title: Age and time trends in the diet of young children: results of the DONALD study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe age and time trends of energy and macronutrient intake during infancy and toddlerhood and to set a special focus on dietary practices with respect to milk, complementary food, and family food intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-day dietary records (n = 2241) collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months (480 subjects) between 2004 and 2013 from the ongoing open cohort DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study were evaluated using repeated-measures regression analyses for trend analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant age trends were found for macronutrients with a decrease in fat intake (% of energy intake, %E) and an increase in carbohydrates (%E) and protein (%E). Exclusive and partial breastfeeding rates at 3 and 6 months did not differ between 2004 and 2008 and 2009 and 2013 (p > 0.05). Macronutrient pattern was virtually stable over time, whereas food group intake (% of total food intake excluding beverages, % TFI) changed significantly during the study period. Breast/bottle milk (% TFI) intake increased over time in the toddler subgroup, whereas family food (% TFI) decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate a period of stagnation in the last 10 years with respect to breastfeeding duration in infancy. Further breastfeeding promotion in Germany is needed to continue the favourable progress of the previous decades. In toddlerhood, breast/bottle milk remains a substantial part of the diet and has increased during the last 10 years. Parents should be encouraged to implement healthy eating habits during early toddlerhood and to facilitate their child's participation in appropriate family meals.
authors.affiliation: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foterek
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilbig
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.affiliation: IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, DONALD Study, University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany. alexy@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alexy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D015930:Diet Records; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Dietary intake; Infants; Toddlers; Trends
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