title: Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork: intraocular pressure regulation and dysregulation in glaucoma.
abstract: The trabecular meshwork (TM) is located in the anterior segment of the eye and is responsible for regulating the outflow of aqueous humor. Increased resistance to aqueous outflow causes intraocular pressure to increase, which is the primary risk factor for glaucoma. TM cells reside on a series of fenestrated beams and sheets through which the aqueous humor flows to exit the anterior chamber via Schlemm's canal. The outer trabecular cells are phagocytic and are thought to function as a pre-filter. However, most of the outflow resistance is thought to be from the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the juxtacanalicular region, the deepest portion of the TM, and from the inner wall basement membrane of Schlemm's canal. It is becoming increasingly evident that the extracellular milieu is important in maintaining the integrity of the TM. In glaucoma, not only have ultrastructural changes been observed in the ECM of the TM, and a significant number of mutations in ECM genes been noted, but the stiffness of glaucomatous TM appears to be greater than that of normal tissue. Additionally, TGFβ2 has been found to be elevated in the aqueous humor of glaucoma patients and is assumed to be involved in ECM changes deep with the juxtacanalicular region of the TM. This review summarizes the current literature on trabecular ECM as well as the development and function of the TM. Animal models and organ culture models targeting specific ECM molecules to investigate the mechanisms of glaucoma are described. Finally, the growing number of mutations that have been identified in ECM genes and genes that modulate ECM in humans with glaucoma are documented.
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vranka
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Ted S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Acott
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Electronic address: gregorka@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000502:physiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: animal models; extracellular matrix; gene mutations; glaucoma; intraocular pressure; perfusion culture; trabecular meshwork
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 Dec;301(6):G950-5
references.pmid: 21512158
references.citation: Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2014 Jan-Feb;42(1):13-24
references.pmid: 24433355
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2006 Apr;82(4):545-57
references.pmid: 16386733
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Mar;54(3):2035-47
references.pmid: 23422826
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Mar;298(3):C749-63
references.pmid: 19940066
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Mar;48(3):1164-72
references.pmid: 17325160
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2002 Jul 8;158(1):175-84
references.pmid: 12105189
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1989 Jan;48(1):139-47
references.pmid: 2920781
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2011;17:199-209
references.pmid: 21264055
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Apr;51(4):2067-76
references.pmid: 19959644
references.citation: Bioessays. 2004 Apr;26(4):374-86
references.pmid: 15057935
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2004 Jul;79(1):61-74
references.pmid: 15183101
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Nov;44(11):4796-804
references.pmid: 14578401
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Feb;52(2):685-94
references.pmid: 20861483
references.citation: Surv Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar-Apr;40(5):379-90
references.pmid: 8779084
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 Feb;53(2):952-8
references.pmid: 22247475
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Jan;47(1):226-34
references.pmid: 16384967
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2011 Oct;93(4):397-404
references.pmid: 21669200
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2010 Jan;339(1):71-82
references.pmid: 19513754
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Apr;33(5):1670-5
references.pmid: 1559767
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Apr;14(4):286-92
references.pmid: 1123284
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Feb;7(2):e1001306
references.pmid: 21379321
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 1996 Mar 1;33(4):336-67
references.pmid: 8652890
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34309
references.pmid: 22496787
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Apr;107(4):572-6
references.pmid: 2705927
references.citation: J Med Genet. 2003 Jan;40(1):34-6
references.pmid: 12525539
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2008 Dec;173(6):1724-35
references.pmid: 18974306
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 May;49(5):1932-9
references.pmid: 18436825
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Mar;52(3):1865-71
references.pmid: 21169533
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2012 Oct;44(10):1142-6
references.pmid: 22922875
references.citation: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2005;103:148-62; discussion 162-3
references.pmid: 17057799
references.citation: Microvasc Res. 2012 Jan;83(1):3-11
references.pmid: 21864544
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Feb;16(2):757-68
references.pmid: 15563605
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(8):4616-25
references.pmid: 22695958
references.citation: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013 Jan;12(1):194-206
references.pmid: 23105009
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1994 Dec;59(6):723-7
references.pmid: 7698265
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jul;42(8):1795-802
references.pmid: 11431444
