title: Food sources of fat may clarify the inconsistent role of dietary fat intake for incidence of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary fats could affect glucose metabolism and obesity development and, thereby, may have a crucial role in the cause of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies indicated that replacing saturated with unsaturated fats might be favorable, and plant foods might be a better choice than animal foods. Nevertheless, epidemiologic studies suggested that dairy foods are protective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that, by examining dietary fat and its food sources classified according to fat type and fat content, some clarification regarding the role of dietary fat in T2D incidence could be provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 26,930 individuals (61% women), aged 45-74 y, from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort were included in the study. Dietary data were collected by using a modified diet-history method. During 14 y of follow-up, 2860 incident T2D cases were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total intake of high-fat dairy products (regular-fat alternatives) was inversely associated with incident T2D (HR for highest compared with lowest quintiles: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.87; P-trend < 0.001). Most robust inverse associations were seen for intakes of cream and high-fat fermented milk (P-trend < 0.01) and for cheese in women (P-trend = 0.02). High intake of low-fat dairy products was associated with increased risk, but this association disappeared when low- and high-fat dairy were mutually adjusted (P-trend = 0.18). Intakes of both high-fat meat (P-trend = 0.04) and low-fat meat (P-trend < 0.001) were associated with increased risk. Finally, we did not observe significant association between total dietary fat content and T2D (P-trend = 0.24), but intakes of saturated fatty acids with 4-10 carbons, lauric acid (12:0), and myristic acid (14:0) were associated with decreased risk (P-trend < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased T2D risk at high intake of high- but not of low-fat dairy products suggests that dairy fat partly could have contributed to previously observed protective associations between dairy intake and T2D. Meat intake was associated with increased risk independently of the fat content.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellstrand
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunkwall
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Christina-Alexandra
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallström
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology (UE, SH, LB, C-AS, ES, and MO-M) and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Nutritional Epidemiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (PW, BG, and EW).
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orho-Melander
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: cohort study; diet; dietary fats; food intake; type 2 diabetes