title: Calcium homeostasis and ER stress in control of autophagy in cancer cells.
abstract: Autophagy is a basic catabolic process, serving as an internal engine during responses to various cellular stresses. As regards cancer, autophagy may play a tumor suppressive role by preserving cellular integrity during tumor development and by possible contribution to cell death. However, autophagy may also exert oncogenic effects by promoting tumor cell survival and preventing cell death, for example, upon anticancer treatment. The major factors influencing autophagy are Ca(2+) homeostasis perturbation and starvation. Several Ca(2+) channels like voltage-gated T- and L-type channels, IP3 receptors, or CRAC are involved in autophagy regulation. Glucose transporters, mainly from GLUT family, which are often upregulated in cancer, are also prominent targets for autophagy induction. Signals from both Ca(2+) perturbations and glucose transport blockage might be integrated at UPR and ER stress activation. Molecular pathways such as IRE 1-JNK-Bcl-2, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, or ATF6-XBP 1-ATG are related to autophagy induced through ER stress. Moreover ER molecular chaperones such as GRP78/BiP and transcription factors like CHOP participate in regulation of ER stress-mediated autophagy. Autophagy modulation might be promising in anticancer therapies; however, it is a context-dependent matter whether inhibition or activation of autophagy leads to tumor cell death.
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kania
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pająk
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Platform, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1307-2823
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orzechowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D002118:Calcium
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