title: Association Between Vitamin K and the Metabolic Syndrome: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study in Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and is associated with increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Phylloquinone, menaquinones, and vitamin K status are associated with several components of MetS, but the association with MetS has hardly been studied to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine whether the intake and/or status of vitamin K is associated with MetS and its components.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised two cohorts, one of 402 women and one of 400 men (age 40-80 y). At followup 625 participants were still alive and willing to participate. Data were analyzed both cross sectionally and longitudinally with Poisson and linear regression adjusted for multiple confounders. Baseline phylloquinone/menaquinone intakes were measured with a validated food frequency questionnaire and vitamin K status with serum desphospho-uncarborxylated matrix-Gla protein level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline 270 (34.5%) participants had MetS and 171 (35.7%) at followup. Cross sectionally, high menaquinones intakes were associated (P(trend) = .08) with a lower prevalence of MetS with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.03) for the highest vs the lowest tertile. At followup, the highest tertiles of menaquinones intake (PR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.95) and vitamin K status (PR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.87) were associated (P(trend) = .01) with a lower occurrence of MetS. These associations were mainly driven by relations with lower triacylglycerol concentrations for menaquinones and lower waist circumference for vitamin K status. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with MetS prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that a high intake of menaquinones and high vitamin K status are associated with a lower occurrence of MetS.
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dam
authors.forename: Geertje W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dalmeijer
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vermeer
authors.forename: Nadja E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Drummen
authors.forename: Marjo H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Knapen
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.forename: Joline W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D024482:Vitamin K 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D024482:Vitamin K 2; D014812:Vitamin K; D010837:Vitamin K 1