title: Automated measurement of multiple cancer biomarkers using quantum-dot-based microfluidic immunohistochemistry.
abstract: We report an automated multiple biomarker measurement method for tissue from cancer patients using quantum dot (QD)-based protein detection combined with reference-based protein quantification and autofluorescence (AF) removal. For multiplexed detection of biomarkers in tissue samples, visualization of QDs on cytokeratin was performed to create a multichannel microfluidic device on sites with dense populations of tumor cells. Three major breast cancer biomarkers (i.e., estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) were labeled using QDs successively on cancer cells in tissue sections. For the automated measurement of biomarkers, a cytokeratin-based biomarker normalization method was used to measure the averaged expression of proteins. A novel AF-removal algorithm was developed, which normalizes the reference AF spectra reconstructed from unknown AF spectra based on random sampling. For accurate quantification of QDs, we automatically and accurately removed the AF signal from 344 spots of QD-labeled tissue samples using 240 reference AF spectra. Using analytical data with 10 tissue samples from breast cancer patients, the measured biomarker intensities were in good agreement with the results of conventional analyses.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: †Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: ‡Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: †Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.|§KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Je-Kyun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D045663:Quantum Dots; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human