title: Occupational Electromagnetic Fields exposure in Magnetic Resonance Imaging systems - Preliminary results for the RF harmonic content.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  European legislation concerning the protection of workers from exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) was recently (26.6.2013) completed by Directive 2013/35/ΕU. This Directive is a specific one of the framework Directive 89/391/EEC and part of the overall legislation for Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems have played a key role, both in the postponement of the former 2004/40 EMF Directive and in the formation of the latest limits adopted by the new Directive. On the other hand, MRI systems are associated with the exposure of personnel to EMF of various frequencies and modulations, arousing peculiar safety issues. Therefore, we will try to acquire the highly important knowledge of the exact occupational exposure levels, in all working scenarios and practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different MRI systems (1.5 and 3 T) have been chosen for a variety of measurements in order to assess occupational exposure compared to the limits (ALs) of the Directive and to the main OHS principles. Gradient function of MRI systems results in low frequency exposure, while high frequency exposure comes from the application of the RF excitation frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In most of the cases the RMS and peak value measurements do not exceed the corresponding ALs, apart from a few specific hot spots, manageable through OHS principles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete occupational exposure results can form the basis for dealing with multiple exposures present in MRI systems. Peculiar RF harmonic components, of no safety concern, were detected. Their origin is under examination.
authors.affiliation: Hazardous Agents Department, OHS Directorate, Hellenic Ministry of Labor, Greece; Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece. Electronic address: ggourz@ypakp.gr.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gourzoulidis
authors.affiliation: Greek Atomic Energy Commission, Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greece. Electronic address: efthymios.karabetsos@eeae.gr.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karabetsos
authors.affiliation: Greek Atomic Energy Commission, Non-Ionizing Radiation Office, Greece. Electronic address: nskamn@eeae.gr.
authors.forename: Ν
authors.initials: Ν
authors.lastname: Skamnakis
authors.affiliation: Director of OHS, Hellenic Ministry of Labor, Greece. Electronic address: antchristodoulou@ypakp.gr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xrtistodoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece. Electronic address: kappas@med.uth.gr.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece. Electronic address: ktheodor@med.uth.gr.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece. Electronic address: tsougos@med.uth.gr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsougos
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece. Electronic address: tmaris@med.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Maris
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Electromagnetic fields; MRI occupational safety; Occupational health and safety; Risk assessment