title: Beneficial bacteria affect Danio rerio development by the modulation of maternal factors involved in autophagic, apoptotic and dorsalizing processes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probiotic strains have been recognized to exert important roles in many biological systems, including immune response, growth, development and reproduction. However, to date, no studies have focused either on the relation among probiotics and maternal factors or on probiotics' ability to qualitatively and/or quantitatively modulate maternal transcripts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus administered to parental fish on the control of maternal factors involved in autophagic, apoptotic and dorsalizing processes during zebrafish embryo development were assessed through q-PCRs, WMISH and TUNEL assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results we obtained show that probiotic induced significant changes in both maternal and zygotic mRNA levels involved in embryo development. The maternal autophagy-regulating genes herein investigated--ambra1a, ambra1b, beclin, lc3-, as well as those involved in the apoptotic process--caspase3, bcl2, bax--were modulated in disfavor and favor of the treated group, respectively. Also, the key transcripts ruling the dorsalizing process--goosecoid and chordin--were subject to a significant regulation of their gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results we acquired demonstrated that parentally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus is able to modulate important physiological processes involved in zebrafish embryo development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miccoli
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gioacchini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maradonna
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Benato
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skobo
authors.forename: Oliana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carnevali
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy; D000071186:Beclin-1; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C583440:Ambra1a protein, zebrafish; C583441:Ambra1b protein, zebrafish; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000071186:Beclin-1; C000598746:Becn1 protein, zebrafish; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C542260:map1lc3b protein, zebrafish; D053148:Caspase 3