title: Antibiotic body burden of Chinese school children: a multisite biomonitoring-based study.
abstract: To explore the antibiotic body burden of Chinese school children, total urinary concentrations (free and conjugated) of 18 representative antibiotics (5 macrolides, 2 β-lactams, 3 tetracyclines, 4 quinolones, and 4 sulfonamides) were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry among 1064 school students recruited from 3 economically and geographically distinct areas in east China in 2013. All 18 antibiotics were detected in urine samples with the detection frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 19.6%. The antibiotics were detected in 58.3% of urine samples overall, and this detection frequency reached at 74.4% in one study site. Of them, 47.8% of the urine samples had a sum of mass concentration of all antibiotics between 0.1 (minimum) and 20.0 ng/mL, and 8 antibiotics had their concentrations of above 1000 ng/mL in some urine samples. Three veterinary antibiotics, 4 human antibiotics, and 11 human/veterinary antibiotics were found overall in 6.3, 19.9, and 49.4% of urine samples, respectively. The detection frequencies and concentration levels of antibiotics in urine samples differed by study areas. Concerning mixed exposures, a total of 137 combinations of antibiotics and 20 combinations of antibiotic categories were found overall. Two or more antibiotics or categories were concurrently detected in more than 20% of urine samples. On the basis of a usage analysis, contaminated food or environment might be relevant exposure sources for tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides.
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Hexing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: ‡Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Minhang District, Shanghai 201101, China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Chaowei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: §Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haimen City, Jiangsu Province 226100, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: ∥Yuhuan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuhuan County, Zhejiang Province 317600, China.
authors.forename: Meifang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: ⊥Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China.
authors.forename: Chuanxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: #School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Qingwu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000652:urine*; D001822:Body Burden; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents