title: Risk factors for the development of hypokalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal diarrheic calves have a clear negative potassium balance because of intestinal losses and decreased milk intake but in the presence of acidemia, they usually show normokalemic or hyperkalemic plasma concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether marked hypokalemia occurs in response to the correction of acidemia and dehydration and to identify factors that are associated with this condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three calves with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, 0.9% saline and 40% dextrose infusion solutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of hypokalemic calves after 24 hours of treatment (19.3%) was twice as great as it was on admission to the hospital. Plasma K(+) after 24 hours of treatment was not significantly correlated to venous blood pH values at the same time but positively correlated to venous blood pH values on admission (r = 0.51, P < .001). Base excess on admission (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.94), duration of diarrhea (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.05-1.80), milk intake during hospitalization (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37-0.79) and plasma sodium concentrations after 24 hours (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.25) were identified to be independently associated (P < .05) with a hypokalemic state after 24 hours of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study suggest that marked depletion of body potassium stores is evident in diarrheic calves that suffered from marked metabolic acidosis, have a low milk intake and a long history of diarrhea.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Trefz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zitzl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kutschke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knubben-Schweizer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Acidemia; Body potassium depletion; Potassium homeostasis; d-lactate
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