title: Epidural anesthesia for permanent spinal cord stimulation with a cylindrical type lead: a case series.
abstract: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in trials involving external stimulation are easily conducted under local anesthesia. However, implantation of a permanent SCS system is painful, and can be intolerable in some patients. Epidural anesthesia can be used to perform the SCS implantation without discomfort if the patient can localize the area of paresthesia. However, little is known about epidural anesthesia for SCS. This paper reports 23 cases of permanent SCS with a cylindrical type lead implanted under the epidural anesthesia. Epidural anesthesia was sufficient in 22 patients without discomfort and significant complications. The remaining patient experienced incomplete epidural anesthesia and required additional analgesics to blunt the pain. All the leads were placed consistent with the patient's report of paresthesia area under epidural anesthesia. Thus, epidural anesthesia is an effective and safe method for the optimal placement of SCS to minimize the discomfort for patients without impairing patients' response to the intraoperative stimulation test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Rak Min
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4216-1665
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Rim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sangyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Jin
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: Epidural anesthesia; Spinal cord stimulation
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