title: Comparative assessment of three cleanup procedures after QuEChERS extraction for determination of trichothecenes (type A and type B) in processed cereal-based baby foods by GC-MS.
abstract: A QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method was optimized and validated for the simultaneous extraction of 12 trichothecenes (type A and type B) from baby foods, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Using this methodology, limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.37 to 19.19 μg/kg and 1.24 to 63.33 μg/kg, respectively, were achieved. Mean recoveries between 44% and 135% were obtained and repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, was always lower than 29%. A comparison between the developed method and two alternative cleanup procedures (MultiSep and IAC--immunoaffinity columns) was performed, being the advantages and drawbacks of each one presented. The screening of nine commercially available cereal-based baby foods revealed the presence of 4 out of 12 studied trichothecenes: DON (deoxynivalenol), 15AcDON (15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol), T2-Tetrol and NEO (Neosolaniol). DON was the most commonly found, being detected in 4 samples in significant levels (29-270 μg/kg), sometimes exceeding the maximum permitted level. 15AcDON, T2-Tetrol and NEO were found only in one sample each.
authors.affiliation: LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: sara.cunha@ff.up.pt.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cunha
mesh_terms: D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; C016009:neosolaniol; C046760:15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Baby foods; Contaminants; Mycotoxins; QuEChERS; Trichothecenes