title: Possible role of anaerobes in the pathogenesis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent advances in cultivation-independent molecular biological modalities for detecting bacterial species have indicated that several bacterial species may play a role in the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of bacterial flora in the pathogenesis of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM) using a bacterial floral analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with 16S rRNA gene sequencing in patients with bronchiectasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients with bronchiectasis evaluated using chest computed tomography were enrolled. BALF obtained from the most affected lung lesions was evaluated using culture and culture-independent methodologies. Approximately 600 bp of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (E341F-E907R) was amplified via polymerase chain reaction using universal primers, and clone libraries were constructed. Nucleotide sequences of 96 randomly chosen clones for each specimen were determined, and the homology was searched using a basic local alignment search tool to determine the bacterial phylotypes and their proportions (bacterial floral analysis) in each specimen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine patients with bronchiectasis were diagnosed with NTM based on culture-based methods using Ogawa medium. The molecular method showed a significantly high rate of anaerobes among the patients with NTM compared with that observed in the bronchiectasis patients without NTM. In addition, findings of collapse/consolidation were significantly related to the proportion of Prevotella species in the BALF samples determined using the molecular method (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the results of the present study, anaerobes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis in patients with NTM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mukae
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawanami
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentarou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akata
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Keishi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chinatsu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orihashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawanami
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hatsumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yatera
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001987:Bronchiectasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009165:Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology; D018720:Prevotella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 16S ribosomal RNA gene; anaerobes; bronchiectasis; clone library method; pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection