title: Bladder calculi in the augmented bladder: a follow-up study of 160 children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bladder augmentation (BA) has been used for various congenital and acquired conditions to create a low pressure, continent catheterizable reservoir. The prevalence of calculi within the BA have been reported to be from 3 to 52.5%. The present study reports the prevalence and risk factors of bladder calculi in patients with BA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of 160 patients was performed from January 1997 through December 2012. The various risk factors for the formation of bladder calculi such as the nature of the anatomical defect, presence of preoperative urinary calculi, type of bowel augmentation, addition of a mitrofanoff and/or bladder neck procedure, prevalence of post-operative urinary tract infections (UTIs), need for mitrofanoff revision due to stenosis/difficulty catheterization, postoperative significant hydronephrosis and bladder calculi were recorded for analysis. The children underwent open removal or endoscopic cystolithotripsy. One hundred and eight males and 52 females (average age 6.3 years) were followed up for a median of 70.5 months. All patients performed daily bladder irrigation with tap or drinking water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-operative bladder calculi were noted in 14 (8.8%) of 160 patients following BA. Median time to stone formation was 37.5 months (11-120 months). Recurrent febrile UTIs were noted in 16 of the 160 patients following BA. The various risk factors and their outcomes are summarized in table. Eight patients underwent open cystolithotomy and four patients were treated by cystolithotripsy. Post-operative recurrent bladder calculi were noted in 2 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that exstrophy/epispadias (OR 17.2) and recurrent UTI (OR 55.4) were independent risk factors for developing postoperative calculi in bladder augmentations. All other risk factors did not achieve statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There seemed to be no difference in the prevalence of calculi in the ileal or colonic augmentations. Mucus secreted by the bowel segment blocks catheters leading to incomplete drainage, stagnation and UTIs. Our protocol consists of daily bladder irrigation till the effluents are clear of mucus. This is probably the key to the low prevalence of postoperative calculi (8.8%) in our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder exstrophy/epispadias and UTIs are independent statistically significant risk factors for the formation of bladder calculi in BA patients. Other risk factors such as preoperative calculi, bladder neck procedures and the use of mitrofanoff though not statistically significant, may contribute to the overall risk. The performance of daily bladder irrigation is an important part of our management of mucus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India. Electronic address: skisku@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kisku
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathai
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Bladder augmentation; Bladder calculi; Bladder irrigation