title: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt perforations of the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: OBJECT The purposes of this study were to evaluate the frequency with which children presented with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt perforations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, to determine the type of shunts that caused the perforations, and to compare the stiffness of perforating catheters with the stiffness of catheters from other manufacturers. METHODS Medical records were reviewed of 197 children who were admitted with VP shunt malfunction. Catheter stiffness was evaluated by measuring relative resistance to cross-sectional compression, resistance to column buckling, and elasticity in longitudinal bending. Catheter frictional force was measured per unit length. RESULTS Six children were identified whose VP shunts had perforated the GI tract; 2 shunts subsequently protruded through the anal orifice, 1 protruded through the oral cavity, and 3 presented with subcutaneous abscesses that tracked upward from the intestine to the chest. All perforating shunts were Chhabra shunts. Catheter stiffness and resistance to bending were greatest with a Medtronic shunt catheter, intermediate with a Codman catheter, and least with a Chhabra catheter. Frictional force was greatest with a Chhabra catheter and least with a Medtronic catheter. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of perforations by Chhabra shunts appears to be higher than the frequency associated with other shunts. The increased frequency does not correlate with their stiffness but may reflect their greater frictional forces.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kijabe Hospital, Kijabe, Kenya; and.
authors.forename: Grace Muthoni
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Thiong'o
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luzzio
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kijabe Hospital, Kijabe, Kenya; and.
authors.forename: A Leland
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Albright
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D001003:Anal Canal; D057785:Catheters; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D009055:Mouth; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: GI = gastrointestinal; VP = ventriculoperitoneal; WBC = white blood cell; catheter; extrusions; hydrocephalus; perforations; ventriculoperitoneal shunts