title: Field assessment of yeast- and oxalic Acid-generated carbon dioxide for mosquito surveillance.
abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) sources improve the efficacy of mosquito traps. However, traditional CO2 sources (dry ice or compressed gas) may be difficult to acquire for vector surveillance during military contingency operations. For this reason, a new and convenient source of CO2 is required. Two novel CO2 generators were evaluated in order to address this capability gap: 1) an electrolyzer that converts solid oxalic acid into CO2 gas, and 2) CO2 produced by yeast as it metabolizes sugar. The flow rate and CO2 concentration produced by each generator were measured, and each generator's ability to attract mosquitoes to BG-Sentinel™ traps during day surveillance and to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps with incandescent bulbs during night surveillance was compared to dry ice and compressed gas in Jacksonville, FL. The electrolyzed oxalic acid only slightly increased the number of mosquitoes captured compared to unbaited traps. Based on the modest increase in mosquito collection for traps paired with the oxalic acid, it is not a suitable stand-in for either of the 2 traditional CO2 sources. Conversely, the yeast-generated CO2 resulted in collections with mosquito abundance and species richness more closely resembling those of the traditional CO2 sources, despite achieving a lower CO2 flow rate. Therefore, if dry ice or compressed gas cannot be acquired for vector surveillance, yeast-generated CO2 can significantly improve trap capability.
authors.affiliation: Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, Box 43, Building 937, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Alec G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Obenauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073893:Sugars / Q000378:metabolism*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000073893:Sugars; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019815:Oxalic Acid
keywords: BG-Sentinel™; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap; Vector surveillance; electrolyzed oxalic acid; sugar-fermenting yeast