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1997 Aug;65(2):177-90
references.pmid: 9268586
references.citation: Curr Eye Res. 2002 Nov;25(5):299-308
references.pmid: 12658549
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec;50(12):5653-61
references.pmid: 19578028
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2009 Jul;119(7):1997-2008
references.pmid: 19509472
references.citation: Prog Retin Eye Res. 1999 Sep;18(5):629-67
references.pmid: 10438153
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(10):6708-17
references.pmid: 22930728
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2012;18:1093-106
references.pmid: 22701298
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2009 May;84(5):664-71
references.pmid: 19361779
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2010 Sep 1;123(Pt 17):3006-18
references.pmid: 20699357
references.citation: Curr Eye Res. 2001 May;22(5):394-7
references.pmid: 11600941
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Jan;47(1):213-21
references.pmid: 16384965
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Dec;49(12):5346-52
references.pmid: 18515571
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1984 Mar;25(3):286-93
references.pmid: 6698747
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1990 Apr;50(4):407-18
references.pmid: 2338123
references.citation: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 Apr;241(4):321-6
references.pmid: 12719994
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2014 Feb;121(2):508-16
references.pmid: 24572674
references.citation: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1974;192(2):89-104
references.pmid: 4140699
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):154-62
references.pmid: 24517218
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul;52(8):5240-50
references.pmid: 21546528
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 May 13;286(19):17156-67
references.pmid: 21402694
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Aug;52(9):6443-51
references.pmid: 21743018
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1988 Jun;46(6):881-95
references.pmid: 3197758
references.citation: Ophthalmologica. 1997;211(3):140-6
references.pmid: 9176894
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Mar;41(3):619-23
references.pmid: 10711672
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:692609
references.pmid: 22665989
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2002 Oct;14(5):617-23
references.pmid: 12231358
references.citation: Eye (Lond). 2007 Oct;21(10):1310-8
references.pmid: 17914434
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Mar;54(3):1636-49
references.pmid: 23385799
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2013 Oct;115:1-12
references.pmid: 23792172
references.citation: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul;246(7):1021-8
references.pmid: 18386038
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991 Dec;32(13):3145-66
references.pmid: 1748546
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Apr 1;16(7):798-807
references.pmid: 17317786
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Dec;54(13):7903-9
references.pmid: 24176900
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 May 16;283(20):13874-88
references.pmid: 18339631
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Mar 15;16(6):609-17
references.pmid: 17317787
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):676-82
references.pmid: 19087875
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2010;16:2185-91
references.pmid: 21139683
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Dec;54(13):7836-48
references.pmid: 24204045
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 29;280(30):27970-80
references.pmid: 15929982
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34792
references.pmid: 22529935
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 May;54(5):3309-19
references.pmid: 23599341
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Jan;46(1):1-7
references.pmid: 15623746
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 18;286(7):5087-99
references.pmid: 21135108
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Jun;50(6):2796-801
references.pmid: 19182256
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Oct 15;21(R1):R97-110
references.pmid: 22914737
references.citation: Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 Jul;18(7):761-7
references.pmid: 20179738
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1992 May;53(5):767-70
references.pmid: 1524304
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2013 Apr;161A(4):880-3
references.pmid: 23444230
references.citation: Eur J Med Genet. 2013 Jan;56(1):50-3
references.pmid: 23103883
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;21(5):616-22
references.pmid: 19525102
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2014 Jul;229(7):927-42
references.pmid: 24318513
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(8):5613-23
references.pmid: 23882691
references.citation: J Proteome Res. 2009 Jul;8(7):3727-36
references.pmid: 19432485
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2012 Mar;96(1):82-7
references.pmid: 22210126
references.citation: Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Dec 1;123A(2):204-7
references.pmid: 14598350
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Mar;47(3):794-801
references.pmid: 16505009
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2012;18:1918-26
references.pmid: 22876116
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2008 Feb;86(2):271-81
references.pmid: 18155193
references.citation: J Biol. 2005;4(3):11
references.pmid: 16403239
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):683-8
references.pmid: 19385040
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 12;280(32):28917-26
references.pmid: 15944158
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Nov;85(5):558-68
references.pmid: 19836009
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4200-8
