title: Sensitive imaging of magnetic nanoparticles for cancer detection by active feedback MR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sensitive imaging of superparamagnetic nanoparticles or aggregates is of great importance in MR molecular imaging and medical diagnosis. For this purpose, a conceptually new approach, termed active feedback magnetic resonance, was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the presence of the Zeeman field, a dipolar field is induced by the superparamagnetic nanoparticles or aggregates. Such dipolar field creates spatial and temporal (due to water diffusion) variations to the precession frequency of the nearby water1H magnetization. Sensitive imaging of magnetic nanoparticles or aggregates can be achieved by manipulating the intrinsic spin dynamics by selective self-excitation and fixed-point dynamics under active feedback fields.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phantom experiments of superparamagnetic nanoparticles; in vitro experiments of brain tissue with blood clots; and in vivo mouse images of colon cancers, with and without labeling by magnetic nanoparticles, suggest that this new approach provides enhanced, robust, and positive contrast in imaging magnetic nanoparticles or aggregates for cancer detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The spin dynamics originated from selective self-excitation and fixed-point dynamics under active feedback fields have been shown to be sensitive to dipolar fields generated by magnetic nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 74:33-41, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.|Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lian-Pin
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Yung-Ya
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lin
keywords: MR molecular imaging; active feedback MR; fixed-point dynamics; selective self-excitation; superparamagnetic nanoparticles