title: Developmental Changes for the Hemolymph Metabolome of Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.).
abstract: Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a lepidopteran-holometabolic model organism. To understand its developmental biochemistry, we characterized the larval hemolymph metabonome from the third instar to prepupa stage using (1)H NMR spectroscopy whilst hemolymph fatty acid composition using GC-FID/MS. We unambiguously assigned more than 60 metabolites, among which tyrosine-o-β-glucuronide, mesaconate, homocarnosine, and picolinate were reported for the first time from the silkworm hemolymph. Phosphorylcholine was the most abundant metabolite in all developmental stages with exception for the periods before the third and fourth molting. We also found obvious developmental dependence for the hemolymph metabonome involving multiple pathways including protein biosyntheses, glycolysis, TCA cycle, the metabolisms of choline amino acids, fatty acids, purines, and pyrimidines. Most hemolymph amino acids had two elevations during the feeding period of the fourth instar and prepupa stage. Trehalose was the major blood sugar before day 8 of the fifth instar, whereas glucose became the major blood sugar after spinning. C16:0, C18:0 and its unsaturated forms were dominant fatty acids in hemolymph. The developmental changes of hemolymph metabonome were associated with dietary nutrient intakes, biosyntheses of cell membrane, pigments, proteins, and energy metabolism. These findings offered essential biochemistry information in terms of the dynamic metabolic changes during silkworm development.
authors.affiliation: †College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.|‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.|¶College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Fuhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: †College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: ¶College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
authors.forename: Guoliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.|⊥Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: ‡Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.|§State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Metabonomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Huiru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D055442:Metabolome; D018978:Molting / Q000502:physiology; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D011679:Pupa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D014199:Trehalose / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D015053:Zygote / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D019476:Insect Proteins; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D014199:Trehalose; D005947:Glucose
keywords: development; metabonomics; pigments; protein biosynthesis; silkworm hemolymph
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