title: A systematic review of the relationship between postpartum sleep disturbance and postpartum depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between postpartum sleep disturbance and postpartum depression and describe the characteristics and demographics of the samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, EPOC, CINAHL, ProQuest, and Psych INFO. In addition, hand searches of bibliographies supplemented the electronic search.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language primary studies on the relationship between postpartum sleep disturbance and postpartum depression were included. Thirteen observational studies met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data that specified the relationship between sleep disturbance and postpartum depression were extracted from the studies. The data were organized per author, year, participants, setting, country, demographics, design, sample size, outcomes, evidence, and effect size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect size indicating the relationship between sleep disturbance and postpartum depression across the studies ranged between 0.4 and 1.7. There was evidence of a strong relationship between sleep disturbance and postpartum depression; however, the participants in the 13 studies were predominantly educated, middle class, older than age 30 years, and White. Likewise, the definition and measurement of postpartum sleep varied across the studies, which increased the possibility of bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research within the postpartum period involving underserved, younger women and samples with more diversity in race and ethnicity are needed.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhati
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology
keywords: effect size; postpartum sleep and postpartum depression; postpartum sleep disturbances; systematic review