title: Ancient inland human dispersals from Myanmar into interior East Asia since the Late Pleistocene.
abstract: Given the existence of plenty of river valleys connecting Southeast and East Asia, it is possible that some inland route(s) might have been adopted by the initial settlers to migrate into the interior of East Asia. Here we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVS variants of 845 newly collected individuals from 14 Myanmar populations and 5,907 published individuals from 115 populations from Myanmar and its surroundings. Enrichment of basal lineages with the highest genetic diversity in Myanmar suggests that Myanmar was likely one of the differentiation centers of the early modern humans. Intriguingly, some haplogroups were shared merely between Myanmar and southwestern China, hinting certain genetic connection between both regions. Further analyses revealed that such connection was in fact attributed to both recent gene flow and certain ancient dispersals from Myanmar to southwestern China during 25-10 kya, suggesting that, besides the coastal route, the early modern humans also adopted an inland dispersal route to populate the interior of East Asia.
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China [3] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Hua-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China [3] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Jiao-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Li-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Li-Qin
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Qing-Peng
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China [2] KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D002052:Myanmar; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
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