title: Education and Psychological Distress of Older Chinese: Exploring the Longitudinal Relationship and Its Subgroup Variations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study is to examine whether and how education predicts distress for older Chinese and whether this association varies by age, gender, and rural/urban residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The random-effect panel model and Heckman selection model were used to analyze four waves of data with a total sample size of 54,405 from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found the following: (a) There is a persistent and negative association between education and distress among older Chinese; (b) education predicts lower levels of distress over time and this is particularly true for males, urban residents, and the young-old; and (c) the effect of education on distress is largely explained by physical health, economic conditions, and a three-dimensional framework of leisure-time activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings strengthen the external validity of the relationship between education and health and suggest the dynamic patterns on the subgroup variations within the association in China.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA weizhang@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Business School of Xiangtan University, Hunan, China Duke University, Durham, USA.
authors.forename: Huashuai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qiushi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: China; distress; education; subgroup variations