title: Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies.
abstract: Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how cancers evade destructive immunity, measures to counteract tumor escape have not kept pace. There are a number of factors that contribute to tumor persistence despite having a normal host immune system. Immune editing is one of the key aspects why tumors evade surveillance causing the tumors to lie dormant in patients for years through "equilibrium" and "senescence" before re-emerging. In addition, tumors exploit several immunological processes such as targeting the regulatory T cell function or their secretions, antigen presentation, modifying the production of immune suppressive mediators, tolerance and immune deviation. Besides these, tumor heterogeneity and metastasis also play a critical role in tumor growth. A number of potential targets like promoting Th1, NK cell, γδ T cell responses, inhibiting Treg functionality, induction of IL-12, use of drugs including phytochemicals have been designed to counter tumor progression with much success. Some natural agents and phytochemicals merit further study. For example, use of certain key polysaccharide components from mushrooms and plants have shown to possess therapeutic impact on tumor-imposed genetic instability, anti-growth signaling, replicative immortality, dysregulated metabolism etc. In this review, we will discuss the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion and summarize the efficacy of various therapeutic measures and targets that have been developed or are being investigated to enhance tumor rejection.
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
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authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Vinay
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
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authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Graham
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authors.lastname: Pawelec
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Wamidh H
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authors.lastname: Talib
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: John
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authors.lastname: Stagg
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Eyad
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authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Terry
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authors.lastname: Lichtor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: William K
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authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Richard L
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authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: H M C Shantha
authors.initials: HMCS
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authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
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authors.affiliation: Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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authors.affiliation: Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Georgakilas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr
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authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Helferich
authors.affiliation: Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.
authors.forename: Chandra S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Boosani
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors.forename: Gunjan
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authors.lastname: Guha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ciriolo
authors.affiliation: Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sophie
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authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Purdue University Cancer for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Sulma I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Asfar S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: W Nicol
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan
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authors.lastname: Bilsland
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors.forename: Dipita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhakta
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Dorota
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authors.lastname: Halicka
authors.affiliation: Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
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authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Katia
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authors.lastname: Aquilano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: S Salman
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Somaira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nowsheen
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Xujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States; Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: bskwon@ncc.re.kr.
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authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D064209:Phytochemicals
keywords: Cancer; Immune evasion; T cells; Therapy