title: Changes in nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of total mixed ration silage stored at different temperatures and periods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total mixed ration (TMR) is widely used for dairy cattle and needs to be prepared daily because it deteriorates rapidly. Ensiling TMR allows preservation and saves labour at the farm; however, silage fermentation may influence various nutritional components. The objectives of this study were to evaluate nutritional changes and in vitro rumen fermentation of TMR silage that was stored at different temperatures and durations on a laboratory scale in comparison with those of typical TMR before ensiling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No distinct changes in crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrate contents were observed during silage fermentation. However, clear changes were observed in the soluble CP and soluble sugar fractions; solubilisation of the CP fraction in TMR silage was enhanced by prolonged storage and higher storage temperatures, and most soluble sugars were lost during ensiling. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the in vitro rumen from TMRs before and after ensiling were not significantly different; however, throughout incubation, NH3 -N concentrations from TMR silages were significantly higher than those from TMR before ensiling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher ruminal NH3 -N concentration from TMR silage may be a result of a shortage of fermentable sugars and enhanced deamination of CP. Feeding TMR ensiled under a high temperature must be investigated to balance proteins and carbohydrates for rumen fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Anuraga
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayanegara
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karita
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.|Philippine Carabao Center, Nueva Ecija, the Philippines.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujihara
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D061353:Food Storage; D012417:Rumen / Q000502:physiology; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis*
keywords: in vitro ruminal fermentation; silage; soluble protein; total mixed ration