title: Sport-Specific Training Targeting the Proximal Segments and Throwing Velocity in Collegiate Throwing Athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to generate, absorb, and transmit forces through the proximal segments of the pelvis, spine, and trunk has been proposed to influence sport performance, yet traditional training techniques targeting the proximal segments have had limited success improving sport-specific performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of a traditional endurance-training program and a sport-specific power-training program targeting the muscles that support the proximal segments and throwing velocity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory and gymnasium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 46 (age = 20 ± 1.3 years, height = 175.7 ± 8.7 cm) healthy National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III female softball (n = 17) and male baseball (n = 29) players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blocked stratification for sex and position was used to randomly assign participants to 1 of 2 training groups for 7 weeks: a traditional endurance-training group (ET group; n = 21) or a power-stability-training group (PS group; n = 25). Mean Outcome Measure(s) : The change score in peak throwing velocity (km/h) normalized for body weight (BW; kilograms) and change score in tests that challenge the muscles of the proximal segments normalized for BW (kilograms). We used 2-tailed independent-samples t tests to compare differences between the change scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peak throwing velocity (ET group = 0.01 ± 0.1 km/h/kg of BW, PS group = 0.08 ± 0.03 km/h/kg of BW; P < .001) and muscle power outputs for the chop (ET group = 0.22 ± 0.91 W/kg of BW, PS group = 1.3 ± 0.91 W/kg of BW; P < .001) and lift (ET group = 0.59 ± 0.67 W/kg of BW, PS group = 1.4 ± 0.87 W/kg of BW; P < .001) tests were higher at postintervention in the PT than in the ET group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An improvement in throwing velocity occurred simultaneously with measures of muscular endurance and power after a sport-specific training regimen targeting the proximal segments.
authors.affiliation: The University of Cincinnati, OH;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington;
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington;|Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond;
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington;
authors.forename: Kert
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Viele
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington;
authors.forename: Carl G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Mattacola
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: pelvis-stability exercise training; performance assessment; spine; trunk
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