title: The CpAL quorum sensing system regulates production of hemolysins CPA and PFO to build Clostridium perfringens biofilms.
abstract: Clostridium perfringens strains produce severe diseases, including myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans, in humans and animals. Diseases are mediated by the production of potent toxins that often damage the site of infection, e.g., skin epithelium during myonecrosis. In planktonic cultures, the regulation of important toxins, such as CPA, CPB, and PFO, is controlled by the C. perfringens Agr-like (CpAL) quorum sensing (QS) system. Strains also encode a functional LuxS/AI-2 system. Although C. perfringens strains form biofilm-like structures, the regulation of biofilm formation is poorly understood. Therefore, our studies investigated the role of CpAL and LuxS/AI-2 QS systems and of QS-regulated factors in controlling the formation of biofilms. We first demonstrate that biofilm production by reference strains differs depending on the culture medium. Increased biomass correlated with the presence of extracellular DNA in the supernatant, which was released by lysis of a fraction of the biofilm population and planktonic cells. Whereas ΔagrB mutant strains were not able to produce biofilms, a ΔluxS mutant produced wild-type levels. The transcript levels of CpAL-regulated cpa and pfoA genes, but not cpb, were upregulated in biofilms compared to planktonic cultures. Accordingly, Δcpa and ΔpfoA mutants, in type A (S13) or type C (CN3685) backgrounds, were unable to produce biofilms, whereas CN3685Δcpb made wild-type levels. Biofilm formation was restored in complemented Δcpa/cpa and ΔpfoA/pfoA strains. Confocal microscopy studies further detected CPA partially colocalizing with eDNA on the biofilm structure. Thus, CpAL regulates biofilm formation in C. perfringens by increasing levels of certain toxins required to build biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA jvidalg@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shak
authors.affiliation: University of Sinaloa School of Medicine, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canizalez-Roman
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C020452:Clostridium perfringens theta-toxin
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