title: Mortality associated with tuberculosis/HIV co-infection among patients on TB treatment in the Limpopo province, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Africa has a high tuberculosis burden, and Limpopo Province experienced higher than national average TB mortality rates between 1997 and 2008.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish factors associated with TB mortality in Limpopo Province in 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study using provincial data for patients who died after commencing TB treatment between 01 January 2008 and 31 December 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2008, some 18074 patients started treatment: 15995 (88.5%) had pulmonsry TB (PTB), while 2079 (11.5%) had Extra pulmonary TB (EPTB). Overall, 2242 (12.4%) patients died, mainly PTB patients (n=1906; 85%), more males (n=1159, 51.7%), mainly those aged 25 to 54 years (n=1749, 78.0%), and new cases (1914; 85.4%). TB mortality was significantly higher among smear negative than smear positive patients (17% vs 13.8%; P<0.001), among those with EPTB compared to PTB patients (P<0.001), and among re-treatment cases (P<0.001). Only 4237 (23.4%) patients had HIV status known, with higher mortality found among HIV positive than the HIV negative patients (P<0.0001); but HIV status was not known for the majority who died (n=1685, 75.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher mortality was associated with age 22-55 years; smear negativity, EPTB, HIV infection, and re-treatment. The findings call for greater integration of TB control efforts and HIV services, especially among the 22-55 year age group.
authors.affiliation: Limpopo Provincial Department of Health, Polokwane 0700; South Africa.
authors.forename: Tiyani E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mabunda
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nalezani J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ramalivhana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
authors.forename: Yoswa M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Dambisya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents
keywords: Limpopo; South Afric; Tuberculosis/HIV
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