title: Changes of Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate Content Alter Central and Peripheral Clock in Humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The circadian clock coordinates numerous metabolic processes with light-dark and feeding regimens. However, in humans it is unknown whether dietary patterns influence circadian rhythms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of switching from a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate, high fat (LC/HFD) isocaloric diet on the central and peripheral circadian clocks in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol and gene expression were analyzed in blood monocytes of 29 nonobese healthy subjects before and 1 and 6 weeks after the dietary switch. For this, we established a method of rhythm prediction by 3-time point data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The centrally driven cortisol rhythm showed a phase delay 1 and 6 weeks after the dietary switch to a LC/HFD as well as an amplitude increase. The dietary switch altered diurnal oscillations of core clock genes (PER1, PER2, PER3, and TEF) and inflammatory genes (CD14, CD180, NFKBIA, and IL1B). The LC/HFD also affected the expression of nonoscillating genes contributing to energy metabolism (SIRT1) and fat metabolism (ACOX3 and IDH3A). Expression of clock genes but not of salivary cortisol in monocytes tightly correlated with levels of blood lipids and with expression of metabolic and inflammatory genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the modulation of the dietary fat and carbohydrate content alters the function of the central and peripheral circadian clocks in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pivovarova
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jürchott
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rudovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hornemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Murahovschi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne-Cathrin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seltmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maser-Gluth
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeannine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mazuch
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Busjahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition (O.P., N.R., S.H., Y.L., S.M., V.M., K.K., A.-C.S., M.K., A.F.H.P.), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology (O.P., N.R., Y.L., V.M., K.K., M.K., A.F.H.P.), Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (K.J.), Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Pharmacology (C.M.-G.), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Chronobiology (J.M., A.K.), Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany; and HealthTwiSt GmbH (A.B.), 13125 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D006854:Hydrocortisone