title: The unsolved case of "bone-impairing analgesics": the endocrine effects of opioids on bone metabolism.
abstract: The current literature describes the possible risks for bone fracture in chronic analgesics users. There are three main hypotheses that could explain the increased risk of fracture associated with central analgesics, such as opioids: 1) the increased risk of falls caused by central nervous system effects, including sedation and dizziness; 2) reduced bone mass density caused by the direct opioid effect on osteoblasts; and 3) chronic opioid-induced hypogonadism. The impact of opioids varies by sex and among the type of opioid used (less, for example, for tapentadol and buprenorphine). Opioid-associated androgen deficiency is correlated with an increased risk of osteoporosis; thus, despite that standards have not been established for monitoring and treating opioid-induced hypogonadism or hypoadrenalism, all patients chronically taking opioids (particularly at doses ≥100 mg morphine daily) should be monitored for the early detection of hormonal impairment and low bone mass density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine - Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy ; SIAARTI Study Group on Acute and Chronic Pain, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coluzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Naples Anesthesia and Pain Associates, Naples, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pergolizzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Raffa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine - Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy ; SIAARTI Study Group on Acute and Chronic Pain, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Consalvo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mattia
keywords: OPIAD; bone metabolism; chronic pain; endocrine system; fractures; opioids side effects
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