title: Neurodevelopmental outcomes following late and moderate prematurity: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of data relating to neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born late and moderately preterm (LMPT; 32(+0)-36(+6) weeks). This paper present the results of a prospective, population-based study of 2-year outcomes following LMPT birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  1130 LMPT and 1255 term-born children were recruited at birth. At 2 years corrected age, parents completed a questionnaire to assess neurosensory (vision, hearing, motor) impairments and the Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised to identify cognitive impairment. Relative risks for adverse outcomes were adjusted for sex, socio-economic status and small for gestational age, and weighted to account for over-sampling of term-born multiples. Risk factors for cognitive impairment were explored using multivariable analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents of 638 (57%) LMPT infants and 765 (62%) controls completed questionnaires. Among LMPT infants, 1.6% had neurosensory impairment compared with 0.3% of controls (RR 4.89, 95% CI 1.07 to 22.25). Cognitive impairments were the most common adverse outcome: LMPT 6.3%; controls 2.4% (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.64). LMPT infants were at twice the risk for neurodevelopmental disability (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.75). Independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in LMPT infants were male sex, socio-economic disadvantage, non-white ethnicity, preeclampsia and not receiving breast milk at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with term-born peers, LMPT infants are at double the risk for neurodevelopmental disability at 2 years of age, with the majority of impairments observed in the cognitive domain. Male sex, socio-economic disadvantage and preeclampsia are independent predictors of low cognitive scores following LMPT birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: T Alun
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Draper
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Bradley N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Manktelow
authors.affiliation: Department of Academic Neonatology, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrou
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Seaton
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Neonatology; Neurodevelopment
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