title: Focused ultrasound for treatment of bone tumours.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a modality with rapidly expanding applications across the field of medicine. Treatment of bone lesions with FUS including both benign and malignant tumours has been an active area of investigation. Recently, as a result of a successful phase III trial, magnetic resonance-guided FUS is now a standardised option for treatment of painful bone metastases. This report reviews the clinical applications amenable to treatment with FUS and provides background on FUS and image guidance techniques, results of clinical studies, and future directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive literature search and review of abstracts presented at the recently completed fourth International Focused Ultrasound Symposium was performed. Case reports and older publications revisited in more recent studies were excluded. For clinical studies that extend beyond bone tumours, only the data regarding bone tumours are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies assessing the use of focused ultrasound in treatment of primary benign bone tumours, primary malignant tumours, and metastatic tumours meeting the search criteria were identified. For these clinical studies the responders group varied within 91-100%, 85-87% and 64-94%, respectively. Major complications were reported in the ranges 0%, 0-28% and 0-4% for primary benign, malignant and metastatic tumours, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Image-guided FUS is both safe and effective in the treatment of primary and secondary tumours. Additional phase III trials are warranted to more fully define the role of FUS in treatment of both benign and malignant bone tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA and.
authors.forename: Dario B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vrba
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Ablation; bone tumour; high intensity focused ultrasound; image guidance; pain palliation