title: Food insecurity and hunger: A review of the effects on children's health and behaviour.
abstract: Food insecurity and hunger are significant problems in Canada, with millions of Canadians experiencing some level of food insecurity. The purpose of the present article is to review what is currently known about the effects of food insecurity and hunger on children. Longitudinal studies in Canada indicate that hunger is related to poor health outcomes, including a higher risk of depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents, and chronic conditions, particularly asthma. In addition, nutrient deficiencies, such as iron deficiency, are known to impair learning and cause decreased productivity in school-age children, and maternal depressive disorders. School-based nutrition programs and innovations, such as subsidized food (apples, cheese, soy nuts, carrots and broccoli), are an essential immediate need, but long-term solutions lie in adequate incomes for families.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, Toronto, Ontario;
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children & University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Lee
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Ford-Jones
keywords: Children; Food insecurity; Hunger
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