title: Ficus insipidasubsp.insipida(Moraceae) reveals the role of ecology in the phylogeography of widespread Neotropical rain forest tree species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the phylogeography ofFicus insipidasubsp.insipidain order to investigate patterns of spatial genetic structure across the Neotropics and within Amazonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neotropics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plastid DNA (trnH-psbA; 410 individuals from 54 populations) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS; 85 individuals from 27 populations) sequences were sampled from Mexico to Bolivia, representing the full extent of the taxon's distribution. Divergence of plastid lineages was dated using a Bayesian coalescent approach. Genetic diversity was assessed with indices of haplotype and nucleotide diversities, and genetic structure was examined using spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) and haplotype networks. Population expansion within Amazonia was tested using neutrality and mismatch distribution tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  trnH-psbA sequences yielded 19 haplotypes restricted to either Mesoamerica or Amazonia; six haplotypes were found among ITS sequences. Diversification of the plastid DNA haplotypes beganc. 14.6 Ma. Haplotype diversity fortrnH-psbA was higher in Amazonia. Seven genetically differentiated SAMOVA groups were described fortrnH-psbA, of which two were also supported by the presence of unique ITS sequences. Population expansion was suggested for both markers for the SAMOVA group that contains most Amazonian populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show marked population genetic structure inF. insipidabetween Mesoamerica and Amazonia, implying that the Andes and seasonally dry areas of northern South America are eco-climatic barriers to its migration. This pattern is shared with other widespread pioneer species affiliated to wet habitats, indicating that the ecological characteristics of species may impact upon large-scale phylogeography.Ficus insipidaalso shows genetic structure in north-western Amazonia potentially related to pre-Pleistocene historical events. In contrast, evident population expansion elsewhere in Amazonia, in particular the presence of genetically uniform populations across the south-west, indicate recent colonization. Our findings are consistent with palaeoecological data that suggest recent post-glacial expansion of Amazonian forests in the south.
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, University of Leeds Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK ; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana Iquitos, Peru.
authors.forename: Eurídice N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Honorio Coronado
authors.affiliation: School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK ; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK.
authors.forename: Kyle G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Dexter
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Georgetown University Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Monica F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Poelchau
authors.affiliation: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, University of Leeds Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK.
authors.forename: R Toby
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, University of Leeds Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carine
keywords: Amazonia; Andes; Mesoamerica; genetic diversity; lineage divergence; phylogeographical structure; pioneer species; pollen dispersal; seasonally dry vegetation; seed dispersal
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