title: Nonlinear digital signal processing in mental health: characterization of major depression using instantaneous entropy measures of heartbeat dynamics.
abstract: Nonlinear digital signal processing methods that address system complexity have provided useful computational tools for helping in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of pathologies. More specifically, nonlinear measures have been successful in characterizing patients with mental disorders such as Major Depression (MD). In this study, we propose the use of instantaneous measures of entropy, namely the inhomogeneous point-process approximate entropy (ipApEn) and the inhomogeneous point-process sample entropy (ipSampEn), to describe a novel characterization of MD patients undergoing affective elicitation. Because these measures are built within a nonlinear point-process model, they allow for the assessment of complexity in cardiovascular dynamics at each moment in time. Heartbeat dynamics were characterized from 48 healthy controls and 48 patients with MD while emotionally elicited through either neutral or arousing audiovisual stimuli. Experimental results coming from the arousing tasks show that ipApEn measures are able to instantaneously track heartbeat complexity as well as discern between healthy subjects and MD patients. Conversely, standard heart rate variability (HRV) analysis performed in both time and frequency domains did not show any statistical significance. We conclude that measures of entropy based on nonlinear point-process models might contribute to devising useful computational tools for care in mental health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Information Engineering, Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valenza
authors.affiliation: Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Masira Research Institute, Medical School, Universidad de Santander Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex Colchester, UK.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Citi
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Engineering, Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Enzo P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Scilingo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Universidade de Brasilia Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tomaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barbieri
keywords: Laguerre expansion; Wiener-Volterra series; heart rate variability; instantaneous entropy; nonlinear; point process
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2002 Dec 15;113(1-2):139-49
references.pmid: 12467953
references.citation: Front Syst Neurosci. 2010 Jul 15;4:null
references.pmid: 20700385
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2014 May 21;4:4998
references.pmid: 24845973
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2003;26:1-30
references.pmid: 12651967
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Nov;74(11):1084-91
references.pmid: 24330894
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Feb 15;39(4):255-66
references.pmid: 8645772
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Aug 29;9(8):e105622
references.pmid: 25170911
references.citation: CNS Spectr. 2008 May;13(5 Suppl 8):4-7
references.pmid: 18496482
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2011 May;73(4):344-9
references.pmid: 21536836
references.citation: Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2012 Dec;41(4):881-99
references.pmid: 26572272
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;22(6):387-94
references.pmid: 17416488
references.citation: Front Integr Neurosci. 2012 Oct 05;6:76
references.pmid: 23060758
references.citation: Transl Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 26;1:e27
references.pmid: 22832529
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:167-95
references.pmid: 17716086
references.citation: Heart Vessels. 1998;13(4):157-74
references.pmid: 10442397
references.citation: Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2009 Jan 28;367(1887):277-96
references.pmid: 18977726
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2013 Mar;60(3):589-98
references.pmid: 23380847
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 1995 Dec;4(4):410-21
references.pmid: 8750416
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2012 Nov;50(11):1163-72
references.pmid: 22711069
references.citation: IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2004 Sep;8(3):229-34
references.pmid: 15484426
references.citation: Methods Inf Med. 2014;53(4):296-302
references.pmid: 24970591
references.citation: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2014 May;89(5):052803
references.pmid: 25353840
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2012;195:123-63
references.pmid: 22230626
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 1;45:253-7
references.pmid: 23089053
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2012 Jul;90(3):179-85
references.pmid: 22504296
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2006 Dec;44(12):1031-51
references.pmid: 17111118
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2002 Oct;53(4):897-902
references.pmid: 12377300
references.citation: Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2014 Sep 09;2:34
references.pmid: 25250311
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 May-Jun;33(5-6):431-9
references.pmid: 16700875
references.citation: IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2014 Sep;18(5):1625-35
references.pmid: 24240031
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965 Jan;12:63-70
references.pmid: 14221692
references.citation: Neurol Clin. 2011 Feb;29(1):177-93, ix
references.pmid: 21172578
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):357-76
references.pmid: 15961293
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2005 Dec;28(6):507-11
references.pmid: 16222413