title: Association between apple consumption and physician visits: appealing the conventional wisdom that an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fruit consumption is believed to have beneficial health effects, and some claim, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between eating an apple a day and keeping the doctor away.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized US adult population. A total of 8728 adults 18 years and older from the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey completed a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and reported that the quantity of food they ate was reflective of their usual daily diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily apple eaters (consuming the equivalent of at least 1 small apple daily, or 149 g of raw apple) vs non-apple eaters, based on the reported quantity of whole apple consumed during the 24-hour dietary recall period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was success at "keeping the doctor away," measured as no more than 1 visit (self-reported) to a physician during the past year; secondary outcomes included successful avoidance of other health care services (ie, no overnight hospital stays, visits to a mental health professional, or prescription medications).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 8399 eligible study participants who completed the dietary recall questionnaire, we identified 753 adult apple eaters (9.0%)--those who typically consume at least 1 small apple per day. Compared with the 7646 non-apple eaters (91.0%), apple eaters had higher educational attainment, were more likely to be from a racial or ethnic minority, and were less likely to smoke (P<.001 for each comparison). Apple eaters were more likely, in the crude analysis, to keep the doctor (and prescription medications) away: 39.0% of apple eaters avoided physician visits vs 33.9% of non-apple eaters (P=.03). After adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, however, the association was no longer statistically significant (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.93-1.53; P=.15). In the adjusted analysis, apple eaters also remained marginally more successful at avoiding prescription medications (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.00-1.63). There were no differences seen in overnight hospital stay or mental health visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence does not support that an apple a day keeps the doctor away; however, the small fraction of US adults who eat an apple a day do appear to use fewer prescription medications.
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire2Division of Systems Leadership and Effectiveness Science, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Julie P W
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bynum
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire3Veteran Affairs Medical Center Outcomes Group, White River Junction, Vermont.
authors.forename: Brenda E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sirovich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004435:Eating / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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