title: Optimizing an Internal Airway Percussion Device for Facilitating Exhalate Diagnostics of the Human Respiratory System.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an urgent need for simple, inexpensive, noninvasive, and repeatable technique for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Bronchoalveolar lavage, which is the gold standard diagnostic method for pulmonary diseases, does not meet any of these criteria. This study seeks to develop and optimize a novel technique of Internal Airway Percussion (IAP) to facilitate the collection and characterization of human respiratory system exhalates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IAP device transmits sound waves into the respiratory tract, thereby increasing the release of aerosolized particles within exhaled breath by vibrating both lungs. Nine combinations of sound wave frequencies and amplitudes were studied to determine optimal frequency and amplitude combination for maximum aerosol particle gain in healthy human subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Square-shaped sound waves generated at 15 Hz and 3 cm H2O resulted in 15 times greater total mass of collected particles in the first 2 min of sampling, and 1.2 to 1.5 times increase in count median diameter of the particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IAP, optimized at the frequency of 15 Hz and the pressure amplitude of 3 cm H2O, increased the total mass of particles exhaled from the human respiratory system. IAP has a broad range of potential clinical applications for noninvasive diagnosis of lung diseases including asthma, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer, along with improvement of mucus clearance.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Afshar-Mohajer
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Chang-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Satyanarayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegde
keywords: acoustic waves; bioaerosol; exhaled breath; lung infection