title: Associations between subjective happiness and dry eye disease: a new perspective from the Osaka study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dry eye disease has become an important health problem. A lack of concordance between self-reported symptoms and the outcome of dry eye examinations has raised questions about dry eye disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between subjective happiness and objective and subjective symptoms of dry eye disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study adopted a cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the employees of a company in Osaka, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  672 Japanese office workers using Visual Display Terminals (age range: 26-64 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  The dry eye measurement tools included the Schirmer test, conjunctivocorneal staining, the tear film break-up time, as well as the administration of a dry eye symptoms questionnaire. Happiness was measured by the Subjective Happiness Scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dry eye examination parameters, dry eye symptoms questionnaires, and the Subjective Happiness Scale score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 672 workers, 561 (83.5%) completed the questionnaires and examinations. The mean Subjective Happiness Scale score was 4.91 (SD = 1.01). This score was inversely correlated with the dry eye symptom score (r = -0.188, p < 0.001), but was not associated with objective findings which include conjunctivocorneal staining, low Schirmer test score, or low tear film break-up time. The level of subjective happiness was the lowest in the group without objective results, but reported subjective symptoms of dry eyes (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of the relationship between subjective happiness and self-reported symptoms of dry eyes. Findings of this study revealed a new perspective on dry eye disease, including the potential for innovative treatments of a specific population with dry eye disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchino
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dogru
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Aoi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komuro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sonomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsubota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
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