title: Biological and chemical-physical properties of root-end filling materials: A comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare the biological and chemical-physical properties of four different root-end filling materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity towards murine odontoblasts cells (MDPC-23) was evaluated using the Transwell insert methodology by Alamar blue test. Streptococcus salivarius, S. sanguis, and S. mutans strains were selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity by agar disc diffusion test. Solubility was determined after 24 h and 2 months. pH values were measured after 3 and 24 h. To evaluate radiopacity, all materials were scanned on a GE Healthcare Lunar Prodigy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent percentage of vitality were obtained by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based materials and Biodentine. MTA-Angelus, ProRoot MTA, and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) showed the highest values for the inhibition zones when tested for S. mutans, while Biodentine showed the largest inhibition zone when tested for S. sanguis. All the materials fulfilled the requirements of the International Standard 6876, demonstrating low solubility with a weight loss of less than 3%. No significant reduction in pH value was demonstrated after 24 h. ProRoot MTA and MTA-Angelus showed the highest values of radiographic density.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences showed by the root-end filling materials tested do not cover completely the ideal clinical requests.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Sections of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behavioral, Sections of Statistics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beltrami
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Sections of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Sections of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences - Sections of Dentistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poggio
keywords: Antibacterial activity; cytotoxicity; pH; root-end filling materials; solubility
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