title: Citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients: leading four horsemen from front.
abstract: Cancer is a multifaceted and genomically complex disease and rapidly accumulating high impact research is deepening our understanding related to the mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression and resistance to therapeutics. Increasingly it is being realized that genetic/epigenetic mutations, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, overexpression of oncogenes, deregulation of intracellular signaling cascades and loss of apoptosis are some of the extensively studied aspects. Confluence of information suggested that rapidly developing resistance to therapeutics is adding another layer of complexity and overwhelmingly increasing preclinical studies are identifying different natural agents with efficacy and minimal off-target effects. We partition this multi-component review into citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients mediating rebalancing of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins to induce apoptosis in resistant cancer cells. We also discuss how oncogenic protein networks are targeted in cancer cells and how these findings may be verified in preclinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail : ammadahmad638@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ammad Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Farooqi
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasnain
authors.forename: Rukset
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002957:Citrus; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction