title: Combined endonasal and sublabial endoscopic transmaxillary approach to the pterygopalatine fossa and orbital apex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and inferomedial orbital apex are difficult regions for open neurosurgical access. The traditional extensive anterior approach (transfacial or transmandibular) and lateral/posterolateral (transcranial) approach were used to access the PPF. The combined endonasal and sublabial transmaxillary approach is a less invasive access route for these lesions. In this study, we present the technical and clinical details of our experience with the combined endoscopic endonasal and transmaxillary approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of our patients operated on using a combined endoscopic endonasal and transmaxillary approach was done. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative images and all the clinical data were evaluated. The accessibility to the area and extent of surgical resection were reviewed. The surgery-related complications and postoperative morbidities were analyzed. The main items of interest were the exposure of the target area and possibility for safe removal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients with pathologies located in the area of the PPF and orbital apex were operated on using the combined endoscopic sublabial and endonasal transmaxillary approach. The technique provided sufficient exposure of the area and allowed for safe removal of the preoperatively determined target in all of the patients. One patient developed dry eye and a neurotrophic corneal ulcer, and another patient developed temporary postoperative facial numbness. In the follow-up, only one patient with skull base chordoma had an asymptomatic tumor regrowth. The other patients had no recurrence or regrowth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined endoscopic sublabial and endonasal transmaxillary approach is a safe and effective method for resection of lesions in the PPF and inferomedial orbital apex.
authors.affiliation: International Neuroscience Institute, Rudolf Pichlmayr Street, No. 4, 30625, Hannover, Germany, alimohamadi59@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maysam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimohamadi
authors.forename: Mohamadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajiabadi
authors.forename: Venelin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerganov
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahlbusch
authors.forename: Madjid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samii
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002817:Chordoma / Q000601:surgery; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000601:surgery*; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009915:Orbit / Q000601:surgery*; D056739:Pterygopalatine Fossa / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome