title: Sonographic evidence of abnormal tracheal cartilage ring structure in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tracheal cartilage ring structural abnormalities have been reported in cystic fibrosis (CF) mice and pigs. Whether similar findings are present in humans with CF is unknown. We hypothesized that tracheal cartilage ring shape and size would be different in people with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracheal cartilage ring size and shape were measured in adults with (n = 21) and without CF (n = 18).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonography was used in human subjects to noninvasively assess tracheal cartilage ring structure in both the sagittal and the transverse planes. Tracheal cartilage ring thickness was also determined from histological sections obtained from newborn non-CF and CF pigs. These values were compared with human data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human CF tracheas had a greater width and were less circular in shape compared to non-CF subjects. CF tracheal cartilage rings had a greater midline cross-sectional area and were thicker compared to non-CF rings. Maximal tracheal cartilage ring thickness was also greater in both newborn CF pigs and human adults with CF, compared to non-CF controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that structural differences exist in tracheal cartilage rings in adults with CF. Comparison with newborn CF pig data suggests that some of these changes may be congenital in nature.
  
  
  METHODS
  3b
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diwakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Monelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Tamegnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Launspach
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaloner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Meyerholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.|Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stoltz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000473:pathology*; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; airway; cartilage; human; trachea; ultrasound
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