title: Effects of unfermented and fermented whole grain rye crisp breads served as part of a standardized breakfast, on appetite and postprandial glucose and insulin responses: a randomized cross-over trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole grain rye products have been shown to increase satiety and elicit lower postprandial insulin response without a corresponding change in glucose response compared with soft refined wheat bread. The underlying mechanisms for these effects have not been fully determined The primary aim of the study was to investigate if whole grain rye crisp bread compared to refined wheat crisp bread, elected beneficial effects on appetite and postprandial insulin response, similarly as for other rye products.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized cross-over trial, 23 healthy volunteers, aged 27-70 years, BMI 18-31.4 kg/m2, were served a standardized breakfast with unfermented whole grain rye crisp bread (uRCB), fermented whole grain rye crisp bread (RCB) or refined wheat crisp bread (WCB), Appetite was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) until 4 h after breakfast. Postprandial glucose and insulin were measured at 0-230 min. Breads were chemically characterized including macronutrients, energy, dietary fiber components, and amino acid composition, and microstructure was characterized with light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported fullness was 16% higher (P<0.001), and hunger 11% and 12% lower (P<0.05) after ingestion of uRCB and RCB, respectively, compared with WCB. Postprandial glucose response did not differ significantly between treatments. Postprandial insulin was 10% lower (P<0.007) between 0-120 min but not significantly lower between 0-230 min for RCB compared with WCB. uRCB induced 13% (P<0.002) and 17% (P<0.001) lower postprandial insulin response between 0-230 min compared with RCB and WCB respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole grain rye crisp bread induces higher satiety and lower insulin response compared with refined wheat crisp bread. Microstructural characteristics, dietary fiber content and composition are probable contributors to the increased satiety after ingestion of rye crisp breads. Higher insulin secretion after ingestion of RCB and WCB compared with uRCB may be due to differences in fiber content and composition, and higher availability of insulinogenic branched chain amino acids.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02011217.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Risérus
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Langton
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden; Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rikard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012434:Secale
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
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