title: Purine biosynthetic enzyme ATase2 is involved in the regulation of early chloroplast development and chloroplast gene expression in Arabidopsis.
abstract: To investigate the molecular mechanism of chloroplast biogenesis and development, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant (dg169, delayed greening 169) which showed growth retardation and delayed greening phenotype in leaves. Newly emerged chlorotic leaves recovered gradually with leaf development in the mutant, and the mature leaves showed similar phenotype to those of wild-typewild-type plants. Compared with wild-type, the chloroplasts were oval-shaped and smaller and the thylakoid membranes were less abundant in yellow section of young leaves of dg169. In addition, the functions of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) were also impaired. Furthermore, the amount of core subunits of PSII and PSI, as well as PSII and PSI complexes reduced in yellow section of young leaves of dg169. Map-based positional cloning identified that phenotype of dg169 was attributed to a point mutation of ATase2 which converts the conserved Ile-155 residue to Asn. ATase2 catalyzes the first step of de novo purine biosynthesis. This mutation resulted in impaired purine synthesis and a significant decrease in ATP, ADP, GTP and GDP contents. The analysis of ATase2-GFP protein fusion showed that ATase2 was localized to nucleoid of chloroplasts. Our results further demonstrated that the levels of PEP-dependent transcripts in yellow section of young leaves of dg169 were decreased while NEP-dependent and both PEP- and NEP-dependent transcripts and chloroplast DNA replications were increased. The results in this study suggest that ATase2 plays an essential role in early chloroplast development through maintaining PEP function.
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. yangzp@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhipan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zengzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Qingtao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China. lucm@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Congming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D060365:Chloroplast Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D060365:Chloroplast Proteins; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D011687:Purines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D002734:Chlorophyll; C030985:purine
keywords: ATase2; Arabidopsis; Chloroplast development; Chloroplast gene expression; Purine biosynthesis
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