title: Synthesis of bacterial cellulose using hot water extracted wood sugars.
abstract: Bacterial cellulose (BC), a type of nanopolymer produced by Acetobacter xylinum is a nanostructured material with unique properties and wide applicability. However, a standard medium used for the cultivation of BC, the Hestrin-Schramm medium, is expensive and prevents wide scale extension of BC applications. In this research, a relatively low-cost culture media was successfully developed from wood hot water extracts for the Acetobacter xylinus 23769 strain. Hot water extract (HWE) is a residual material originating from pulp mills and lignocellulosic biorefineries and consists of mainly monomeric sugars, organic acids and organics. The effects of different pH (5, 6, 7 and 8) and temperatures (26, 28 and 30°C) were also examined in this research. There were no significant differences in the crystallinity and the recorded Iα fraction of cellulose produced between Hestrin-Schramm and the HWE medium. The maximum production of 0.15g/l of BC was obtained at a pH of 8 and temperature of 28°C. Glucose and xylose in the HWE were the main nutrient sources utilized in all BC cultivations based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) results. HWE was shown to be a suitable carbon source for BC production, and a process was established for BC production from lignocellulosic feedstocks without using any modification of the HWE. HWE is an abundant and relatively inexpensive forest by-product. Using HWE for BC production could reduce burdens on the environment and also, achieve the goal of large scale BC production at low cost without using added culture nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Structures and Composites Center (AEWC), University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Tunus Cad, Kavaklıdere, Ankara 06100, Turkey. Electronic address: esra.erbas@maine.edu.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erbas Kiziltas
authors.affiliation: Advanced Structures and Composites Center (AEWC), University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, University of Bartin, 74100 Bartin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiziltas
authors.affiliation: Advanced Structures and Composites Center (AEWC), University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gardner
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D041822:Gluconacetobacter xylinus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*; D014994:Xylose / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D002482:Cellulose; D014994:Xylose; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Bacterial cellulose; Crystallinity; High-pressure liquid chromatography; Hot water extract; Morphology