title: Current understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune inner ear disease: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a poorly understood form of sensorineural hearing loss that causes bilateral, asymmetric, progressive hearing loss, sometimes with vestibular symptoms, often associated with a systemic autoimmune disease, which is noteworthy as the only sensorineural loss responsive to medical therapy. Despite much research interest of the past 25 years, its aetiopathogenesis is still unproven.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To succinctly consolidate research and opinion regarding the pathogenesis of autoimmune inner ear disease, in ongoing efforts to elucidate the molecular and intracellular pathways that lead to inner ear damage, which may identify new targets for pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed/MEDLINE search using key terms to identify articles published between January 1980 and Apr 2014. Additionally, any landmark works discussed in this body of literature were obtained and relevant information extracted as necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criterion was any information from animal or human studies with information relevant to possible aetiopathogenesis of AIED. Studies that focused on diagnosis, ameliorating symptoms or treatment, without specific information relevant to mechanisms of immune-mediated injury were excluded from this work. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were digested and summarised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A proposed pathogenic mechanism of AIED involves inflammation and immune-mediated attack of specific inner ear structures, leading to an excessive Th1 immune response with vascular changes and tissue damage in the cochlea. Studies have identified self-reactive T cells and immunoglobulins, and have variously implicated immune-complex deposition, microthrombosis and electrochemical disturbances causing impaired neurosignalling in the pathogenesis of AIED. Research has also demonstrated abnormalities in the cytokine milieu in subjects with AIED, which may prove a target for therapy in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ongoing research is needed to further elucidate the aetiopathogenesis of AIED and discern between various mechanisms of tissue injury. Large-cohort clinical studies employing IL-1 receptor blockade are warranted to determine its potential for future therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, St Helens & Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust, St Helens, UK.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, St Helens & Knowsley Hospitals NHS Trust, St Helens, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siddiq
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007759:Labyrinth Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines