title: The effect of a high-egg diet on cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg (DIABEGG) study-a 3-mo randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously published research that examined the effects of high egg consumption in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) produced conflicting results leading to recommendations to limit egg intake. However, people with T2D may benefit from egg consumption because eggs are a nutritious and convenient way of improving protein and micronutrient contents of the diet, which have importance for satiety and weight management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to determine whether a high-egg diet (2 eggs/d for 6 d/wk) compared with a low-egg diet (<2 eggs/wk) affected circulating lipid profiles, in particular high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in overweight or obese people with prediabetes or T2D.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 140 participants were randomly assigned to one of the 2 diets as part of a 3-mo weight maintenance study. Participants attended the clinic monthly and were instructed on the specific types of foods and quantities to be consumed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the change in HDL cholesterol from screening to 3 mo between groups; the mean difference (95% CI) between high- and low-egg groups was +0.02 mmol/L (-0.03, 0.08 mmol/L; P = 0.38). No between-group differences were shown for total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycemic control. Both groups were matched for protein intake, but the high-egg group reported less hunger and greater satiety postbreakfast. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intakes significantly increased from baseline in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High egg consumption did not have an adverse effect on the lipid profile of people with T2D in the context of increased MUFA and PUFA consumption. This study suggests that a high-egg diet can be included safely as part of the dietary management of T2D, and it may provide greater satiety. This trial was registered at the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au/) as ACTRN12612001266853.
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Caterson
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sainsbury
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denyer
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Mackenzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerofi
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baqleh
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Kathryn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Namson S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: From The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders (NRF, AS, IDC, GD, MF, JG, KB, KHW, NSL, and TPM) and School of Molecular Bioscience (GD), The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia (IDC and TPM).
authors.forename: Tania P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Markovic
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004032:Diet; D004531:Eggs; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012527:Satiation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: cardiovascular disease; cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein; lipids; obesity