title: Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update.
abstract: In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pesaresi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cermenati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tetel
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal, C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Miguel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Segura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: roberto.melcangi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Roberto C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Melcangi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013256:Steroids
keywords: Metabolism; Neuroprotection; Peripheral neuropathy; Progesterone; Steroidogenesis; Testosterone
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1999 May 15;56(4):349-57
references.pmid: 10340743
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1999 Jun 18;70(1):36-44
references.pmid: 10381541
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 1999 Jul 1;57(1):124-30
references.pmid: 10397642
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Dec 15;19(24):RC46
references.pmid: 10594090
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2000 Feb;60(3):291-308
references.pmid: 10658644
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Apr;32(2-3):380-412
references.pmid: 10760549
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Jul;11(7):2283-95
references.pmid: 10888668
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001 May 20;90(1):75-82
references.pmid: 11376858
references.citation: J Neurocytol. 2000 May-Jun;29(5-6):327-39
references.pmid: 11424949
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2001;132:31-40
references.pmid: 11544999
references.citation: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2001;46:145-76
references.pmid: 11599299
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Nov;37(1-3):343-59
references.pmid: 11744099
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Nov;37(1-3):372-82
references.pmid: 11744101
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2001 Dec 30;97(2):137-48
references.pmid: 11750070
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jun;301(3):1067-78
references.pmid: 12023539
references.citation: Brain Res. 2002 Jul 12;943(2):283-6
references.pmid: 12101051
references.citation: J Neurosci Res. 2002 Aug 15;69(4):509-18
references.pmid: 12210844
references.citation: Microsurgery. 2002;22(6):234-41
references.pmid: 12375289
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;283(5):E1067-75
references.pmid: 12376336
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2003 Jan;84(1):119-26
references.pmid: 12485408
references.citation: Microsurgery. 2003;23(1):49-55
references.pmid: 12616519
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2003 Nov;44(11):2039-48
references.pmid: 12923232
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Oct;24(6):853-60
references.pmid: 12927767
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2003 Sep;71(1):3-29
references.pmid: 14611864
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2003 Sep;71(1):57-66
references.pmid: 14611868
references.citation: Glia. 2004 Feb;45(3):213-28
references.pmid: 14730695
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2003 Dec;184(2):930-8
references.pmid: 14769385
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1007:340-8
references.pmid: 14993067
references.citation: Brain Res. 2004 May 8;1007(1-2):65-70
references.pmid: 15064136
references.citation: Horm Behav. 2004 May;45(5):339-44
references.pmid: 15109908
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Jul 5;126(1):67-73
references.pmid: 15207917
references.citation: Lancet. 2004 Jun 26;363(9427):2151-61
references.pmid: 15220040
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;66(5):1223-35
references.pmid: 15280444
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2004;24(2):217-26
references.pmid: 15456935
references.citation: J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005 Jul;74(1):589-600
references.pmid: 15793833
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Apr 20;25(16):4004-13
references.pmid: 15843602
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005 Apr;48(2):328-38
references.pmid: 15850671
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Jul;6(7):565-75
references.pmid: 15959466
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2005 Oct;46(10):2182-91
references.pmid: 16024916
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2005 Nov;126(11):1159-63
references.pmid: 16045970
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jul 10;402(1-2):150-3
references.pmid: 16626861
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2006 Sep;147(9):4339-50
references.pmid: 16763064
references.citation: Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006 Aug;27(8):402-9
references.pmid: 16822554
references.citation: Neuron. 1990 Mar;4(3):449-60
references.pmid: 1690568
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2007 Feb 23;144(4):1293-304
references.pmid: 17187935
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 May;64(9):1158-68
references.pmid: 17417742
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2007;31(2):149-57
references.pmid: 17478888
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2008 Mar-Apr;52(4-5):560-8
references.pmid: 17686551
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Mar;65(5):777-97
references.pmid: 18038216
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2008 Mar;34(3):249-53
references.pmid: 18193358
references.citation: Histochem Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;129(4):525-33
references.pmid: 18204852
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2008 Aug 26;155(3):673-85
references.pmid: 18625290
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2008 Oct 15;582(23-24):3396-400
references.pmid: 18789330