references.pmid: 16249499
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 May;52(6):2952-9
references.pmid: 21273548
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Jan;43(1):33-40
references.pmid: 11773009
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2002 May 15;11(10):1185-93
references.pmid: 12015278
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Jun;45(6):1841-5
references.pmid: 15161848
references.citation: Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2012 Mar;23(2):135-43
references.pmid: 22262082
references.citation: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1978 Nov 8;208(1-3):33-47
references.pmid: 103456
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul;52(8):5049-57
references.pmid: 21596823
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 May;47(5):1956-67
references.pmid: 16639003
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1954;30(2-3):240-8
references.pmid: 13158098
references.citation: Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1397-400
references.pmid: 17690259
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Nov;21(22):7707-13
references.pmid: 11604506
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 May;156(5):1489-98
references.pmid: 10793060
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):94-101
references.pmid: 24401029
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Jun;26(6):797-804
references.pmid: 3891665
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2013;19:759-66
references.pmid: 23592912
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1986 May;42(5):443-55
references.pmid: 3720863
references.citation: Ophthalmic Genet. 2013 Mar-Jun;34(1-2):21-6
references.pmid: 22950452
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Apr;49(4):1459-63
references.pmid: 18385063
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990 Oct;31(10):2156-63
references.pmid: 2211012
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008 Nov;295(5):C1057-70
references.pmid: 18799648
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 May;52(6):3660-6
references.pmid: 21330667
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Feb;41(2):422-30
references.pmid: 10670472
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Oct 15;18(20):3969-77
references.pmid: 19656777
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):769-75
references.pmid: 19114037
references.citation: Curr Eye Res. 1989 Oct;8(10):1071-82
references.pmid: 2612196
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Jan;35(1):281-94
references.pmid: 8300356
references.citation: Cornea. 2002 Oct;21(7 Suppl):S62-9
references.pmid: 12484701
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979 Jan;18(1):44-51
references.pmid: 103860
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Apr 15;20(8):1610-24
references.pmid: 21282189
references.citation: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003 Jul;22(4):435-63
references.pmid: 12742391
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2002 Sep;75(3):347-58
references.pmid: 12384097
references.citation: Hum Genet. 2011 Oct;130(4):495-504
references.pmid: 21340693
references.citation: Eye (Lond). 2011 Nov;25(11):1389-400
references.pmid: 21921955
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2006 Aug;83(2):297-303
references.pmid: 16546167
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jan;51(1):308-18
references.pmid: 19696167
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2013;19:2151-64
references.pmid: 24194636
references.citation: J Ocul Biol. 2013 Jun;1(1):3
references.pmid: 24364042
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Oct;21(4):574-85
references.pmid: 7287347
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Jan;54(1):378-86
references.pmid: 23258147
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1975 Jun;20(6):523-30
references.pmid: 168092
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Nov;46(11):4130-8
references.pmid: 16249490
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Oct;39(11):2041-8
references.pmid: 9761282
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998 Dec;39(13):2649-58
references.pmid: 9856774
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 1973 Mar;75(3):365-83
references.pmid: 4633234
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Sep 9;89(3):464-73
references.pmid: 21907015
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):202-12
references.pmid: 24564495
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Aug;46(8):2726-35
references.pmid: 16043844
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002 Apr;43(4):1068-76
references.pmid: 11923248
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jun;49(6):2495-505
references.pmid: 18515587
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 1991 Jun;52(6):723-31
references.pmid: 1855546
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72447
references.pmid: 23977299
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):715-26
references.pmid: 17251470
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Aug;30(6):447-63
references.pmid: 24901502
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Mar;48(3):1191-200
references.pmid: 17325163
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Aug;47(8):3565-72
references.pmid: 16877430
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jun;51(6):3042-8
references.pmid: 20089869
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996 Nov;37(12):2414-25
references.pmid: 8933758
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 Jun 15;107(6):583-90
references.pmid: 2729407
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr;52(5):2147-52
references.pmid: 21220561
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jun;51(6):3029-41
references.pmid: 20089870
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48523
references.pmid: 23139787
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):689-93
references.pmid: 18835267
