title: Effects of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism: a systematic review.
abstract: Chondrocytes reorganize the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in response to externally applied loads. Thereby, different loading characteristics lead to different biological responses. Despite of active research in this area, it is still unclear which parts of the extracellular matrix adapt in what ways, and how specific loading characteristics affect matrix changes. This review focuses on the influence of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. It also aimed to identify anabolic or catabolic chondrocyte responses to different loading protocols. The key findings show that loading cells up to 3% strain, 0.17 Hz, and 2 h, resulted in weak or no biological responses. Loading between 3-10% strain, 0.17-0.5 Hz, and 2-12 h led to anabolic responses; and above 10% strain, 0.5 Hz, and 12 h catabolic events predominated. However, this review also discusses that various other factors are involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in response to loading, and that parameters like an inflammatory environment might influence the biological response.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bleuel
authors.affiliation: Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaucke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Gert-Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niehoff
mesh_terms: D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2011 May;344(2):333-40
references.pmid: 21484414
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1980 Jun;127(2):470-4
references.pmid: 7379874
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1997 Jan;5(1):49-62
references.pmid: 9010878
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(1):173-81
references.pmid: 16403503
references.citation: Bone. 2003 Oct;33(4):685-93
references.pmid: 14555274
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Nov;37(11):1924-30
references.pmid: 16286863
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Oct;44(10):2311-9
references.pmid: 11665971
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009 Aug;19(4):457-69
references.pmid: 19538538
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004 Mar;86(2):286-95
references.pmid: 15046449
references.citation: Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2000 Sep;4 Suppl 2:S479-84
references.pmid: 11094520
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Aug;36(8):1103-10
references.pmid: 8343186
references.citation: Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2008 Nov;222(8):1235-45
references.pmid: 19143417
references.citation: Acta Med Okayama. 2008 Apr;62(2):119-26
references.pmid: 18464888
references.citation: J Struct Biol. 2008 Jun;162(3):397-403
references.pmid: 18406170
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Jul;287(1):C1-11
references.pmid: 15189819
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1996 Mar;4(1):23-34
references.pmid: 8731393
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2003;5(2):94-103
references.pmid: 12718749
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2001 May;80(5):1416-20
references.pmid: 11437211
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1991 Aug;113(3):245-58
references.pmid: 1921350
references.citation: J Biomech. 1995 Dec;28(12):1529-41
references.pmid: 8666592
references.citation: Int J Mol Med. 2005 Dec;16(6):1083-8
references.pmid: 16273290
references.citation: Matrix Biol. 2004 Oct;23(6):381-91
references.pmid: 15533759
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010 Apr;93(1):373-80
references.pmid: 19569218
references.citation: Bone Miner. 1988 Jul;4(3):225-36
references.pmid: 2847838
references.citation: Eur J Cell Biol. 2000 Sep;79(9):601-9
references.pmid: 11043401
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Feb;41(2):274-83
references.pmid: 9485085
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):1916-26
references.pmid: 11014341
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001 Aug;9(6):539-52
references.pmid: 11520168
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Nov;50(11):3541-8
references.pmid: 15529376
references.citation: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2004 May-Jun;40(5-6):138-42
references.pmid: 15479117
references.citation: J Biomech. 2014 Mar 21;47(5):1004-13
references.pmid: 24480705
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 1996 Feb;44(2):133-41
references.pmid: 8609369
references.citation: J Lab Clin Med. 1997 Aug;130(2):209-15
references.pmid: 9280149
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(4):786-94
references.pmid: 16698026
references.citation: Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2014 Jan;13(1):227-36
references.pmid: 23708875
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Oct;469(10):2764-72
references.pmid: 21344272
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 2004 Jun;53(6):239-44
references.pmid: 15167970
references.citation: Br Med Bull. 2008;87:77-95
references.pmid: 18676397
references.citation: Gene. 2007 Dec 1;404(1-2):101-9
references.pmid: 17913398
