title: Non-specific low back pain: occupational or lifestyle consequences?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nursing occupation was identified as a risk occupation for the development of low back pain (LBP). The aim of our study was to find out how much occupational factors influence the development of LBP in hospital nursing personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-experimental approach with a cross-sectional survey and statistical analysis. Nine hundred questionnaires were distributed among nursing personnel, 663 were returned and 659 (73.2 %) were considered for the analysis. Univariate and multivariate statistics for LBP risk was calculated by the binary logistic regression. The χ(2), influence factor, 95 % confidence interval and P value were calculated. Multivariate binary logistic regression was calculated by the Wald method to omit insignificant variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Not performing exercises represented the highest risk for the development of LBP (OR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.7-4.4; p < 0.001). The second and third ranked risk factors were frequent manual lifting > 10 kg (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.5-3.8; p < 0.001) and duration of employment ≥ 19 years (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.6-3.7; p < 0.001). The fourth ranked risk factor was better physical condition by frequent recreation and sports, which reduced the risk for the development of LBP (OR 0.4, 95 % CI 0.3-0.7; p = 0.001). Work with the computer ≥ 2 h per day as last significant risk factor also reduced the risk for the development of LBP (OR 0.6, 95 % CI 0.4-0.1; p = 0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for LBP established in our study (exercises, duration of employment, frequent manual lifting, recreation and sports and work with the computer) are not specifically linked to the working environment of the nursing personnel. Rather than focusing on mechanical causes and direct workload in the development of non-specific LBP, the complex approach to LBP including genetics, psychosocial environment, lifestyle and quality of life is coming more to the fore.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jadranka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stričević
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Clinical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, SI-2000, Maribor, Slovenija. breda.jesensek@ukc-mb.si.|Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. breda.jesensek@ukc-mb.si.
authors.forename: Breda Jesenšek
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Papež
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D017770:Lifting; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015443:Word Processing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Lifestyle; Low back pain; Nursing personnel; Occupational risks
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