title: Eating disorders are frequent among type 2 diabetic patients and are associated with worse metabolic and psychological outcomes: results from a cross-sectional study in primary and secondary care settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data regarding the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) and their influence on clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are scarce. Our aim is to investigate the frequency of positive screening for ED, specifically binge eating disorder (BED), in a T2DM sample and analyze whether there are any differences among T2DM subjects with a positive screening for ED or BED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twenty subjects with T2DM were recruited randomly. All participants were evaluated for the presence of ED by completing the "Eating Attitudes Test-26" (EAT-26). In addition, the "Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised" (QEWP-R) for the screening of BED was also implemented. Sociodemographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to EAT-26, 14 % of subjects screened positive for ED. Regarding QEWP-R, 16 % had a positive screening for ED, with BED having a frequency of 12.2 %, being the most prevalent one. There was a positive correlation between the scores obtained with the EAT-26 and the Beck Depression Inventory (p = 0.0014). Patients with BED were younger (57.5 ± 11.1 vs 63.3 ± 10.3 years; p = 0.004), with a lesser T2DM duration (8.5 ± 6.1 vs 12.1 ± 9.6 years; p = 0.002). Weight and BMI among subjects with BED were greater (89.1 ± 1.3 vs 82.4 ± 16.7 kg; p = 0.04 and 39.4 ± 10.3 vs 30.7 ± 5.5 kg/m(2); p = 0.01). The frequency of subjects with one admission related to T2DM or any other condition during the last year was higher (10 vs 3 %; p = 0.04 and 33 vs 21 %; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ED among T2DM are frequent. Due to their deleterious effect on different metabolic and psychological outcomes, they should be diagnosed promptly, especially BED.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son LLàtzer, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Ctra, Manacor km 4, 07198, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain. jnicolauramis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simó
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son LLàtzer, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Ctra, Manacor km 4, 07198, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanchís
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son LLàtzer, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Ctra, Manacor km 4, 07198, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.affiliation: Hormonal Laboratory Department, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fortuny
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son LLàtzer, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Ctra, Manacor km 4, 07198, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zubillaga
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Son LLàtzer, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS) and Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Ctra, Manacor km 4, 07198, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masmiquel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D056912:Binge-Eating Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D063127:Secondary Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Binge eating disorder; Eating disorder; Mediterranean; Type 2 diabetes