title: Milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict.
abstract: Among mammals, milk constituents directly influence the ecology of the infant's commensal microbiota. The immunological and nutritional impacts of breast milk and microbiota are increasingly well understood; less clear are the consequences for infant behavior. Here, we propose that interactions among bioactives in mother's milk and microbes in the infant gut contribute to infant behavioral phenotype and, in part, have the potential to mediate parent-offspring conflict. We hypothesize that infant behavior likely varies as a function of their mother's milk composition interacting with the infant's neurobiology directly and indirectly through the commensal gut bacteria. In this article, we will explore our hypothesis of a milk-microbiota-brain-behavior dynamic in the context of the coevolution between human milk oligosaccharides, bacteria, the gut-brain axis and behavior. Integrating established features of these systems allows us to generate novel hypotheses to motivate future research and consider potential implications of current and emerging clinical treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Cary R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Allen-Blevins
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA katiehinde@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinde
keywords: commensal bacteria; human milk oligosaccharides; infant development; lactation; maternal investment; microbiota
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2015 Jan 14;17(1):72-84
references.pmid: 25532804
references.citation: J Sci Food Agric. 2012 Aug 30;92(11):2219-23
references.pmid: 22729619
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2013 Jan;2013(1):14-7
references.pmid: 24481181
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2013 Oct;89 Suppl 2:S3-6
references.pmid: 23932110
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2014 Jan;2014(1):32-9
references.pmid: 24610432
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):e550-8
references.pmid: 23319531
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2013 Nov;23(11):1281-92
references.pmid: 24013960
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2003 May-Jun;15(3):342-51
references.pmid: 12704710
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;817:177-94
references.pmid: 24997034
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2014;15(7):R89
references.pmid: 25146375
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2011 Nov 17;10(5):507-14
references.pmid: 22036470
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;19(2):146-8
references.pmid: 23689536
references.citation: Gut. 2012 Oct;61(10):1417-25
references.pmid: 22138535
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2013 May;36(5):305-12
references.pmid: 23384445
references.citation: Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015 Feb 05;5:3
references.pmid: 25705611
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014 Aug;25(5):428-38
references.pmid: 24899389
references.citation: Clin Perinatol. 2010 Mar;37(1):217-45
references.pmid: 20363457
references.citation: J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2012 Jun;17(2):167-88
references.pmid: 22752723
references.citation: Evol Anthropol. 2011 Jan-Feb;20(1):9-23
references.pmid: 22034080
references.citation: Behav Brain Sci. 2012 Jun;35(3):121-43
references.pmid: 22617651
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Dec;406(30):7925-35
references.pmid: 25358913
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2011 Sep 1;149(1):58-64
references.pmid: 21342711
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4653-8
references.pmid: 20679197
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2014 Oct 14;112(7):1119-28
references.pmid: 25160058
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2014 Aug;103(8):812-9
references.pmid: 24798884
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Sep;22(9):1029-35, e268
references.pmid: 20518856
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32495
references.pmid: 22403665
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 2;105(48):18964-9
references.pmid: 19033196
references.citation: Neurobiol Stress. 2015 Jan 1;1:81-88
references.pmid: 25530984
references.citation: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct;9(10):565-76
references.pmid: 22890113
references.citation: Curr Anthropol. 2014 Apr;55(2):200-15, 226-9
references.pmid: 24991682
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014 Nov;26(11):1615-27
references.pmid: 25251188
references.citation: Q Rev Biol. 2003 Jun;78(2):169-202
references.pmid: 12825417
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2013;11(8):e1001631
references.pmid: 23976878
references.citation: Trends Microbiol. 2010 Jul;18(7):298-307
references.pmid: 20409714
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2013 Jan;2013(1):46-64
references.pmid: 24481186
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2014 Jan;2014(1):48-50
references.pmid: 24623734
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2012 Sep;22(9):1147-62
references.pmid: 22513036
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 2014;34:143-69
references.pmid: 24850388
references.citation: Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2011;2:331-51
references.pmid: 22129386
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Apr;38(4):414-21
references.pmid: 15085020
references.citation: Behav Ecol. 2015 Jan-Feb;26(1):269-281
references.pmid: 25713475
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2010 Nov;104(9):1261-71
references.pmid: 20522272
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Jan;71(2):183-203
references.pmid: 23516017
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2014 Jul;103(7):e300-5
references.pmid: 24579935
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014 Dec;1332:22-38
references.pmid: 25118072
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jun;35(7):1534-43
references.pmid: 21216260
references.citation: Breastfeed Med. 2014 May;9(4):184-90
references.pmid: 24588561
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Mar;99(3):697S-703S
references.pmid: 24452239
references.citation: Evolution. 2011 Jul;65(7):2075-84
references.pmid: 21729061
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2004 Mar;14(3):253-63
references.pmid: 14638628
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;817:373-403
references.pmid: 24997043
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Dec;1306:1-17
references.pmid: 24266656
references.citation: Glycobiology. 2001 May;11(5):365-72
references.pmid: 11425797
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2014 Sep;20(9):509-18
references.pmid: 24956966
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4578-85
references.pmid: 20668239
references.citation: J Proteome Res. 2011 Apr 1;10(4):1548-57
references.pmid: 21214271
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Nov;45(5):569-76
references.pmid: 18030235
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Mar;45:118-27
references.pmid: 25449582
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 22;(4):CD002971
references.pmid: 24752468
references.citation: Cell. 2014 Aug 14;158(4):705-721
references.pmid: 25126780
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2013 Jan;2013(1):89-103
references.pmid: 24481190
references.citation: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Dec;28 Suppl 4:9-17
references.pmid: 24251697
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2014 Nov 17;588(22):4112-9
references.pmid: 25042036
references.citation: Cell. 2014 Jul 17;158(2):250-262
references.pmid: 25036628
references.citation: J Proteome Res. 2015 Jan 2;14(1):491-502
references.pmid: 25300177
references.citation: Appl Transl Genom. 2013 Jun 15;2:55-63
references.pmid: 27896056
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2009 Nov 11;1(6):6ra14
references.pmid: 20368178
references.citation: Bioessays. 2014 Oct;36(10):940-9
references.pmid: 25103109
references.citation: Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Feb;60(1):49-74
references.pmid: 23178060
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;817:255-76
references.pmid: 24997038
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Nov 10;170(4):1179-88
references.pmid: 20696216
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 May;232(10):1793-801
references.pmid: 25449699
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2013 Jan-Feb;25(1):1-11
references.pmid: 23109280
references.citation: Cell. 2013 Dec 19;155(7):1451-63
references.pmid: 24315484
references.citation: JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Apr;167(4):374-9
references.pmid: 23400224
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Oct 4;54(20):7471-80
references.pmid: 17002410
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Mar;23(3):255-64, e119
references.pmid: 21054680
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Jul 1;558(Pt 1):263-75
references.pmid: 15133062
references.citation: Ann Hum Biol. 2014 Jul-Aug;41(4):368-80
references.pmid: 24932750
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Nov 15;74(10):720-6
references.pmid: 23759244
references.citation: Evol Med Public Health. 2014 Aug 05;2014(1):109-21
references.pmid: 25095791
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 28;108 Suppl 2:10878-85
references.pmid: 21690414
references.citation: Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;2009:327505
references.pmid: 20049153
references.citation: CMAJ. 2013 Mar 19;185(5):373-4
references.pmid: 23401408