title: Quantitative physicochemical analysis of acid-base balance and clinical utility of anion gap and strong ion gap in 806 neonatal calves with diarrhea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acid-base abnormalities in neonatal diarrheic calves can be assessed by using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation or the simplified strong ion approach which use the anion gap (AG) or the strong ion gap (SIG) to quantify the concentration of unmeasured strong anions such as D-lactate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the clinical utility of AG and SIG in quantifying the unmeasured strong anion charge in neonatal diarrheic calves, and to examine the associations between biochemical findings and acid-base variables by using the simplified strong ion approach. We hypothesized that the SIG provides a more accurate prediction of unmeasured strong anions than the AG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and six neonatal diarrheic calves admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study utilizing clinicopathologic findings extracted from medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyperphosphatemia was an important predictor of venous blood pH. Serum inorganic phosphorus and plasma D-lactate concentrations accounted for 58% of the variation in venous blood pH and 77% of the variation in AG and SIG. Plasma D- and total lactate concentrations were slightly better correlated with SIG (rs = -0.69; -0.78) than to AG (rs = 0.63; 0.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong ion gap is slightly better at quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in neonatal diarrheic calves than AG. Phosphorus concentrations should be included as part of the calculation of Atot when applying the simplified strong ion approach to acid-base balance to critically ill animals with hyperphosphatemia.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Trefz
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Constable
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis
keywords: Henderson-Hasselbalch model; Inorganic phosphorus; Strong ion difference; d-Lactate
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):674-83
references.pmid: 22486951
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2004 Sep-Oct;18(5):744-7
references.pmid: 15515594
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Jul;83(1):297-311
references.pmid: 9216976
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;11(2):71-9
references.pmid: 9127293
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2013;96(11):7234-44
references.pmid: 24011947
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1983 Dec;61(12):1444-61
references.pmid: 6423247
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):1604-12
references.pmid: 24107246
references.citation: BMC Vet Res. 2012 Dec 06;8:238
references.pmid: 23216654
references.citation: Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1999 Nov;15(3):473-86, v
references.pmid: 10573807
references.citation: Semin Nephrol. 1996 May;16(3):167-82
references.pmid: 8734460
references.citation: Respir Physiol. 1978 Apr;33(1):9-26
references.pmid: 27857
references.citation: J Nutr. 2001 Aug;131(8):2128-31
references.pmid: 11481406
references.citation: Vet Res Commun. 1995;19(3):195-203
references.pmid: 7571393
references.citation: J Lab Clin Med. 1992 Nov;120(5):713-9
references.pmid: 1431499
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2002 Apr;63(4):482-90
references.pmid: 11939307
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Aug;95(2):620-30
references.pmid: 12665532
references.citation: Can J Vet Res. 1986 Oct;50(4):502-8
references.pmid: 3024795
references.citation: Vet Clin Pathol. 2000;29(4):115-128
references.pmid: 12070822
references.citation: J Crit Care. 1995 Jun;10(2):51-5
references.pmid: 7647842
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Jul-Aug;19(4):581-9
references.pmid: 16095178
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2009 Apr;92(4):1649-59
references.pmid: 19307647
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 1998 Nov;26(11):1807-10
references.pmid: 9824071
references.citation: J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2004 Dec;51(9-10):425-8
references.pmid: 15610486
references.citation: J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2006 Nov;53(9):490-4
references.pmid: 17054488
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;17(6):940-2
references.pmid: 14658737
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;26(1):162-70
references.pmid: 22168181
references.citation: J Vet Intern Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;19(6):894-8
references.pmid: 16355687
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1998 Jul;59(7):881-7
references.pmid: 9659556
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1972 Jul;33(1):154-8
references.pmid: 5037404