title: [Surveillance and detection of unusual events in toxicovigilance: Review of relevant methods].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Declared cases of exposures related to potential toxic agents are reported through a national database, the French Network of Poison Centers, and account on average for 200,000 cases per year, including 75,000 to 80,000 symptomatic cases. These data are currently used to investigate signals from local, national or international institutional partners (such as hospitals, local health authorities, and the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed). Our objective is to complete this classical toxicovigilance activity through the automated detection of unexpected or unusual events in order to identify precociously signals representing potential threats for public health. To reach this objective, the inventory of surveillance and detection methods of unexpected events is necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted via Scopus(®) and Pubmed(®) databases, completed with grey literature and data available on worldwide vigilance systems' websites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most commonly used methods are disproportional measures in the field of pharmacovigilance, some of which are subject to a routine detection at regular time intervals. Criteria of signal generation differ from one system to another, which have implemented data filtering strategies before or after analysis, in order to decrease the number of generated signals and improve their priority level. These signals are then transmitted to an experts committee for a clinical and epidemiological evaluation, and at times, for informing the patient's medical records. We also notice an interest in other approaches such as surveillance methods of temporal series or symbolic methods for associative rules extraction between one or more drugs and one or more adverse effects, with the possibility to include other types of variables, such a demographic data. The developments of probabilistic-based algorithms have also been recently developed, opening new opportunities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These surveillance and detection methods are of high interest for the automated detection of signals from the French toxicovigilance network. The initial step to developing these methods consists in studying the statistical quality of data and targeting the needs and expectations of the toxicovigilance network for what we want and what we can detect.
authors.affiliation: Institut de veille sanitaire, 12, rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice cedex, France. Electronic address: l.faisandier@invs.sante.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faisandier
authors.affiliation: Institut de veille sanitaire, 12, rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice cedex, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fouillet
authors.affiliation: Unité biomathématiques et épidémiologie, laboratoire TIMC, École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy-l'Étoile, France.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bicout
authors.affiliation: Cire Languedoc-Roussillon, 28, Parc-Club du Millénaire, 1025, rue Henri-Becquerel, CS 30001, 34067 Montpellier cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Golliot
authors.affiliation: Inserm, UMRS U1018, centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: UMR 5506 UM3, centre Lirmm, 161, rue Ada-Route-de-Mende, 34199 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bringay
authors.affiliation: Institut de veille sanitaire, 12, rue du Val-d'Osne, 94415 Saint-Maurice cedex, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eilstein
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D006801:Humans; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing / Q000379:methods
keywords: Centre antipoison; Data mining; Detection; Détection; Fouille de données; Poisoning center; Surveillance; Toxicovigilance; Vigilance