title: Cognitive-motor interference in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of evidence, correlates, and consequences.
abstract: Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) regularly exhibit deficits in motor and cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests that these impairments are compounded when motor and cognitive task are performed simultaneously such as walking while talking. The changes incurred during simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive tasks are a result of cognitive-motor interference (CMI) and operationalized as dual task costs (DTC). Recently in MS, research has been conducted to understand and analyze the impact of CMI. The purpose of this paper was to review the current literature related to the evidence, correlates, and consequences of CMI in MS. Relevant literature was collected from the results of a PubMed search for terms including "Cognitive-motor interference" or "Cognitive-motor interaction" or "Dual task" and "multiple sclerosis." Overall, 20 papers were included for review which focused on CMI during balance and walking tasks. The finding that there is a lack of evidence pertaining to changes in the cognitive domain as well as to the specific consequences of CMI in MS was noted. Future work should aim to fill these gaps and ultimately investigate the usefulness of targeted interventions in reducing the deleterious effects of CMI in individuals with MS.
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wajda
authors.affiliation: Motor Control Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sosnoff
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2014 Mar;39(3):870-4
references.pmid: 24378281
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2012 Apr 15;315(1-2):44-8
references.pmid: 22236888
references.citation: Clin Med (Lond). 2006 Jan-Feb;6(1):91-7
references.pmid: 16521364
references.citation: J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2003 Mar;16(1):53-8
references.pmid: 12641374
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurol. 2011 Jun;7(6):332-42
references.pmid: 21556031
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Jan;56(1):181-2
references.pmid: 18184219
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):715-28
references.pmid: 20833198
references.citation: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2011 Dec;47(4):579-86
references.pmid: 21304449
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2013 Dec 15;335(1-2):160-3
references.pmid: 24090757
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 2014;71(5-6):247-51
references.pmid: 24503719
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2001 Jun;14(3):271-8
references.pmid: 11371748
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Jan;50A(1):M28-34
references.pmid: 7814786
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2010 Jul;32(3):332-5
references.pmid: 20594850
references.citation: Mult Scler Int. 2013;2013:875648
references.pmid: 23606966
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2015 Feb;21(2):123-31
references.pmid: 25178543
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2014 Jul;40(3):352-6
references.pmid: 24909581
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2011 Oct;34(4):479-84
references.pmid: 21802303
references.citation: Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006 Apr;2(4):201-11
references.pmid: 16932551
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2012 May 15;316(1-2):42-6
references.pmid: 22353853
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Oct;95(10):1803-9
references.pmid: 24823959
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2002 Aug;16(1):1-14
references.pmid: 12127181
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Aug;94(8):1567-72
references.pmid: 23422407
references.citation: Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Aug;41(8):1740-7
references.pmid: 23132152
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014 Aug;95(8):1498-503
references.pmid: 24681387
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2008 Dec;7(12):1139-51
references.pmid: 19007738
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1982 Feb;47(2):287-302
references.pmid: 7062101
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2006 Oct;12(5):620-8
references.pmid: 17086909
references.citation: Parkinsons Dis. 2012;2012:918719
references.pmid: 22135764
references.citation: Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013 Aug;71(8):521-6
references.pmid: 23982009
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Dec;92(12):2028-33
references.pmid: 22133253
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1994 Apr;20(2):330-42
references.pmid: 8189196
references.citation: Neurology. 2010 Jun 15;74(24):1961-8
references.pmid: 20445152
references.citation: Neurophysiol Clin. 2014 Jan;44(1):87-93
references.pmid: 24502909
references.citation: Clin Rehabil. 2009 Mar;23(3):259-69
references.pmid: 19218300
references.citation: J Neurol. 2012 Jun;259(6):1166-76
references.pmid: 22160432
references.citation: Neurology. 1983 Nov;33(11):1444-52
references.pmid: 6685237
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2013 Oct 11;553:126-31
references.pmid: 23973306
references.citation: Mult Scler Int. 2013;2013:859323
references.pmid: 24223308
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2009 Oct;15(10):1215-27
references.pmid: 19667011
references.citation: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997 Jul;52(4):M232-40
references.pmid: 9224435
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:247-69
references.pmid: 18558855
references.citation: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015 Jun;29(5):424-35
references.pmid: 25288582
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2013 Dec;19(14):1913-22
references.pmid: 23633067
references.citation: Patient. 2011;4(3):189-201
references.pmid: 21766914
references.citation: Neurology. 1997 Apr;48(4):955-8
references.pmid: 9109884
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Dec;94(12):2565-2574.e6
references.pmid: 23973751
references.citation: Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(3):205-9
references.pmid: 23597000
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000097
references.pmid: 19621072
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2012 May;27(6):765-70
references.pmid: 22419512