title: Landscape ecology and epidemiology of malaria associated with rubber plantations in Thailand: integrated approaches to malaria ecotoping.
abstract: The agricultural land use changes that are human-induced changes in agroforestry ecosystems and in physical environmental conditions contribute substantially to the potential risks for malaria transmission in receptive areas. Due to the pattern and extent of land use change, the risks or negatively ecosystemic outcomes are the results of the dynamics of malaria transmission, the susceptibility of human populations, and the geographical distribution of malaria vectors. This review focused basically on what are the potential effects of agricultural land use change as a result of the expansion of rubber plantations in Thailand and how significant the ecotopes of malaria-associated rubber plantations (MRP) are. More profoundly, this review synthesized the novel concepts and perspectives on applied landscape ecology and epidemiology of malaria, as well as approaches to determine the degree to which an MRP ecotope as fundamental landscape scale can establish malaria infection pocket(s). Malaria ecotoping encompasses the integrated approaches and tools applied to or used in modeling malaria transmission. The scalability of MRP ecotope depends upon its unique landscape structure as it is geographically associated with the infestation or reinfestation of Anopheles vectors, along with the attributes that are epidemiologically linked with the infections. The MRP ecotope can be depicted as the hotspot such that malaria transmission is modeled upon the MRP factors underlying human settlements and movement activities, health behaviors, land use/land cover change, malaria vector population dynamics, and agrienvironmental and climatic conditions. The systemic and uniform approaches to malaria ecotoping underpin the stratification of the potential risks for malaria transmission by making use of remotely sensed satellite imagery or landscape aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), global positioning systems (GPS), and geographical information systems (GIS).
authors.affiliation: Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoinformatics, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wuthichai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kaewwaen
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rajthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand ; Center for Ecohealth Education and Research (CEER), Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.
authors.forename: Adisak
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9208-9350
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhumiratana
references.citation: Malar J. 2014 Jan 21;13:24
references.pmid: 24443824
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Mar;76(3):450-60
references.pmid: 17360867
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 1998 Jul;35(4):435-45
references.pmid: 9701925
references.citation: IEEE Trans Cybern. 2014 Sep;44(9):1605-18
references.pmid: 25137689
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jul;104(7):453-60
references.pmid: 20346477
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010 Jul;41(4):821-30
references.pmid: 21073056
references.citation: Travel Med Infect Dis. 2013 Jan-Feb;11(1):37-50
references.pmid: 23200406
references.citation: Int J Health Geogr. 2010 Oct 27;9:54
references.pmid: 20979609
references.citation: Int J Health Geogr. 2013 Mar 01;12:10
references.pmid: 23452759
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 1998 Jun;28(6):935-45
references.pmid: 9673872
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2014 May 17;14:463
references.pmid: 24884534
references.citation: J Vector Borne Dis. 2014 Sep;51(3):211-5
references.pmid: 25253214
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35 Suppl 2:22-5
references.pmid: 15906629
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2000 Apr;5(4):263-74
references.pmid: 10810021
references.citation: Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):281-4
references.pmid: 11303102
references.citation: Adv Parasitol. 2012;78:97-167
references.pmid: 22520442
references.citation: Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2014;2014:969531
references.pmid: 25349605
references.citation: Aviat Space Environ Med. 2003 Apr;74(4):487-8
references.pmid: 12688458
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jan 03;9(1):e85725
references.pmid: 24404206
references.citation: J Trop Med. 2012;2012:595948
references.pmid: 22363350
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jul;81(1):5-12
references.pmid: 19556558
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2012 Dec 27;12:1115
references.pmid: 23270377
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;14(10):1533-8
references.pmid: 18826815
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;673:184-99
references.pmid: 20632538
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:363417
references.pmid: 23865048
references.citation: Indian J Malariol. 1951 Mar;5(1):135-61
references.pmid: 14917423
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 1995 May;103(5):458-64
references.pmid: 7656875
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Jan;74(1):3-11
references.pmid: 16407338
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jan;120(1):77-84
references.pmid: 21900078
references.citation: Malar J. 2014 Sep 19;13:371
references.pmid: 25233886
references.citation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2009 Dec;25(4):425-30
references.pmid: 20099588
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Nov 29;362(9398):1792-8
references.pmid: 14654317
references.citation: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012 Nov;43(6):1313-25
references.pmid: 23413693
references.citation: J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996 Mar;12(1):75-83
references.pmid: 8723262
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(6):e1649
references.pmid: 22720097
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Mar 4;111(9):3286-91
references.pmid: 24596427
references.citation: J Med Entomol. 2003 Nov;40(6):876-81
references.pmid: 14765665
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58210
references.pmid: 23483997
references.citation: Parasitology. 2012 Dec;139(14):1870-87
references.pmid: 23036435
references.citation: BMJ. 1997 Sep 27;315(7111):805-9
references.pmid: 9345177
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2012 Dec;136(6):907-25
references.pmid: 23391787