title: Acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora in alcoholics during early recovery.
abstract: This study investigated whether a relationship exists between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora (sAPC) in recovering alcoholics, and craving, and/or resumption of drinking within 12 weeks after embarking on an abstinence-based treatment program. Serial sAPC measurements were determined by gas chromatography on spontaneous saliva samples of 30 male alcoholics on days 2, 4, 11, and 18 during a 21-day in-patient treatment program. Craving was measured simultaneously with the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. Outcome over 12 weeks was assessed by telephone interviews. There was no significant change in sAPC values from day 2 to day 18, while craving scores decreased markedly between day 2 to day 4. Sixteen participants remained abstinent for the full 12 weeks. Statistically significant differences were found between the sAPC values of the group that remained abstinent and the group that resumed drinking within 12 weeks. The highest sAPC value measured on day 2 had a strong predictive value for maintained abstinence at 12 weeks for beer-only drinkers or drinkers consuming less than 320 g of alcohol per week. The study is the first investigation into a potential relationship between the acetaldehyde production capacity of salivary microflora and early resumption of drinking in recovering alcoholics. The findings suggest that such a relationship indeed exists for beer-only drinkers, possibly linked to lower alcohol intake, and that it is unrelated to withdrawal craving. sAPC is proposed as a candidate biomarker with diagnostic and/or prognostic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology (G6), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. Electronic address: vzylpm@ufs.ac.za.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van Zyl
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Joubert
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001515:Beer; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D066249:Craving; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000079:Acetaldehyde
keywords: Acetaldehyde; Alcoholism; Early recovery; Relapse; Saliva