title: Proteomic analysis of the response of Escherichia coli to short-chain fatty acids.
abstract: Given their simple and easy-to-manipulate chemical structures, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are valuable feedstocks for many industrial applications. While the microbial production of SCFAs by engineered Escherichia coli has been demonstrated recently, productivity and yields are limited by their antimicrobial properties. In this work, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of E. coli under octanoic acid stress (15 mM) and identified the underlying mechanisms of SCFA toxicity. Out of a total of 33 spots differentially expressed at a p-value ≤ 0.05, nine differentially expressed proteins involved in transport and structural roles (OmpF, HPr, and FliC), oxidative stress (SodA, SodB, and TrxA), protein synthesis (PPiB and RpsA) and metabolic functions (HPr, PflB) were selected for further investigation. Our studies suggest that membrane damage and oxidative stress are the main routes of inhibition by SCFAs in E. coli. The outer membrane porin OmpF had the greatest impact on SCFA tolerance. Intracellular pH analysis on ompF mutants grown under octanoic acid stress indicated that this porin facilitates transport of SCFAs into the cell. The same response was observed under hexanoic acid stress, further supporting the role of OmpF in response to the presence of SCFAs. Furthermore, analysis of membrane protein expression revealed that other outer membrane porins are also involved in the response of E. coli to SCFAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work covers the first known proteomic analysis to assess the inhibitory effect of SCFAs in E. coli. SCFAs are molecules of great interest in the industry, but their microbial production is limited by their antimicrobial properties. This work allowed identification of differentially expressed proteins in response to SCFA stress and demonstrated the relevance of short- and medium-chain FA transport across the cell membrane via outer membrane porins, providing valuable insights on the toxicity mechanism of SCFAs in E. coli. These results could also benefit future engineering efforts by guiding the design and construction of industrial strains that produce SCFAs with increased tolerance and productivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Moyá
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States. Electronic address: Ramon.Gonzalez@rice.edu.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D002210:Caprylates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D048168:Escherichia coli K12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D020543:Proteome / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D020543:Proteome; C031492:octanoic acid
keywords: 2D gel electrophoresis; Outer membrane porin F; Proteomic analysis; Short-chain fatty acids; Toxicity