title: Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES): emerging trends and specifications for a virtual simulator.
abstract: A virtual translumenal endoscopic surgical trainer (VTEST) is being developed to accelerate the development of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures and devices in a safe and risk-free environment. For a rapidly developing field such as NOTES, a needs analysis must be conducted regularly to discover emerging research trends and areas of potential high impact for a virtual simulator. This paper presents a survey-based study which follows a similar study conducted by this group in 2011 (Sankaranarayanan et al. in Surg Endosc 27:1607-1616, 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-point questionnaire was distributed at the 2012 Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research annual meeting. These data were subsequently augmented by an identical online survey, targeted at the members of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight NOTES experts participated in the 2012 study. Cholecystectomy (CE) procedure remained the most commonly performed NOTES technique, with 18 positive responses (64%). In contrast to 2011, the popularity of the NOTES appendectomy (AE) was significantly lower, with only 2 (7%) instances (CE vs. AE, p < 0.001), while the number of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM, PE) cases had increased significantly, with 11 (39%) positive responses, respectively (PE vs. AE, p = 0.013). Strong preference toward hybrid rather than pure NOTES techniques (82 vs. 11%, p < 0.001) was also expressed. Other responses were similar to those in the 2011 study, with the VTEST™ utility in developing and testing new techniques and instruments ranked particularly high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, a decision was made to focus exclusively on the transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy procedure, including both rigid and flexible scope techniques. The importance of developing a virtual NOTES simulator was reaffirmed, with POEM identified as a promising candidate for future simulator development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schwaitzberg
authors.affiliation: Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. dorodv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dorozhkin
authors.affiliation: Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.|Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sankaranarayanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Center for Modeling, Simulation and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. des@rpi.edu.|Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA. des@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: Suvranu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012955:Societies, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: NOTES; Natural orifice surgery; POEM; Simulator; Transvaginal; Virtual reality
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