title: Augmenting MRI-transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy with temporal ultrasound data: a clinical feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, fusion of multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy has enabled targeted prostate biopsy with improved cancer yield. Target identification is solely based on information from mp-MRI, which is subsequently transferred to the subject coordinates through an image registration approach. mp-MRI has shown to be highly sensitive to detect higher-grade prostate cancer, but suffers from a high rate of false positives for lower-grade cancer, leading to unnecessary biopsies. This paper utilizes a machine-learning framework to further improve the sensitivity of targeted biopsy through analyzing temporal ultrasound data backscattered from the prostate tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temporal ultrasound data were acquired during targeted fusion prostate biopsy from suspicious cancer foci identified in mp-MRI. Several spectral features, representing the signature of backscattered signal from the tissue, were extracted from the temporal ultrasound data. A supervised support vector machine classification model was trained to relate the features to the result of histopathology analysis of biopsy cores obtained from cancer foci. The model was used to predict the label of biopsy cores for mp-MRI-identified targets in an independent group of subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Training of the classier was performed on data obtained from 35 biopsy cores. A fivefold cross-validation strategy was utilized to examine the consistency of the selected features from temporal ultrasound data, where we achieved the classification accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 94 % and 0.98, respectively. Subsequently, an independent group of 25 biopsy cores was used for validation of the model, in which mp-MRI had identified suspicious cancer foci. Using the trained model, we predicted the tissue pathology using temporal ultrasound data: 16 out of 17 benign cores, as well as all three higher-grade cancer cores, were correctly identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that temporal analysis of ultrasound data is potentially an effective approach to complement mp-MRI-TRUS-guided prostate cancer biopsy, specially to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and to reliably identify higher-grade cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, farhadi@ece.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imani
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahmasebi
authors.forename: Jin Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bharat
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uniyal
authors.forename: Ismail Baris
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Bradford
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.forename: Purang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abolmaesumi
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
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