title: Targeting Fusarium graminearum control via polyamine enzyme inhibitors and polyamine analogs.
abstract: Fusarium graminearum not only reduces yield and seed quality but also constitutes a risk to public or animal health owing to its ability to contaminate grains with mycotoxins. Resistance problems are emerging and control strategies based on new targets are needed. Polyamines have a key role in growth, development and differentiation. In this work, the possibility of using polyamine metabolism as a target to control F. graminearum has been assessed. It was found that putrescine induces mycotoxin production, correlating with an over expression of TRI5 and TRI6 genes. In addition, a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPO4 involved in putrescine excretion was up-regulated as putrescine concentration increased while DUR3 and SAM3 homologues, involved in putrescine uptake, were down-regulated. When 2.5 mM D, l-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) was added to the medium, DON production decreased from 3.2 to 0.06 ng/mm(2) of colony and growth was lowered by up to 70 per cent. However, exogenous putrescine could overcome DFMO effects. Five polyamine transport inhibitors were also tested against F. graminearum. AMXT-1505 was able to completely inhibit in vitro growth and DON production. Additionally, AMXT-1505 blocked F. graminearum growth in inoculated wheat spikes reducing DON mycotoxin contamination from 76.87 μg/g to 0.62 μg/g.
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain. Electronic address: ana.crespo@udl.cat.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crespo-Sempere
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Estiarte
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchis
authors.affiliation: Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011700:Putrescine / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D011700:Putrescine
keywords: DFMO; Deoxynivalenol; FHB; Fusarium graminearum; Polyamines; Wheat