title: Juxtapositions between the somatostatinergic and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons in the human hypothalamus.
abstract: Somatostatin is a 14-28 amino acid peptide that is located not only in the gastrointestinal system but also in multiple sites of the human brain. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the growth hormone (GH) secretion of the pituitary gland is a well-established phenomenon. There is a general consensus that somatostatin is released into the hypophysial portal blood and modulates GH secretion by hormonal action. In the present study, we explored the possibility that in addition to the hormonal route, somatostatin may also influence GH secretion via influencing the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) secretion by direct contacts that may be functional synapses. Since the verification of these putative synapses by electron microscopy is virtually impossible in humans due to the long post mortem time, in order to reveal the putative somatostatinergic-GHRH juxtapositions, light microscopic double-label immunohistochemistry was utilized. By examining the slides with high magnification, we observed that the vast majority of the GHRH perikarya received contacting somatostatinergic axonal varicosities in the arcuate nucleus. In contrast, GHRH axonal varicosities rarely contacted somatostatinergic perikarya. The morphology and the abundance of somatostatin to GHRH juxtapositions indicate that these associations are functional synapses, and they represent, at least partially, the morphological substrate of the somatostatin-influenced GHRH secretion. Thus, in addition to influencing the GH secretion directly via the hypophysial portal system, somatostatin may also modulate GH release from the anterior pituitary by regulating the hypothalamic GHRH secretion via direct contacts. The rare GHRH to somatostatin juxtapositions indicate that the negative feedback effect of GH targets the somatostatinergic system directly and not via the GHRH system.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization (NEO), Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Proudan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization (NEO), Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peroski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization (NEO), Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grignol
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Merchenthaler
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Organization (NEO), Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States. Electronic address: bdudas@lecom.edu.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dudas
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D009451:Neuroeffector Junction / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013004:Somatostatin; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
keywords: GHRH; growth; hypothalamus; somatostatin