title: Effectiveness of microbubble removal in an airtrap with a free surface interface.
abstract: An end stage renal disease patient will undergo haemodialysis (HD) three or four times a week for four to five hours per session. Because of the chronic nature of the treatment, any minor imperfection in the extracorporeal system may become significant over time. Clinical studies have raised concerns relating to small microbubbles entering HD patients. These bubbles lead to further pathophysiological complications with the size of the bubble being a major factor. Microbubbles of different sizes can be generated throughout the extra-corporeal HD circuit. It is important to understand the possibility of these bubbles passing through the air trap or successfully being removed which indicates the performance of the air trap, the only mechanics of removing air bubbles. Chronic exposure to various sizes of microbubbles was analysed in detail for haemodialysis patients. However, smaller microbubbles are shown to be able to pass our modelled air trap. While studies have reported the presence of bubbles before and after the air trap, because these bubbles are only counted and not tracked, the performance of the air trap for removing different bubble sizes is not understood. Here, the performance of the air trap in filtering bubbles and the possibility of different bubble sizes passing through the air trap with the presence of the free surface interface have been evaluated. The modelled air trap is shown to be ineffective for filtering small micro bubbles.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: g.keshavarzi@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keshavarzi
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barber
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D045423:Microbubbles; D061214:Patient Safety; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Air embolism; Airtrap; Bubble filter; Hemodialysis; Microbubbles; Microemboli