title: The effect of iloprost and N-acetylcysteine on skeletal muscle injury in an acute aortic ischemia-reperfusion model: an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the effects of iloprost and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries to the gastrocnemius muscle, following the occlusion-reperfusion period in the abdominal aorta of rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group 1: control group. Group 2 (IR): aorta was occluded. The clamp was removed after 1 hour of ischemia. Blood samples and muscle tissue specimens were collected following a 2-hour reperfusion period. Group 3 (IR + iloprost): during a 1-hour ischemia period, iloprost infusion was initiated from the jugular catheter. During a 2-hour reperfusion period, the iloprost infusion continued. Group 4 (IR + NAC): similar to the iloprost group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total oxidant status, CK, and LDH levels were highest in Group 2 and lowest in Group 1. The levels of these parameters in Group 3 and Group 4 were lower compared to Group 2 and higher compared to Group 1 (P < 0.05). The histopathological examination showed that Group 3 and Group 4, compared to Group 2, had preserved appearance with respect to hemorrhage, necrosis, loss of nuclei, infiltration, and similar parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iloprost and NAC are effective against ischemia-reperfusion injury and decrease ischemia-related tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bahcesehir University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tiryakioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Park Bursa Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kamuran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erkoc
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tunerir
authors.affiliation: Vocational School of Health Services, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mehmet Akif Ersoy GKDCEA Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: H Firat
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Altin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tevfik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gunes
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Acibadem Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aydin
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016285:Iloprost / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016285:Iloprost; D000111:Acetylcysteine
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2000 Aug 18;47(3):446-56
references.pmid: 10963718
references.citation: J Trauma. 2011 Mar;70(3):717-23
references.pmid: 21610364
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2002 Oct;43(5):693-6
references.pmid: 12386586
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Nov;126(5):1483-8
references.pmid: 14666023
references.citation: J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Nov;126(5):1513-20
references.pmid: 14666027
references.citation: Surg Today. 2004;34(3):237-42
references.pmid: 14999536
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):277-85
references.pmid: 15003729
references.citation: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2013;114(12):721-5
references.pmid: 24329512
references.citation: Perfusion. 2014 May;29(3):260-4
references.pmid: 24297774
references.citation: J Pak Med Assoc. 2014 Apr;64(4):379-81
references.pmid: 24864627
references.citation: J Vasc Surg. 1987 Jan;5(1):68-75
references.pmid: 3795394
references.citation: Circ Res. 1988 Feb;62(2):204-15
references.pmid: 2448057
references.citation: Perfusion. 2014 Sep;29(5):450-5
references.pmid: 24534888
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1988 Dec;20(12):1095-106
references.pmid: 2470908
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;98(2):678-84
references.pmid: 2479443
references.citation: Arzneimittelforschung. 1990 Mar;40(3):248-52
references.pmid: 1693274
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 1990 Aug;28(2):191-6
references.pmid: 2394523
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 1992 Apr;35(1):116-8
references.pmid: 1563867
references.citation: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996 Jul;40(6):657-64
references.pmid: 8836257
references.citation: Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18(4):235-41
references.pmid: 15777606
references.citation: ANZ J Surg. 2005 Jul;75(7):608-13
references.pmid: 15972057
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2005 Dec;38(12):1103-11
references.pmid: 16214125
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb;1762(2):164-80
references.pmid: 16236486
references.citation: Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Jul-Aug;24(4):341-6
references.pmid: 16708361
references.citation: J Surg Res. 2007 Jun 1;140(1):20-6
references.pmid: 17397869
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Oct 14;13(38):5127-32
references.pmid: 17876880
references.citation: Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008 Apr;7(2):235-9
references.pmid: 18056154
references.citation: Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2008 Dec;36(8):536-40
references.pmid: 19223719
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 2001 Mar;54(3):176-86
references.pmid: 11253127