title: MYC Drives Pten/Trp53-Deficient Proliferation and Metastasis due to IL6 Secretion and AKT Suppression via PHLPP2.
abstract: We have recently recapitulated metastasis of human PTEN/TP53-mutant prostate cancer in the mouse using the RapidCaP system. Surprisingly, we found that this metastasis is driven by MYC, and not AKT, activation. Here, we show that cell-cell communication by IL6 drives the AKT-MYC switch through activation of the AKT-suppressing phosphatase PHLPP2, when PTEN and p53 are lost together, but not separately. IL6 then communicates a downstream program of STAT3-mediated MYC activation, which drives cell proliferation. Similarly, in tissues, peak proliferation in Pten/Trp53-mutant primary and metastatic prostate cancer does not correlate with activated AKT, but with STAT3/MYC activation instead. Mechanistically, MYC strongly activates the AKT phosphatase PHLPP2 in primary cells and prostate cancer metastasis. We show genetically that Phlpp2 is essential for dictating the proliferation of MYC-mediated AKT suppression. Collectively, our data reveal competition between two proto-oncogenes, MYC and AKT, which ensnarls the Phlpp2 gene to facilitate MYC-driven prostate cancer metastasis after loss of Pten and Trp53.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data identify IL6 detection as a potential causal biomarker for MYC-driven metastasis after loss of PTEN and p53. Second, our finding that MYC then must supersede AKT to drive cell proliferation points to MYC inhibition as a critical part of PI3K pathway therapy in lethal prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Dawid G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Hyejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herzka
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watrud
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: DeMarco
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Victoria M Y
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Serif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senturk
authors.affiliation: Mirimus Inc., Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fellmann
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Tumas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beinortas
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Muhan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sordella
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo-Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordon-Cardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. trotman@cshl.ed.
authors.forename: Lloyd C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Trotman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D016259:Genes, myc; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000172:deficiency*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011485:Protein Binding; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C541572:PHLPP2 protein, human; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase
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