title: Different presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpes virus 6, and Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia: meta-analysis and analytical study.
abstract: In the present study we have performed both a meta-analysis and an analytical study exploring the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpes virus 6, and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a sample of 143 schizophrenic patients and 143 control subjects. The meta-analysis was performed on papers published up to April 2014. The presence of serum immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The detection of microbial DNA in total peripheral blood was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction. The meta-analysis showed that: 1) C. pneumoniae DNA in blood and brain are more common in schizophrenic patients; 2) there is association with parasitism by T. gondii, despite the existence of publication bias; and 3) herpes viruses were not more common in schizophrenic patients. In our sample only anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G was more prevalent and may be a risk factor related to schizophrenia, with potential value for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Operation Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan de Dios
authors.initials: Jde D
authors.lastname: Luna Del Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mañanes-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Ávila
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERSAM, School of Medicine and Biohealth Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria) IBS-Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Neurosciences and CIBERSAM, School of Medicine and Biohealth Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria) IBS-Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cervilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorlózano-Puerto
keywords: Chlamydia pneumoniae; Toxoplasma gondii; analytical study; herpes simplex virus type 1; human herpes virus 6; meta-analysis; schizophrenia
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