title: EEG classification of different imaginary movements within the same limb.
abstract: The task of discriminating the motor imagery of different movements within the same limb using electroencephalography (EEG) signals is challenging because these imaginary movements have close spatial representations on the motor cortex area. There is, however, a pressing need to succeed in this task. The reason is that the ability to classify different same-limb imaginary movements could increase the number of control dimensions of a brain-computer interface (BCI). In this paper, we propose a 3-class BCI system that discriminates EEG signals corresponding to rest, imaginary grasp movements, and imaginary elbow movements. Besides, the differences between simple motor imagery and goal-oriented motor imagery in terms of their topographical distributions and classification accuracies are also being investigated. To the best of our knowledge, both problems have not been explored in the literature. Based on the EEG data recorded from 12 able-bodied individuals, we have demonstrated that same-limb motor imagery classification is possible. For the binary classification of imaginary grasp and elbow (goal-oriented) movements, the average accuracy achieved is 66.9%. For the 3-class problem of discriminating rest against imaginary grasp and elbow movements, the average classification accuracy achieved is 60.7%, which is greater than the random classification accuracy of 33.3%. Our results also show that goal-oriented imaginary elbow movements lead to a better classification performance compared to simple imaginary elbow movements. This proposed BCI system could potentially be used in controlling a robotic rehabilitation system, which can assist stroke patients in performing task-specific exercises.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D009044:Motor Cortex; D009068:Movement; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
references.citation: J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009 Dec;33(4):203-11
references.pmid: 20208465
references.citation: J Adv Nurs. 2009 Apr;65(4):737-54
references.pmid: 19228241
references.citation: IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000 Jun;8(2):174-9
references.pmid: 10896179
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2004 Jun;51(6):979-84
references.pmid: 15188868
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Oct 1;37(4):1315-28
references.pmid: 17689268
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2011 Dec;19(6):617-27
references.pmid: 21984520
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:5981-4
references.pmid: 19965253
references.citation: Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011 Oct;42(4):253-8
references.pmid: 22208123
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1998 Feb;79(2):1117-23
references.pmid: 9463469
references.citation: IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000 Jun;8(2):211-4
references.pmid: 10896190
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2013 Jul;74(1):100-8
references.pmid: 23494615
references.citation: Front Neuroeng. 2014 Jul 29;7:30
references.pmid: 25120465
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:189-220
references.pmid: 12052908
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:5549-52
references.pmid: 21096475
references.citation: Stroke. 2007 Apr;38(4):1293-7
references.pmid: 17332444
references.citation: IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 1996 Dec;4(4):425-30
references.pmid: 8973969
references.citation: Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;181:319-23
references.pmid: 22954880
references.citation: Front Neuroeng. 2014 Jun 24;7:18
references.pmid: 25009491
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2000 Oct 13;292(3):211-4
references.pmid: 11018314
references.citation: Cortex. 2010 Mar;46(3):310-21
references.pmid: 19446804
references.citation: Stroke. 2012 Oct;43(10):2735-40
references.pmid: 22895995
references.citation: Brain. 2011 May;134(Pt 5):1373-86
references.pmid: 21515905
references.citation: Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008 Jun;46(6):529-39
references.pmid: 18418635
references.citation: Clin EEG Neurosci. 2011 Oct;42(4):245-52
references.pmid: 22208122
references.citation: Occup Ther Int. 2009;16(3-4):175-89
references.pmid: 19504501
references.citation: Neuron. 2005 Apr 21;46(2):347-54
references.pmid: 15848811
references.citation: J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010 Dec 14;7:60
references.pmid: 21156054
references.citation: Science. 1995 Jun 23;268(5218):1775-7
references.pmid: 7792606
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Jun;113(6):767-91
references.pmid: 12048038
references.citation: J Neural Eng. 2013 Aug;10(4):046003
references.pmid: 23735712
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2010 Dec;18(6):581-9
references.pmid: 20876032
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Nov;110(11):1842-57
references.pmid: 10576479
references.citation: J Rehabil Med. 2011 Oct;43(10):951-7
references.pmid: 21947184
references.citation: Comput Biol Med. 2009 May;39(5):443-52
references.pmid: 19380125
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;2:2118-21
references.pmid: 17282647
references.citation: J Neural Eng. 2010 Jun;7(3):036007
references.pmid: 20460690
references.citation: J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2014 Apr 07;11:51
references.pmid: 24708603
references.citation: Comput Intell Neurosci. 2011;2011:130714
references.pmid: 21687590
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jan 08;9(1):e85192
references.pmid: 24416360
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 21;101(51):17849-54
references.pmid: 15585584
references.citation: IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 2011;2011:5975385
references.pmid: 22275589
references.citation: Stroke. 2008 Mar;39(3):910-7
references.pmid: 18258825
references.citation: IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng. 2000 Dec;8(4):441-6
references.pmid: 11204034
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26322
references.pmid: 22046274
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;5:5392-5
references.pmid: 17281471
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:4234-7
references.pmid: 21096901
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2596-606
references.pmid: 19850134
references.citation: J Neural Eng. 2005 Dec;2(4):131-8
references.pmid: 16317237
references.citation: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010 Sep;24(7):674-9
references.pmid: 20519741
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2012;2012:4112-5
references.pmid: 23366832
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2010 Sep 20;482(1):21-5
references.pmid: 20609381