title: Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing around the world. Eggs are a major source of cholesterol, which has been associated with elevated blood glucose and an increased risk of T2D. However, there are limited and conflicting data from prospective population studies on the association between egg consumption and risk of T2D.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between egg consumption and risk of incident T2D in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 2332 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 at the baseline examinations of the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records at baseline. Incident T2D was assessed by self-administered questionnaires; by fasting and 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance-test blood glucose measurement at re-examination rounds 4, 11, and 20 y after baseline; and by record linkage to a hospital discharge registry and reimbursement register of diabetes medication expenses. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate associations with the risk of incident T2D. Associations with the metabolic risk markers at baseline and at the 4-y examinations were analyzed by ANCOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average follow-up of 19.3 y, 432 men developed T2D. After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the highest compared with the lowest egg intake quartile had a 38% (95% CI: 18%, 53%; P-trend across quartiles <0.001) lower risk of incident T2D. Analyses with metabolic risk markers also suggested an inverse association with fasting plasma glucose and serum C-reactive protein but not with serum insulin. The associations between cholesterol intake and risk of T2D, plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-reactive protein were mainly nonsignificant, especially after accounting for egg consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher egg intake was associated with a lower risk of T2D in this cohort of middle-aged and older men.
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mursu
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli Ek
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voutilainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004531:Eggs; D002149:Energy Intake; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: diet; eggs; men; prospective study; type 2 diabetes