title: Successful Combination of Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Diagnostics and Targeted Deferred Neisseria gonorrhoeae Culture.
abstract: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are recommended for the diagnosis of N. gonorrhoeae infections because of their superior sensitivity. Increasing NAAT use causes a decline in crucial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance data, which rely on culture. We analyzed the suitability of the ESwab system for NAAT diagnostics and deferred targeted N. gonorrhoeae culture to allow selective and efficient culture based on NAAT results. We included patients visiting the STI Clinic Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2013. Patient characteristics and urogenital and rectal samples for direct N. gonorrhoeae culture, standard NAAT, and ESwab were collected. Standard NAAT and NAAT on ESwab samples were performed using the Aptima Combo 2 assay for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. Two deferred N. gonorrhoeae cultures were performed on NAAT-positive ESwab samples after storage at 4°C for 1 to 3 days. We included 2,452 samples from 1,893 patients. In the standard NAAT, 107 samples were N. gonorrhoeae positive and 284 were C. trachomatis positive. The sensitivities of NAAT on ESwab samples were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 90%) and 87% (95% CI, 82 to 90%), respectively. ESwab samples were available for 98 of the gonorrhea-positive samples. Of these, 82% were positive in direct culture and 69% and 56% were positive in the 1st and 2nd deferred cultures, respectively (median storage times, 27 and 48 h, respectively). Deferred culture was more often successful in urogenital samples or when the patient had symptoms at the sampling site. Deferred N. gonorrhoeae culture of stored ESwab samples is feasible and enables AMR surveillance. To limit the loss in NAAT sensitivity, we recommend obtaining separate samples for NAAT and deferred culture.
authors.affiliation: STI Outpatient Clinic, Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolien M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wind
authors.affiliation: STI Outpatient Clinic, Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schim van der Loeff
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unemo
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory, Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Medical Microbiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis General Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands avdam@ggd.amsterdam.nl.
authors.forename: Alje P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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