title: The effect of depression on serum VEGF level in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Growing evidence suggests that angiogenesis might represent a new pathogenic mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among angiogenic cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in AD patients have been evaluated, but the results are controversial among studies. We investigated serum levels of VEGF in AD patients with depression, AD patients without depression, and the controls, respectively. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between VEGF, depression, and cognitive impairment in AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating), MMSE-KC (the Mini-Mental Status Examination-Korean version), and SGDS-K (the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form) were measured in the subjects. Serum VEGF levels were measured in 24 AD patients with depression, 25 AD patients without depression, and 26 controls, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum VEGF levels in AD patients with depression were significantly higher than AD patients without depression or the control. A correlation was observed between VEGF and scores on SGDS-K, but no correlation was detected between VEGF and MMSE-KC scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum VEGF levels in AD patients with depression were higher than those without depression. Depression might be associated with changes in serum levels of VEGF in AD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea ; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: JaeHoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: SoYeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea ; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: KyungHee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea ; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: YooSun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daeyoung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: SangKyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: KyungChan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: JunSub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-704, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: DoHoon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998 Nov 12;62(1):101-5
references.pmid: 9795165
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;19(1):1-10
references.pmid: 15383738
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;24(4):288-93
references.pmid: 17717415
references.citation: Acta Neurol Scand. 2007 Jul;116(1):56-8
references.pmid: 17587256
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2005 Mar;57(3):373-80
references.pmid: 15732116
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2007 Sep;194(1):182-8
references.pmid: 17141247
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Jan;33(1):88-109
references.pmid: 17851537
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Jun;16(6):469-77
references.pmid: 18515691
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 12;105(32):11352-7
references.pmid: 18682560
references.citation: Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(4):231-40
references.pmid: 17308387
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 May 15;13(10):2825-30
references.pmid: 17504979
references.citation: Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008 Nov-Dec;47(3):302-10
references.pmid: 17936377
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Feb 1;33(1):146-9
references.pmid: 19059450
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e3590
references.pmid: 19177163
references.citation: Mt Sinai J Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;77(1):82-102
references.pmid: 20101718
references.citation: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2010 Sep;117(9):1119-22
references.pmid: 20690032
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:26
references.pmid: 21439035
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;21(4):1077-87
references.pmid: 21504132
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;24(6):461-72
references.pmid: 21926624
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Jan;136(1-2):181-4
references.pmid: 21862441
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 7;38(2):116-20
references.pmid: 22449478
references.citation: Pharmacogenomics J. 2012 Aug;12(4):328-41
references.pmid: 21383773
references.citation: Croat Med J. 2012 Aug;53(4):350-6
references.pmid: 22911528
references.citation: Expert Rev Neurother. 2012 Nov;12(11):1339-50
references.pmid: 23234395
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2013 May;34(5):1412-5
references.pmid: 23182805
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2013 Apr 25;146(3):319-27
references.pmid: 23057970
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Aug;47(8):1080-7
references.pmid: 23684549
references.citation: CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013 Jul;19(7):469-76
references.pmid: 23575378
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;18(9):963-74
references.pmid: 23439482
references.citation: J Rehabil Med. 2013 Sep;45(8):808-14
references.pmid: 24002318
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2013 Oct;126(4):479-97
references.pmid: 24052108
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Sep;17(9):1409-17
references.pmid: 24636631
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 May 5;275(18):13802-11
references.pmid: 10788502
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2002 Mar-Apr;23(2):237-43
references.pmid: 11804709
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002 Mar-Apr;10(2):125-8
references.pmid: 11925273
references.citation: Cancer. 2002 Aug 15;95(4):808-15
references.pmid: 12209725
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Feb 15;361(9357):605-8
references.pmid: 12598159
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2004 Apr;79(1-3):81-95
references.pmid: 15023483
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2004 Sep;57(3):297-305
references.pmid: 15507257
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1982 Jun;140:566-72
references.pmid: 7104545
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Oct 29;359(6398):843-5
references.pmid: 1279431
references.citation: Biochem J. 1997 Nov 15;328 ( Pt 1):179-83
references.pmid: 9359850