title: Anatomy and biomechanics of the craniovertebral junction.
abstract: The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) has unique anatomical structures that separate it from the subaxial cervical spine. In addition to housing vital neural and vascular structures, the majority of cranial flexion, extension, and axial rotation is accomplished at the CVJ. A complex combination of osseous and ligamentous supports allow for stability despite a large degree of motion. An understanding of anatomy and biomechanics is essential to effectively evaluate and address the various pathological processes that may affect this region. Therefore, the authors present an up-to-date narrative review of CVJ anatomy, normal and pathological biomechanics, and fixation techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and.
authors.forename: Alejandro J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.forename: Kayla E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leibl
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dlouhy
authors.forename: Nader S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Dahdaleh
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001269:Atlanto-Occipital Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D066193:Cervical Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans
keywords: CVJ = craniovertebral junction; Oc = occiput; anatomy; biomechanics; craniovertebral junction; fixation; occipitocervical; spine