title: Care Models of eHealth Services: A Case Study on the Design of a Business Model for an Online Precare Service.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With a growing population of health care clients in the future, the organization of high-quality and cost-effective service providing becomes an increasing challenge. New online eHealth services are proposed as innovative options for the future. Yet, a major barrier to these services appears to be the lack of new business model designs. Although design efforts generally result in visual models, no such artifacts have been found in the literature on business model design. This paper investigates business model design in eHealth service practices from a design perspective. It adopts a research by design approach and seeks to unravel what characteristics of business models determine an online service and what are important value exchanges between health professionals and clients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to analyze the construction of care models in-depth, framing the essential elements of a business model, and design a new care model that structures these elements for the particular context of an online pre-care service in practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This research employs a qualitative method of an in-depth case study in which different perspectives on constructing a care model are investigated. Data are collected by using the visual business modeling toolkit, designed to cocreate and visualize the business model. The cocreated models are transcribed and analyzed per actor perspective, transactions, and value attributes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We revealed eight new actors in the business model for providing the service. Essential actors are: the intermediary network coordinator connecting companies, the service dedicated information technology specialists, and the service dedicated health specialist. In the transactions for every service providing we found a certain type of contract, such as a license contract and service contracts for precare services and software products. In addition to the efficiency, quality, and convenience, important value attributes appeared to be: timelines, privacy and credibility, availability, pleasantness, and social interaction. Based on the in-depth insights from the actor perspectives, the business model for online precare services is modeled with a visual design. A new care model of the online precare service is designed and compiled of building blocks for the business model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the construction of a care model, actors, transactions, and value attributes are essential elements. The design of a care model structures these elements in a visual way. Guided by the business modeling toolkit, the care model design artifact is visualized in the context of an online precare service. Important building blocks include: provision of an online flow of information with regular interactions to the client stimulates self-management of personal health and service-dedicated health expert ensure an increase of the perceived quality of the eHealth service.
authors.affiliation: Product Innovation Management department, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorine Pd
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9311-0406
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: van Meeuwen
authors.forename: Quirine J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2689-2794
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: van Walt Meijer
authors.forename: Lianne Wl
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-6522
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Simonse
keywords: business model innovation; care model; eHealth; precare; service design; strategic design; visual modeling method
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