title: Meat intake, cooking methods, dietary carcinogens, and colorectal cancer risk: findings from the Colorectal Cancer Family Registry.
abstract: Diets high in red meat and processed meats are established colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors. However, it is still not well understood what explains this association. We conducted comprehensive analyses of CRC risk and red meat and poultry intakes, taking into account cooking methods, level of doneness, estimated intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that accumulate during meat cooking, tumor location, and tumor mismatch repair proficiency (MMR) status. We analyzed food frequency and portion size data including a meat cooking module for 3364 CRC cases, 1806 unaffected siblings, 136 unaffected spouses, and 1620 unaffected population-based controls, recruited into the CRC Family Registry. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for nutrient density variables were estimated using generalized estimating equations. We found no evidence of an association between total nonprocessed red meat or total processed meat and CRC risk. Our main finding was a positive association with CRC for pan-fried beefsteak (P(trend) < 0.001), which was stronger among MMR deficient cases (heterogeneity P = 0.059). Other worth noting associations, of borderline statistical significance after multiple testing correction, were a positive association between diets high in oven-broiled short ribs or spareribs and CRC risk (P(trend) = 0.002), which was also stronger among MMR-deficient cases, and an inverse association with grilled hamburgers (P(trend) = 0.002). Our results support the role of specific meat types and cooking practices as possible sources of human carcinogens relevant for CRC risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089.
authors.forename: Amit D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lewinger
authors.affiliation: National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.affiliation: Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109.|Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotterchio
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822.
authors.forename: Loic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089.
authors.forename: Mariana C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011200:Poultry; D012042:Registries; D013552:Swine; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens
keywords: Colorectal cancer; heterocyclic amines; mismatch repair proficiency; pan-fried meat; red meat
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