title: D-dimers Are a Predictor of Clot Volume Inside Membrane Oxygenators During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
abstract: Thrombosis inside the membrane oxygenator (MO) is a critical complication during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study was to prove if thrombotic clots manifest within the MO when D-dimer levels are elevated over a long-term period. Heparin-coated polymethylpentene MOs (n = 13) were exchanged due to high plasma D-dimer levels. Clot volume was calculated using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Coagulation parameters and MO function were analyzed before and after MO exchange. Before MO exchange, D-dimer levels increased significantly in each patient (11.5 [6.5-15.5] mg/L to 35.0 [34-35] mg/L, P ≤ 0.001). High levels of D-dimers were tolerated for 1 to 6 days. Additionally, fibrinogen concentration (n = 8) and platelet count decreased (n = 8). Within 48 h after exchange, D-dimer levels decreased significantly (n = 11, 12 [8-16] mg/L, P = 0.004). Fibrinogen concentration and platelet counts increased. Clots were found in all MOs in the inlet part of the device. Clot volume (16-106 cm(3) ) did not correlate with MO support time but increased significantly when high D-dimer levels were accepted for >2 days. An increase or high levels of D-dimers in absence of other explaining pathology during ECMO therapy reflected coagulation activity within the MO. Evidence of clots within the MO at high D-dimer levels and decrease after exchange underline the relevance of D-dimer testing during ECMO treatment. Besides, surveillance of MOs during ongoing ECMO therapy will help to predict clot formation, and to avoid system-induced coagulation disorders as well as critical situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dornia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Philipp
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stroszczynski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schreyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Koehl
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lehle
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010107:Oxygenators, Membrane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D
keywords: Clot volume; Coagulation disorder; D-dimers; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Oxygenator thrombosis