title: Diagnostics on acute myocardial infarction: Cardiac troponin biomarkers.
abstract: Acute myocardial infarction or myocardial infarction (MI) is a major health problem, due to diminished flow of blood to the heart, leads to higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Data from World Health Organization (WHO) accounted 30% of global death annually and expected more than 23 million die annually by 2030. This fatal effects trigger the need of appropriate biomarkers for early diagnosis, thus countermeasure can be taken. At the moment, the most specific markers for cardiac injury are cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) which have been considered as 'gold standard'. Due to higher specificity, determination of the level of cardiac troponins became a predominant indicator for MI. Several ways of diagnostics have been formulated, which include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent, fluoro-immunoassays, electrical detections, surface plasmon resonance, and colorimetric protein assay. This review represents and elucidates the strategies, methods and detection levels involved in these diagnostics on cardiac superior biomarkers. The advancement, sensitivity, and limitations of each method are also discussed. In addition, it concludes with a discussion on the point-of care (POC) assay for a fast, accurate and ability of handling small sample measurement of cardiac biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M F M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fathil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering (SOME), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: mohd.khairuddin@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Md Arshad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Subash C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering (SOME), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adzhri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering (SOME), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ruslinda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nuzaihan M N
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Azman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.affiliation: Advance Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Thean-Hock
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019210:Troponin I / Q000097:blood*; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019210:Troponin I; D020107:Troponin T
keywords: Biomarker; Biosensor; Cardiac troponin; Myocardial infarction