title: The microbiota: an exercise immunology perspective.
abstract: The gut microbiota consists of a cluster of microorganisms that produces several signaling molecules of a hormonal nature which are released into the blood stream and act at distal sites. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that microbiota may be modulated by several environmental conditions, including different exercise stimulus, as well some pathologies. Enriched bacterial diversity has also been associated with improved health status and alterations in immune system, making multiple connections between host and microbiota. Experimental evidence has shown that reduced levels and variations in the bacterial community are associated with health impairments, while increased microbiota diversity improves metabolic profile and immunological responses. So far, very few controlled studies have focused on the interactions between acute or chronic exercise and the gut microbiota. However, some preliminary experimental data obtained from animal studies or probiotics studies show some interesting results at the immune level, indicating that the microbiota also acts like an endocrine organ and is sensitive to the homeostatic and physiological changes associated with exercise. Thus, our review intends to shed some light on the interaction between gut microbiota, exercise and immunomodulation.
authors.affiliation: LAMHESS, Nice Sophia Antipolis University, France.|Monaco Institute of Sports Medicine and Surgery, Monaco.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bermon
authors.affiliation: Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia - Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil.|UDF - Centro Universitário, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Bernardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petriz
authors.affiliation: Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Institute of Sport, Kaunas, Lithuania.|Kaunas Sports Medicine Centre, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kajėnienė
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jonato
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prestes
authors.affiliation: Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lindy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.affiliation: Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia - Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Católica de Brasília, DF, Brasil.|Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Octavio L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D004032:Diet; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D007107:Immune System / Q000254:growth & development; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007422:Intestines / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000276:immunology*; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D056692:Prebiotics
keywords: exercise; gut; immunity; microbiota.