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Dec;213(3):775-84
references.pmid: 17516541
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2013;19:333-47
references.pmid: 23401661
references.citation: Nat Genet. 1993 Apr;3(4):299-304
references.pmid: 7981749
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):704-12
references.pmid: 18804106
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(20):9019-25
references.pmid: 15456875
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e20110
references.pmid: 21747927
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 May;52(6):2889-96
references.pmid: 21282571
references.citation: EMBO J. 1994 Aug 1;13(15):3438-47
references.pmid: 8062820
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(13):9438-44
references.pmid: 22039240
references.citation: Ocul Surf. 2013 Jan;11(1):19-24
references.pmid: 23321356
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):291-9
references.pmid: 24611521
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2006;12:350-5
references.pmid: 16636652
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Oct;42(10):906-9
references.pmid: 20835238
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Feb;49(2):629-35
references.pmid: 18235008
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Mar;118(3):1056-64
references.pmid: 18274669
references.citation: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995 May;233(5):291-5
references.pmid: 7622078
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2004 Oct;201(1):126-37
references.pmid: 15281095
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec;50(12):5723-31
references.pmid: 19643963
references.citation: BMC Genet. 2001;2:18
references.pmid: 11722794
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996 Apr;37(5):795-804
references.pmid: 8603864
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Jan;347(1):279-90
references.pmid: 22101332
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68668
references.pmid: 23844232
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2002 Feb;74(2):161-72
references.pmid: 11950226
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):656-70
references.pmid: 19103197
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Aug;50(8):3771-7
references.pmid: 19168904
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Jun;28(6):945-53
references.pmid: 3583633
references.citation: Curr Eye Res. 1999 Nov;19(5):395-402
references.pmid: 10520215
references.citation: J Glaucoma. 1993 Summer;2(2):80-6
references.pmid: 19920491
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981 Oct;21(4):563-73
references.pmid: 7287346
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Jan;45(1):153-8
references.pmid: 14691167
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 1992 Jan;110(1):110-7
references.pmid: 1731702
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2009 Apr;88(4):648-55
references.pmid: 19239914
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Aug;54(8):5441-55
references.pmid: 23821199
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol. 1970 Jan;9(1):42-52
references.pmid: 4983461
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Aug;46(8):2857-68
references.pmid: 16043860
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2008 Apr;86(4):543-61
references.pmid: 18313051
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82301
references.pmid: 24367514
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Nov 15;1502(3):447-60
references.pmid: 11068187
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 Apr;44(4):1581-5
references.pmid: 12657595
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Feb;55(2):856-64
references.pmid: 24425853
references.citation: J Biochem. 2012 Oct;152(4):321-9
references.pmid: 22923731
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Feb;55(2):814-23
references.pmid: 24408980
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Apr;50(4):1692-7
references.pmid: 19060275
references.citation: Ophthalmic Genet. 2010 Dec;31(4):193-5
references.pmid: 20809772
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Apr;52(5):2187-93
references.pmid: 21220554
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jul;52(8):5251-9
references.pmid: 21642622
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):110-20
references.pmid: 24266581
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jan;49(1):262-9
references.pmid: 18172101
references.citation: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1972;50(3):295-320
references.pmid: 4678226
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb 18;280(7):6080-4
references.pmid: 15579465
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2005 Jul;81(1):1-4
references.pmid: 15978248
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011 Jan;3(1):a004978
references.pmid: 21421911
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2012 Sep;119(9):1832-43
references.pmid: 22633114
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jan;52(1):45-50
references.pmid: 20720231
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 May;48(5):2105-14
references.pmid: 17460268
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009 Dec;50(12):5769-77
references.pmid: 19553617
references.citation: J Anat. 2002 Jun;200(6):561-74
references.pmid: 12162724
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Nov;51(11):5768-75
references.pmid: 20574017
references.citation: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar-Apr;30(2-3):170-80
references.pmid: 24521159
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Jun;42(7):1505-13
references.pmid: 11381054
references.citation: Clin Genet. 2013 Aug;84(2):167-74
references.pmid: 23621901
references.citation: Mol Vis. 2013;19:684-95
references.pmid: 23559862
references.citation: Prog Retin Eye Res. 1999 Jan;18(1):91-119
references.pmid: 9920500
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012 May;53(5):2506-10
references.pmid: 22562852