title: Occurrence of periodontal pathogens in ethnic groups from a native Brazilian reservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of 100 native Brazilians living at the Umutina Indian Reservation, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periodontal clinical examinations were carried out prior to collection of subgingival biofilm, and the presence of 14 periodontal microorganisms was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence and risk analysis was performed using Cochran and Mantel-Haenszel statistics for dichotomous variables or Pearson's chi-squared test for analysis of proportions when variables had three or more categories. The interrelations between clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with chronic periodontitis were frequently colonized by the association between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Campylobacter rectus, P. gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, or P. gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Patients with chronic periodontitis were also colonized by Porphyromonas gulae and P. intermedia or by the association between P. gulae and T. forsythia. P. gulae was detected only in the subgingival samples from natives on a traditional diet. Gingival bleeding was associated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, P. gulae, Porphyromonas endodontalis, P. intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens. Treponema denticola was uncommon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peculiar microbiota was demonstrated to be associated with different periodontal disease statuses in native Brazilians, with modest occurrence of certain pathogens, such as T. denticola, and the presence of P. gulae in natives with gingivitis or chronic periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: egaettij@foa.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Elerson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaetti-Jardim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício Fabiano
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evanice Menezes Marçal
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christiane Marie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Propaedeutics, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ávila-Campos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001938:Brazil; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Anaerobes; Chronic periodontitis; Gingivitis; Native Brazilians