title: African Genetic Ancestry is Associated with Sleep Depth in Older African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms that underlie differences in sleep characteristics between European Americans (EA) and African Americans (AA) are not fully known. Although social and psychological processes that differ by race are possible mediators, the substantial heritability of sleep characteristics also suggests genetic underpinnings of race differences. We hypothesized that racial differences in sleep phenotypes would show an association with objectively measured individual genetic ancestry in AAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy AA adults (mean age 59.5 ± 6.7 y; 62% female) and 101 EAs (mean age 60.5 ± 7 y, 39% female).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate tests were used to compare the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and in-home polysomnographic measures of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and indices of sleep depth including percent visually scored slow wave sleep (SWS) and delta EEG power of EAs and AAs. Sleep duration, efficiency, and sleep depth differed significantly by race. Individual % African ancestry (%AF) was measured in AA subjects using a panel of 1698 ancestry informative genetic markers and ranged from 10% to 88% (mean 67%). Hierarchical linear regression showed that higher %AF was associated with lower percent SWS in AAs (β (standard error) = -4.6 (1.5); P = 0.002), and explained 11% of the variation in SWS after covariate adjustment. A similar association was observed for delta power. No association was observed for sleep duration and efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African genetic ancestry is associated with indices of sleep depth in African Americans. Such an association suggests that part of the racial differences in slow-wave sleep may have genetic underpinnings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Indrani
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buysse
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strollo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Causer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Martica H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012890:Sleep / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
keywords: African Americans; genetic admixture; race; slow wave sleep
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