title: Very small embryonic-like stem cells are the elusive mouse endometrial stem cells--a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endometrium undergoes dramatic growth, breakdown and regeneration throughout reproductive period in mammals. Stem cells have been implicated in the process however their origin, nature, anatomical localization and characterization still remain obscure. Classical concept of presence of stem cells in the basal layer of endometrium was recently challenged when side population and label retaining cells were found to be distributed throughout endometrium. We have earlier reported very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in adult mammalian ovary and testis as a small population of cells with nuclear OCT-4 along with progenitors (spermatogonial stem cells and ovarian germ stem cells) with cytoplasmic OCT-4. Present study was undertaken to gauge presence of VSELs in bilaterally ovariectomized mouse uterus and their modulation by hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilaterally ovariectomized mice were subjected to sequential estradiol and progesterone treatment in order to induce proliferation, differentiation and remodeling (regeneration). Stem cells were studied in tissue smears after H & E staining and after sorting using SCA-1 by immuno-localization and qRT-PCR studies (Oct-4A, Nanog and Sca-1). Flow cytometry studies were also undertaken to confirm the presence of VSELs in mouse uterus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two distinct populations of stem cells with dark stained nucleus and high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio were detected in ovariectomized mouse uterus. These cells were sorted using SCA-1 and comprised smaller VSELs with nuclear expression of OCT-4 and slightly bigger, more abundant progenitors termed as endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) with cytoplasmic OCT-4. RT-PCR studies showed presence of pluripotent transcripts (Oct-4, Sca-1) and flow cytometry confirmed the presence of 0.069% of LIN-/CD45-/SCA-1+ VSELs. These stem cells were distinctly regulated during endometrial growth, differentiation and regeneration as evidenced by qRT-PCR results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VSELs are present in normal uterus and also under conditions of atrophy induced by bilateral ovariectomy. Marked increase in EnSCs is associated with endometrial growth and regeneration. Further studies are warranted to define the niche for these stem cells and whether EnSCs arising from the pluripotent VSELs are common progenitors for epithelial and stromal cells or not remains to be addressed. Results of the present study will help in better understanding of endometrial pathologies and their management in the future.
authors.forename: Pranesh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gunjal
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhartiya
authors.forename: Siddhanath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metkari
authors.forename: Dhananjay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manjramkar
authors.forename: Hiren
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010865:Pilot Projects; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3
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