title: GENDER, WEIGHT, AND AGE EFFECTS ON PREVALENCE OF CAUDAL ABERRANT NASAL TURBINATES IN CLINICALLY HEALTHY ENGLISH BULLDOGS: A COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STUDY AND CLASSIFICATION.
abstract: English Bulldogs have been reported to demonstrate abnormal growth and development of the nasal turbinates, which contribute to an increase in airway resistance and hence clinical signs of brachycephalic airway syndrome. The purpose of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence and severity of caudal aberrant turbinate protrusion via CT studies of English Bulldogs with, according to the owners, none or minimal clinical signs of brachycephalic airway syndrome. An additional objective was to propose a classification scheme for describing the degree of caudal aberrant turbinate protrusion in English Bulldogs and to apply this scheme in assessing the effect of gender, weight, and age on prevalence and severity of turbinate protrusion. The nasal cavities of 40 clinically healthy English Bulldogs were examined. The prevalence of caudal aberrant turbinates in this group was 100%. Using our proposed classification scheme, Grade 1 (minimal) was detected in 7 of 40 (17.5%), Grade 2 (mild) in 28 of 40 (70%), and Grade 3 (moderate) in 5 of 40 (12.5%) English Bulldogs. No significant effect of gender, weight, and age on degree of protrusion was found. In conclusion, this study identified minimal to moderate protrusion of caudal aberrant turbinates toward the nasopharynx in all the sampled English Bulldogs, despite the absence of clinical signs of brachycephalic airway syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vilaplana Grosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert Ter
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Haar
authors.affiliation: Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 108, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Susanne A E B
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boroffka
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary; D014420:Turbinates / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: English Bulldog; brachycephalic airway syndrome; caudal aberrant turbinates; computed tomography; nasopharyngeal turbinates