title: Does the use of a novel self-adhesive flowable composite reduce nanoleakage?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate the performance of a self-adhesive flowable composite and two self-etching adhesive systems, when subjected to cyclic loading, in preventing the nanoleakage of Class V restorations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wedge-shape Class V cavities were prepared (4×2×2 mm [length × width × depth]) on the buccal surfaces of 90 sound human premolars. Cavities were divided randomly into three groups (n=30) according to the used adhesive (Xeno(®) V [self-etching adhesive system]) and BOND-1(®) SF (solvent-free self-etching adhesive system) in conjunction with Artiste(®) Nano Composite resin, and Fusio™ Liquid Dentin (self-adhesive flowable composite), consecutively. Each group was further divided into three subgroups (n=10): (A) control, (B) subjected to occlusal cyclic loading (90N for 5,000 cycles), and (C) subjected to occlusal cyclic loading (90N for 10,000 cycles). Teeth then were coated with nail polish up to 1 mm from the interface, immersed in 50% silver nitrate solution for 24 hours and tested for nanoleakage using the environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis X-ray analysis. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (P≤0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Fusio Liquid Dentin group showed statistically significant lower percentages of silver penetration (0.55 μ) compared with the BOND-1 SF (3.45 μ) and Xeno V (3.82 μ) groups, which were not statistically different from each other, as they both showed higher silver penetration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the test conditions, the self-adhesive flowable composite provided better sealing ability. Aging of the two tested adhesive systems, as a function of cyclic loading, increased nanoleakage.
authors.affiliation: Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abeer Abo El
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Naga
authors.affiliation: Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.affiliation: Operative Dentistry Department, Modern Science and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt ; Operative Dentistry Department, Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rasha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.affiliation: Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Modern Science and Arts University, Cairo, Egypt ; Fixed Prosthodontics Department, Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fayez Bahgat
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alshawwa
keywords: Class V; cyclic loading; flowable composite; nanoleakage; self-adhesive
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