title: Trichoderma inoculation augments grain amino acids and mineral nutrients by modulating arsenic speciation and accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
abstract: Trichoderma reesei is an industrially important fungi which also imparts stress tolerance and plant growth promotion in various crops. Arsenic (As) contamination of field soils is one of the challenging problems in agriculture, posing potential threats for both human health and the environment. Plants in association with microbes are a liable method to improve metal tolerance and enhance crop productivity. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is an important grain legume providing cheap source of protein in semi-arid regions including As affected areas. In this study we report the role of T. reesei NBRI 0716 (NBRI 0716) in supporting chickpea growth and improving soil quality in As simulated conditions. NBRI 0716 modulated the As speciation and its availability to improve grain yield and quality (amino acids and mineral content) in chickpea (C. arietinum L.) plants grown in As spiked soil (100 mg As kg(-1) soil). Arsenic accumulation and speciation results indicate that arsenate [As(V)] was the dominant species in chickpea seeds and rhizosphere soil. The Trichoderma reduced total grain inorganic As (Asi) by 66% and enhanced dimethylarsonic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsinic acid (MMA) content of seed and rhizosphere soil. The results indicate a probable role of NBRI 0716 in As methylation as the possible mechanism for maneuvering As stress in chickpea. Analysis of functional diversity using carbon source utilization (Biolog) showed significant difference in diversity and evenness indices among the soil microbial rhizosphere communities. Microbial diversity loss caused by As were prevented in the presence of Trichoderma NBRI 0716.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Pratibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Poonam C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Aradhana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India. Electronic address: tripathi_rd@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Rudra D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India. Electronic address: nautiyalnbri@lycos.com.
authors.forename: Chandra S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Nautiyal
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D029863:Cicer / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D011506:Proteins; D012987:Soil; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Amino acid; Arsenic; Chickpea; Mineral element accumulation; Trichoderma