title: Microbiota at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the microbiota at implants and adjacent teeth 10 years after placement of implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plaque samples obtained from the deepest sites of 504 implants and of 493 adjacent teeth were analyzed for certain bacterial species associated with periodontitis, for staphylococci, for aerobic gram-negative rods, and for yeasts using nucleic acid-based methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Species known to be associated with periodontitis were detectable at 6.2-78.4% of the implants. Significantly higher counts at implants in comparison with teeth were assessed for Tannerella forsythia, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum, and Campylobacter rectus. Higher counts of periodontopathogenic species were detectable at implants of current smokers than at those of non-smokers. In addition, those species were found in higher quantities at implants of subjects with periodontitis. The prevalence of Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, C. rectus, and moreover of Staphylococcus warneri might be associated with peri-implant inflammation. Selected staphylococcal species (not Staphylococcus aureus), aerobic gram-negative rods, and yeasts were frequently detected, but with the exception of S. warneri, they did not show any association with periodontal or peri-implant diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking and periodontal disease are risk factors for colonization of periodontopathic bacteria at implants. Those bacterial species may play a potential role in peri-implant inflammation. The role of S. warneri needs further validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ramseier
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Brägger
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Giovanni E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Salvi
mesh_terms: D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: dental implants; long-term follow-up; microbiota; mucositis; peri-implantitis