title: Immunosuppression and Post-transplant Hyperglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-transplant diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in solid organ transplantation. The main underlying pathophysiological mechanism of PTDM is pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in the context of insulin resistance, but the relative importance of each of these important components of glycemic metabolism is under intense debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to January 15, 2015. We selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials. When no such reports were found for a given topic or drug, observational studies were included in the assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are agents with known diabetogenic effects: corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors including tacrolimus and cyclosporine, as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus). The association between the use of induction agents and PTDM is very scarce. No diabetogenic effects have been found with the use of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and its derivatives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunosuppression is the major modifiable risk factor for development of PTDM but risk versus benefit analysis is required to balance risk of developing PTDM versus rejection. Caution is advisable in immunosuppressant adjustments in the event that PTDM develops based on current evidence. Physicians should choose and use immunosuppression regimens shown to have the best outcome for patient and graft survival, irrespective of PTDM risk.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar. Passeig Maritim 25-29, 08010 Barcelona, Spain. julpascual@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D000068338:Everolimus / Q000009:adverse effects; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000009:adverse effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects; D014180:Transplantation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068338:Everolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus