title: Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcus Immunology: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate specific cytokine and chemokine markers in patients diagnosed with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus (PANDAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tonsil tissue was collected from 24 patients and organized into 3 groups: experimental PANDAS cohort (12 patients), group A beta hemolytic streptococcus control cohort (6 patients), and obstructive sleep apnea control cohort (6 patients). Each tissue sample was extracted with MSD Tris lysis buffer, and protein lysates were analyzed for human chemokines and cytokines by the Human Cytokine 30-Plex Assay on the Mesoscale System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a significant difference in expression regarding the 8 following cytokines when comparing the experimental PANDAS, group A beta hemolytic streptococcus, and obstructive sleep apnea control cohorts: tumor necrosis factor-α and eotaxin-3. In addition, our group also identified a significant reduction in the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, interferon inducible protein-10, IL-17a, interferon-γ, IL-10, and IL-12 across the aforementioned groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients diagnosed with PANDAS appear to maintain significantly different concentrations of cytokines when compared with patients afflicted by chronic group A beta hemolytic streptococcus infections and obstructive sleep apnea. As a result, one could potentially use the described characterization of immunologic markers as a basis for future mechanistic and epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA Adw27@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Maricel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cubangbang
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University Department of Biostatistics, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Hongkun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University Department of Surgery, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raiji
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, & Throat Associates of Corpus Christi, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck 16 Surgery, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steehler
authors.affiliation: Greater Washington Headache Center, Child Neurology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Earl H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Harley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: immunology; pediatrics; tonsillectomy