title: Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assessment of organomodified clays potentially used in food packaging.
abstract: Modern food packaging has made great advances as result of global trends and consumer preferences, which are oriented to obtain improved food quality and safety. In this regard, clay minerals, and mainly Montmorillonite (Mt) are attracting considerable interest in food packaging because of the improvements developed in mechanical and barrier properties. Hence, the present work aim to assess the toxicity of four Montmorillonite-based clay minerals, an unmodified clay, Cloisite®Na+ (CNa+), and three modified Mt clays: Cloisite®30B (C30B), a commercial clay, and Clay1 and Clay2, two novel modified organoclays developed by the Packaging, Transport, & Logistics Research Institute (ITENE). First, the cytotoxic effects were studied in the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). In addition, the potential mutagenicity of the clays was evaluated by the Ames test. Clay1 did not induce any cytotoxic effects in HUVEC, although it exhibited potential mutagenicity in TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain. In contrast, Clay2 produced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells but no mutagenicity was recorded. However, CNa+ was not cytotoxic neither mutagenic. And finally, C30B showed positive results in both assays. Therefore, results showed that clay minerals have a different toxicity profile and a case by case toxicity evaluation is required.
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maisanaba
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain. Electronic address: spichardo@us.es.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pichardo
authors.affiliation: Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordá-Beneyto
authors.affiliation: Area of Packaging Materials and Systems, ITENE, C/Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aucejo
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González n°2, 41012 Seville. Spain.
authors.forename: Ángeles
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Jos
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000633:toxicity; D001546:Bentonite / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000077215:Clay; D018857:Food Packaging; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D009153:Mutagens; D001546:Bentonite; D000077215:Clay
keywords: Ames test; Clay minerals; Cytotoxicity; HUVEC; Mutagenicity