title: Pelvic floor in females with anorectal malformations--findings on perineal ultrasonography and aspects of delivery mode.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advice on the mode of delivery to females born with anorectal malformation (ARM) is needed. The primary aim was to evaluate the anatomy of the pelvic floor muscles in females with ARM operated with posterior sagittal anorectal plasty (PSARP). The second aim was to correlate the extent of muscle defects to the bowel symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This interventional study with perineal 4D/3D ultrasonography describes the smooth muscles in the intestinal wall (neo-IAS), external sphincter, levators and anal canal using a muscle score (0-6 worst). The bowel symptoms were prospectively registered with Krickenbeck criteria score (0-7 worst).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty females with different subtypes of ARM, median age 13 (4-21), were followed up regarding bowel symptoms. Seventeen were examined with ultrasonography. Bowel symptoms were similar for those examined with ultrasonography and those not, median score 5 and 3 (1-7) respectively, (p=0.223, Fisher's exact test). All the females had at least one muscular defect. There was no significant correlation between muscle defects and bowel symptoms (p=0.094, Spearman's correlation).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Females with ARM have considerable defects in the pelvic floor without any significant correlation to bowel symptoms. All women with ARM would benefit from individualized predelivery evaluations and caesarian section should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Electronic address: pernilla.stenstrom@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stenström
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hambraeus
authors.affiliation: Institution of Clinical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnbjörnsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann-Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Örnö
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000071056:Anorectal Malformations; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D036801:Parturition / Q000502:physiology; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000601:surgery; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010502:Perineum; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anorectal malformations; Delivery mode; Pelvic floor; Ultrasonography