title: Music, clicks, and their imaginations favor differently the event-based timing component for rhythmic movements.
abstract: The involvement or noninvolvement of a clock-like neural process, an effector-independent representation of the time intervals to produce, is described as the essential difference between event-based and emergent timing. In a previous work (Bravi et al. in Exp Brain Res 232:1663-1675, 2014a. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-3845-9 ), we studied repetitive isochronous wrist's flexion-extensions (IWFEs), performed while minimizing visual and tactile information, to clarify whether non-temporal and temporal characteristics of paced auditory stimuli affect the precision and accuracy of the rhythmic motor performance. Here, with the inclusion of new recordings, we expand the examination of the dataset described in our previous study to investigate whether simple and complex paced auditory stimuli (clicks and music) and their imaginations influence in a different way the timing mechanisms for repetitive IWFEs. Sets of IWFEs were analyzed by the windowed (lag one) autocorrelation-wγ(1), a statistical method recently introduced for the distinction between event-based and emergent timing. Our findings provide evidence that paced auditory information and its imagination favor the engagement of a clock-like neural process, and specifically that music, unlike clicks, lacks the power to elicit event-based timing, not counteracting the natural shift of wγ(1) toward positive values as frequency of movements increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 63, 50134, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bravi
authors.forename: Eros
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quarta
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Tongo
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carbonaro
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tognetti
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minciacchi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D010507:Periodicity; D011930:Reaction Time; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
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