title: Environmental surveillance of poliovirus and non-polio enterovirus in urban sewage in Dakar, Senegal (2007-2013).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global poliomyelitis eradication initiative relies on (i) laboratory based surveillance of acute flaccid surveillance (AFP) to monitor the circulation of wild poliovirus in a population, and (ii) vaccination to prevent its diffusion. However, as poliovirus can survive in the environment namely in sewage, environmental surveillance (ES) is of growing importance as the eradication target is close. This study aimed to assess polioviruses and non polio enteroviruses circulation in sewage drains covering a significant population of Dakar.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 2007 to May 2013, 271 specimens of raw sewage were collected using the grab method in 6 neighborhoods of Dakar. Samples were processed to extract and concentrate viruses using polyethylene glycol and Dextran (two-phase separation method). Isolation of enteroviruses was attempted in RD, L20B and Hep2 cell lines. Polioviruses were identified by RT-PCR and Elisa. Non Polio Enteroviruses (NPEVs) were identified by RT-PCR and microneutralisation tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polioviruses and NPEVs were respectively detected in 34,3% and 42,8% sewage samples. No wild poliovirus neither circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus (cVDPV) was detected. Neutralization assays have identified 49 non polio enteroviruses that were subsequently classified in 13 serotypes belonging to HEV-A (22, 4%), HEV-B (12, 24%), HEV-C (26, 53%) and HEV-D (6, 12%) species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first documentation of enteroviruses environmental detection in Senegal. It shows the usefulness of environmental surveillance for indirect monitoring of the circulation and distribution of enteroviruses in the community.
authors.affiliation: National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Medical Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Abdou Kader
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Medical Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Pape Amadou Mbathio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Diop
authors.affiliation: National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Medical Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Ousmane Madiagne
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Diop
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012675:Senegal; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
keywords: Enteroviruses; poliovirus; sewage
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