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2006 Jan;27(2):226-33
references.pmid: 16011844
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2005 Jan;84(1):64-8
references.pmid: 15615878
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1983 Jan;172(1):93-8
references.pmid: 6828458
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Feb;65(3):395-413
references.pmid: 17965830
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Nov;48(11):3151-8
references.pmid: 14613277
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(6):R203
references.pmid: 22151902
references.citation: Ann Biomed Eng. 2004 Mar;32(3):435-46
references.pmid: 15095818
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 Dec;20(12):1603-9
references.pmid: 22954457
references.citation: Biorheology. 2000;37(1-2):67-74
references.pmid: 10912179
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1994 May;12(3):311-20
references.pmid: 8207584
references.citation: Experientia. 1982 Aug 15;38(8):979-81
references.pmid: 6751851
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Jul 1;165(1):453-60
references.pmid: 10861084
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Aug 15;163(4):2187-92
references.pmid: 10438960
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 Oct;29(5):389-94
references.pmid: 11071247
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Oct;14(10):1023-32
references.pmid: 16731008
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999 Jan;7(1):59-70
references.pmid: 10367015
references.citation: Arthritis Res. 2002;4(1):30-5
references.pmid: 11879535
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 1985 Apr;75:35-42
references.pmid: 3900107
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Mar;56(3):882-91
references.pmid: 17328061
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2001 Apr 2;153(1):35-46
references.pmid: 11285272
references.citation: FASEB J. 1992 Apr;6(7):2397-404
references.pmid: 1563592
references.citation: Eur Cell Mater. 2006;12:49-56; discussion 56
references.pmid: 17068722
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1980 Aug;102(3):214
references.pmid: 19530803
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 Feb;19(2):213-21
references.pmid: 21087676
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Jul;16(7):764-71
references.pmid: 18182309
references.citation: Mod Rheumatol. 2004 Sep;14(4):296-300
references.pmid: 24387648
references.citation: Mol Med Rep. 2011 Sep-Oct;4(5):831-5
references.pmid: 21674130
references.citation: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2000;2:691-713
references.pmid: 11701528
references.citation: J Biomech. 1999 Dec;32(12):1287-95
references.pmid: 10569707
references.citation: J Biomech. 2013 Feb 1;46(3):554-60
references.pmid: 23089458
references.citation: Biorheology. 2002;39(1-2):237-46
references.pmid: 12082286
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Oct;56(10):3284-96
references.pmid: 17907174
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010 Feb;92(2):801-5
references.pmid: 19280634
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Mar;16(3):385-91
references.pmid: 17920939
references.citation: J Biomech. 2004 Dec;37(12):1923-8
references.pmid: 15519600
references.citation: J Biomech. 2009 Aug 7;42(11):1692-6
references.pmid: 19446815
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1995 Dec;221(2):496-503
references.pmid: 7493650
references.citation: Arthritis Res. 2002;4 Suppl 3:S39-49
references.pmid: 12110122
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct;33(10):901-8
references.pmid: 7921748
references.citation: J Biomech. 1995 Sep;28(9):1055-66
references.pmid: 7559675
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(3):R106
references.pmid: 20509944
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2006 Aug;24(8):1782-90
references.pmid: 16795046
references.citation: Biorheology. 2000;37(1-2):109-16
references.pmid: 10912183
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 1997 Dec 15;237(2):318-25
references.pmid: 9434627
references.citation: Connect Tissue Res. 2005;46(4-5):227-34
references.pmid: 16546826
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993 Apr;22(5):307-18
references.pmid: 8511595
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Oct;(427 Suppl):S89-95
references.pmid: 15480081
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Mar;347(3):613-27
references.pmid: 22030892
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2012 Jul;30(7):1026-31
references.pmid: 22180348
references.citation: Ann Biomed Eng. 2008 May;36(5):793-800
references.pmid: 18278554
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1995 May;13(3):410-21
references.pmid: 7602402
references.citation: Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2011 Dec;9(4):237-42
references.pmid: 21858507
references.citation: J Biomech. 2000 Jan;33(1):3-14
references.pmid: 10609513
references.citation: Am J Med Sci. 1998 Sep;316(3):162-8
references.pmid: 9749557
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2008 Feb;87(2):153-8
references.pmid: 18218842
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1999 Nov;17(6):836-42
references.pmid: 10632450