title: Anti-inflammatory activity and phenolic profile of propolis from two locations in Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propolis has long been used as a popular folk medicine due to its wide spectrum of alleged biological and pharmaceutical properties. In Chile, propolis is widely used by folklore medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent; however, this property has not been demonstrated by scientific methods.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro and to establish the phenolic profile of propolis collected in two localities in Región Metropolitana de Santiago (RM), Chile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Propolis was collected in the areas of Caleu and Buin, RM Chile. Following that, the samples were unwaxed to obtain the global ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEPs) and, from these, the serial extracts of dichloromethane (EEP-DCMs) and ethanol (EEP-EtOHs). The topic anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through mice ear edema induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a dose of 3 mg/ear. Nitric oxide (NO) measurements were determined spectrophotometrically (Greiss reagent) by the accumulation of nitrite in the medium of macrophages RAW 264.7 stimulated with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg/mL) for 20 h at different concentrations of the EEPs, EEP-DCMs and EEP-EtOHs (6.25-50.00 μg/mL). The content of total phenols and flavonoids were determined through the methods of Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3, respectively. The profile of phenolic compounds was determined by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EEP-EtOH (64%) and EEP (59%) of Buin were the most active in the inflammation induced by TPA and AA respectively, being the anti-inflammatory effect stronger than the same Caleu extracts. Regarding the release of NO, all the extracts from the Buin propolis inhibited significantly its release in a concentration-dependent manner, this inhibition was stronger than the extracts from Caleu propolis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research shows for the first time a comparative study of the topical in vivo activity of two Chilean propolis. Both propolis showed in vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity against AA and TPA, the most active was Buin propolis and this difference is due in part to the variations in total phenols and flavonoids content and the phenolic profile. The phenols and flavonoids content of Buin propolis was higher than Caleu propolis. The extracts from Buin propolis result in a lower release of NO.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valenzuela-Barra
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Unidad de espectrometría de masas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barriga
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Pruebas Biológicas, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Marathon 1000, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Las Heras
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Inflamación y Cáncer, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.200, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonsoles
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hortelano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 1, Chile. Electronic address: cdelpor@uchile.cl.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delporte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002677:Chile; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011429:Propolis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011429:Propolis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Chilean propolis; Flavonoids; Phenolic profile