title: Methods for the Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phthalate Esters.
abstract: Phthalates are endocrine disruptors frequently occurring in the general and industrial environment and in many industrial products. Moreover, they are also suspected of being carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and they show diverse toxicity profiles depending on their structures. The European Union and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have included many phthalates in the list of priority substances with potential endocrine-disrupting action. They are: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), di-n-decyl phthalate (DnDP), and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). There is an ever-increasing demand for new analytical methods suitable for monitoring different phthalates in various environmental, biological, and other matrices. Separation and spectrometric methods are most frequently used. However, modern electroanalytical methods can also play a useful role in this field because of their high sensitivity, reasonable selectivity, easy automation, and miniaturization, and especially low investment and running costs, which makes them suitable for large-scale monitoring. Therefore, this review outlines possibilities and limitations of various analytical methods for determination of endocrine-disruptor phthalate esters in various matrices, including somewhat neglected electroanalytical methods.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia.|b Education & Literacy Department , Government College & Postgraduate Center , Government of Sindh , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Munawar Saeed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdull Rahim bin Mohd
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Dzul Hakim
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wirzal
authors.lastname: Sirajuddin
authors.affiliation: d UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry , University Research Centre UNCE, Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barek
authors.affiliation: c National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry , University of Sindh , Jamshoro , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Chemistry , Dumlupinar University , Kutahya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Üstündag
mesh_terms: D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Carcinogens; endocrine disruptors; phthalates