title: Regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthetic and degradative signaling by alanyl-glutamine in piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) on skeletal muscle protein synthetic and degradative signaling in piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Piglets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the main effects were LPS challenge (0 or 100 units) and diets (0.62% Ala or 0.5% Ala-Gln). After treatment with either Ala or Ala-Gln for 10 d, piglets were injected twice with either saline or LPS on days 11 and 15.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During days 11 to 15 (postchallenge), LPS challenge affected the growth performance of piglets. Ala-Gln supplementation tended to alleviate the reduction of the average daily weight gain (P = 0.071) and the average daily feed intake (P = 0.087) of the LPS-challenged piglets. LPS challenge increased the concentrations of cytokines in plasma (P < 0.05), however, Ala-Gln supplementation prevented the elevation of cortisol induced by LPS challenge (P < 0.05). Moreover, Ala-Gln supplementation increased the mRNA expressions of insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and Akt (P < 0.05). Ala-Gln supplementation also increased the phosphorylation abundance of the mammalian target of rapamycin, eIF-4 E binding protein 1 and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (P < 0.05). Additionally, Ala-Gln supplementation down-regulated the mRNA abundances of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), muscle atrophy F-box, and muscle RING finger 1, which are associated with protein degradation induced by LPS challenge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ala-Gln supplementation had beneficial effects in improving protein synthesis signaling of skeletal muscle, and reversed the deleterious changes of signaling molecules in muscle atrophy mainly through down-regulation of Akt/FOXO and TLR4 signaling pathways induced by LPS challenge.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Changning
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya'nan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meijuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiaolong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: gaofeng0629@sina.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee, Jiangsu Province, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guanghong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D010448:Peptide Initiation Factors; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C075833:eIF-4; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; C054122:alanylglutamine
keywords: Alanyl-glutamine; LPS; Piglet; Signaling pathway; Skeletal muscle