title: ADHD severity is associated with white matter microstructure in the subgenual cingulum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This analysis examined hypothesised associations between microstructural attributes in specific white matter (WM) tracts selected a priori and measures of clinical variability in adolescents with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Firstly, associations were explored between WM microstructure and ADHD severity in the subgenual cingulum. Secondly, to ensure that tract-specific approaches afforded enhanced rather than differential sensitivity, associations were measured between WM microstructure and autistic traits in the right corticospinal tract based on results of a previously-published voxelwise analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 right-handed males aged 14-18 years (19 with DSM-IV combined type ADHD and 21 healthy controls) underwent a 60 direction diffusion MRI scan. Clinical ADHD and autism variation were assessed by validated questionnaires. Deterministic tractography based on spherical deconvolution methods was used to map the subgenual cingulum and corticospinal tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractional anisotropy was positively correlated and radial diffusivity was negatively correlated with a) ADHD severity in the left subgenual cingulum and b) autistic traits in the inferior segment of the right corticospinal tract. No case-control differences were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results shed light on possible anatomical correlates of ADHD severity and autistic symptoms in pathways which may be involved in the ADHD phenotype. They provide further evidence that tract-specific approaches may a) reveal associations between microstructural metrics and indices of phenotypic variability which would not be detected using voxelwise approaches, and b) provide improved rather than differential sensitivity compared to voxelwise approaches.
authors.affiliation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK ; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK ; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK ; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK ; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thapar
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK ; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Derek K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Autism spectrum disorder (ASD); Diffusion MRI; Spherical deconvolution; Tractography; White matter
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