title: Stability of chitosan-a challenge for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
abstract: Chitosan-one of the natural multifunctional polymers-due to its unique and versatile biological properties is regarded as a useful compound in medical and pharmaceutical technology. Recently, considerable research effort has been made in order to develop safe and efficient chitosan products. However, the problem of poor stability of chitosan-based systems restricts its practical applicability; thus, it has become a great challenge to establish sufficient shelf-life for chitosan formulations. Improved stability can be assessed by controlling the environmental factors, manipulating processing conditions (e.g., temperature), introducing a proper stabilizing compound, developing chitosan blends with another polymer, or modifying the chitosan structure using chemical or ionic agents. This review covers the influence of internal, environmental, and processing factors on the long-term stability of chitosan products. The aim of this paper is also to highlight the latest developments which enable the physicochemical properties of chitosan-based applications to be preserved upon storage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Białystok 15-222, Poland. esz@umb.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szymańska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2c, Białystok 15-222, Poland. kwin@umb.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Winnicka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D048271:Chitosan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000639:trends; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005079:Excipients / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008970:Molecular Weight; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000639:trends; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005079:Excipients; D048271:Chitosan
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