title: Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify common factors associated with post-neonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional data of three Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) for the years 2003, 2008 and 2013 were used. A multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling method was used to gather information on 63,844 singleton live-born infants of the most recent birth of a mother within a 5-year period before each survey was examined using cox regression models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postneonatal mortality (death between 1 and 11 months), infant mortality (death between birth and 11 months), child mortality (death between 12 and 59 months) and under-5 mortality (death between birth and 59 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable analyses indicated that children born to mothers with no formal education was significantly associated with mortality across all four age ranges (adjusted HR=1.30, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.66 for postneonatal; HR=1.38, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.84 for infant; HR=2.13, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.89 for child; HR=1.19, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.41 for under-5). Other significant factors included living in rural areas (HR=1.48, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.89 for postneonatal; HR=1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.47 for infant; HR=1.52, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.99 for child; HR=1.29, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.50 for under-5), and poor households (HR=2.47, 95% CI 1.76 to 3.47 for postneonatal; HR=1.40, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.78 for infant; HR=1.72, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.49 for child; HR=1.43, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.76 for under-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that no formal education, poor households and living in rural areas increased the risk of postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality among Nigerian children. Community-based interventions for reducing under-5 deaths are needed and should target children born to mothers of low socioeconomic status.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Osita Kingsley
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Ezeh
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Kingsley Emwinyore
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Agho
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dibley
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John Joseph
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew Nicolas
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001721:Birth Intervals; D046688:Child Mortality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D066088:Infant Death / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012923:Social Class; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Nigeria; child; infant; mortality; post-neonatal; under-five
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