title: Development and validation of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perceived self-efficacy is a non-negligible outcome when measuring the impact of self-management interventions for chronic pain patients. However, no validated, chronic pain-specific self-efficacy scales exist for studies conducted with French-speaking populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish the validity of the use of the French-Canadian Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (FC-CPSES) among chronic pain patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy Scale is a validated 33-item self-administered questionnaire that measures perceived self-efficacy to perform self-management behaviours, manage chronic disease in general and achieve outcomes (a six-item version is also available). This scale was adapted to the context of chronic pain patients following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines. The FC-CPSES was administered to 109&nbsp;fibromyalgia and 34 chronic low back pain patients (n=143) who participated in an evidence-based self-management intervention (the PASSAGE program) offered in 10 health care centres across the province of Quebec. Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α) were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the 33- and six-item versions of the FC-CPSES. With regard to convergent construct validity, the association between the FC-CPSES baseline scores and related clinical outcomes was examined. With regard to the scale's sensitivity to change, pre- and postintervention FC-CPSES scores were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internal consistency was high for both versions of the FC-CPSES (α=0.86 to α=0.96). Higher self-efficacy was significantly associated with higher mental health-related quality of life and lower pain intensity and catastrophizing (P<0.05), supporting convergent validity of the scale. There was a statistically significant increase in FC-CPSES scores between pre- and postintervention measures for both versions of the FC-CPSES (P<0.003), which supports their sensitivity to clinical change during an intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that both versions of the FC-CPSES are reliable and valid for the measurement of pain management self-efficacy among chronic pain patients.
authors.forename: Anaïs
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacasse
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgault
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tousignant-Laflamme
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Courtemanche-Harel
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choinière
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000208:ethnology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D011792:Quebec / Q000208:ethnology; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
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