title: Abiotic stress and genome dynamics: specific genes and transposable elements response to iron excess in rice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron toxicity is a root related abiotic stress, occurring frequently in flooded soils. It can affect the yield of rice in lowland production systems. This toxicity is associated with high concentrations of reduced iron (Fe(2+)) in the soil solution. Although the first interface of the element is in the roots, the consequences of an excessive uptake can be observed in several rice tissues. In an original attempt to find both genes and transposable elements involved in the response to an iron toxicity stress, we used a microarray approach to study the transcriptional responses of rice leaves of cv. Nipponbare (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) to iron excess in nutrient solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large number of genes were significantly up- or down-regulated in leaves under the treatment. We analyzed the gene ontology and metabolic pathways of genes involved in the response to this stress and the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) present in the promoter region of up-regulated genes. The majority of genes act in the pathways of lipid metabolic process, carbohydrate metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and plant hormones. We also found genes involved in iron acquisition and mobilization, transport of cations and regulatory mechanisms for iron responses, and in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species detoxification. Promoter regions of 27% of genes up-regulated present at least one significant occurrence of an ABA-responsive CRE. Furthermore, and for the first time, we were able to show that iron stress triggers the up-regulation of many LTR-retrotransposons. We have established a complete inventory of transposable elements transcriptionally activated under iron excess and the CREs which are present in their LTRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short-term response of Nipponbare seedlings to iron excess, includes activation of genes involved in iron homeostasis, in particular transporters, transcription factors and ROS detoxification in the leaves, but also many transposable elements. Our data led to the identification of CREs which are associated with both genes and LTR-retrotransposons up-regulated under iron excess. Our results strengthen the idea that LTR-retrotransposons participate in the transcriptional response to stress and could thus confer an adaptive advantage for the plant.
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil ; Present address: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, 85503-390 Pato Branco, PR Brazil.
authors.forename: Taciane
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Finatto
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France ; Present address: Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, F-66860, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaparro
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: da Maia
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Leomar G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Woyann
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudete C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Mistura
authors.affiliation: Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Soares-Bresolin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Llauro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Panaud
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France ; CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Picault
keywords: Iron toxicity; LTR-retrotransposon; Microarray; Rice; cis-regulatory elements
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