title: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder. This disorder is more prevalent in some chronic disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate ADHD in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to compare the results with those of healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was conducted for six months (December 22, 2013 to June 21, 2014) on five to 16-year-old children, visiting the Pediatric Dialysis Unit of Amirkabir Hospital, Arak, Iran, and Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. A total of 100 children with ESRD who had undergone CAPD for at least six months and 100 healthy children were included in this study as case and control groups, respectively. ADHD was diagnosed by Conner's Parent Rating Scale-48 (CPRS-48) and DSM-IV-TR criteria, and was confirmed through consultation by psychologist. Data were analyzed by Binomial test in SPSS 18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ADHD inattentive type was observed in 16 cases (16%) with CAPD and five controls (5%) (P = 0.01). Moreover, ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type was observed in 27 cases (27%) with CAPD and seven controls (9%) (P = 0.002). Despite these significant differences, no children were diagnosed with ADHD combined type among all subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inattentive type and hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD are more prevalent in children with ESRD undergoing CAPD. Therefore screening methods for ADHD is necessary in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Parsa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yousefichaijan
authors.affiliation: Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharafkhah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shams
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vazirian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Abolhasan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seyedzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafeie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimimonfared
keywords: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Continuous Ambulatory; Peritoneal Dialysis
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