title: The Impact of Gender and Protein Intake on the Success of Weight Maintenance and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Benefits, Independent of the Mode of Food Provision: The DiOGenes Randomized Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maintenance of weight loss and associated cardiovascular benefits after following energy-restricted diets is still a challenging field, and thorough investigation is needed. The present research aimed to determine the role of protein and gender in relation to two different intervention models related to food supply, in a weight maintenance trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DiOGenes trial was a long-term, multicenter, randomized, dietary intervention study, conducted in eight European countries (Clinical Trials.gov, NCT00390637), focusing on assessing the effectiveness of weight maintenance over 6 months. This secondary analysis intended to evaluate the different benefits for weight maintenance and cardiometabolic markers of two dietary advice delivery models: "shop + instruction intervention" vs "instruction-alone intervention," which were further categorized for gender and macronutrient intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The weight maintenance intervention based on different macronutrient intake showed, independently of the advice delivery model, in both sexes that higher protein consumption was more effective for weight stability, showing better results in obese women (low protein: 1.65 kg in males and 0.73 Kg in females vs high protein: 1.45 kg in males and -0.93 Kg in females) . Measurements concerning cardiovascular risk markers from subjects on both structured models produced similar trends in the subsequent follow-up period, with a lower rebound in women for most of the markers analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported dietary benefits for weight sustainability should be ascribed to the macronutrient distribution (higher protein diets) rather than to the structured mode of delivery. Higher weight regain in males was noted, as well as a metabolic divergence attributable to the sex, with a better biochemical outcome in women.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology , University of Navarra , Pamplona , SPAIN.|b CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition , Madrid , SPAIN.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navas-Carretero
authors.affiliation: e University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , DENMARK.|f Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , DENMARK.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: g NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , THE NETHERLANDS.
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: g NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , THE NETHERLANDS.
authors.forename: Marleen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Baak
authors.affiliation: h The Medical Research Council, Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory , Cambridge , UNITED KINGDOM.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jebb
authors.affiliation: i Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine, and Nutrition Clinic , University of Crete , Heraklion , Crete , GREECE.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kafatos
authors.affiliation: i Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine, and Nutrition Clinic , University of Crete , Heraklion , Crete , GREECE.|j Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol , Bristol , UNITED KINGDOM.
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadaki
authors.affiliation: k Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke , Nuthetal , GERMANY.|l Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , GERMANY.
authors.forename: Andreas F H
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: m Department of Human Nutrition, Dietetics and Metabolic Diseases , National Transport Hospital , Sofia , BULGARIA.
authors.forename: Teodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Handjieva-Darlenska
authors.affiliation: n Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology , Prague , CZECH REPUBLIC.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hlavaty
authors.affiliation: d Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gentofte Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , DENMARK.
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stender
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology , University of Navarra , Pamplona , SPAIN.|c Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , DENMARK.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology , University of Navarra , Pamplona , SPAIN.|c Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , DENMARK.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology , University of Navarra , Pamplona , SPAIN.|b CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition , Madrid , SPAIN.
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000068959:Body Weight Maintenance / Q000187:drug effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003132:Commerce; D004032:Diet; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: clinical trials; diets; general nutrition; obesity; preventative nutrition and chronic disease