title: Efficacy of ginger-based treatments against infection with Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)).
abstract: Monogenean infections of commercially farmed fishes are responsible for significant economic losses and existing chemical therapeutants, often stressful to the fish, pose associated risks. As part of a recent trend to move towards the use of alternative, plant-based remedies for commonly occurring aquaculture-related diseases, the efficiency of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was investigated against the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli in the guppy. In vitro trials revealed the clear anti-parasitic effects of ginger. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts, prepared from freeze dried ginger, were tested. An increase in extract concentration was associated with reduced time to parasite immobilisation, with ethanolic extract being more efficient; at 75 and 200ppt aqueous ginger extract parasites died at 65.6±2.8 and 1.8±0.2min, respectively, whereas at 5 and 40ppt ethanolic extract parasites died at 26.1±0.7 and 4.9±0.3min, respectively. Bathing G. turnbulli-infected fish in ethanolic ginger extract (i.e. 5 and 7.5ppt for 90 and 30min, respectively) significantly reduced infection prevalence and intensity when compared to the water and ethanol controls. The higher concentration (i.e. 7.5ppt) proved as equally effective as Praziquantel, the conventionally used chemical treatment for gyrodactylosis, with the fish appearing to be completely cleared of the infection in both cases. Oral treatments of G. turnbulli-infected guppies with diets supplemented with 10 and 20% ginger powder proved to be ineffective in decreasing parasite load. These findings demonstrate that immersion in ginger extract offers an effective, alternative treatment against monogenean infection in fish.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, 84990 Israel.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zilberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.affiliation: French Associates' Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boqer Campus, 84990 Israel. Electronic address: sfridman@post.bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fridman
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011036:Poecilia; D014200:Trematoda / Q000145:classification*; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Gyrodactylid; Monogenea; Natural treatments; Parasite control; Zingiber officinale