title: Second-line therapies in metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: Patients with relapsed or refractory urothelial carcinoma (UC) face a poor prognosis and a dearth of available treatment options that improve their survival. End-organ function and performance status play a vital role in the choice of second-line therapies. Evidence supporting the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy, as single agents or in combination, arises from small phase 2 studies with modest responses. With the evolution of genomic testing in UC, several pathways amenable to available targeted therapies have emerged. Encouraging patient participation in clinical trials is critical to improve patient outcomes and to advance the current modest treatment armamentarium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, DANA 1230, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Harshman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: sandysri@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivas
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Refractory; Targeted; Therapies in urothelial cancer