title: Effects of Endurance Training at the Crossover Point in Women with Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On the basis of theoretical evidence, intensity at the crossover point (COP) of substrate utilization could be considered as potential exercise intensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to examine the effects of a training program at COP on exercise capacity parameters in women with MetS and to compare two metabolic indices (COP and the maximal fat oxidation rate point LIPOXmax®) with ventilatory threshold (VT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen women with MetS volunteered to perform a 12-wk training program on a cycle ergometer, with intensity corresponding to COP. Pre- and posttraining values of anthropometric and exercise capacity parameters were compared to determine the effects of exercise training. The pre-post training change of COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After training, anthropometric parameters were significantly modified, with reduction of body mass (3.0% ± 3.0%, P < 0.001), fat mass (3.3% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001), and body mass index (3.2% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001). Exercise capacity was improved after the training program, with significant increase of maximal power output (25.0% ± 18.4%, P < 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max, 9.0% ± 11.2%; P < 0.01). Lastly, when expressed in terms of power output, COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT occurred at a similar exercise intensity, but the occurrence of these three indices is different when expressed in terms of oxygen uptake, HR, or RPE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the effectiveness of a 12-wk training program at COP to improve physical fitness in women with MetS. The relations between metabolic indices and VT in terms of power output highlight the determination of VT from a shorter maximal exercise as a useful method for determining metabolic indices in MetS.
authors.affiliation: 1Université de Limoges, HAVAE, EA6310, Limoges, FRANCE; 2UDSL, EA 4488, Ronchin, FRANCE; 3University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, FRANCE; 4CETAPS, EA 3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, FRANCE; 5Department of Bio-Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; 6Department of Respiratory and Functional Explorations, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; and 7Department of Arterial hypertension and Vascular Medicine, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.forename: Jérémy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coquart
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boitel
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duhamel
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matran
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delsart
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mounier-Vehier
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*