title: Childhood- versus adolescent-onset antisocial youth with conduct disorder: psychiatric illness, neuropsychological and psychosocial function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates whether youths with childhood-onset antisocial behavior have higher rates of psychiatric illness, neuropsychological and psychosocial dysfunction than youths who engage in antisocial behavior for the first time in adolescence. Prior studies have generally focused on single domains of function in heterogeneous samples. The present study also examined the extent to which adolescent-onset antisocial behavior can be considered normative, an assumption of Moffitt's dual taxonomy model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three subjects (34 males, 9 females, mean age = 15.31, age range 12-21) with a diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) were recruited through Headspace Services and the Juvenile Justice Community Centre. We compared childhood-onset antisocial youths (n = 23) with adolescent-onset antisocial youths (n = 20) with a conduct disorder, across a battery of psychiatric, neuropsychological and psychosocial measures. Neuropsychological function of both groups was also compared with normative scores from control samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The childhood-onset group displayed deficits in verbal learning and memory, higher rates of psychosis, childhood maltreatment and more serious violent behavior, all effects associated with a large effect size. Both groups had impaired executive function, falling within the extremely low range (severely impaired).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood-onset CD displayed greater cognitive impairment, more psychiatric symptoms and committed more serious violent offences. The finding of severe executive impairment in both childhood- and adolescent-onset groupings challenges the assumption that adolescent-onset antisocial behavior is a normative process.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallet Street, Camperdown, 2050, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Psychology & Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology & Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.affiliation: Lennings Seidler Collins Psychology: Clinical and Forensic Psychology Services, Level 5, 154 Elizabeth St., Sydney, Australia and Faculty of Policing and Law Enforcement, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lennings
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallet Street, Camperdown, 2050, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hickie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D017668:Age of Onset; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Practitioner. 1976 Jul;217(1297):51-60
references.pmid: 995826
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1982 Nov;170(11):680-7
references.pmid: 7119768
references.citation: Psychiatry. 1991 May;54(2):116-32
references.pmid: 1852846
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;30(4):569-74
references.pmid: 1890090
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 May;31(3):547-56
references.pmid: 1592790
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 1992 Jun;49(6):595-603
references.pmid: 1596194
references.citation: J Forensic Sci. 1992 May;37(3):878-93
references.pmid: 1629682
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1998 Sep;4(5):474-90
references.pmid: 9745237
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Dec;150(12):1779-91
references.pmid: 8238631
references.citation: Psychol Rev. 1993 Oct;100(4):674-701
references.pmid: 8255953
references.citation: Dementia. 1994 Sep-Oct;5(5):266-81
references.pmid: 7951684
references.citation: Addiction. 1995 May;90(5):607-14
references.pmid: 7795497
references.citation: Can J Psychiatry. 1998 Feb;43(1):57-63
references.pmid: 9494748
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 1998 May;14(4):245-58
references.pmid: 9635069
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1998 Apr;172:345-50
references.pmid: 9715338
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998 Dec;33 Suppl 1:S47-54
references.pmid: 9857779
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005 Jan;20(1):111-22
references.pmid: 15620817
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2005 Feb;7(1):57-67
references.pmid: 15654933
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Dec;1036:181-200
references.pmid: 15817738
references.citation: Br J Clin Psychol. 2005 Jun;44(Pt 2):227-39
references.pmid: 16004657
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;187:366-71
references.pmid: 16199797
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Apr;256(3):174-86
references.pmid: 16311898
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2007 Mar 19;186(6):301-4
references.pmid: 17371211
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 1;63(3):279-85
references.pmid: 17765205
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;47(4):416-25
references.pmid: 18388764
references.citation: Australas Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;17(3):189-94
references.pmid: 19296265
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9
references.pmid: 19565683
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2010 May;22(2):295-311
references.pmid: 20423543
references.citation: Scand J Psychol. 2010 Jun 1;51(3):278-84
references.pmid: 20070878
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;44(11):1043-51
references.pmid: 21034188
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2012 Feb 6;196:136-40
references.pmid: 22304610
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Mar;46(3):323-30
references.pmid: 22172996
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;54(9):924-40
references.pmid: 23826820
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2014 Jan;25(1):7-29
references.pmid: 24220629
references.citation: Behav Sci Law. 2003;21(4):523-46
references.pmid: 12898506
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;60(7):709-17
references.pmid: 12860775
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Nov;161(11):2129-31
references.pmid: 15514419
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;43(1):97-104
references.pmid: 14691365
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 1992 Jul;85(7):399-402
references.pmid: 1629849
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;176:345-50
references.pmid: 10827882
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2002 Winter;14(1):179-207
references.pmid: 11893092
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Jun 8;359(9322):1975-9
references.pmid: 12076552
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2002 Aug;32(6):959-76
references.pmid: 12214795
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 Jun 18;289(23):3152-60
references.pmid: 12813121
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;59(12):1133-43
references.pmid: 12470130
references.citation: Appl Neuropsychol. 2002;9(2):106-9
references.pmid: 12214820