title: Evidence for human norovirus infection of dogs in the United kingdom.
abstract: Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, with an estimated 3 million cases per year in the United Kingdom. HuNoVs have recently been isolated from pet dogs in Europe (M. Summa, C.-H. von Bonsdorff, and L. Maunula, J Clin Virol 53:244-247, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.014), raising concerns about potential zoonotic infections. With 31% of United Kingdom households owning a dog, this could prove to be an important transmission route. To examine this risk, canine tissues were studied for their ability to bind to HuNoV in vitro. In addition, canine stool samples were analyzed for the presence of viral nucleic acid, and canine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-HuNoV antibodies. The results showed that seven different genotypes of HuNoV virus-like particles (VLPs) can bind to canine gastrointestinal tissue, suggesting that infection is at least theoretically possible. Although HuNoV RNA was not identified in stool samples from 248 dogs, serological evidence of previous exposure to HuNoV was obtained in 43/325 canine serum samples. Remarkably, canine seroprevalence for different HuNoV genotypes mirrored the seroprevalence in the human population. Though entry and replication within cells have not been demonstrated, the canine serological data indicate that dogs produce an immune response to HuNoV, implying productive infection. In conclusion, this study reveals zoonotic implications for HuNoV, and to elucidate the significance of this finding, further epidemiological and molecular investigations will be essential.
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom slc50@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Caddy
authors.affiliation: National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3084-9414
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Rougemont
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emmott
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: El-Attar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollinshead
authors.affiliation: National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Gael
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Belliot
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brownlie
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U892, CNRS UMR 6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Pendu
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goodfellow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
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