title: Attenuation of Cell Death in Injured Cortex After Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Moderate Hypothermia: Possible Involvement of Autophagy Pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multiple mechanisms participated in the cell death after fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the present study, we evaluated the effect on cell death in the injured cortex after fluid percussion TBI and investigated a possible role of autophagy.
  
  
  METHODS
  TBI model was induced by a fluid percussion TBI device. Moderate hypothermia (32°C) was achieved by partial immersion in a water bath (0°C) under general anesthesia for 4 hours. All rats were killed at 6 or 24 hours after TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cleaved caspase 3 evaluated with Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells in injured cortex were significantly increased 6 hours after fluid percussion TBI and were further up-regulated 24 hours after TBI, dramatic up-regulation of Beclin-1 and protein light chain-3 expression levels was also observed. Further up-regulation of biomarkers of autophagy, attenuation of caspase 3 up-regulation and reduction of cell death was observed after 4 hours of hypothermia. Immunofluorescence analysis for cell localization demonstrated that protein light chain-3- and Beclin-1-positive cells included neurons and glial cells in the injured cortex after TBI and hypothermic treatment. By ultrastructural observation, autolysosomes in injured cortex were significantly increased at 6 and 24 hours after TBI and were further up-regulated after TBI hypothermic treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that hypothermic treatment could attenuate TBI-induced cell death in this fluid percussion TBI model, possibly through activation of autophagy pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yichao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun-feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guoyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ren-Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: jiyaojiang@126.com.
authors.forename: Ji-yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Hypothermia; Necrosis; Traumatic brain injury