title: Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.
abstract: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is an unexplained debilitating disorder that is frequently associated with cognitive and motor dysfunction. We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid from 32 cases, 40 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 19 normal subjects frequency-matched for age and sex using a 51-plex cytokine assay. Group-specific differences were found for the majority of analytes with an increase in cases of CCL11 (eotaxin), a chemokine involved in eosinophil recruitment. Network analysis revealed an inverse relationship between interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and colony-stimulating factor 1, colony-stimulating factor 2 and interleukin 17F, without effects on interleukin 1α or interleukin 1β, suggesting a disturbance in interleukin 1 signaling. Our results indicate a markedly disturbed immune signature in the cerebrospinal fluid of cases that is consistent with immune activation in the central nervous system, and a shift toward an allergic or T helper type-2 pattern associated with autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-3092
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hornig
authors.affiliation: Sierra Internal Medicine at Incline Village, Incline Village, NV, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.affiliation: Sierra Internal Medicine at Incline Village, Incline Village, NV, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: Coppe Healthcare Solutions, Waukesha, WI, USA.|Simmaron Research, Incline Village, NV, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Eddy
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.|Departments of Pathology and Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Lipkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C515456:CCL11 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D016207:Cytokines; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta
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