title: Temporal compounding: a novel implementation and its impact on quality and diagnostic value in echocardiography.
abstract: Temporal compounding can be used to suppress acoustic noise in transthoracic cardiac ultrasound by spatially averaging partially decorrelated images acquired over consecutive cardiac cycles. However, the reliable spatial and temporal alignment of the corresponding frames in consecutive cardiac cycles is vital for effective implementation of temporal compounding. This study introduces a novel, efficient, accurate and robust technique for the spatiotemporal alignment of consecutive cardiac cycles with variable temporal characteristics. Furthermore, optimal acquisition parameters, such as the number of consecutive cardiac cycles used, are derived. The effect of the proposed implementation of temporal compounding on cardiac ultrasound images is quantitatively assessed (32 clinical data sets providing a representative range of image qualities and diagnostic values) using measures such as tissue signal-to-noise ratio, chamber signal-to-noise ratio, tissue/chamber contrast and detectability index, as well as a range of clinical measurements, such as chamber diameter and wall thickness, performed during routine echocardiographic examinations. Temporal compounding (as implemented) consistently improved the image quality and diagnostic value of the processed images, when compared with the original data by: (i) increasing tissue and cavity signal-to-noise ratios as well as tissue/cavity detectability index, (ii) improving the corresponding clinical measurement repeatability and inter-operator measurement agreement, while (iii) reducing the number of omitted measurements caused by data corruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: A.Perperidis@hw.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perperidis
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Department, Western General Hospital, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Department, Western General Hospital, NHS Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McDicken
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: MacGillivray
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
keywords: Compounding; Echocardiography; Image enhancement; Noise suppression; Post-formation image processing; Ultrasound