title: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances bone formation around miniscrew implants.
abstract: Miniscrew implants (MSIs) are currently used to provide absolute anchorage in orthodontics; however, their initial stability is an issue of concern. Application of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can promote bone healing. Therefore, LIPUS application may stimulate bone formation around MSIs and enhance their initial stability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of LIPUS exposure on bone formation after implantation of titanium (Ti) and stainless steel (SS) MSIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSIs made of Ti-6Al-4V and 316L SS were placed on rat tibiae and treated with LIPUS. The bone morphology around MSIs was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on Ti and SS discs were treated with LIPUS, and the temporary expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone-implant contact increased gradually from day 3 to day 14 after MSI insertion. LIPUS application increased the cortical bone density, cortical bone thickness, and cortical bone rate after implantation of Ti and SS MSIs (P<0.05). LIPUS exposure induced ALP upregulation in MC3T3-E1 cells at day 3 (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LIPUS enhanced bone formation around Ti and SS MSIs, enhancing the initial stability of MSIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Khaliunaa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganzorig
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Karima
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansjur
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Oral Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Minami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. Electronic address: etanaka@tokushima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014025:Titanium; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D013193:Stainless Steel; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Bone formation; Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; Miniscrew implant; Stainless steel; Titanium