title: A proteomic analysis on human sperm tail: comparison between normozoospermia and asthenozoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of human male infertility characterized by reduced sperm motility. The molecular mechanism that impairs sperm motility is not fully understood. This study proposed to identify novel biomarkers by focusing on sperm tail proteomic analysis of asthenozoospermic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm were isolated from normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic semen samples. Tail fractions were obtained by sonication followed by Percoll gradient. The proteins were extracted by solubilization and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE); then, the spots were analyzed using Image Master 2D Platinum software. The significantly increased/decreased amounts of proteins in the two groups were exploited by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred ninety protein spots were detected in both groups. Twenty-one protein spots that had significantly altered amounts (p < 0.05) were excised and exploited using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. They led to the identification of the following 14 unique proteins: Tubulin beta 2B; glutathione S-transferase Mu 3; keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1; outer dense fiber protein 2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2; A-kinase anchor protein 4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B; sperm protein associated with the nucleus on the X chromosome B; phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase-mitochondrial; isoaspartyl peptidase/L-asparaginase; heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2; stress-70 protein, mitochondrial; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific and clusterin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fourteen proteins present in different amounts in asthenozoospermic sperm tail samples were identified, four of which are reported here for the first time. These proteins might be used as markers for the better diagnosis of sperm dysfunctions, targets for male contraceptive development, and to predict embryo quality.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemitabar
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbagh
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orazizadeh
authors.forename: Atta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghadiri
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahmanzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053627:Asthenozoospermia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013082:Sperm Tail / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins
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