title: Prepubertal presentation of varicocele does not affect outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varicoceles in prepubertal boys are uncommon and little is known of the natural history. Historically, a large percentage of these boys have undergone surgical repair with the belief that such early presentation carried a worse prognosis, making assessment of longitudinal outcomes difficult.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  While there may be concern that varicocele could represent a progressive disease and therefore prepubertal presentation would portend a worse prognosis, we hypothesized that there would be no difference between the prepubertal boys and other adolescents with varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed a database of boys at a single institution with a documented left-sided varicocele between 1995 and 2011. Inclusion criteria were one or more of the following: 1. Clinician-documented Tanner 1 status, 2. Right testis orchidometric or ultrasound calculated volume of ≤3 cc's. Patients were drawn from a prospectively maintained database of all boys presenting to the outpatient urology clinic receiving a diagnosis of varicocele. A cohort of adolescent boys was assembled by matching as closely as possible with respect to testis volume disparity and grade of varicocele. All matches were within 2% of volume difference. Volume was calculated using the length*width*height*0.71 formula. Testis size disparity was set to a threshold of ≥20% using the Lambert formula: (VolumeRight - VolumeLeft)/VolumeRight*100%. Our primary outcome was defined as hypotrophy or the need for surgery for hypotrophy at the termination of the study. We planned a single subgroup analysis of boys based on presentation with or without hypotrophy. The decision for surgery or observation was made by the individual clinician at the time of patient assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On presentation, the prepubertal cohort was younger (10.8 vs 14.1 years), and with smaller left (2.4 vs 11.6 cc) and right (2.4 vs 11.6 cc) testis volume. There were no significant differences with respect to varicocele grade and volume differentials at presentation. At the end of the study, 76% of the prepubertal cohort had neither hypotrophy nor the requirement for operation, compared with 83% of the matched cohort (P = 0.71, Fisher's exact test). Similarly, there were no significant differences in outcome when comparing prepubertal boys with initial symmetry or hypotrophy to their matched cohort of older adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prepubertal varicocele is a rare clinical problem for which little data exists to guide the clinician. In a review of Pubmed indexed English language manuscripts, we were only able to find five papers with information on Tanner stage; only 31 prepubertal boys have longitudinal data reported. This study approximately doubles the number of boys for whom such data is available in the literature. Our chief limitation was sample size. A power analysis indicated that a final-analysis cohort of 90 prepubertal boys would be required to detect a 20% difference in outcome between that group and a matched cohort of pubertal or post-pubertal boys. We propose that given the lack of evidence for worse outcomes in prepubertal boys with varicocele that prepubertal status, in and of itself, not be considered an additional indication for correction of varicocele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our retrospective cohort of prepubertal boys with left testis varicocele and their matched cohort, we did not detect a difference in the rate of good outcomes, defined as the absence of hypotrophy and lack of need for surgical intervention. While we may have suspected, as have others, that prepubertal presentation would have conveyed a more pressing need to intervene, it is likely that these boys represent the very same patients that we see more commonly later in their adolescence, and should thus be managed in a similarly conservative fashion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: michael.kurtz@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: Ilina.Rosoklija@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosoklija
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: Great.Kringle@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kringle
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: Richard.Yu@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: David.Diamond@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011379:Prognosis; D011627:Puberty; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013737:Testis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014646:Varicocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Tanner stage; Testis volume difference; Varicocele