title: Evaluation of microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa from tannery workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal skin provides an ideal medium for the propagation of microorganisms and it is used like raw material in the tannery and footware industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the microbial load in oropharyngeal mucosa of tannery employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The health risk was estimated based on the identification of microorganisms found in the oropharyngeal mucosa samples. The study was conducted in a tanners group and a control group. Samples were taken from oropharyngeal mucosa and inoculated on plates with selective medium. In the samples, bacteria were identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis and the yeasts through a presumptive method. In addition, the sensitivity of these microorganisms to antibiotics/antifungals was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The identified bacteria belonged to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Neisseriaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae, of which some species are considered as pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms; these bacteria were not present in the control group. Forty-two percent of bacteria identified in the tanners group are correlated with respiratory diseases. Yeasts were also identified, including the following species: Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei. Regarding the sensitivity test of bacteria identified in the tanners group, 90% showed sensitivity to piperacillin/tazobactam, 87% showed sensitivity to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, 74% showed sensitivity to ampicillin/sulbactam, and 58% showed sensitivity to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several of the bacteria and yeast identified in the oropharyngeal mucosa of tanners have been correlated with infections in humans and have already been reported as airborne microorganisms in this working environment, representing a health risk for workers.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Ambiental, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC, AC), León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Diana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Castellanos-Arévalo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Ambiental, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC, AC), León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Andrea P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Castellanos-Arévalo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación en Ambiental, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC, AC), León, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Camarena-Pozos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato (ITESI), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Colli-Mull
authors.affiliation: Dirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío. León, Guanajuato, México.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Vega
keywords: diarrheal diseases; opportunistic microorganisms; oropharyngeal mucosa; respiratory diseases; tannery's working environment
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