title: Tannoid principles of Emblica officinalis renovate cognitive deficits and attenuate amyloid pathologies against aluminum chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emblica officinalis is mentioned as a maharasayana in many Ayurvedic texts and promotes intelligence, memory, freedom from disease, longevity, and strength of the senses. The present study has been designed to explore the memory-enhancing effect of the tannoid principles of E. officinalis (EoT) at the biochemical, anatomical, behavioral, and molecular levels against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in rats. Aluminum is reported to have an important role in the etiology, pathogenesis, and development of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided into control, AlCl3 treated, AlCl3 and EoT (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw) co-treated, and EoT (200 mg/kg bw) alone treated groups. In control and experimental rats, behavior tests including water maze and open field test, estimation of aluminum, assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and expression of amyloidogenic proteins were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraperitonial injection of AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw) for 60 days significantly elevated the concentration of aluminum (Al), activity of AChE and protein expressions of amyloid precursor protein, A-beta1-42, beta-, and gamma-secretases as compared to control group in hippocampus and cortex. Co-administration of EoT orally to AlCl3 rats for 60 days significantly revert back the Al concentration, AChE activity, and A-beta synthesis-related molecules in the studied brain regions. The spatial learning, memory, and locomotor impairments observed in AlCl3 treated rats were significantly attenuated by EoT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, EoT may be a promising therapy in ameliorating neurotoxicity of aluminum, however further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of EoT.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002 , India.
authors.forename: Arokiasamy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Justin Thenmozhi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002 , India.
authors.forename: Mathiyazahan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhivyabharathi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002 , India.
authors.forename: Tharsius Raja
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: William Raja
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu 608 002 , India.
authors.forename: Thamilarasan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manivasagam
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food Science and Nutrition , CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.|c Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman.
authors.forename: Musthafa Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Essa
mesh_terms: D000077410:Aluminum Chloride; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002712:Chlorides; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029842:Phyllanthus emblica / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058225:Plaque, Amyloid / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013634:Tannins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D002712:Chlorides; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D000077410:Aluminum Chloride
keywords: A-beta peptide; AChE; AlCl3; Alzheimer's disease; Emblica officinalis; Memory; Tannoid principles