title: Evaluation of Organs at Risk's Dose in External Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of most malignant and many benign primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Radiotherapy affects both tumor cells and uninvolved normal cells; so, it is important to estimate absorbed dose to organs at risk in this kind of treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the absorbed dose to chiasma, lens, optic nerve, retina, parotid, thyroid and submandibular gland in frontal lobe brain tumors radiotherapy based on treatment planning system (TPS) calculation and direct measurement on the phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A head and neck phantom was constructed using natural human bone and combination of paraffin wax and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as tissue-equivalent material. Six cylinders were made of phantom material which had cavities to insert Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs) at several depths in order to measure absorbed dose to chiasma, lens, optic nerve, retina, parotid, thyroid and submandibular gland. Three routine conventional plans associated with tumors of this region and a new purposed technique were performed on the phantom and dose distribution and absorbed dose to critical organs were compared using treatment planning system (TPS) calculation and direct measurement on the phantom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absorbed doses were measured with calibrated TLDs and are expressed in centigray (cGy). In all techniques absorbed dose to all organs except the lenses were at their tolerance dose levels and in the new purposed technique, absorbed dose to chiasma was significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed differences in the range of 1-5% in all techniques between TPS calculation and direct measurements for all organs except submandibular glands and thyroid. Because submandibular glands and thyroid are far from primary radiation field, TLD reading in these regions although small but differs from TPS calculation which shows very smaller doses. This might be due to scattered radiation which is not well considered in the TPS. In the new technique, because the chiasma is out of the radiation field, absorbed dose was reduced significantly.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamideh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nazemi-Gelyan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Reza Radiotherapy Oncology Charity Center, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Yasha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makhdumi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Radiotherapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
authors.affiliation: Reza Radiotherapy Oncology Charity Center, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.affiliation: Reza Radiotherapy Oncology Charity Center, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Varshoee-Tabrizi
authors.affiliation: Reza Radiotherapy Oncology Charity Center, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamzeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Almasrou
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Radiotherapy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikoofar
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei-Tavirani
keywords: Brain tumor; Dosimetry; External Radiotherapy; Phantom
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