title: Pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of aquatic and land physical therapy on musculoskeletal dysfunction of sickle cell disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of aquatic and land-based physiotherapy in reducing musculoskeletal hip and lower back pain and increasing overall physical capabilities of sickle cell disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Informed written consent was obtained from all volunteers who were submitted to evaluations using different functional scales: Lequesne's Algofunctional Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index, trunk and hip range of motion, goniometry, trunk and hip muscle strength assessment using load cell, and surface electromyography of the iliocostalis, long dorsal (longissimus), gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles. Ten patients were randomized into two groups: aquatic physiotherapy with a mean age of 42 years (range: 25-67) and conventional physiotherapy with a mean age of 49 years (range: 43-59). Both groups were submitted to a twelve-week program of two sessions weekly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the intervention, significant improvements were observed regarding the Lequesne index (p-value=0.0217), Oswestry Disability Index (p-value=0.0112), range of motion of trunk extension (p-value=0.0320), trunk flexion muscle strength (p-value=0.0459), hip extension and abduction muscle strength (p-value=0.0062 and p-value=0.0257, respectively). Range of motion of trunk and hip flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, trunk extensor muscle strength and all surface electromyography variables showed no significant statistical difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical therapy is efficient to treat musculoskeletal dysfunctions in sickle cell disease patients, irrespective of the technique; however, aquatic therapy showed a trend toward improvement in muscle strength. Further studies with a larger patient sample and longer periods of therapy are necessary to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Tatiana
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cliquet Junior
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: sara@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Sara Teresinha Olalla
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Saad
keywords: Anemia, sickle cell; Hydrotherapy; Physical therapy modalities
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