title: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1: a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in sarcopenic obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with poorer physical outcomes and functional status in the older adult. A proinflammatory milieu associated with central obesity is postulated to enhance muscle catabolism. We set out to examine associations of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in groups of older adults, with sarcopenia, obesity, and the SO phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 143 community dwelling, well, older adults were recruited. Cross-sectional clinical data, physical performance, and muscle mass measurements were collected. Obesity and sarcopenia were defined using revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) obesity guidelines and those of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Serum levels of MCP-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 25.2% of subjects were normal, 15.4% sarcopenic, 48.3% obese, and 11.2% were SO. The SO groups had the lowest appendicular lean mass, highest percentage body fat, and lowest performance scores on the Short Physical Performance Battery and grip strength. The MCP-1 levels were significantly different, with the highest levels found in SO participants (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly raised MCP-1 levels in obese and SO subjects support the theory of chronic inflammation due to excess adiposity. Longitudinal studies will reveal whether SO represents a continuum of obesity causing accelerated sarcopenia and cardiovascular events, or the coexistence of two separate conditions with synergistic effects affecting functional performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore ; Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jun Pei
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Bernard P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore ; Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yew Yoong
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore ; Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore ; Department of Community and Continuing Care, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Noor Hafizah
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yew
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore ; Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mei Sian
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2
keywords: chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL-2); elderly; sarcopenia
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