title: Role of stress-related hormones in plant defence during early infection of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Heterodera schachtii, a plant-parasitic cyst nematode, invades host roots and induces a specific syncytial feeding structure, from which it withdraws all required nutrients, causing severe yield losses. The system H. schachtii-Arabidopsis is an excellent research model for investigating plant defence mechanisms. Such responses are suppressed in well-established syncytia, whereas they are induced during early parasitism. However, the mechanisms by which the defence responses are modulated and the role of phytohormones are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of hormone-based defence responses at the onset of nematode infection. First, concentrations of main phytohormones were quantified and the expression of several hormone-related genes was analysed using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR or GeneChip. Further, the effects of individual hormones were evaluated via nematode attraction and infection assays using plants with altered endogenous hormone concentrations. Our results suggest a pivotal and positive role for ethylene during nematode attraction, whereas jasmonic acid triggers early defence responses against H. schachtii. Salicylic acid seems to be a negative regulator during later syncytium and female development. We conclude that nematodes are able to impose specific changes in hormone pools, thus modulating hormone-based defence and signal transduction in strict dependence on their parasitism stage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kammerhofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Radakovic
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Jully M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Regis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dobrev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Lysolaje, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radomira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vankova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian M W
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Grundler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C011006:jasmonic acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Heterodera schachtii; defence responses; early infection; ethylene; jasmonic acid; plant-parasitic nematodes; salicylic acid
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