title: Flowering time of butterfly nectar food plants is more sensitive to temperature than the timing of butterfly adult flight.
abstract: 1. Variation among species in their phenological responses to temperature change suggests that shifts in the relative timing of key life cycle events between interacting species are likely to occur under climate warming. However, it remains difficult to predict the prevalence and magnitude of these shifts given that there have been few comparisons of phenological sensitivities to temperature across interacting species. 2. Here, we used a broad-scale approach utilizing collection records to compare the temperature sensitivity of the timing of adult flight in butterflies vs. flowering of their potential nectar food plants (days per °C) across space and time in British Columbia, Canada. 3. On average, the phenology of both butterflies and plants advanced in response to warmer temperatures. However, the two taxa were differentially sensitive to temperature across space vs. across time, indicating the additional importance of nontemperature cues and/or local adaptation for many species. 4. Across butterfly-plant associations, flowering time was significantly more sensitive to temperature than the timing of butterfly flight and these sensitivities were not correlated. 5. Our results indicate that warming-driven shifts in the relative timing of life cycle events between butterflies and plants are likely to be prevalent, but that predicting the magnitude and direction of such changes in particular cases is going to require detailed, fine-scale data.
authors.affiliation: The Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.|Center for Population Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kharouba
authors.affiliation: The Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.|Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vellend
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D001955:British Columbia; D002080:Butterflies / Q000502:physiology*; D057231:Climate Change; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005426:Flight, Animal; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000378:metabolism; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: climate change; herbarium specimens; mobility; phenological synchrony; phenotypic plasticity; trophic interaction