title: Clinical Outcome, Hormonal Status, Gonadotrope Axis, and Testicular Function in 219 Adult Men Born With Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. A French National Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outcomes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) have been widely studied in children and women, but less so in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to analyze data from a network of metropolitan French teaching hospitals on the clinical outcome of classic 21OHD in a large sample of congenital adrenal hyperplasia/21OHD-genotyped adult men, and particularly the impact of 21OHD on the gonadotrope axis, testicular function, and fertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2011 to June 2014, tertiary endocrinology departments provided data for 219 men with 21OHD (ages, 18-70 y; 73.6% salt wasters, 26.4% simple virilizers). Testicular sonography was performed in 164 men, and sperm analysis was performed in 71 men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean final height was 7.8 cm lower than in a reference population. Obesity was more common, and mean blood pressure was lower than in the reference population. None of the patients were diabetic, and lipid status was generally normal. Blood electrolyte status was normal in the vast majority of men, despite markedly elevated ACTH and renin levels. Serum progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione levels were above normal in the vast majority of cases. Hormonal profiling variously showed a normal gonadotrope-testicular axis, gonadotropin deficiency, or primary testicular insufficiency. Testicular sonography revealed testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) in 34% of 164 men. Serum inhibin B and FSH levels were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in patients with TARTs. Severe oligospermia or azoospermia was found in 42% of patients and was significantly more prevalent in men with TARTs (70%) than in men with normal testes (3.6%; P < .0001). Among men living with female partners, TARTs were significantly more prevalent in those who had not fathered children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the spectrum of testicular/gonadotrope axis impairment in the largest cohort of 21OHD men studied to date. Our results suggest that French men with 21OHD managed in specialized centers frequently have impaired exocrine testicular function but that its reproductive implications are often overlooked.
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouvattier
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Esterle
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renoult-Pierre
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Aude Brac
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: de la Perrière
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Illouz
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kerlan
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pascal-Vigneron
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drui
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christin-Maitre
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galland
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brue
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reznik
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schillo
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinsard
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Piguel
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chabrier
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Decoudier
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emy
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tauveron
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Raffin-Sanson
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Jerôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertherat
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Maryse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cartigny
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chabre
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dewailly
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Touraine
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tardy-Guidollet
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Sud (C.B., L.E., J.Y.), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology (C.B., L.E.), Bicêtre Hospital, F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; French Reference Center of Rare Disorders of Sexual Development, (C.B., L.E., A.B.d.l.P., Y.M., V.T.-G., J.Y.), F-94275 Le Kremlin Bicetre, France; Department of Endocrinology (P.R.-P.), Tours Hospital, F-37380 Tours, France; Department of Endocrinology (A.B.d.l.P.), Lyon University Hospital, F-69000 Lyon, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.I.), Angers Hospital, Angers, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.K.), Brest University Hospital, F-29600 Brest, France; Department of Endocrinology (V.P.-V.), Brabois Hospital, F-54200 Nancy, France; Department of Endocrinology (D.Dr.), Nantes University Hospital, F-44000 Nantes, France; Department of Reproductive Endocrinology (S.C.-M.), St-Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.G., D.P.), Rennes Hospital, F-35203 Rennes, France; Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), La Timone Hospital, F-13385 Marseilles, France; Department of Endocrinology (Y.R.), Hospital Nacre, Caen, France; Department of Endocrinology (F.S.), Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France; Department of Endocrinology (X.P.), Poitiers Hospital, Poitiers, France; Department of Endocrinology (G.C.), Strasbourg Hospital, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology (B.D.), Reims Hospital, F-51100 Reims, France; Department of Endocrinology (I.T.), Clermond-Ferrand Hospital, F-63100 Clermond-Ferrand, France; Department of Endocrinology (M.-L.R.-S.), Ambroise Paré Hospital, F-92104 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Department of Endocrinology (PE), Orléans Hospital, Orléans, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.B.), Cochin Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology (J.-M.K.), Rouen Teaching Hospital, F-76031 Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Toulouse Teaching Hospital, F-31059; Department of Pediatric
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000314:Adrenal Rest Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003625:Data Collection; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D052681:Gonadotrophs / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D013737:Testis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones