title: Antipsychotic prescriptions in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder in Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare, 2007-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipsychotic medications have been increasingly prescribed for off-label uses, including treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given limited knowledge about their use in returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with PTSD, we explored rates of antipsychotic use in this population and correlations with sociodemographic, military service, and psychiatric factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with a PTSD diagnosis based on ICD-9-CM codes enrolled in Veterans Administration care between January 1, 2007, and September 30, 2011, were followed through September 30, 2012. Patients with a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were excluded. Poisson regression models evaluated factors associated with prescriptions for antipsychotic versus other psychiatric medications (primary outcome).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of our study population was 29.3 years, and 9.4% were women. Of 186,460 veterans with PTSD diagnoses examined, 19.9% received no psychiatric medications, and the remainder received psychiatric medications that excluded (61.2%) or included (18.9%) antipsychotics. In adjusted models, several factors were independently associated with antipsychotic use, including male sex (adjusted relative risk = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.20-1.30) and enlisted rank (1.44; 95% CI, 1.35-1.53). Increased likelihood of antipsychotic prescribing was associated with suicidal ideation (4.77; 95% CI, 4.59-4.95) and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses including personality disorder (4.27; 95% CI, 4.09-4.46), drug use disorder (3.56; 95% CI, 3.43-3.69), and alcohol use disorder (2.75; 95% CI, 2.65-2.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial minority of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans diagnosed with PTSD received antipsychotics. Male veterans, those of enlisted rank, and those with suicidal ideation and psychiatric comorbidities were more likely to receive antipsychotics than other types of psychiatric medications. Providers should be cautious about antipsychotic use, given their known metabolic risks and questionable benefits for PTSD.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco VA Medical Center, Box 111A1, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94120 Beth.Cohen@va.gov.
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Neylan
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maguen
authors.forename: Karen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Seal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents