title: The Le Fort system revisited: Trauma velocity predicts the path of Le Fort I fractures through the lateral buttress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of trauma velocity on the pattern of Le Fort I facial fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective medical record review was conducted on a consecutive cohort of craniofacial traumas surgically treated by a single surgeon between 2007 and 2011 (n=150). Of these cases, 39 Le Fort fractures were identified. Patient demographic information, method of trauma and velocity of impact were reviewed for these cases. Velocity of impact was expressed categorically as either 'high' or 'low': high-velocity fractures were those caused by a fall from >1 story or a motor vehicle collision; low-velocity fractures were the result of assaults with a blunt weapon, closed fist or falls from standing height. The vertical position of each fracture was measured at its point of entry on the lateral buttress and its point of exit on the piriform aperture. To allow for comparison across individuals, values were expressed as ratios based on their location on the face relative to these landmarks. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the fracture heights caused by high- and low-velocity trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that high-velocity traumas to the face create Le Fort I fractures at a higher point in the lateral buttress compared with low-velocity traumas. There was no difference between heights at the piriform aperture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-velocity trauma resulted in higher Le Fort I fracture patterns compared with low-velocity trauma.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa;
authors.forename: Grayson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roumeliotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery;
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: The Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenkyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery;
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdani
keywords: Craniofacial; Fracture; LeFort; Trauma; Velocity
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