title: Muscle-building supplement use and increased risk of testicular germ cell cancer in men from Connecticut and Massachusetts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No analytic epidemiological study has examined the relationship between use of muscle-building supplements (MBSs) and testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC) risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based case-control study including 356 TGCC cases and 513 controls from Connecticut and Massachusetts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio (OR) for ever use of MBSs in relation to risk of TGCC was significantly elevated (OR=1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.46). The associations were significantly stronger among early users, men with more types of MBSs used, and longer periods of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MBS use is a potentially modifiable risk factor that may be associated with TGCC.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA [2] National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, China Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holford
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bassig
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honig
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: International Prevention and Research Institute, Lyon 69006, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, China Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 19024, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morey
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayward
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gomery
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects*; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
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