title: Bladder Tumor Heterogeneity: The Impact on Clinical Treatment.
abstract: Bladder cancer relapse and treatment failure in most patients have often been attributed to chemoresistance in tumor cells and metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an equally important role and extends to virtually all measurable properties of cancer cells. Although the idea of tumor heterogeneity is not new, little attention has been paid to applying it to understand and control bladder cancer progression. With the development of biotechnology, such as Gene sequencing, recent advances in understanding its generation model, original basis, consequent problems, and derived therapies provide great potential for tumor heterogeneity to be considered a new insight in the treatment of bladder cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, The Key Laboratory of Urology, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiang Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Yan Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yong Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xue Cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shi Xiu
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Hai Tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*