title: Stress analysis of the cervical spinal cord: Impact of the morphology of spinal cord segments on stress.
abstract: Although there are several classifications for cervical myelopathy, these do not take differences between spinal cord segments into account. Moreover, there has been no report of stress analyses for individual segments to date.
  
  
  
  By using the finite element method, we constructed 3-dimensional spinal cord models comprised of gray matter, white matter, and pia mater of the second to eighth cervical vertebrae (C2-C8). We placed compression components (disc and yellow ligament) at the front and back of these models, and applied compression to the posterior section covering 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of the anteroposterior diameter of each cervical spinal cord segment.
  
  
  
  Our results revealed that, under compression applied to an area covering 10%, 20%, or 30% of the anteroposterior diameter of the cervical spinal cord segment, sites of increased stress varied depending on the morphology of each cervical spinal cord segment. Under 40% compression, stress was increased in the gray matter, lateral funiculus, and posterior funiculus of all spinal cord segments, and stress differences between the segments were smaller.
  
  
  
  These results indicate that, under moderate compression, sites of increased stress vary depending on the morphology of each spinal cord segment or the shape of compression components, and also that the variability of symptoms may depend on the direction of compression. However, under severe compression, the differences among the cervical spinal segments are smaller, which may facilitate diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanchiku
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imajo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamaguchi , Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Cervical myelopathy; Crandall's classification; Finite element model; Hattori's classification; Spinal cord injury
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