title: Psychological violence in the health care settings in iran: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological violence is the most common form of workplace violence that can affect professional performance and job satisfaction of health care workers. Although several studies have been conducted in Iran, but there is no consensus regarding current status of such violence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of psychological violence among healthcare workers employed at teaching hospitals in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 5874 health professionals were selected using multistage random sampling. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire developed by the International Labor Organization, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, and Public Services International. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that 74.7% of the participants were subjected to psychological violence during the past 12 months. Totally, 64.5% of psychological violence was committed by patients' families, but 50.9% of participants had not reported the violence, and 69.9% of them believed that reporting was useless.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are indicative of high prevalence of psychological violence against healthcare workers. Considering non-reporting of violence in more than half of participants, use of an appropriate reporting system and providing training programs for health professionals in order to prevent and manage workplace violence are essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fallahi Khoshknab
authors.affiliation: Center for Nursing Care Research, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oskouie
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Razi Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tamizi
authors.affiliation: Deputy of Nursing, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hatam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadvand
keywords: Health Care Setting; Health Personnel; Iran; Workplace Violence; psychological Violence
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