title: Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Glinus oppositifolius.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To isolate the secondary metabolites from the dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Glinus oppositifolius; to test for the cytotoxicity of a new triterpene, oppositifolone (1); and to test for the hypoglycemic, analgesic, and antimicrobial potentials of 1, DCM and aqueous leaf extracts of G. oppositifolius.
  
  
  METHODS
  The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity potential of 1 was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Triterpene 1, DCM, and aqueous leaf extracts were tested for hypoglycemic potential using the oral glucose tolerance test; analgesic potential using the tail-flick assay, and antimicrobial potential using the disc diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DCM extracts of G. oppositifolius afforded 1, squalene, spinasterol, oleanolic acid, phytol, and lutein from the leaves; squalene and spergulagenin A from the stems; and spinasterol from the roots. Triterpene 1 was cytotoxic against human colon carcinoma 116 with an IC50 value of 28.7 but did not exhibit cytotoxicity against A549. The aqueous leaf extract at 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) exhibited hypoglycemic activity with a pronounced % blood glucose reduction of 70.76% ±17.4% within 0.5 h after introduction. The DCM leaf extract showed a lower % blood glucose reduction of 18.52% ±13.5% at 200 mg/kg BW within 1.5 h after introduction, while 1 did not exhibit hypoglycemic activity. The samples did not exhibit analgesic property and were inactive against multiple drug resistant bacterial pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The compounds responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of G. oppositifolius which are fast acting (0.5 h) are found in the aqueous leaf extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University Science and Technology Complex Leandro V. Locsin Campus, Biñan City, Laguna 4024, Philippines ; Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Consolacion Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ragasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Esperanza C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Oscar B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Adiel Inah
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Buluran
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines.
authors.forename: Dinah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Espineli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108, Philippines.
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Raga
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 155-1, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
keywords: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; Glinus oppositifolius Linn; analgesic; antimicrobial; cytotoxic; hypoglycemic; molluginaceae; oppositifolone
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