title: Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Anthocyanin, a natural antioxidant, has been reported to reduce oxidative stress and to attenuate insulin resistance and diabetes in animal models; however, the translation of these observations to humans has not been fully tested.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the effects of purified anthocyanins on dyslipidemia, oxidative status, and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 58 diabetic patients were given 160 mg of anthocyanins twice daily or placebo (n = 29/group) for 24 wk in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anthocyanin supplementation significantly decreased serum LDL cholesterol (by 7.9%; P < 0.05), triglycerides (by 23.0%; P < 0.01), apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 (by 16.5%; P < 0.05), and apo C-III (by 11.0%; P < 0.01) and increased HDL cholesterol (by 19.4%; P < 0.05) compared with placebo after the 24-wk intervention. In addition, patients in the anthocyanin group showed higher total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power values than did patients in the placebo group (both P < 0.05). Serum concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and carbonylated proteins in patients in the anthocyanin group were significantly less than in patients in the placebo group (23.4%, 25.8%; P < 0.01 and 20%; P = 0.022, respectively). Furthermore, supplementation with anthocyanin lowered fasting plasma glucose (by 8.5%; P < 0.05) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (by 13%; P < 0.05), and elevated serum adiponectin (by 23.4%; P < 0.01) and β-hydroxybutyrate (by 42.4%; P = 0.01) concentrations compared with placebo supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that anthocyanin supplementation exerts beneficial metabolic effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes by improving dyslipidemia, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and preventing insulin resistance. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02317211.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ruifang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Guangzhou, China; and Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China xiamin@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48 / Q000097:blood; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D008041:Linoleic Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; C024348:13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; D015237:Dinoprost; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: anthocyanin; antioxidant capacity; dyslipidemia; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes