title: Role of diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An updated narrative review.
abstract: The purpose of this article review is to update what is known about the role of diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world and is considered to be a spectrum, ranging from fatty infiltration of the liver alone (steatosis), which may lead to fatty infiltration with inflammation known as non alcoholic steatohepatitis While the majority of individuals with risk factors like obesity and insulin resistance have steatosis, only few people may develop steatohepatitis. Current treatment relies on weight loss and exercise, although various insulin-sensitizing medications appear promising. Weight loss alone by dietary changes has been shown to lead to histological improvement in fatty liver making nutrition therapy to become a cornerstone of treatment for NAFLD. Supplementation of vitamin E, C and omega 3 fatty acids are under consideration with some conflicting data. Moreover, research has been showed that saturated fat, trans-fatty acid, carbohydrate, and simple sugars (fructose and sucrose) may play significant role in the intrahepatic fat accumulation. However, true associations with specific nutrients yet to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Dimitrios Papandreou, Department of Natural Science and Public Health, CSSH, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papandreou
authors.affiliation: Dimitrios Papandreou, Department of Natural Science and Public Health, CSSH, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreou
keywords: Diet; Fatty acids; Insulin resistance; Non-alcoholic fatty acids; Obesity
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Jan;38(1):48-55
references.pmid: 14676594
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2013 Aug;48(8):705-9
references.pmid: 23721951
references.citation: FASEB J. 1997 Sep;11(11):851-7
references.pmid: 9285483
references.citation: Hepatology. 2009 Oct;50(4):1072-8
references.pmid: 19585618
references.citation: Hepatology. 2004 Nov;40(5):1222-5
references.pmid: 15382153
references.citation: Liver Int. 2013 Oct;33(9):1398-405
references.pmid: 23763360
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Sep 14;20(34):12182-201
references.pmid: 25232252
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 Sep;6(9):998-1003
references.pmid: 10973319
references.citation: Hepatology. 2006 Oct;44(4):874-80
references.pmid: 17006934
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2012 Jan;56(1):255-66
references.pmid: 21723839
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Jul;37(7):535-43
references.pmid: 17576204
references.citation: Contemp Clin Trials. 2009 Jan;30(1):88-96
references.pmid: 18804555
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Dec;6(12):1396-402
references.pmid: 18986848
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2014 Apr 14;111(7):1147-61
references.pmid: 24230488
references.citation: Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Mar;40(3):194-9
references.pmid: 18054848
references.citation: Ann Med. 2011 Dec;43(8):617-49
references.pmid: 21039302
references.citation: Am J Med. 1983 Oct;75(4):624-30
references.pmid: 6624769
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2012 Jul;57(1):157-66
references.pmid: 22414768
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Sep 15;358(9285):893-4
references.pmid: 11567710
references.citation: Gut. 2004 Mar;53(3):413-9
references.pmid: 14960526
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr 21;20(15):4382-92
references.pmid: 24764677
references.citation: Curr Med Res Opin. 2014 Feb;30(2):229-31
references.pmid: 24127654
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 7;14 (41):6395-400
references.pmid: 19009658
references.citation: Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:587140
references.pmid: 23997767
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2009 Sep;51(3):433-45
references.pmid: 19604596
references.citation: Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008 Sep;32(6 Suppl 1):22-39
references.pmid: 18973844
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Mar;13(3):561-568.e1
references.pmid: 25218667
references.citation: BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb 14;6:6
references.pmid: 16503961
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2012 Apr;56(4):944-51
references.pmid: 22023985
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;108(8):1299-304
references.pmid: 23567356
references.citation: Clin Ther. 2008 Jun;30(6):1168-76
references.pmid: 18640473
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2004 May 18;140(10):778-85
references.pmid: 15148064
references.citation: J Hepatol. 1997 Jul;27(1):103-7
references.pmid: 9252081
