title: Human, oceanographic and habitat drivers of central and western Pacific coral reef fish assemblages.
abstract: Coral reefs around US- and US-affiliated Pacific islands and atolls span wide oceanographic gradients and levels of human impact. Here we examine the relative influence of these factors on coral reef fish biomass, using data from a consistent large-scale ecosystem monitoring program conducted by scientific divers over the course of >2,000 hours of underwater observation at 1,934 sites, across ~40 islands and atolls. Consistent with previous smaller-scale studies, our results show sharp declines in reef fish biomass at relatively low human population density, followed by more gradual declines as human population density increased further. Adjusting for other factors, the highest levels of oceanic productivity among our study locations were associated with more than double the biomass of reef fishes (including ~4 times the biomass of planktivores and piscivores) compared to islands with lowest oceanic productivity. Our results emphasize that coral reef areas do not all have equal ability to sustain large reef fish stocks, and that what is natural varies significantly amongst locations. Comparisons of biomass estimates derived from visual surveys with predicted biomass in the absence of humans indicated that total reef fish biomass was depleted by 61% to 69% at populated islands in the Mariana Archipelago; by 20% to 78% in the Main Hawaiian islands; and by 21% to 56% in American Samoa.
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ivor D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America; Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heenan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Katharine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America; Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marc O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Nadon
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Brainard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D057894:Coral Reefs; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009791:Oceanography; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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