title: Multisite evaluations of a T2 -relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) MRI technique to measure brain oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous oxygenation (Yv ) is an important index of brain physiology and may be indicative of brain diseases. A T2 -relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) MRI technique was recently developed to measure Yv . A multisite evaluation of this technique would be an important step toward broader availability and potential clinical utilizations of Yv measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  TRUST MRI was performed on a total of 250 healthy subjects, 125 from the developer's site and 25 each from five other sites. All sites were equipped with a 3 Tesla (T) MRI of the same vendor. The estimated Yv and the standard error (SE) of the estimation εYv were compared across sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The averaged Yv and εYv across six sites were 61.1% ± 1.4% and 1.3% ± 0.2%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the estimated Yv was dependent on age (P = 0.009) but not on performance site. In contrast, the SE of the Yv estimation was site-dependent (P = 0.024) but was less than 1.5%. Further analysis revealed that εYv was positively associated with the amount of subject motion (P < 0.001) but negatively associated with blood signal intensity (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests that TRUST MRI can yield equivalent results of Yv estimation across different sites.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Peiying
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.|MR clinical science, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.affiliation: MR clinical science, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Center for Adolescent Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jacinda K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dariotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dumas
authors.affiliation: MR clinical science, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Department of Radiology, Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Maclntosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tucholka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.|Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Shaolin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Hanzhang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: TRUST; blood oxygenation; brain; venous oxygenation
references.citation: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004 May;31(5):635-43
references.pmid: 14730405
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1998 Sep;40(3):348-55
references.pmid: 9727936
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2007 Jan;57(1):115-26
references.pmid: 17191227
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Sep;52(3):679-82
references.pmid: 15334591
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1996 Aug;40(2):216-26
references.pmid: 8773603
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Jan;65(1):120-7
references.pmid: 20740655
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Aug;60(2):364-72
references.pmid: 18666103
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2014 Mar;27(3):332-40
references.pmid: 24399806
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 1991 May-Jun;1(3):275-83
references.pmid: 1802140
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Mar;67(3):669-78
references.pmid: 21713981
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2008 Aug;60(2):357-63
references.pmid: 18666116
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1948 Jul;27(4):484-92
references.pmid: 16695569
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Dec;83:135-47
references.pmid: 23769703
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Jul;68(1):198-204
references.pmid: 22127845
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Jan;67(1):42-9
references.pmid: 21590721
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 Sep;34(9):2078-88
references.pmid: 22461234
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9403-8
references.pmid: 10430955
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2011 Jun;21(6):1426-34
references.pmid: 21051551
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2014 Jun;27(6):726-32
references.pmid: 24757009
references.citation: JAMA Neurol. 2014 Oct;71(10):1255-65
references.pmid: 25110966
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2012 Nov;68(5):1458-71
references.pmid: 22294414
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014 Mar;34(3):380-8
references.pmid: 24326385
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2013 Mar 1;69(3):675-81
references.pmid: 22517498
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Dec;66(6):1550-62
references.pmid: 21674615
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006 Jan;26(1):48-57
references.pmid: 15988475
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 17;95(4):1834-9
references.pmid: 9465103
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jan;31(1):58-67
references.pmid: 20842164
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Apr;33(4):940-9
references.pmid: 21448961
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 1984 Feb;25(2):177-87
references.pmid: 6610032
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999 Dec;19(12):1289-95
references.pmid: 10598932
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012 Mar;32(3):403-12
references.pmid: 22252237
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Feb;65(2):471-9
references.pmid: 21264936
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2000 Aug;41(8):1357-62
references.pmid: 10945527
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2014 Mar;71(3):978-89
references.pmid: 23568830
references.citation: Nat Med. 1998 Feb;4(2):159-67
references.pmid: 9461188
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010 Sep;30(9):1598-607
references.pmid: 20407465
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2001 Nov-Dec;14(7-8):441-7
references.pmid: 11746936
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 1997;5(5):341-6
references.pmid: 20408238
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012 Oct;32(10):1909-18
references.pmid: 22739621
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2009 Jul;62(1):141-8
references.pmid: 19353674
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1996 Nov;16(6):1236-49
references.pmid: 8898697
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Feb;36(2):707-16
references.pmid: 25324201
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2014 Sep;98:176-83
references.pmid: 24814209
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2010 May-Jun;15(3):037004
references.pmid: 20615033