title: Passive ankle movement increases cerebral blood oxygenation in the elderly: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankle exercise has been proven to be an effective intervention to increase venous velocity. However, the efficacy of ankle exercise for improving cerebral circulation has not been determined. We hypothesized that ankle exercise in the supine position would be able to increase oxyhemoglobin levels measured at the forehead.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen community-dwelling elderly women participated in this study. We recorded blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) levels from the participants in the supine position. Participants repeated ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion movements for 1 min. Two types of exercise were used: active movement and passive movement. We used two-way analysis of variance to assess the differences in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), HR, and OxyHb between different exercises (active and passive) and times (before and after exercise).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HR and MAP increased during active exercise but not during passive exercise. On the other hand, the levels of OxyHb measured at the forehead were elevated during both active and passive exercises. This increase lasted at least 1 min after exercise. There was no significant difference between active and passive exercise with regard to OxyHb; however, a significant difference was observed between before and after exercise (p < 0.05, η(2) G = 0.153).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiological response of OxyHb to ankle exercise was different from that of the other cardiovascular functions. Both active and passive ankle exercises were able to increase cerebral blood oxygenation, whereas the other cardiovascular functions did not respond to passive exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 461-8673 Japan ; Department of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku City, Ishikawa 929-1210 Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Seijoh University, 2-172, Fukinodai, Tokai City, 476-8588 Japan.
authors.forename: Hisae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 461-8673 Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku City, Ishikawa 929-1210 Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maruoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku City, Ishikawa 929-1210 Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
keywords: Ankle exercise; Cerebral blood oxygenation; Near infrared spectroscopy
references.citation: Stroke. 2000 Jul;31(7):1608-14
references.pmid: 10884461
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2011 Feb;32(2):344-53
references.pmid: 19356825
references.citation: Blood Press. 2005;14(3):139-43
references.pmid: 16036493
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999 Jul;81(4):700-4
references.pmid: 10463749
references.citation: Hypertension. 1992 Jun;19(6 Pt 1):508-19
references.pmid: 1592445
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 1990 Mar;24(3):214-21
references.pmid: 2346955
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Jul;61(7):1152-7
references.pmid: 23750850
references.citation: Clin Physiol. 2001 Jan;21(1):77-84
references.pmid: 11168300
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2006 Sep;27(9):777-85
references.pmid: 16868345
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1998 Apr;162(4):501-7
references.pmid: 9597118
references.citation: Behav Res Methods. 2005 Aug;37(3):379-84
references.pmid: 16405133
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2009 Nov;94(11):1139-46
references.pmid: 19648481
references.citation: Aust J Physiother. 2003;49(4):253-8
references.pmid: 14632624
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Mar;110(3):670-80
references.pmid: 21193563
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Aug;79(8):1198-201
references.pmid: 9278080
references.citation: Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2004;9(3):241-9
references.pmid: 15316274
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 2000;43(1):39-46
references.pmid: 10601807
references.citation: Thromb Haemost. 2009 Jun;101(6):1100-3
references.pmid: 19492154
references.citation: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998 Nov-Dec;77(6):490-3
references.pmid: 9862534
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Apr;106(4):1153-8
references.pmid: 19150853
references.citation: Am J Med. 2007 Nov;120(11):975-80
references.pmid: 17976425
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2013 Oct 11;553:84-9
references.pmid: 23973334
references.citation: Stroke. 2000 Jul;31(7):1615-20
references.pmid: 10884462
references.citation: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006 Jan;26(1):21-5
references.pmid: 16398666
references.citation: J Neurol. 2001 Feb;248(2):104-8
references.pmid: 11284126
references.citation: Am J Med. 2000 Feb;108(2):106-11
references.pmid: 11126303
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991 Feb;70(2):523-30
references.pmid: 2022542
references.citation: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Oct;56(10):1816-20
references.pmid: 18795982
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Oct 3;48(7):1425-32
references.pmid: 17010806
references.citation: Clin Auton Res. 2001 Aug;11(4):269-70
references.pmid: 11710801
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2002 Nov 11;162(20):2369-74
references.pmid: 12418952