title: Epidemiology of bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer incidence is higher in old men, shows geographic variation, and is mostly an environmental disease. Cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, water arsenic, Schistosoma haematobium infestation, and some medications are the best established risk factors. Low-penetrance genetic factors also contribute to its origin, some through interaction with environmental factors. Bladder cancer has high prevalence and a low mortality, being largely a chronic disease. Data on environmental and genetic factors involved in the disease outcome are inconclusive.
authors.affiliation: Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain. Electronic address: nuria@cnio.es.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Malats
authors.affiliation: Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Real
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Arsenic; Bladder cancer; Genetic susceptibility; Incidence and prevalence; Occupational risk factors; Smoking; Urothelium