title: Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing, China and an associated risk assessment.
abstract: The occurrence of 15 antibiotics in soil and manure samples from 11 large-scale greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) bases in Beijing, China was investigated. Results showed that the greenhouse soils were ubiquitously contaminated with antibiotics, and that antibiotic concentrations were significantly higher in greenhouses than in open field soils. The mean concentrations of four antibiotic classes decreased in the following order: tetracyclines (102μg/kg)>quinolones (86μg/kg)>sulfonamides (1.1μg/kg)>macrolides (0.62μg/kg). This investigation also indicated that fertilization with manure and especially animal feces might be the primary source of antibiotics. A risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients (RQs) demonstrated that oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin could pose a high risk to soil organisms. These results suggested that the ecological effects of antibiotic contamination in GVP bases and their potential adverse risks on human health need to be given special attention.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Jiayi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Yunxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Key Technology of Smart Irrigation District in Hubei, Yichang 443002, China. Electronic address: anxiang_lu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Anxiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Antibiotics; Greenhouse vegetable production base; Manure; Risk assessment; Soil