title: Comparison of acceptance and distraction strategies in coping with experimentally induced pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared an acceptance-based strategy with a control-based strategy (distraction) in terms of the ability of participants to tolerate a painful stimulus, across two experiments. In addition, participants were either actively encouraged, or not, to link pain tolerance with pursuit of valued goals to examine the impact of pursuing a personally meaningful goal or value on the extent to which pain will be tolerated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in experiment 1 (n=41) and experiment 2 (n=52) were equally assigned to acceptance or distraction protocols. Further, half the participants in each group generated examples from their own lives in which they had pursued a valued objective, while the other half did not. In experiment 2, the values focus was enhanced to examine the impact on pain tolerance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences overall between the acceptance and distraction groups on pain tolerance in either experiment. However, in experiment 2, individuals classified as accepting in terms of general coping style and who were assigned to the acceptance strategy showed significantly better pain tolerance than accepting individuals who were in the distraction condition. Across both experiments, those with strong goal-driven values in both protocols were more tolerant of pain. Participants appeared to have more difficulty adhering to acceptance than to distraction as a strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acceptance may be associated with better tolerance of pain, but may also be more difficult to operationalize than distraction in experimental studies. Matching coping style and coping strategy may be most effective, and enhancement of goal-driven values may assist in pain coping.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland.
authors.forename: Dermot
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barnes-Holmes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barnes-Holmes
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland ; Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: McGuire
keywords: acceptance; coping; pain; values
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