title: Contribution of malocclusion and female facial attractiveness to smile esthetics evaluated by eye tracking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is disagreement in the literature concerning the importance of the mouth in overall facial attractiveness. Eye tracking provides an objective method to evaluate what people see. The objective of this study was to determine whether dental and facial attractiveness alters viewers' visual attention in terms of which area of the face (eyes, nose, mouth, chin, ears, or other) is viewed first, viewed the greatest number of times, and viewed for the greatest total time (duration) using eye tracking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six viewers underwent 1 eye tracking session. Of these, 53 were white (49% female, 51% male). Their ages ranged from 18 to 29 years, with a mean of 19.8 years, and none were dental professionals. After being positioned and calibrated, they were shown 24 unique female composite images, each image shown twice for reliability. These images reflected a repaired unilateral cleft lip or 3 grades of dental attractiveness similar to those of grades 1 (near ideal), 7 (borderline treatment need), and 10 (definite treatment need) as assessed in the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (AC-IOTN). The images were then embedded in faces of 3 levels of attractiveness: attractive, average, and unattractive. During viewing, data were collected for the first location, frequency, and duration of each viewer's gaze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observer reliability ranged from 0.58 to 0.92 (intraclass correlation coefficients) but was less than 0.07 (interrater) for the chin, which was eliminated from the study. Likewise, reliability for the area of first fixation was kappa less than 0.10 for both intrarater and interrater reliabilities; the area of first fixation was also removed from the data analysis. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant effect (P <0.001) for level of attractiveness by malocclusion by area of the face. For both number of fixations and duration of fixations, the eyes overwhelmingly were most salient, with the mouth receiving the second most visual attention. At times, the mouth and the eyes were statistically indistinguishable in viewers' gazes of fixation and duration. As the dental attractiveness decreased, the visual attention increased on the mouth, approaching that of the eyes. AC-IOTN grade 10 gained the most attention, followed by both AC-IOTN grade 7 and the cleft. AC-IOTN grade 1 received the least amount of visual attention. Also, lower dental attractiveness (AC-IOTN 7 and AC-IOTN 10) received more visual attention as facial attractiveness increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eye tracking indicates that dental attractiveness can alter the level of visual attention depending on the female models' facial attractiveness when viewed by laypersons.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Professor and chair, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Electronic address: fields.31@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.affiliation: Professor emeritus, Division of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: F Michael
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Allen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Firestone
authors.affiliation: Assistant professor, Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Dirk B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.affiliation: Professor emeritus, Division of Restorative and Dentistry and Primary Care, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sacksteder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001504:Beauty; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000523:psychology; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061326:Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult