title: The Pathogen of the Great Barrier Reef Sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile Is a New Strain of Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Containing Abundant and Diverse Virulence-Related Genes.
abstract: Sponge diseases have increased dramatically, yet the causative agents of disease outbreaks have eluded identification. We undertook a polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the only confirmed sponge pathogen and identified it as a novel strain of Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and gyraseB (gyrB) gene sequences along with phenotypic characteristics demonstrated that strain NW4327 was most closely related to P. agarivorans. DNA-DNA hybridization and in silico genome comparisons established NW4327 as a novel strain of P. agarivorans. Genes associated with type IV pili, mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pili, and curli formation were identified in NW4327. One gene cluster encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, HlyD and TolC, and two clusters related to the general secretion pathway indicated the presence of type I secretion system (T1SS) and type II secretion system (T2SS), respectively. A contiguous gene cluster of at least 19 genes related to type VI secretion system (T6SS) which included all 13 core genes was found. The absence of T1SS and T6SS in nonpathogenic P. agarivorans S816 established NW4327 as the virulent strain. Serine proteases and metalloproteases of the classes S8, S9, M4, M6, M48, and U32 were identified in NW4327, many of which can degrade collagen. Collagenase activity in NW4327 and its absence in the nonpathogenic P. agarivorans KMM 255(T) reinforced the invasiveness of NW4327. This is the first report unambiguously identifying a sponge pathogen and providing the first insights into the virulence genes present in any pathogenic Pseudoalteromonas genome. The investigation supports a theoretical study predicting high abundance of terrestrial virulence gene homologues in marine bacteria.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
authors.forename: Jayanta D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Arnab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Lyndon E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
authors.forename: Ratan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gachhui
authors.forename: Joydeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics; D019295:Computational Biology; D057894:Coral Reefs; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000235:genetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000382:microbiology*; D031161:Pseudoalteromonas / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011793:Queensland; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D045726:Metalloproteases; D057057:Serine Proteases; D017364:Collagenases; D027081:DNA Gyrase
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