title: Brain-controlled neuromuscular stimulation to drive neural plasticity and functional recovery.
abstract: There is mounting evidence that appropriately timed neuromuscular stimulation can induce neural plasticity and generate functional recovery from motor disorders. This review addresses the idea that coordinating stimulation with a patient's voluntary effort might further enhance neurorehabilitation. Studies in cell cultures and behaving animals have delineated the rules underlying neural plasticity when single neurons are used as triggers. However, the rules governing more complex stimuli and larger networks are less well understood. We argue that functional recovery might be optimized if stimulation were modulated by a brain machine interface, to match the details of the patient's voluntary intent. The potential of this novel approach highlights the need for a better understanding of the complex rules underlying this form of plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ethier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 USA; Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. Campo Real km 0.2, Arganda del Rey, Madrid 28500 Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611 USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 345 E. Superior Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Electronic address: lm@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D006801:Humans; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function
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