title: Rhizoremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil using wheat.
abstract: Rhizoremediation, the use of the plant rhizosphere and associated microorganisms represents a promising method for the clean up of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including phenanthrene and pyrene, two model PAHs. Although numerous studies have been published reporting the degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene, very few evaluate the microbial basis of the rhizoremediation process through the application of molecular tools. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat on the degradation of two model PAHs (alone or in combination) and also on soil bacterial, fungal and nidA gene (i.e. a key gene in the degradation of pyrene) communities. The addition of wheat plants led to a significant enhancement in the degradation of both phenanthrene and pyrene. In pyrene-contaminated soils, the degradation rate increased from 15% (65 mg/kg) and 18% (90 mg/kg) in unplanted soils to 65% (280 mg/kg) and 70% (350 mg/kg) in planted treatments while phenanthrene reduction was enhanced from 97% (394 mg/kg) and 87% (392 mg/kg) for unplanted soils to 100% (406 mg/kg) and 98% (441 mg/kg) in the presence of wheat. PCR-DGGE results showed that the plant root let to some changes in the bacterial and fungal communities; these variations did not reflect any change in hydrocarbon-degrading communities. However, plate counting, traditional MPN and MPN-qPCR of nidA gene revealed that the wheat rhizosphere led to an increase in the total microbial abundance including PAH degrading organisms and these increased activities resulted in enhanced degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene. This clearer insight into the mechanisms underpinning PAH degradation will enable better application of this environmentally friendly technique.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. Electronic address: esmaeil.shahsavari@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahsavari
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adetutu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011721:Pyrenes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C031181:phenanthrene; C030984:pyrene
keywords: DGGE; MPN-qPCR; Phytoremediation; Plant rhizosphere; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Rhizoremediation