title: Effects of ginger on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger supplementation on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, and systemic and vascular inflammatory markers in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 patients on PD were randomly assigned to either the ginger or the placebo group. The patients in the ginger group received 1000 mg/d ginger for 10 wk, whereas the placebo group received corresponding placebos. At baseline and the end of week 10, serum concentrations of glucose, carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, malondialdehyde (MDA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (sVCAM-1), and sE-selectin were measured after a 12- to 14-h fast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum fasting glucose decreased significantly up to 20% in the ginger group at the end of week 10 compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and the reduction was significant in comparison with the placebo group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes of serum carboxymethyl lysine, pentosidine, MDA, hs-CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that daily administration of 1000 mg ginger reduces serum fasting glucose, which is a risk factor for hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, peritoneal membrane fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease, in patients on PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Electronic address: Hadtabibi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabibi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atabak
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Department, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.affiliation: Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Shafa Clinic, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rahmani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019040:E-Selectin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Ginger; Glucose; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Peritoneal dialysis