title: Oligonucleotide delivery with cell surface binding and cell penetrating Peptide amphiphile nanospheres.
abstract: A drug delivery system designed specifically for oligonucleotide therapeutics can ameliorate the problems associated with the in vivo delivery of these molecules. The internalization of free oligonucleotides is challenging, and cytotoxicity is the main obstacle for current transfection vehicles. To develop nontoxic delivery vehicles for efficient transfection of oligonucleotides, we designed a self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) nanosphere delivery system decorated with cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) containing multiple arginine residues (R4 and R8), and a cell surface binding peptide (KRSR), and report the efficiency of this system in delivering G-3129, a Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide (AON). PA/AON (peptide amphiphile/antisense oligonucleotide) complexes were characterized with regards to their size and secondary structure, and their cellular internalization efficiencies were evaluated. The effect of the number of arginine residues on the cellular internalization was investigated by both flow cytometry and confocal imaging, and the results revealed that uptake efficiency improved as the number of arginines in the sequence increased. The combined effect of cell penetration and surface binding property on the cellular internalization and its uptake mechanism was also evaluated by mixing R8-PA and KRSR-PA. R8 and R8/KRSR decorated PAs were found to drastically increase the internalization of AONs compared to nonbioactive PA control. Overall, the KRSR-decorated self-assembled PA nanospheres were demonstrated to be noncytotoxic delivery vectors with high transfection rates and may serve as a promising delivery system for AONs.
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mumcuoglu
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sardan
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tekinay
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Tekinay
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D054118:Nanospheres / Q000737:chemistry*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense
keywords: cell penetrating peptides; cell surface proteoglycan binding peptide; cellular internalization; oligonucleotide delivery