title: Free flaps in head and neck reconstruction after oncologic surgery: expected outcomes in the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide surgeons and clinicians with a critical review of microvascular reconstructive options and their expected outcomes after head and neck cancer resection in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Isiweb, and Cochrane databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in May 2014 and included studies published between 2000 and 2014. Keywords were used for articles identification, and inclusion criteria were defined for consideration in the present review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of the pertinent literature is hampered by a number of biases, such as a lack of general consensus of a definition of "elderly," differences among scales used to quantify comorbidities, and subjective evaluation of flap-related and systemic complications. However, our findings showed no differences in terms of free flap success, surgical complications, or mortality rate between older and younger patients. Moreover, recipient site complications do not seem to be affected by age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microvascular reconstruction in the elderly can be performed with high success rates, even though medical complications can occur more frequently compared to younger patients. Minor and major surgical complications in the elderly appear to be comparable to those in the younger population and do not affect final outcome or the perioperative mortality rate. Flap outcome does not seem to be significantly affected by age. Careful preoperative assessment and postoperative monitoring are mandatory to prevent adverse events, and prompt management is warranted whenever present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy albertogrammatica@libero.it.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grammatica
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paderno
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Taglietti
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marengoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolai
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015897:Comorbidity; D016330:Frail Elderly; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: advanced age; elderly; free flaps; free tissue transfer; head and neck cancer; microsurgery; reconstruction