title: Association between circulating thrombopoietin levels and cardiovascular risk prediction scores in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 7-year Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Calculator (CRCRTR-MACE) predicts cardiovascular events (CVE) in renal transplant recipients (RTR), and thrombopoietin (TPO) is a humoral inflammatory factor implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of the study was to determine if circulating TPO levels in stable RTR are positively associated with variable(s) in the CRCRTR-MACE score.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRCRTR-MACE scores were calculated in 95 stable RTR. TPO levels were measured by multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay in all patients and 48 controls. Multivariate analysis (MVA) was performed between TPO and CV risk variables and patient demographics. Stepwise regression with backward elimination of insignificant variables estimated the impact of risk variables on TPO levels. Significance was defined at p < 0.05. Normalized data were presented as mean ± SD and non-normalized data as median (maximum to minimum).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of a CVE within 7 years as predicted by the median was 9.97% (range 1.93-84.2). The percentage of patients who were above 20% risk for a CVE was 28.4%. Control TPO level of 170.41 (4.4-995.9) pg/ml was significantly lower than that of 237.90 (32.77-1,386.79) pg/ml in RTR (p = 0.010). TPO level correlated significantly with the total CRCRTR-MACE score (R = 0.310, p = 0.004), smoking (p = 0.009) and eGFR (R = -0.275, p = 0.012) but not with age, diabetes, LDL level or history of CVE. Only the total CRCRTR-MACE score (p = 0.013) and smoking (p = 0.009) remained significant in the MVA. Stepwise regression estimated that smoking increased TPO levels by 206.28 pg/ml and each 10% increase in CRCRTR-MACE score increased TPO levels by an additional 44.4 pg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TPO levels are increased in RTR with high CRCRTR-MACE, particularly in smokers with diminished eGFR. Circulating TPO may serve as a biomarker and treatment target for CVD in RTR.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mansell
authors.forename: Hamdi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elmoselhi
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shoker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013926:Thrombopoietin / Q000097:blood*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D013926:Thrombopoietin; D014508:Urea; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human