title: Autophagy in adipose tissue of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathophysiology of obesity is closely associated with enhanced autophagy in adipose tissue (AT). Autophagic process can promote survival or activate cell death. Therefore, we examine the occurrence of autophagy in AT of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients in comparison to obese and lean individuals without diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous autophagosomes accumulated within adipocytes were visualized by electron transmission microscopy and by immunofluorescence staining for autophagy marker LC3 in obese and T2D patients. Increased autophagy was demonstrated by higher LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, up-regulated expression of LC3 and Atg5 mRNA, along with decreased p62 and mTOR protein levels. Increased autophagy occurred together with AT inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest fat depot-related differences in autophagy regulation. In subcutaneous AT, increased autophagy is accompanied by increased markers of apoptosis in patients with obesity independently of T2D. In contrast, in visceral AT only in T2D patients increased autophagy was related to higher markers of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: Joanna.Kosacka@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klöting
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paeschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudich
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84103, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gericke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Serke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stumvoll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bechmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 13, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blüher
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C502778:ATG5 protein, human; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; C502070:MAP1LC3B protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Adipose tissue; Autophagy; Inflammation; Obesity; T2D