title: Evaluation of a Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine and related ELISA for respective induction and assessment of acquired immunity to the vaccine and/or Echinacea purpurea in Awassi Ewes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate an experimental Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) bacterin and an indirect ELISA system to assess quantitatively the acquired immunity in Awassi ewes to the vaccine and/or Echinacea purpurea (EP) dried roots. Four treatments of the ewes were included in the experimental design, with 6 ewes/treatment. The first treatment (T1) had the controls that were non-vaccinated and non-treated with EP. The T2 ewes were only treated with EP. The T3 and T4 ewes were vaccinated at D1 (initiation of trial) and D10, while the T4 ewes were additionally administered the EP dried roots. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of all ewes at D1, D10, D21 and D45. The construction of the vaccine and the ELISA are detailed within the manuscript. The ELISA was able to detect quantitatively the significant acquired primary and secondary immunity to the vaccine in T3 and T4 ewes, compared to their low level of background immunities at initiation of the experiment (p<0.05). In addition, the ELISA detected the absence of seroconversion at all blood sampling times (p>0.05) in T1 control ewes, and in the T2 ewes that were given only the (EP) (p>0.05). Moreover, the ELISA was able to uncover the significant seroconversion of secondary immune response in T4 ewes at D21 compared to that at D10 (p<0.05), and the absence of significant seroconversion of secondary response in T3 ewes. This is the first work in literature that reports the need to supplement the vaccination by the experimental SE bacterin with daily oral intake of 250mg of EP-dried roots, effective the first vaccination day and up to 21 days, for obtaining a statistically significant seroconversion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Adjunct to Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: eb01@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Elie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Barbour
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Chibli A Abou
authors.initials: CAA
authors.lastname: Assi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Houssam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaib
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murtada
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.affiliation: Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Soonham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaghmoor
authors.affiliation: Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level 3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harakeh
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumosani
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods*; D020900:Echinacea; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000276:immunology*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines
keywords: Awassi ewes; ELISA; Echinacea purpurea (EP); Experimental SE vaccine; Salmonella Enteritidis (SE)