title: Cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with caustic ingestion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) have risk taking behavior and are more prone to sustaining injury. It is aimed to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with caustic ingestion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety two children with a history of nonsuicidal caustic ingestion (CI, n=46) and healthy subjects (HS, n=46) admitted to pediatric surgery department were enrolled into the study. Patients in groups were evaluated for age, sex, number of siblings and educational status of the parents. Before filling the questionnaires, the children were undergone flexible endoscopy and treated accordingly. Conners Parents Rating Scale-revised long form (CPRS-R:L), validated for Turkish Children, was used to evaluate the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children. Parents rate their child's behavior with a four-point Likert scale. Subscales of CPRS-R:L including cognitive problems/inattention (CG/I), hyperactivity (H), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder index (AD/HD-I), Conners' Global Index-discomfort-impulsivity (CGI-DI), DSM-IV-symptom subscale-inattention (DSMIV, SS-I), DSM-IV-symptom subscale-hyperactivity-impulsivity (DSM-IV, SS-HI), DSMIV-symptom subscale-total score (DSM-IV SS-T) were used to determine the severity of the AD/HD symptom. Demographic features and cognitive/behavioral characteristics of children with caustic ingestion were compared with healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patients was 4 (2-14 years) in both CI and HS groups. Female male ratio was 13:33 in CI and 12:34 in HS. Sixty seven percent of patients were preschool children (younger than 5 years of age) in both CI and HS groups. There was no difference between groups for number of siblings (p>0.05). Parents of HS group had higher educational status than parents in CI (p<0.05). When subscale scores of CPRS-R:L compared between CI and HS groups, CI group had higher CGI-DI scores than HS (p<0.05). Children younger than five years of age had higher scores of H, emotional instability and total CG/I in CI than HS group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with caustic ingestion had impulsiveness behavior when compared to healthy children. In addition to impulsivity, hyperactivity can be also assessed as a risk factor for caustic ingestion in children younger than 5years of age. We suggest that association between AD/HD behavior and risk of sustaining injuries was also confirmed for caustic ingestion in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Çakmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülnur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Göllü
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Boybeyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gönül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Küçük
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sertçelik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin Dere
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Günal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey. Electronic address: soyer.tutku@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tutku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kırıkkale University School of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Orhan M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Koçak
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aytül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Çakmak
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistic, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şirin
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Çetin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bingöl-Koloğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydın
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yağmurlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dindar
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Birim Günay
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kılıç
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002424:Caustics / Q000506:poisoning*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002424:Caustics
keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; caustic ingestion; children