title: Genetic Analyses of HIV-1 Strains Transmitted from Mother to Child in Northern Vietnam.
abstract: We previously reported mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in nine (6.7%) of 135 children on nevirapine prophylaxis in Vietnam. In the current study, we investigated the appearance and profile of antiretroviral drug (ARV) resistance mutations, the predicted coreceptor usage, and the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains isolated from the eight pairs of HIV-1-infected mothers and their children, who were followed up to 12 months after birth. Portions of the pol and env C2V3 regions of the HIV-1 strains were analyzed genetically. HIV-1 CRF01_AE RNA was detected in four (50%) children at delivery. Y181C, a nevirapine resistance mutation, appeared in two (25%) children 1 and 3 months after birth, respectively. No ARV resistance mutation was detected in the mothers, though three mothers were on ARV prophylaxis. Five mothers and their children harbored CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. Two mothers harbored both R5 and CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses, but their children harbored only R5 viruses even though the X4 viruses were dominant in the mothers. In the remaining one mother, HIV-1 RNA was not amplified and her child harbored both R5 and X4 viruses at birth, but only X4 virus 12 months after delivery. The infants' viruses were more homogeneous than their mothers' viruses (mean distance: 0.5% vs. 1.1%, respectively). This is the first molecular epidemiological study of vertical HIV-1 infections in Vietnam. These findings may provide useful knowledge for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and the antiretroviral treatment of children in Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .|2 National Hospital of Pediatrics , Hanoi, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Chung Thi Thu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .|2 National Hospital of Pediatrics , Hanoi, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Hung Viet
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Xiuqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Azumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saina
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology , Hanoi, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Cam Dac
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Phung
authors.affiliation: 2 National Hospital of Pediatrics , Hanoi, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Dung Thi Khanh
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Khu
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University , Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichimura
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D015728:Receptors, HIV / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D056189:Viral Tropism; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D015728:Receptors, HIV; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D019829:Nevirapine