title: Robust electromagnetically guided endoscopic procedure using enhanced particle swarm optimization for multimodal information fusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electromagnetically guided endoscopic procedure, which aims at accurately and robustly localizing the endoscope, involves multimodal sensory information during interventions. However, it still remains challenging in how to integrate these information for precise and stable endoscopic guidance. To tackle such a challenge, this paper proposes a new framework on the basis of an enhanced particle swarm optimization method to effectively fuse these information for accurate and continuous endoscope localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors use the particle swarm optimization method, which is one of stochastic evolutionary computation algorithms, to effectively fuse the multimodal information including preoperative information (i.e., computed tomography images) as a frame of reference, endoscopic camera videos, and positional sensor measurements (i.e., electromagnetic sensor outputs). Since the evolutionary computation method usually limits its possible premature convergence and evolutionary factors, the authors introduce the current (endoscopic camera and electromagnetic sensor's) observation to boost the particle swarm optimization and also adaptively update evolutionary parameters in accordance with spatial constraints and the current observation, resulting in advantageous performance in the enhanced algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental results demonstrate that the authors' proposed method provides a more accurate and robust endoscopic guidance framework than state-of-the-art methods. The average guidance accuracy of the authors' framework was about 3.0 mm and 5.6° while the previous methods show at least 3.9 mm and 7.0°. The average position and orientation smoothness of their method was 1.0 mm and 1.6°, which is significantly better than the other methods at least with (2.0 mm and 2.6°). Additionally, the average visual quality of the endoscopic guidance was improved to 0.29.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A robust electromagnetically guided endoscopy framework was proposed on the basis of an enhanced particle swarm optimization method with using the current observation information and adaptive evolutionary factors. The authors proposed framework greatly reduced the guidance errors from (4.3, 7.8) to (3.0 mm, 5.6°), compared to state-of-the-art methods.
authors.affiliation: Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiongbiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Communications, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Communications, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiangjian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014741:Video Recording