title: Gender differences in social support in persons with epilepsy.
abstract: The present study focused on social support as a key feature of the enhancement and maintenance of mental health. So far, literature on gender differences in social support and its effects on the experience of stress in individuals with epilepsy is scarce. We hypothesized that in individuals with epilepsy, social support buffers detrimental effects of stressors (e.g., unpredictable occurrence of seizures) on mental health. Additionally, we explored the role of gender in this process. In 299 individuals with epilepsy, data from validated questionnaires on seizures in the last 3months, perceived support, social network size, and depressive symptoms were analyzed. Women reported higher depressive symptoms (t=2.51, p<.01) and higher perceived support (t=2.50, p<.01) than men. Women and men did not differ in social network size (t=-0.46, p=64), nor in experiencing seizures (χ(2)=0.07, p=.82). Regression analyses revealed no buffer effects. Perceived support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (B=-0.49, p<.001, 95% CI [-0.67; -0.32]). With regard to depressive symptoms, social integration was slightly more beneficial for women (Bcond.=-0.06, p<.001; 95% CI [-0.09; -0.03]) than for men (Bcond.=-0.02, p=.09; 95% CI [-0.04; 0.01]). Findings present perceived support and social integration as general health resources in individuals with epilepsy regardless of previously experienced seizures. They also encourage further research on gender-specific effects in individuals with epilepsy and move towards recommendations for practitioners and gender-specific interventions. Future aims will be to enhance social integration in order to support adjustment to the chronic condition of epilepsy and to improve individuals' confidence in support interactions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: silke.burkert@charite.de.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burkert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kendel
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Henriette
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiep
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtkamp
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gaus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Epilepsy; Gender; Perceived social support; Social integration; Stress