title: Evaluation of the effect of diacetyl morphine on salivary factors and their changes after methadone therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychoactive drugs are responsible for pathological changes in the mouth including dental caries, which most troublesome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of heroin on several salivary factors which are involved in the oral health and their changes after methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with heroin abuse history, who referred to Imam Reza Hospital for MMT were included. Saliva sampling was carried out two times; at the first visit (time 1) and repeated 1 month after MMT (time 2). The saliva was analyzed immediately to evaluate the total volume, Ph, CPR, the Uric acid concentration, nitric oxide and antioxidant capacity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values for saliva volume, pH, CRP, Uric acid, antioxidant and nitric oxide were 0.38 ± 0.14, 7.63 ± 1.22, 5.2 ± 2.3, 1.47 ± 0.8, 0.80 ± 0.23, and 0.26 ± 0.03, respectively at first visit and 0.34 ± 0.22, 7.37 ± 1.01, 6.1 ± 2.6, 2.18 ± 0.9, 0.74 ± 0.3 and 0.29 ± 0.08 after 1 month of MMT. These values are below the normal ranges; however, there was no significant difference between two times in term of saliva volume, pH and saliva component (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heroin addiction changed the effective salivary factors and therefore could negatively contribute to oral health. These factors were not return to the normal range after 1 month of MMT. Physicians should be informed about focusing on oral health in patients under MMT.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Dental Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.affiliation: Dentist, Department of Operative and Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Iran.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Isaac
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hashemy
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Dental Material Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Phone: +98 5118829501, e-mail: majidiniaS881@mums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majidinia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D012463:Saliva / Q000187:drug effects*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009294:Narcotics; D014527:Uric Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003932:Heroin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D009195:Peroxidase; D008691:Methadone