title: Metabolite responses to exogenous application of nitrogen, cytokinin, and ethylene inhibitors in relation to heat-induced senescence in creeping bentgrass.
abstract: The exogenous application of ethylene inhibitors, cytokinins, or nitrogen has previously been shown to suppress heat-induced senescence and improve heat tolerance in cool-season grasses. The objectives of this study were to examine metabolic profiles altered by exogenous treatment of creeping bentgrass with an ethylene inhibitor, cytokinin or nitrogen under heat stress and to determine metabolic pathways regulated by those compounds in association with their effectiveness for improving heat tolerance. Creeping bentgrass (Agostis stolonifera) plants (cv. Penncross) were foliar sprayed with 18 mM carbonyldiamide (N source), 25 μM aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, ethylene inhibitor), 25 μM zeatin riboside (ZR, cytokinin), or a water control, and then exposed to 20/15°C (day/night) or 35/30°C (heat stress) in growth chambers. All three exogenous treatments suppressed leaf senescence, as manifested by increased turf quality and chlorophyll content, and reduced electrolyte leakage under heat stress. Polar metabolite profiling identified increases in the content of certain organic acids (i.e. citric and malic acid), sugar alcohols, disaccharides (sucrose), and decreased accumulations of monosaccharides (i.e. glucose and fructose) with exogenous treatment of N, AVG, or ZR at the previously mentioned concentrations when compared to the untreated control under heat stress. Nitrogen stimulated amino acid accumulation whereas AVG and ZR reduced amino acid accumulation compared to the untreated control under heat stress. These results revealed that the alleviation of heat-induced leaf senescence by N, AVG, and ZR could be due to changes in the accumulation of metabolites involved in osmoregulation, antioxidant metabolism, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as stress signaling molecules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.affiliation: College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jingjin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bingru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D031703:Agrostis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D005030:Ethylenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; C036216:ethylene; D009584:Nitrogen
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