title: Differences in Homing Potentials of Streptococcus pneumoniae-Specific Plasmablasts in Pneumococcal Pneumonia and After Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucosal immune mechanisms in the upper and lower respiratory tracts may serve a critical role in preventing pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts presumably originating in the lower respiratory tract have recently been found in the circulation in patients with pneumonia. The localization of an immune response can be evaluated by exploring homing receptors on such plasmablasts, yet no data have thus far described homing receptors in pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of α4β7, L-selectin, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) on S. pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts was examined in patients with pneumonia (n = 16) and healthy volunteers given pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV; n = 14) or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV; n = 11).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with pneumonia, the proportion of S. pneumoniae-specific plasmablasts expressing L-selectin was high, the proportion expressing α4β7 was moderate, and the proportion expressing CLA was low. The homing receptor α4β7 was expressed more frequently in the pneumonia group than in the PPV (P = .000) and PCV (P = .029) groups, L-selectin was expressed more frequently in the PPV group than in the PCV group (P = .014); and CLA was expressed more frequently in the pneumonia group than in the PPV group (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The homing receptor profile in patients with pneumonia was unique yet it was closer to that in PCV recipients than in PPV recipients. These data suggest greater mucosal localization for immune response in natural infection, which is clinically interesting, especially considering the shortcomings of vaccines in protecting against noninvasive pneumonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki Inflammation Center, Clinic of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Nina V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Palkola
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Immunology.
authors.forename: Sari H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pakkanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kantele
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki.
authors.forename: Ritvaleena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puohiniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki Inflammation Center, Clinic of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kantele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D019041:L-Selectin / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010950:Plasma Cells / Q000276:immunology; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D011134:Polysaccharides; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D019041:L-Selectin
keywords: PCV; PPV; Streptococcus pneumoniae; homing receptor; lymphocyte homing; mucosal immune response; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; pneumococcus; pneumonia
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