title: Consequences of household air pollution on child survival: evidence from demographic and health surveys in 47 countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over one-third of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution (HAP) but the separate effects of cooking with solid fuel and kerosene on childhood mortality are unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of both solid fuels and kerosene on neonatal (0-28 days) and child (29 days-59 months) mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Demographic and Health Surveys from 47 countries and calculated adjusted relative risks (aRR) using Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aRR of neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to solid fuels were 1.24 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.34) and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.30), respectively, and the aRR for neonatal and child mortality in households exposed to kerosene were 1.34 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.52) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.27), controlling for individual, household, and country-level predictors of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kerosene should not be classified as a clean fuel. Neonates are at risk for mortality from exposure to solid fuels and kerosene.
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kleimola
authors.forename: Archana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Jitesh A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Borkar
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hibberd
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007648:Kerosene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013534:Survival
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels; D007648:Kerosene
keywords: Biomass; Child mortality; Cooking fuel; Household air pollution; Indoor air pollution; Low and middle income countries; Neonatal mortality; Solid fuels
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