title: Dairy proteins, dairy lipids, and postprandial lipemia in persons with abdominal obesity (DairyHealth): a 12-wk, randomized, parallel-controlled, double-blinded, diet intervention study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Abdominal obesity and exaggerated postprandial lipemia are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and both are affected by dietary behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether dietary supplementation with whey protein and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MC-SFAs) improved postprandial lipid metabolism in humans with abdominal obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a 12-wk, randomized, double-blinded, diet intervention study. Sixty-three adults were randomly allocated to one of 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Participants consumed 60 g milk protein (whey or casein) and 63 g milk fat (with high or low MC-SFA content) daily. Before and after the intervention, a high-fat meal test was performed. We measured changes from baseline in fasting and postprandial triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48; reflecting chylomicrons of intestinal origin), free fatty acids (FFAs), insulin, glucose, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). Furthermore, changes in the expression of adipose tissue genes involved in lipid metabolism were investigated. Two-factor ANOVA was used to examine the difference between protein types and fatty acid compositions, as well as any interaction between the two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two participants completed the study. We found that the postprandial apoB-48 response decreased significantly after whey compared with casein (P = 0.025) independently of fatty acid composition. Furthermore, supplementation with casein resulted in a significant increase in the postprandial GLP-1 response compared with whey (P = 0.003). We found no difference in postprandial triacylglycerol, FFA, insulin, glucose, glucagon, or GIP related to protein type or MC-SFA content. We observed no interaction between milk protein and milk fat on postprandial lipemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that a whey protein supplement decreased the postprandial chylomicron response compared with casein in persons with abdominal obesity, thereby indicating a beneficial impact on CVD risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01472666.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohl
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjørnshave
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Kia V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Anne Grethe
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schioldan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Bashar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Mette K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Trine K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Annkatrin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Sadhbh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Driscoll
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Afman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Merete M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregersen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (MB, AB, KVR, AGS, SG, and KH); the Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark (BA, MKL, and TKD); NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (JJH); Unilabs A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (AH); the School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (SO and LO); the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (LA); Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J., Denmark (EJ); and GCO Corporate Research and Innovation, Viby J., Denmark (MMC).
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48 / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000178:diet therapy*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D053283:Apolipoprotein B-48; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon
keywords: abdominal obesity; adipose tissue gene expression; apoB-48; casein; dairy; incretin; medium-chain saturated fatty acid; milk fat; milk protein; postprandial lipemia; whey