references.citation: Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;8(6):740-6
references.pmid: 18929681
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 23;105(51):20505-10
references.pmid: 19075249
references.citation: J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2009 Mar;14(1):36-44
references.pmid: 19335538
references.citation: Horm Behav. 2010 Jan;57(1):46-55
references.pmid: 19422828
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Dec;34 Suppl 1:S169-77
references.pmid: 19577851
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Oct;89(2):134-52
references.pmid: 19595736
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2009 Dec 1;164(2):520-9
references.pmid: 19665520
references.citation: Pain. 2009 Dec 15;147(1-3):54-9
references.pmid: 19786322
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Apr 14;166(4):1101-9
references.pmid: 20096333
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010 Sep;67(17):3017-34
references.pmid: 20431905
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2010 Sep;92(1):33-41
references.pmid: 20438798
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Oct;335(1):190-6
references.pmid: 20647494
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2010 Nov;22(11):1137-47
references.pmid: 20819120
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 8;30(36):11896-901
references.pmid: 20826654
references.citation: Pain. 2011 Jan;152(1):170-81
references.pmid: 21071147
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2011 Apr;228(2):215-21
references.pmid: 21241692
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Sep 15;191:1-5
references.pmid: 21704130
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jun 29;31(26):9620-9
references.pmid: 21715627
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Dec 29;199:401-9
references.pmid: 21945035
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2012 Feb;53(2):300-10
references.pmid: 22158827
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2012 May;24(5):789-97
references.pmid: 22175770
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2012 Jan;24(1):1-15
references.pmid: 22188420
references.citation: Front Neurosci. 2012 Feb 08;6:10
references.pmid: 22347156
references.citation: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2011 Dec 27;2:104
references.pmid: 22654839
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2012 Nov;117(5):1102-12
references.pmid: 23023156
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem. 1990 Jan;35(1):145-8
references.pmid: 2308325
references.citation: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013 Apr;9(4):241-50
references.pmid: 23438839
references.citation: Brain Res. 2013 May 28;1512:1-8
references.pmid: 23473841
references.citation: J Endocrinol Invest. 2013 Jun;36(6):435-43
references.pmid: 23609963
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2013 Jul;154(7):2421-33
references.pmid: 23610132
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 2013 Dec;48(3):715-28
references.pmid: 23625315
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 May 15;33(20):8891-7
references.pmid: 23678130
references.citation: EMBO Mol Med. 2013 Jun;5(6):891-903
references.pmid: 23681668
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Oct;38(10):2278-90
references.pmid: 23706961
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2013 Nov;25(11):1209-18
references.pmid: 23795583
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2013 Oct;154(10):3784-95
references.pmid: 23913445
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Feb;113:70-8
references.pmid: 23948490
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Feb;113:56-69
references.pmid: 23958466
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Aug 14;8(8):e71258
references.pmid: 23967175
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Feb;113:1-5
references.pmid: 24121112
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2014 Feb;113:79-87
references.pmid: 24215796
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2014 Aug;50(2):235-43
references.pmid: 24273088
references.citation: J Endocrinol. 2014 Mar 07;221(1):1-13
references.pmid: 24424289
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2013 Nov;25(11):957-63
references.pmid: 24580855
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014 Sep;143:115-21
references.pmid: 24607810
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 2014 Sep;121(3):632-43
references.pmid: 24781496
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014 Sep;231(17):3503-3515
references.pmid: 24800894
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jul 02;9(7):e101450
references.pmid: 24988461
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2014 Dec;62(12):835-45
references.pmid: 25141866
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2014 Nov 4;20(5):910-918
references.pmid: 25440061
references.citation: Pharmacogenomics. 2015 Jan;16(1):5-22
references.pmid: 25560467
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1983 May;80(2):279-87
references.pmid: 6840238
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1982 Jul;77(1):129-41
references.pmid: 7084387
references.citation: Brain Res. 1995 Feb 6;671(1):83-94
references.pmid: 7728537
references.citation: Science. 1995 Jun 9;268(5216):1500-3
references.pmid: 7770777
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996 Apr;58(1):77-82
references.pmid: 8809188
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 1997 Nov;9(11):2236-47
references.pmid: 9464919
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1998 Feb 2;391(1):78-86
references.pmid: 9527543
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1998 Jul;85(2):569-78
references.pmid: 9622253
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Sep 1;95(18):10459-64
references.pmid: 9724725
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1998 Oct;71(4):1765-8
references.pmid: 9751213
references.citation: Histochem J. 1998 Oct;30(10):731-9
references.pmid: 9874000