title: Vitamin D, Low-Grade Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Children: A Pilot Study.
abstract: Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties, and deficiency is prevalent in children. There is a paucity of data regarding vitamin D status and its correlation with low-grade inflammation and vasculature. We prospectively enrolled 25 children, 9-11 years old (13 male); 21 obese. Eight atherosclerosis-promoting risk factors were scored as categorical variables with the following thresholds defining abnormality: body mass index Z score ≥ 1.5; systolic blood pressure ≥ 95th percentile (for age, sex, and height); triglyceride ≥ 100 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 110 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤ 45 mg/dL; hemoglobin A1C (HBA1C) ≥ 5.5; 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] ≤ 30 ng/mL, and tobacco smoke exposure. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured to assess low-grade inflammation and classified as low- (<1 mg/L), average- (1-3 mg/L), and high-risk (>3 to <10 mg/L) groups. The proportion of children within each hsCRP group who had above threshold risk factors was calculated. Carotid artery ultrasound was performed to measure carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). Median (range) for 25(OH) D was 24 (17-45) ng/mL. Eighteen were either 25 (OH) D deficient (<20 ng/mL) or insufficient (20-30 ng/mL), and seven were sufficient (>30 ng/mL). hsCRP was 1.7 (0.2-9.1) mg/L, with 11 being <1.0 mg/L, 8 between 1.0-3.0 and 6 > 3.0 to < 10.0 mg/L. Risk factor score was 3.9 ± 1.7 out of eight. 25(OH) D levels did not correlate with hsCRP or CIMT. While vitamin D deficiency, inflammation, and risk factors coexist at a very young age, causative mechanisms remain unclear.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. jsqkc@mail.umkc.edu.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Eric Dean
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Merrill
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Pratik B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Sandesara
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schoeneberg
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.|Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.|Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raghuveer
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002648:Child; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: CIMT; Obesity; Pediatrics; Risk factors; Vitamin D; hsCRP
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