title: Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Thais luteostoma extracts and underlying mechanisms.
abstract: Thais luteostoma has been utilized as a crude drug whose shell and soft tissue have been widely used for the treatment of heat syndrome in China for thousands of years. The present study was designed to investigate the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of T. luteostoma. T. luteostoma was divided into shell (TLSH) and soft tissue (TLST) samples in the present study. The rat model of yeast-induced fever was used to investigate their antipyretic effects; and the rat model of hind paw edema induced by carrageenan was utilized to study their anti-inflammatory activities, and at the same time, the concentration variations of the central neurotransmitter [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)], inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and ion (Na(+) and Ca(2+)) were also tested. The results showed that TLSH and TLST extracts significantly inhibited yeast-induced pyrexia in rats (P < 0.05), and exhibited more lasting effects as compared to aspirin, and TLSH had the better antipyretic activity than TLST, and that TLSH and TLST could significantly prevent against carrageenan induced paw edema in rats (P < 0.05); and markedly reduced levels of PGE2, cAMP, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and Na(+)/Ca(2+). In fever model, TLST could significantly reduce the levels of PGE2 (P < 0.01) in rats' homogenate and TNFα (P < 0.05), IL-1β (P < 0.01) in the plasma than TLSH, whereas TLSH could reduce the content of IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) in plasma and increase the content of Ca(2+) (P < 0.01) in plasma and homogenate more significantly than TLST. In conclusion, T. luteostoma extract has antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be mediated through the suppression of production of PGE2, cAMP, Na(+)/Ca(2+), TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: yupingtang@njutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Long
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Ocean and Environment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Xiong
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Ru-Rong
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: dja@njutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jin-Ao
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058633:Antipyretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006614:Hindlimb; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D012908:Snails / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D058633:Antipyretics; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; Inflammatory mediator; Marine organism; Thais luteostoma