title: Perspectives on glenohumeral joint contractures and shoulder dysfunction in children with perinatal brachial plexus palsy.
abstract: Shoulder joint deformities continue to be a challenging aspect of treating upper plexus lesions in children with perinatal brachial plexus palsy (PBPP). It is increasingly recognized that PBPP affects the glenohumeral joint specifically, and that abnormal scapulothoracic movements are a compensatory development. The pathophysiology and assessment of glenohumeral joint contractures, the progression of scapular dyskinesia and skeletal dysplasia, and current shoulder imaging techniques are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Fondren Orthopedic Group, 7401 South Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: gharbaoui@fondren.com.
authors.forename: Idris S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gharbaoui
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Houston, 6977 Main St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Gogola
authors.affiliation: Aaron & Winthrop Hand Therapy Services Inc., 2723 Amherst, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
authors.forename: Dorit H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Aaron
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, 3551 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kozin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries*; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003286:Contracture / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016916:Joint Deformities, Acquired / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint
keywords: Brachial plexus; Glenohumeral angles; Perinatal brachial plexus palsy; Scapular dyskinesia; Shoulder contracture