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;100(3):833-49
references.pmid: 25099546
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2014 Mar;146(3):726-35
references.pmid: 24316260
references.citation: Pediatr Obes. 2015 Jun;10(3):188-95
references.pmid: 24961681
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2003 Oct;143(4):500-5
references.pmid: 14571229
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):G1333-9
references.pmid: 11705737
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1760-5
references.pmid: 19403641
references.citation: Intern Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;8 Suppl 1:S11-5
references.pmid: 23468402
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Apr 15;23 (8):1143-51
references.pmid: 16611275
references.citation: Lab Invest. 1991 Feb;64(2):200-6
references.pmid: 1705301
references.citation: Hepatology. 2010 Jan;51(1):121-9
references.pmid: 19827166
references.citation: Scand J Gastroenterol. 1977;12(5):593-7
references.pmid: 918553
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1995 Nov;127(5):700-4
references.pmid: 7472819
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov;22 Suppl 2:31-6
references.pmid: 16225469
references.citation: Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Mar 17;9:425-32
references.pmid: 24669190
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2000 Nov 6;173(9):476-9
references.pmid: 11149304
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb 21;20(7):1712-23
references.pmid: 24587650
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov;5(11):1329-32
references.pmid: 17702661
references.citation: Hepatology. 2003 Aug;38(2):413-9
references.pmid: 12883485
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Aug 7;17(29):3377-89
references.pmid: 21876630
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug 7;20(29):10128-36
references.pmid: 25110440
references.citation: Hepatology. 2004 Dec;40(6):1387-95
references.pmid: 15565570
references.citation: J Hepatol. 1991 Mar;12(2):224-9
references.pmid: 2051001
references.citation: Dig Liver Dis. 2010 Apr;42(4):272-82
references.pmid: 20171943
references.citation: Lancet. 2010 Dec 4;376(9756):1916-22
references.pmid: 21109302
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1269-73
references.pmid: 19584883
references.citation: Hepatology. 2003 May;37(5):1202-19
references.pmid: 12717402
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2014 Jan;60(1):167-74
references.pmid: 23973932
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2012 Apr;55(4):885-904
references.pmid: 22278337
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jan 27;9(1):e80169
references.pmid: 24475018
references.citation: Nutrients. 2014 Aug 08;6(8):3187-201
references.pmid: 25111123
references.citation: Hepatology. 1998 Jan;27(1):128-33
references.pmid: 9425928
references.citation: Gut. 2011 Sep;60(9):1278-83
references.pmid: 21708823
references.citation: JAMA. 2011 Apr 27;305(16):1659-68
references.pmid: 21521847
references.citation: Intern Emerg Med. 2013 Dec;8(8):655-66
references.pmid: 23657989
references.citation: Korean J Fam Med. 2014 Sep;35(5):243-50
references.pmid: 25309705
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2008 Jun;48(6):993-9
references.pmid: 18395287
references.citation: JAMA. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):43-53
references.pmid: 15632335
references.citation: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Oct;17 (10 ):1098-105
references.pmid: 12201871
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2012 Dec;57(6):1312-8
references.pmid: 22871498
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Aug;34(3):274-85
references.pmid: 21623852
references.citation: Hepatology. 2008 Jul;48(1):119-28
references.pmid: 18537181
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 May 22;348(21):2074-81
references.pmid: 12761364
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1990 Nov;99(5):1408-13
references.pmid: 2210247
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;106(3):460-8; quiz 469
references.pmid: 21206486
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 May;100(5):1072-81
references.pmid: 15842581
references.citation: JAMA. 2007 Feb 28;297(8):842-57
references.pmid: 17327526
references.citation: BMJ. 2011 Nov 18;343:d6891
references.pmid: 22102439
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000 Jan;30(1):48-53
references.pmid: 10630439
references.citation: Hepatology. 2009 Jan;49(1):306-17
references.pmid: 19065650
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Oct;100(4):1133-8
references.pmid: 25099548
references.citation: Am J Med. 1999 Nov;107(5):450-5
references.pmid: 10569299
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2003 May;9(5):1106-10
references.pmid: 12717867