title: Cochlear ablation effects on amino acid levels in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus.
abstract: Inner ear damage can lead to hearing disorders, including tinnitus, hyperacusis, and hearing loss. We measured the effects of severe inner ear damage, produced by cochlear ablation, on the levels and distributions of amino acids in the first brain center of the auditory system, the cochlear nucleus. Measurements were also made for its projection pathways and the superior olivary nuclei. Cochlear ablation produces complete degeneration of the auditory nerve, which provides a baseline for interpreting the effects of partial damage to the inner ear, such as that from ototoxic drugs or intense sound. Amino acids play a critical role in neural function, including neurotransmission, neuromodulation, cellular metabolism, and protein construction. They include major neurotransmitters of the brain - glutamate, glycine, and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) - as well as others closely related to their metabolism and/or functions - aspartate, glutamine, and taurine. Since the effects of inner ear damage develop over time, we measured the changes in amino acid levels at various survival times after cochlear ablation. Glutamate and aspartate levels decreased by 2weeks in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus and deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, with the largest decreases in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN): 66% for glutamate and 63% for aspartate. Aspartate levels also decreased in the lateral part of the ipsilateral trapezoid body, by as much as 50%, suggesting a transneuronal effect. GABA and glycine levels showed some bilateral decreases, especially in the PVCN. These results may represent the state of amino acid metabolism in the cochlear nucleus of humans after removal of eighth nerve tumors, which may adversely result in destruction of the auditory nerve. Measurement of chemical changes following inner ear damage may increase understanding of the pathogenesis of hearing impairments and enable improvements in their diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Electronic address: donald.godfrey@utoledo.edu.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Crass
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shipp
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Simo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Mail Stop 1195, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Division of Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002682:Chinchilla; D003051:Cochlea / Q000293:injuries*; D017626:Cochlear Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: GABA; aspartate; auditory; glutamate; glycine; taurine