neuron. 2014 Jul 2;83(1):238-51
references.pmid: 24991964
references.citation: Nature. 2007 May 3;447(7140):83-6
references.pmid: 17476267
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Jan 1;84:888-900
references.pmid: 24055506
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2005 Sep;1(4):e42
references.pmid: 16201007
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Jan;12(1):43-56
references.pmid: 21170073
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 12;104(24):10240-5
references.pmid: 17548818
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2014 Nov;17(11):1440-1
references.pmid: 25349909
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2014 Mar;24(3):663-76
references.pmid: 23146964
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2013 Jun;10(6):491-3
references.pmid: 23722207
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Apr 29;360(1456):733-50
references.pmid: 15937010