title: Mildronate (Meldonium) in professional sports - monitoring doping control urine samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry.
abstract: To date, substances such as Mildronate (Meldonium) are not on the radar of anti-doping laboratories as the compound is not explicitly classified as prohibited. However, the anti-ischemic drug Mildronate demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activations of central nervous system (CNS) functions. In the present study, the existing evidence of Mildronate's usage in sport, which is arguably not (exclusively) based on medicinal reasons, is corroborated by unequivocal analytical data allowing the estimation of the prevalence and extent of misuse in professional sports. Such data are vital to support decision-making processes, particularly regarding the ban on drugs in sport. Due to the growing body of evidence (black market products and athlete statements) concerning its misuse in sport, adequate test methods for the reliable identification of Mildronate are required, especially since the substance has been added to the 2015 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) monitoring program. In the present study, two approaches were established using an in-house synthesized labelled internal standard (Mildronate-D3 ). One aimed at the implementation of the analyte into routine doping control screening methods to enable its monitoring at the lowest possible additional workload for the laboratory, and another that is appropriate for the peculiar specifics of the analyte, allowing the unequivocal confirmation of findings using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry (HILIC-HRMS). Here, according to applicable regulations in sports drug testing, a full qualitative validation was conducted. The assay demonstrated good specificity, robustness (rRT=0.3%), precision (intra-day: 7.0-8.4%; inter-day: 9.9-12.9%), excellent linearity (R>0.99) and an adequate lower limit of detection (<10 ng/mL).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Görgens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guddat
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schänzer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.|European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thevis
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000592:standards; D004300:Doping in Sports; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D008763:Methylhydrazines / Q000652:urine*; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D008763:Methylhydrazines; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; C050147:3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate
keywords: HILIC; Mildronate; doping; mass spectrometry; monitoring program; sport
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