title: Auditory and visual localization accuracy in young children and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure and compare sound and light source localization ability in young children and adults who have normal hearing and normal/corrected vision in order to determine the extent to which age, type of stimuli, and stimulus order affects sound localization accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were conducted. The first involved a group of adults only. The second involved a group of 30 children aged 3 to 5 years. Testing occurred in a sound-treated booth containing a semi-circular array of 15 loudspeakers set at 10° intervals from -70° to 70° azimuth. Each loudspeaker had a tiny light bulb and a small picture fastened underneath. Seven of the loudspeakers were used to randomly test sound and light source identification. The sound stimulus was the word "baseball". The light stimulus was a flashing of a light bulb triggered by the digital signal of the word "baseball". Each participant was asked to face 0° azimuth, and identify the location of the test stimulus upon presentation. Adults used a computer mouse to click on an icon; children responded by verbally naming or walking toward the picture underneath the corresponding loudspeaker or light. A mixed experimental design using repeated measures was used to determine the effect of age and stimulus type on localization accuracy in children and adults. A mixed experimental design was used to compare the effect of stimulus order (light first/last) and varying or fixed intensity sound on localization accuracy in children and adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Localization accuracy was significantly better for light stimuli than sound stimuli for children and adults. Children, compared to adults, showed significantly greater localization errors for audition. Three-year-old children had significantly greater sound localization errors compared to 4- and 5-year olds. Adults performed better on the sound localization task when the light localization task occurred first.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young children can understand and attend to localization tasks, but show poorer localization accuracy than adults in sound localization. This may be a reflection of differences in sensory modality development and/or central processes in young children, compared to adults.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
authors.forename: Patti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, 578 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States. Electronic address: mhedric1@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedrick
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013017:Sound Localization; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory localization; Sensory modality; Visual localization