title: Development of a conceptual model of health-related quality of life among hepatitis C patients: A systematic review of qualitative studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Food and Drug Administration guidelines emphasize that patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments used in clinical trials must be developed based on a conceptual model, yet existing PRO instruments currently used in clinical trials of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients are not based on a predetermined model. The purpose of this study was to identify a comprehensive list of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) themes that may be unique to HCV by reviewing qualitative research articles of HCV patients. The information collected from the review was used to develop a preliminary model of HRQoL in HCV patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid PsycINFO and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed journals from 1989 to 2012. Set inclusion/exclusion criteria were utilized with a focus on HRQoL among HCV patients. Eligible articles that met quality assessment criteria were analyzed using meta-synthesis to generate categories and themes to propose a conceptual model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten articles that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the quality assessment criteria were reviewed. Eleven themes were identified: physical symptoms, physical activities, guilt, stigma, emotional distress, psychological behavior, social relationship, social activities, work function, sexual function and cognitive function. These were further grouped into six HRQoL domains: physical, psychological/emotional, social, work, sexual and cognitive functionality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systematic review and the proposed model represent a useful starting point in the critical appraisal of the conceptual underpinnings of PRO instruments used in HCV patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shivani K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mhatre
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Sujit S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sansgiry
keywords: hepatitis C; qualitative research; quality of life; review