title: Seven challenges for modelling indirect transmission: vector-borne diseases, macroparasites and neglected tropical diseases.
abstract: Many of the challenges which face modellers of directly transmitted pathogens also arise when modelling the epidemiology of pathogens with indirect transmission--whether through environmental stages, vectors, intermediate hosts or multiple hosts. In particular, understanding the roles of different hosts, how to measure contact and infection patterns, heterogeneities in contact rates, and the dynamics close to elimination are all relevant challenges, regardless of the mode of transmission. However, there remain a number of challenges that are specific and unique to modelling vector-borne diseases and macroparasites. Moreover, many of the neglected tropical diseases which are currently targeted for control and elimination are vector-borne, macroparasitic, or both, and so this article includes challenges which will assist in accelerating the control of these high-burden diseases. Here, we discuss the challenges of indirect measures of infection in humans, whether through vectors or transmission life stages and in estimating the contribution of different host groups to transmission. We also discuss the issues of "evolution-proof" interventions against vector-borne disease.
authors.affiliation: Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK. Electronic address: deirdre.hollingsworth@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: T Déirdre
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Juliet R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pulliam
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, UK.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Truscott
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Isham
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Mathematics and Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Alun L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004199:Disease Vectors; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015233:Models, Statistical; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Helminths; Macroparasites; Neglected tropical diseases; Vector-borne disease; Vectors
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