title: The contribution of former work-related activity levels to predict physical activity and sedentary time during early retirement: moderating role of educational level and physical functioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transition to retirement introduces a decline in total physical activity and an increase in TV viewing time. Nonetheless, as more time becomes available, early retirement is an ideal stage to implement health interventions. Therefore, knowledge on specific determinants of physical activity and sedentary time is needed. Former work-related physical activity has been proposed as a potential determinant, but concrete evidence is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine if former work-related sitting, standing, walking or vigorous activities predict physical activity and sedentary time during early retirement. Additionally, moderating effects of educational level and physical functioning were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 392 recently retired Belgian adults (>6 months, <5 years) completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the SF-36 Health Survey and a questionnaire on sociodemographics and former work-related activities. Generalized linear regression analyses were conducted in R. Moderating effects were examined by adding cross-products to the models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More former work-related sitting was predictive of more screen time during retirement. Lower levels of former work-related vigorous activities and higher levels of former work-related walking were associated with respectively more cycling for transport and more walking for transport during retirement. None of the predictors significantly explained passive transportation, cycling and walking for recreation, and leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during retirement. Several moderating effects were found, but the direction of the interactions was not univocal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Former-work related behaviors are of limited importance to explain physical activity during early retirement, so future studies should focus on other individual, social and environmental determinants. Nonetheless, adults who previously had a sedentary job had higher levels of screen time during retirement, so this is an important subgroup to focus on during interventions. Because of the inconsistent moderating effects of educational level and physical functioning, no clear recommendations can be formulated.
authors.affiliation: Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Delfien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Dyck
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cardon
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benedicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deforche
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012179:Retirement; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:97
references.pmid: 22897911
references.citation: J Aging Health. 1996 Aug;8(3):359-88
references.pmid: 10165980
references.citation: J Phys Act Health. 2010 Sep;7(5):595-601
references.pmid: 20864754
references.citation: Eur J Public Health. 2005 Jun;15(3):317-22
references.pmid: 15941745
references.citation: Stat Med. 2002 May 30;21(10):1461-9
references.pmid: 12185896
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jan;40(1):181-8
references.pmid: 18091006
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2003 Mar;22(2):178-88
references.pmid: 12683738
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010 Feb 04;7:14
references.pmid: 20181088
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:36
references.pmid: 21513555
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2009 May;36(5):422-8
references.pmid: 19269129
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr 15;155(8):692-9
references.pmid: 11943686
references.citation: Med Care. 1992 Jun;30(6):473-83
references.pmid: 1593914
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2012 Sep;43(3):329-36
references.pmid: 22898127
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2003 Sep;93(9):1552-8
references.pmid: 12948979
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Jun 15;165(12):1356-63
references.pmid: 17420180
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014 Aug;68(8):747-53
references.pmid: 24302753
references.citation: Age Ageing. 2007 Nov;36(6):638-43
references.pmid: 17906305
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2005 Oct;33(4):175-81
references.pmid: 16239834
references.citation: Br J Health Psychol. 2010 Sep;15(Pt 3):663-79
references.pmid: 19922724
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Aug;35(8):1381-95
references.pmid: 12900694
references.citation: Biogerontology. 2010 Oct;11(5):537-45
references.pmid: 20697813
references.citation: Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2008 Jul;2(4):292-298
references.pmid: 22905272