title: Global model of low-frequency chorus (fLHR<f<0.1fce) from multiple satellite observations.
abstract: Whistler mode chorus is an important magnetospheric emission, playing a dual role in the acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt. Chorus is typically generated in the equatorial region in the frequency range 0.1-0.8fce, wherefceis the local electron gyrofrequency. However, as the waves propagate to higher latitudes, significant wave power can occur at frequencies below 0.1fce. Since this wave power is largely omitted in current radiation belt models, we construct a global model of low-frequency chorus,fLHR<f<0.1fce, using data from six satellites. We find that low-frequency chorus is strongest, with an average intensity of 200 pT2, in the prenoon sector during active conditions at midlatitudes (20°<|λm|<50°) from 4<L∗<8. Such midlatitude, low-frequency chorus wave power will contribute to the acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons and should be taken into account in radiation belt models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong chorus waves can extend below 0.1 times local electron gyrofrequencyLow frequency chorus strongest at mid-latitudes in pre-noon sector for L*=4 to 8Low frequency chorus should be included in radiation belt models.
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge, England.
authors.forename: Nigel P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge, England.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.affiliation: Office National d'Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Angélica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sicard-Piet
keywords: whistler mode chorus
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Mar 6;452(7183):62-6
references.pmid: 18322528
references.citation: Geophys Res Lett. 2014 Jan 28;41(2):280-286
references.pmid: 25821274