title: Early emerging nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence predict daily smoking in young adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the predictive validity of individual early emerging nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence on smoking behavior in young adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 492 adolescents who, at baseline, had not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and 123 adolescents who smoked more than 100 cigarettes lifetime, and who participated in the 6-year follow-up assessment were included in the present analyses. Predictive validity of 10 nicotine dependence items administered at baseline was evaluated at the 6 year follow-up when the sample had entered young adulthood (mean age=21.6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among adolescents who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes, experiencing higher levels of overall nicotine dependence as well as individual symptoms at baseline longitudinally predicted an increase in risk for daily smoking in young adulthood, after controlling for baseline smoking and other tobacco use. For adolescents who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes at baseline, level of nicotine dependence and individual symptom endorsement did not predict smoking behavior in young adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add to accumulating evidence that early emerging dependence symptoms reported at low levels of smoking exposure signal a greater propensity for continued smoking behavior. Screening for these early emerging symptoms among novice adolescent smokers represents an important and unused tool in tobacco control efforts aimed at preventing the development of chronic smoking patterns.
authors.affiliation: Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States. Electronic address: ldierker@wesleyan.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dierker
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.affiliation: Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States.
authors.forename: Arielle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selya
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; Nicotine dependence; Smoking; Young adults
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