title: The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots.
abstract: In this work, cytotoxicity and cellular impedance response was compared for CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) with positively charged cysteamine-QDs, negatively charged dihydrolipoic acid-QDs and zwitterionic D-penicillamine-QDs exposed to canine kidney MDCKII cells. Pretreatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors suggested that the uptake of nanoparticles was largely due to receptor-independent pathways or spontaneous entry for carboxylated and zwitterionic QDs, while for amine-functionalized particles involvement of cholesterol-enriched membrane domains is conceivable. Cysteamine-QDs were found to be the least cytotoxic, while D-penicillamine-QDs reduced the mitochondrial activity of MDCKII by 20-25%. Although the cell vitality appeared unaffected (assessed from the changes in mitochondrial activity using a classical MTS assay after 24 h of exposure), the binding of QDs to the cellular interior and their movement across cytoskeletal filaments (captured and characterized by single-particle tracking), was shown to compromise the integrity of the cytoskeletal and plasma membrane dynamics, as evidenced by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Breus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietuch
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics, Pattern Formation and Biocomplexity, Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarantola
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Basché
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janshoff
keywords: CdSe/ZnS; ECIS; biocompatibility; cytotoxicity; quantum dots; single-particle tracking
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