title: Diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer (BCa) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable natural history. Most patients (70%) present with superficial tumors (stages Ta, T1, or carcinoma in situ). However, 3 out of 10 patients present with muscle-invasive disease (T2-4) with a high risk of death from distant metastases. Moreover, roughly between 50% and 70% of superficial tumors do recur, and approximately 10% to 20% of them progress to muscle-invasive disease. However, BCa has a relatively low ratio of mortality versus incidence of new cases. In consequence, there is the danger of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, ASB II-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: qtrinh@partners.org.
authors.forename: Quoc-Dien
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Biomarkers; Bladder cancer; Cystoscopy; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Staging; Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder