title: Risk factors associated with retinal hemorrhage in suspected abusive head trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors associated with retinal hemorrhage (RH) in pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT) suspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of children aged 0-3 years hospitalized for suspected AHT from January 2007 to November 2011 were retrospectively reviewed in this case-control study. Children were classified into case and control groups based on RH presence. Medical history, presenting symptoms, reasons, and characteristics of injury were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 168 children (104 males) were included. Of these, 103 were classified as cases and 65 as controls. The mean age (with standard deviation) was 9.3 ± 8.3 months (range, 1 day-36 months). Of the 103 cases, 22 (21%) had subretinal hemorrhage, 9 (9%) had retinoschisis, and 1 (1%) had vitreous hemorrhage. Children presenting with lethargy or altered mental status (P < 0.0001), subdural hemorrhage (P < 0.0001), and other radiologic findings (eg, cerebral ischemia, diffuse axonal injury, hydrocephalus, or solid organ injury; P = 0.01546) were likely to have RH. All 23 children with skull or nonskull fracture without intracranial hemorrhage did not have RH (P < 0.0001 both categories).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal hemorrhages were almost never found in the absence of intracranial hemorrhage and not found in the setting of fracture without intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Zachary N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Clinton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thurber
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Alice Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; Moran Pediatric Eye Clinic, an affiliate of the Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston.
authors.forename: Kartik S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Garvin H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: judianne.kellaway@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Judianne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kellaway
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D041441:Retinoschisis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology
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