title: Genotoxic and immunotoxic potential effects of selected psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) hemocytes.
abstract: The potential toxicity of pharmaceuticals towards aquatic invertebrates is still poorly understood and sometimes controversial. This study aims to document the in vitro genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on Mytilus edulis. Mussel hemocytes were exposed to fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and erythromycin, at concentrations ranging from μg/L to mg/L. Paroxetine at 1.5 μg/L led to DNA damage while the same concentration of venlafaxine caused immunomodulation. Fluoxetine exposure resulted in genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and cytotoxicity. In the case of antibiotics, trimethoprim was genotoxic at 200 μg/L and immunotoxic at 20 mg/L whereas erythromycin elicited same detrimental effects at higher concentrations. DNA metabolism seems to be a highly sensitive target for psychotropic drugs and antibiotics. Furthermore, these compounds affect the immune system of bivalves, with varying intensity. This attests the relevance of these endpoints to assess the toxic mode of action of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada. Electronic address: emilie.lacaze01@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lacaze
authors.affiliation: INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada; EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France. Electronic address: julie.pedelucq@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pédelucq
authors.affiliation: INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Marlène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fortier
authors.affiliation: INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brousseau
authors.affiliation: LEMAR UMR CNRS 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29 280 Plouzane, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Auffret
authors.affiliation: EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France. Electronic address: h.budzinski@epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinski
authors.affiliation: INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 des Prairies Blvd., Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada. Electronic address: michel.fournier@iaf.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D049880:Mytilus edulis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Comet assay; Hemolymph; Intracellular ROS; Invertebrate; Phagocytosis; Pharmaceuticals