title: The Next Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors: PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blocking the interaction between the programmed cell death (PD)-1 protein and one of its ligands, PD-L1, has been reported to have impressive antitumor responses. Therapeutics targeting this pathway are currently in clinical trials. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are the first of this anti-PD-1 pathway family of checkpoint inhibitors to gain accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ipilimumab-refractory melanoma. Nivolumab has been associated with improved overall survival compared with dacarbazine in patients with previously untreated wild-type serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf proto-oncogene BRAF melanoma. Although the most mature data are in the treatment of melanoma, the FDA has granted approval of nivolumab for squamous cell lung cancer and the breakthrough therapy designation to immune- checkpoint inhibitors for use in other cancers: nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, for Hodgkin lymphoma, and MPDL-3280A, an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, for bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Here we review the literature on PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade and focus on the reported clinical studies that have included patients with melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed was searched to identify relevant clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapies in melanoma. A review of data from the current trials on clinicaltrial.gov was incorporated, as well as data presented in abstracts at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, given the limited number of published clinical trials on this topic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 agents have been reported to have impressive antitumor effects in several malignancies, including melanoma. The greatest clinical activity in unselected patients has been seen in melanoma. Tumor expression of PD-L1 is a suggestive, but inadequate, biomarker predictive of response to immune-checkpoint blockade. However, tumors expressing little or no PD-L1 are less likely to respond to PD-1 pathway blockade. Combination checkpoint blockade with PD-1 plus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 blockade appears to improve response rates in patients who are less likely to respond to single-checkpoint blockade. Toxicity with PD-1 blocking agents is less than the toxicity with previous immunotherapies (eg, interleukin 2, CTLA-4 blockade). Certain adverse events can be severe and potentially life threatening, but most can be prevented or reversed with close monitoring and appropriate management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This family of immune-checkpoint inhibitors benefits not only patients with metastatic melanoma but also those with historically less responsive tumor types. Although a subset of patients responds to single-agent blockade, the initial trial of checkpoint-inhibitor combinations has reported a potential to improve response rates. Combination therapies appear to be a means of increasing response rates, albeit with increased immune-related adverse events. As these treatments become available to patients, education regarding the recognition and management of immune-related effects of immune-checkpoint blockade will be essential for maximizing clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: kmmah5@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Gordon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077594:Nivolumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D000077594:Nivolumab; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
keywords: MPDL3280A; PD-1; PD-L1; melanoma; nivolumab; pembrolizumab; pidilizumab; programmed cell death 1
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