title: A comparative study of three speckle reducing methods for intima-media thickness ultrasound images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasonic evaluation of intima-media thickness (IMT) is an early marker of assessing the development of atherosclerosis and determining cardiovascular risk. To attain the best possible diagnosis, it is essential that medical images be clear, sharp and without noise and artifacts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (SRAD), discrete (DTD) and continuum topological derivative (CTD) on B-mode ultrasound images of common carotid and brachial arteries throughout the cardiac cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional design, an examination was performed on forty-two human subjects with a mean age of 44 ± 6 years from April 2013 to June 2013. This study was approved by the ethics committees of Kashan University of Medical Sciences and Beheshti Hospital. An ultrasonic examination of common carotid and brachial arteries of forty-two human subjects was performed. The program was designed in MATLAB software to extract consecutive B-mode images and apply region of interest (ROI) on the IMT of the common carotid and brachial arteries. Then, three different noise reduction filters with the Canny edge detection were used in ROI separately. Finally, the program measured the image quality metrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to values of eleven different image quality metrics (mentioned in the main text), there was a significant difference between CTD, DTD and SRAD filters with the Canny edge detection status in the common carotid and brachial arteries throughout the cardiac cycle (all P values < 0.001). For example, peak signal to noise ratios (PSNR) using CTD, DTD and SRAD filters were 95.43 ± 0.64, 88.86 ± 0.82 and 73.02 ± 0.20 in common carotid and 96.39 ± 1.25, 92.58 ± 0.11 and 88.27 ± 0.63 in brachial arteries, respectively (both P values < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By measuring image quality metrics, this study showed that DTD and CTD filters with the Canny edge detection respectively, are better than SRAD filter with the Canny detection for speckle suppression and details preservation in both arteries in the ultrasound images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physic and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mehravar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafati
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arabfard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafati Rahimzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Cardiovascular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Voshtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Cardiovascular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moladoust
keywords: Brachial Artery; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Noise; Ultrasonography
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