title: Epidemiology, sero-diagnosis and therapeutic studies on nematodes infection in balochi range-sheep at district quetta, balochistan, pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the infectious organisms of parasitic origin, gastrointestinal nematodes are very important as they have been reported worldwide. The main aim of the present research study to highlight the annual epidemiological contributing factors associated with the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and their control in sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total 1200 faecal samples (100 per month) were collected from farmers holding Balochi-sheep (either sexes, 1-5 years old) during January-December 2012 and analyzed to determine the prevalence of nematodes based on microscopy and ELISA based diagnostic assay. Therapeutic efficacies of different synthetic and herbal medicines against these nematodes were assessed by field trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that 23.92% Balochi-sheep were infected with nematodes. Five nematodes infections were recorded with highest prevalence of Haemonchus (7.75%) followed by Nematodirus (7.58%), Strongyloides (4.42%), Trichostrongylus (2.33%) and Trichuris (1.83%). The younger and older ewes (one and five years) presented higher nematodes prevalence with peak during March/April and August/September. Haemonchus and Trichuris positive samples based on coprological examination were also showed 92-100% positive sensitivity for these nematodes by the ELISA. Sheep treated with Ivermectin showed higher reduction (97.76%) in nematode egg counts followed by Atreefal deedan (96.42%) and Oxfendazole (95.44%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gastro-intestinal nematodes are prevalent in all age and either sex of Balochi-sheep with peak during summer. The ELISA based diagnosis is more accurte. The synthetic and herbal products are very effective against sheep nematodes.
authors.affiliation: Animal Sciences Research Program, Balochistan Agricultural Research and Development Centre, PARC, Brewery Road, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Razzaq
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maqbool
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Agriculture Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Range and Forestry Research Program, Balochistan Agricultural Research and Development Centre, PARC, Brewery Road, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathobiology, Sub campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mian Muhammad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Awais
authors.affiliation: Crop Sciences Research Program, Balochistan Agricultural Research and Development Centre, PARC, Brewery Road, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Munir Ahmad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khetran
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Bacteriology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saadullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Bacteriology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafee
authors.affiliation: Diseases Investigation Lab. Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Essa
authors.affiliation: Dairy Farm, Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hamdullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakar
keywords: Herbal anthelmintics; Nematodes; Season; Sheep
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