title: Xenopus: An in vivo model for imaging the inflammatory response following injury and bacterial infection.
abstract: A major goal in regenerative medicine is to identify therapies to facilitate our body׳s innate abilities to repair and regenerate following injury, disease or aging. In the past decade it has become apparent that the innate immune system is able to affect the speed and quality of the regenerative response through mechanisms that are not entirely clear. For this reason there has been a resurgent interest in investigating the role of inflammation during tissue repair and regeneration. Remarkably, there have only been a handful of such studies using organisms with high regenerative capacity. Here we perform a study of the inflammatory response following injury in Xenopus larvae, which are able to achieve scarless wound healing and to regenerate appendages, as a preamble into understanding the role that inflammation plays during tissue repair and regeneration in this organism. We characterized the morphology and migratory behavior of granulocytes and macrophages following sterile and infected wounding regimes, using various transgenic lines that labeled different types of myeloid lineages, including granulocytes and macrophages. Using this approach we found that the inflammatory response following injury and infection in Xenopus larvae is very similar to that seen in humans, suggesting that this model provides an easily tractable and medically relevant system to investigate inflammation following injury and infection in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paredes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.affiliation: The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roisin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borrill
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; The Healing Foundation Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Enrique.amaya@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D012038:Regeneration; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Inflammation; Leukocyte extravasation; Live imaging; Lurp1; Mpeg1; Neutrophils; Tissue regeneration; Transgenic lines; Wound healing; macrophages
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 20;287(30):25353-60
references.pmid: 22573321
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2002 Sep;117(1-2):173-86
references.pmid: 12204257
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Jan 13;117(2):618-29
references.pmid: 20980680
references.citation: Integr Biol (Camb). 2010 Nov;2(11-12):639-47
references.pmid: 20676444
references.citation: Nature. 2012 Sep 27;489(7417):561-5
references.pmid: 23018966
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011;27:237-63
references.pmid: 21721944
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Jan 15;184(2):1049-61
references.pmid: 20018633
references.citation: Dev Comp Immunol. 1987 Fall;11(4):807-74
references.pmid: 3440505
references.citation: Histochem Cell Biol. 1998 Jan;109(1):11-7
references.pmid: 9452951
references.citation: Dev Immunol. 1990;1(2):85-95
references.pmid: 2136209
references.citation: Exp Dermatol. 2014 Sep;23(9):615-9
references.pmid: 24863070
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2003 Apr;73(4):448-55
references.pmid: 12660219
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80477
references.pmid: 24278286
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Jan;65(1):54-63
references.pmid: 18030419
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Sep 15;112(6):2287-96
references.pmid: 18594023
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;15(11):599-607
references.pmid: 16202600
references.citation: Dev Comp Immunol. 2011 Sep;35(9):916-23
references.pmid: 21277325
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jun 4;110(23):9415-20
references.pmid: 23690624
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2013 May;20(5):709-20
references.pmid: 23328632
references.citation: Development. 1996 Oct;122(10):3173-83
references.pmid: 8898230
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22:677-712
references.pmid: 16824014
references.citation: Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2014;310:129-69
references.pmid: 24725426
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2014 Jun;42(3):617-23
references.pmid: 24849228
references.citation: Nature. 2008 May 15;453(7193):314-21
references.pmid: 18480812
references.citation: J Virol. 2010 May;84(10):4912-22
references.pmid: 20200236
references.citation: Worm. 2012 Apr 1;1(2):134-8
references.pmid: 24058838
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 1998 Sep;28(9):2947-59
references.pmid: 9754582
references.citation: Differentiation. 2014 Jan-Feb;87(1-2):66-75
references.pmid: 24565918
references.citation: Int J Cell Biol. 2012;2012:501962
references.pmid: 22505929
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004 May 29;359(1445):839-50
references.pmid: 15293811
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2005 Jul 15;307(2):418-26
references.pmid: 15950622
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Apr;2(4):256-67
references.pmid: 11283698
references.citation: Dev Dyn. 2009 Jun;238(6):1249-70
references.pmid: 19253402
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e32875
references.pmid: 22485136
references.citation: Redox Rep. 2003;8(3):143-50
references.pmid: 12935311
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2010;(42). pii: 2010. doi: 10.3791/2010
references.pmid: 20811326
references.citation: BMC Dev Biol. 2011;11:70
references.pmid: 22085734
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2003 Jul 1;13(13):1122-8
references.pmid: 12842011
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2004 Aug;92(2):275-80
references.pmid: 15269822
references.citation: Blood. 2011 Jan 27;117(4):e49-56
references.pmid: 21084707
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:251-75
references.pmid: 2653371
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):514-25
references.pmid: 17299434
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1995 Apr;146(4):868-75
references.pmid: 7717454
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Jan 1;578(Pt 1):327-36
references.pmid: 17038433
references.citation: Bioessays. 2014 Sep;36(9):861-71
references.pmid: 25043537
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2011 May;105(5):811-9
references.pmid: 21225092
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2014 Aug;26(4):341-53
references.pmid: 24954378
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Jul 2;114(1):40-8
references.pmid: 19420355
references.citation: Development. 2014 Jul;141(13):2581-91
references.pmid: 24961798
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Jan;81(1):263-71
references.pmid: 17046968
references.citation: Immunobiology. 2014 Mar;219(3):172-8
references.pmid: 24080029
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2013 Feb;15(2):222-8
references.pmid: 23314862
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 19;107(42):18073-8
references.pmid: 20923880
references.citation: Dev Comp Immunol. 1998 Sep-Dec;22(5-6):605-12
references.pmid: 9877440