title: The importance of health co-benefits in macroeconomic assessments of UK Greenhouse Gas emission reduction strategies.
abstract: We employ a single-country dynamically-recursive Computable General Equilibrium model to make health-focussed macroeconomic assessments of three contingent UK Greenhouse Gas (GHG) mitigation strategies, designed to achieve 2030 emission targets as suggested by the UK Committee on Climate Change. In contrast to previous assessment studies, our main focus is on health co-benefits additional to those from reduced local air pollution. We employ a conservative cost-effectiveness methodology with a zero net cost threshold. Our urban transport strategy (with cleaner vehicles and increased active travel) brings important health co-benefits and is likely to be strongly cost-effective; our food and agriculture strategy (based on abatement technologies and reduction in livestock production) brings worthwhile health co-benefits, but is unlikely to eliminate net costs unless new technological measures are included; our household energy efficiency strategy is likely to breakeven only over the long term after the investment programme has ceased (beyond our 20 year time horizon). We conclude that UK policy makers will, most likely, have to adopt elements which involve initial net societal costs in order to achieve future emission targets and longer-term benefits from GHG reduction. Cost-effectiveness of GHG strategies is likely to require technological mitigation interventions and/or demand-constraining interventions with important health co-benefits and other efficiency-enhancing policies that promote internalization of externalities. Health co-benefits can play a crucial role in bringing down net costs, but our results also suggest the need for adopting holistic assessment methodologies which give proper consideration to welfare-improving health co-benefits with potentially negative economic repercussions (such as increased longevity).
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henning Tarp
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marcus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keogh-Brown
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Zaid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chalabi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Dangour
authors.affiliation: The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies and UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Food Climate Research Network, and Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Givoni
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies and UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haines
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