title: Genetic conflict reflected in tissue-specific maps of genomic imprinting in human and mouse.
abstract: Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process that restricts gene expression to either the maternally or paternally inherited allele. Many theories have been proposed to explain its evolutionary origin, but understanding has been limited by a paucity of data mapping the breadth and dynamics of imprinting within any organism. We generated an atlas of imprinting spanning 33 mouse and 45 human developmental stages and tissues. Nearly all imprinted genes were imprinted in early development and either retained their parent-of-origin expression in adults or lost it completely. Consistent with an evolutionary signature of parental conflict, imprinted genes were enriched for coexpressed pairs of maternally and paternally expressed genes, showed accelerated expression divergence between human and mouse, and were more highly expressed than their non-imprinted orthologs in other species. Our approach demonstrates a general framework for the discovery of imprinting in any species and sheds light on the causes and consequences of genomic imprinting in mammals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Babak
authors.affiliation: University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: DeVeale
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yiqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kim R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kukurba
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jin Billy
authors.identifier: 0000000307131399
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van der Kooy
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hunter B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Fraser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015870:Gene Expression; D015894:Genome, Human; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009928:Organ Specificity; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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