title: Gross motor coordination and weight status of Portuguese children aged 6-14 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct age- and gender-specific percentiles for gross motor coordination (MC) tests and to explore differences in gross MC in normal-weight, overweight and obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the "Healthy Growth of Madeira Study," a cross-sectional study carried out in children, aged 6-14 years. All 1,276 participants, 619 boys and 657 girls, were assessed for gross MC (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder, KTK), anthropometry (height and body mass), physical activity (Baecke questionnaire) and socioeconomic status (SES). Centile curves for gross MC were obtained for boys and girls separately using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant main effect for age was found in walking backwards and moving sideways. Boys performed significantly better than girls on moving sideways. At the upper limit of the distributions, interindividual variability was higher in hopping on one leg (girls) and jumping and moving sideways (boys and girls). One-way ANCOVA, controlling for age, physical activity and SES, indicated that normal-weight children scored significantly better than their obese peers in all gross MC tests. Overweight boys and girls also scored significantly better than their obese colleagues in some MC tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These centile curves can be used as reference data in Portuguese children and youth, aged 6-14 years. Being overweight or obese was a major limitation in MC tests and, therefore, of the children's health- and performance-related physical fitness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
authors.forename: António M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: STORM, FLSC, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mikis D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stasinopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
authors.forename: Élvio R
authors.initials: ÉR
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Martine A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomis
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandra Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal.|Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Duarte L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012923:Social Class