title: Poisonous birds: A timely review.
abstract: Until very recently, toxicity was not considered a trait observed in birds, but works published in the last two decades started to shed light on this subject. Poisonous birds are rare (or little studied), and comprise Pitohui and Ifrita birds from Papua New Guinea, the European quail, the Spoor-winged goose, the Hoopees, the North American Ruffed grouse, the Bronzewings, and the Red warbler. A hundred more species are considered unpalatable or malodorous to humans and other animals. The present review intends to present the current understanding of bird toxicity, possibly pointing to an ignored research field. Whenever possible, biochemical characteristics of these poisons and their effects on humans and other animals are discussed, along with historical aspects of poison discovery and evolutionary hypothesis regarding their function.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43431, Sala 214, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: rodrigobraun@cbiot.ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ligabue-Braun
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43431, Sala 214, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Cérebro (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia Regina
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carlini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000502:physiology; D000832:Animals, Poisonous / Q000502:physiology*; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D056727:Endangered Species; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000633:toxicity; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014118:Toxins, Biological
keywords: Birds; Ifrita; Pitohui; Poisonous; Quail