title: A review of heterogeneous photocatalysis for water and surface disinfection.
abstract: Photo-excitation of certain semiconductors can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species that can inactivate microorganisms. The mechanisms involved are reviewed, along with two important applications. The first is the use of photocatalysis to enhance the solar disinfection of water. It is estimated that 750 million people do not have accessed to an improved source for drinking and many more rely on sources that are not safe. If one can utilize photocatalysis to enhance the solar disinfection of water and provide an inexpensive, simple method of water disinfection, then it could help reduce the risk of waterborne disease. The second application is the use of photocatalytic coatings to combat healthcare associated infections. Two challenges are considered, i.e., the use of photocatalytic coatings to give "self-disinfecting" surfaces to reduce the risk of transmission of infection via environmental surfaces, and the use of photocatalytic coatings for the decontamination and disinfection of medical devices. In the final section, the development of novel photocatalytic materials for use in disinfection applications is reviewed, taking account of materials, developed for other photocatalytic applications, but which may be transferable for disinfection purposes.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK. j.byrne@ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John Anthony
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK. psm.dunlop@ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick Stuart Morris
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dunlop
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK. jwj.hamilton@ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jeremy William John
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, PO Box 22, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain. pfernandez@psa.es.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández-Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, PO Box 22, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain. mpolo@psa.es.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Polo-López
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK. Sharma-P2@email.ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Preetam Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland BT37 0QB, UK. a.vennard@email.ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ashlene Sarah Margaret
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vennard
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants
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