title: Effects of functionalized and raw multi-walled carbon nanotubes on soil bacterial community composition.
abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely used in industry, but their environmental impacts on soil microbial communities are poorly known. In this paper, we compare the effect of both raw and acid treated or functionalized (fCNTs) multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on soil bacterial communities, applying different concentrations of MWCNTs (0 µg/g, 50 µg/g, 500 µg/g and 5000 µg/g) to a soil microcosm system. Soil DNA was extracted at 0, 2 and 8 weeks and the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced using paired-end Illumina bar-coded sequencing. The results show that bacterial diversity was not affected by either type of MWCNT. However, overall soil bacterial community composition, as illustrated by NMDS, was affected only by fMWCNT at high concentrations. This effect, detectable at 2 weeks, remained equally strong by 8 weeks. In the case of fMWCNTs, overall changes in relative abundance of the dominant phyla were also found. The stronger effect of fMWCNTs could be explained by their intrinsically acidic nature, as the soil pH was lower at higher concentrations of fMWCNTs. Overall, this study suggests that fMWCNTs may at least temporarily alter microbial community composition on the timescale of at least weeks to months. It appears, by contrast, that raw MWCNTs do not affect soil microbial community composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dorsaf
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerfahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Binu M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dharmesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Celemics, Inc. 612 Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junghoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
references.citation: Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009 Sep 04;4(12):1517-23
references.pmid: 20652100
references.citation: Langmuir. 2007 Aug 14;23(17):8670-3
references.pmid: 17658863
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2012 Feb 14;13:31
references.pmid: 22333067
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2010 Apr;6(2):245-56
references.pmid: 19699321
references.citation: ISME J. 2011 Apr;5(4):741-9
references.pmid: 20962877
references.citation: J Environ Monit. 2008 Nov;10(11):1287-96
references.pmid: 18974897
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2009 Dec 22;3(12):3891-902
references.pmid: 19894705
references.citation: Science. 2002 Oct 18;298(5593):615-8
references.pmid: 12386334
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Dec 15;43(24):9216-22
references.pmid: 20000512
references.citation: Ecology. 2007 Jun;88(6):1354-64
references.pmid: 17601128
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Nov;4(11):e1000255
references.pmid: 19023400
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008 Sep;27(9):1895-903
references.pmid: 19086316
references.citation: Nature. 2002 Jan 24;415(6870):426-9
references.pmid: 11807553
references.citation: Langmuir. 2010 Oct 19;26(20):16013-9
references.pmid: 20849142
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2008 Oct 1;42(19):7528-34
references.pmid: 18939597
references.citation: Langmuir. 2008 Jun 1;24(13):6409-13
references.pmid: 18512881
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2012 Aug;64(2):474-84
references.pmid: 22395784
references.citation: Gene. 2012 Sep 10;506(1):18-24
references.pmid: 22766402
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2007 Nov;150(1):5-22
references.pmid: 17658673
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Mar 1;39(5):1378-83
references.pmid: 15787380
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Jan 2;47(1):625-33
references.pmid: 23205469
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Nov 1;43(21):8423-9
references.pmid: 19924979
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30058
references.pmid: 22253877
references.citation: Langmuir. 2004 Jul 6;20(14):6019-25
references.pmid: 16459625
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2011 Jun;22(3):456-64
references.pmid: 21333523
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Apr 15;41(8):2985-91
references.pmid: 17533868
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7537-41
references.pmid: 19801464
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2013 Oct;181:287-300
references.pmid: 23856352
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 Jul;3(7):423-8
references.pmid: 18654567
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 17;103(3):626-31
references.pmid: 16407148
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Oct;49(10):3663-6
references.pmid: 21832024
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Aug;68(8):3859-66
references.pmid: 12147482
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jul;12(7):1889-98
references.pmid: 20236171
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2012 Jul 26;12:150
references.pmid: 22834535
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18;105(46):17842-7
references.pmid: 19004771
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2006 Jun;63(11):1942-52
references.pmid: 16310826
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2013 Oct 15;261:188-97
references.pmid: 23921182
references.citation: Small. 2013 Jan 14;9(1):115-23
references.pmid: 23019062
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2009 Mar;11(3):674-86
references.pmid: 19187281
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013 Feb;88:9-15
references.pmid: 23218497
references.citation: Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):787-92
references.pmid: 12161643
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Mar;72(3):1719-28
references.pmid: 16517615
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Mar;70(3):1723-34
references.pmid: 15006798
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Nov;29(11):2389-90
references.pmid: 20936691
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jun 15;190(1-3):816-22
references.pmid: 21546158
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2008 Sep;27(9):1825-51
references.pmid: 19086204
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27310
references.pmid: 22194782
references.citation: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010 Oct;51(4):428-35
references.pmid: 20809924
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Mar 4;94(5):1857-61
references.pmid: 11038606
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007 Oct;57(Pt 10):2259-2261
references.pmid: 17911292
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 May;74(4):569-75
references.pmid: 21310485
references.citation: Nat Nanotechnol. 2008 Jun;3(6):347-51
references.pmid: 18654545
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Apr 1;43(7):2648-53
references.pmid: 19452930
references.citation: Chem Cent J. 2013 Sep 13;7(1):154
references.pmid: 24034413
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Dec 1;45(23):9837-56
references.pmid: 21988187
references.citation: Ecotoxicology. 2008 Jul;17(5):372-86
references.pmid: 18461442