title: Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the apoptosis of oxygen and glucose-deprived SH-SY5Y cells and its mechanism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to observe the effects of the extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on the apoptosis of oxygen and glucose-deprived (OGD) human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) cells and explore its mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  SH-SY5Y cells were divided into normal control group, OGD group, OGD for 4 h and EGb761-pretreated groups including very low-concentration (20 μg/ml), low-concentration group (25 μg/ml), moderate-concentration group (50 μg/ml) and high-concentration group (100 μg/ml). Twenty four hours after reoxygenation, cell viability was determined with 3-[4, 5-dimehyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, apoptosis rate was detected with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining flow cytometry and the protein level of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was observed with immunofluorescence technique in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell viability was significantly lower in OGD group than in EGb761-pretreated groups, especially in moderate-concentration group (50 μg/ml) (P < 0.005). Apoptosis rate was significantly lower in EGb761-pretreated groups than in OGD group (P < 0.001). Immunofluorescent staining showed that there was AIF nuclear translocation in both EGb761-pretreated groups and OGD group, but AIF nuclear translocation was less in EGb761-pretreated groups than in OGD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGb761 can reduce the apoptosis of OGD SH-SY5Y cells probably through inhibiting AIF nuclear translocation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of EGb761 in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China ; Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Ba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China ; Key Laboratory of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou 121001, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Qiu
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013997:Time Factors; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen; D010936:Plant Extracts; C494829:AIFM1 protein, human; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
keywords: Apoptosis; SH-SY5Y; apoptosis-inducing factor; extract of Ginkgo biloba; oxygen and glucose-deprived model
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