title: Long-term total sleep deprivation decreases the default spontaneous activity and connectivity pattern in healthy male subjects: a resting-state fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to use resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) methods to explore intrinsic default-mode network (DMN) impairment after sleep deprivation (SD) and its relationships with clinical features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy male subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging twice: once following rested wakefulness (RW) and the other following 72 hours of total SD. Before the scans, all subjects underwent the attention network test (ANT). The independent component analysis (ICA), rsFC, and ALFF methods were used to examine intrinsic DMN impairment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to distinguish SD status from RW status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with RW subjects, SD subjects showed a lower accuracy rate (RW =96.83%, SD =77.67%; P<0.001), a slower reaction time (RW =695.92 ms; SD =799.18 ms; P=0.003), a higher lapse rate (RW =0.69%, SD =19.29%; P<0.001), and a higher intraindividual coefficient of variability in reaction time (RW =0.26, SD =0.33; P=0.021). The ICA method showed that, compared with RW subjects, SD subjects had decreased rsFC in the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL, BA40) and in the left precuneus (PrC)/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) (BA30, 31). The two different areas were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) for future rsFC analysis. Compared with the same in RW subjects, in SD subjects, the right IPL showed decreased rsFC with the left PrC (BA7) and increased rsFC with the left fusiform gyrus (BA37) and the left cluster of middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus (BA37). However, the left PrC/PCC did not show any connectivity differences. Compared with RW subjects, SD subjects showed lower ALFF area in the left IPL (BA39, 40). The left IPL, as an ROI, showed decreased rsFC with the right cluster of IPL and superior temporal gyrus (BA39, 40). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) value of the left IPL was 0.75, with a cutoff point of 0.834 (mean ALFF signal value). Further diagnostic analysis exhibited that the AUC alone discriminated SD status from RW status, with 75% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term SD disturbed the spontaneous activity and connectivity pattern of DMN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China ; Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xi-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, and National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; School of Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chun-Lei
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Lab of Applied Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, and National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ren-Lai
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong-Han
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Xiang J
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; default-mode network; functional connectivity; functional magnetic resonance imaging; independent component analysis; receiver operating characteristic curve; sleep deprivation
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Jul;47(8-9):1909-16
references.pmid: 19428423
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Nov 18;29(46):14496-505
references.pmid: 19923283
references.citation: Sleep Med. 2012 Jun;13(6):720-7
references.pmid: 22503940
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 16;59(2):1745-51
references.pmid: 21872664
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98 (2):683-7
references.pmid: 11209065
references.citation: Sleep. 2005 Jan;28(1):47-54
references.pmid: 15700720
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):393-5
references.pmid: 17234951
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 May 21;28(21):5519-28
references.pmid: 18495886
references.citation: Emotion. 2012 Oct;12(5):1015-20
references.pmid: 22309720
references.citation: Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2006 Dec;1(3):203-13
references.pmid: 18985107
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36986
references.pmid: 22623966
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014 Nov 14;10:2163-75
references.pmid: 25484585
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jun;98(6):2024-32
references.pmid: 15718408
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007 Sep;8(9):700-11
references.pmid: 17704812
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015 Jan 23;11:207-14
references.pmid: 25653530
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50064
references.pmid: 23185536
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013 Apr;19(4):400-9
references.pmid: 23425569
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Nov;30(5):999-1004
references.pmid: 19856413
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2005 Sep;26(1):15-29
references.pmid: 15852468
references.citation: Chronobiol Int. 2010 May;27(3):575-89
references.pmid: 20524802
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2010 Aug;22(8):1637-48
references.pmid: 19702469
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 15;49(2):1432-45
references.pmid: 19782143
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Jun;16(2):317-30
references.pmid: 12030819
references.citation: MAGMA. 2010 Dec;23(5-6):375-89
references.pmid: 20473549
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2008 Jun;29(6):671-82
references.pmid: 17598166
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2002 Apr 1;14(3):340-7
references.pmid: 11970796
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Aug 1;76:183-201
references.pmid: 23499792
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 25;105(47):18555-60
references.pmid: 19001272
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Nov;14(3):140-51
references.pmid: 11559959
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2010 Jul 28;30(30):10243-50
references.pmid: 20668207
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 1994 Oct;43(4):231-3
references.pmid: 7838006
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Mar 30;440(7084):680-3
references.pmid: 16474382
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2009 Jan;19(1):233-40
references.pmid: 18483003
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2006;57:139-66
references.pmid: 16318592
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56578
references.pmid: 23418586
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 13;104(46):18265-9
references.pmid: 17991778
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan 10;40:153-9
references.pmid: 22960081
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Feb 6;28(6):1398-403
references.pmid: 18256259
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jun 13;438(1):111-5
references.pmid: 18455308
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 29;104(22):9487-92
references.pmid: 17517619
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98 (7):4259-64
references.pmid: 11259662
references.citation: Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2011 Dec;1(1):1-3
references.pmid: 23256048
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2011 Sep;21(9):2082-93
references.pmid: 21330468
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9673-8
references.pmid: 15976020
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001 Oct;2(10 ):685-94
references.pmid: 11584306
references.citation: Sleep. 2010 Aug;33(8):1013-26
references.pmid: 20815182
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2012;2(1):25-32
references.pmid: 22432927
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98 (2):688-93
references.pmid: 11209066
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2003 Mar;12(1):1-12
references.pmid: 12603781
references.citation: Epilepsy Behav. 2014 Apr;33:12-7
references.pmid: 24583653
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2002 Oct;53(4):865-71
references.pmid: 12377295
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2012 Mar 31;201(3):253-5
references.pmid: 22541511
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Nov;22(9):1181-91
references.pmid: 15607089
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014 Sep 19;10:1819-26
references.pmid: 25278755
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2009 Mar;80(3):300-5
references.pmid: 19041689
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2005 Jun;26(2):471-9
references.pmid: 15907304
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 May;18(5):803-17
references.pmid: 16768379
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 2011 May;70(1):71-7
references.pmid: 21256900
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Aug;21(4):417-23
references.pmid: 18607201
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Mar;1124:1-38
references.pmid: 18400922
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 7;106(27):11376-81
references.pmid: 19549821
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 1;63(3):332-7
references.pmid: 17888409
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 26;110(48):19597-602
references.pmid: 24218598
references.citation: Brain Dev. 2007 Mar;29(2):83-91
references.pmid: 16919409
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Jan 1;64:240-56
references.pmid: 22926292
references.citation: Sleep. 2003 Mar 15;26(2):117-26
references.pmid: 12683469