title: Effect of public awareness campaigns on calls to ambulance across Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The National Stroke Foundation of Australia has run 12 public awareness campaigns since 2004. Campaign exposure and funding has varied annually and regionally during this time. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of campaigns on calls to ambulance for stroke across Australia in exposed regions (paid or pro bono advertising).
  
  
  METHODS
  All ambulance services in Australia provided monthly ambulance dispatch data between January 2003 and June 2014. We performed multivariable regression to measure the effect of campaign exposure on the volume of stroke-related emergency calls, after controlling for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final model indicated that 11 of the 12 National Stroke Foundation campaigns were associated with increases in the volume of stroke-related calls (varying between 1% and 9.9%) in regions with exposure to advertising. This increase lasted ≈3 months, with an additional 10.2% relative increase in the volume of the calls in regions with paid advertising. We found no significant additional effect of the campaigns on stroke calls where ambulance services are publicly funded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The National Stroke Foundation stroke awareness campaigns are associated with increases to calls to ambulance for stroke in regions receiving advertising and promotion. Research is now required to examine whether this increased use in ambulance is for appropriate emergencies.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B., L.S., J.F.); Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B.); Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.E.B., J.F.); Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (B.B.); and St John Ambulance, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.F.). janet.bray@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B., L.S., J.F.); Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B.); Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.E.B., J.F.); Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (B.B.); and St John Ambulance, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.F.).
authors.forename: Lahn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Straney
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B., L.S., J.F.); Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B.); Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.E.B., J.F.); Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (B.B.); and St John Ambulance, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.F.).
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B., L.S., J.F.); Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.E.B.); Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.E.B., J.F.); Ambulance Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (B.B.); and St John Ambulance, Perth, Western Australia, Australia (J.F.).
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finn
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising; D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006266:Health Education / Q000639:trends*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D009517:New South Wales; D012424:Rural Population; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy; D013689:Telephone; D014505:Urban Population; D014739:Victoria
keywords: ambulances; diagnosis; emergency medical services; health promotion; stroke