title: Calcium silicate/calcium phosphate biphasic cements for vital pulp therapy: chemical-physical properties and human pulp cells response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to test the properties of experimental calcium silicate/calcium phosphate biphasic cements with hydraulic properties designed for vital pulp therapy as direct pulp cap and pulpotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  CaSi-αTCP and CaSi-DCDP were tested for ion-releasing ability, solubility, water sorption, porosity, ability to nucleate calcium phosphates, and odontoblastic differentiation—alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) upregulation—of primary human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The materials showed high Ca and OH release, high open pore volume and apparent porosity, and a pronounced ability to nucleate calcium phosphates on their surface. HDPCs treated with CaSi-αTCP showed a strong upregulation of ALP and OCN genes, namely a tenfold increase for OCN and a threefold increase for ALP compared to the control cells. Conversely, CaSi-DCDP induced a pronounced OCN gene upregulation but had no effect on ALP gene regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both cements showed high biointeractivity (release of Ca and OH ions) correlated with their marked ability to nucleate calcium phosphates. CaSi-αTCP cement proved to be a potent inducer of ALP and OCN genes as characteristic markers of mineralization processes normally poorly expressed by HDPCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium silicate/calcium phosphate cements appear to be attractive new materials for vital pulp therapy as they may provide odontogenic/dentinogenic chemical signals for pulp regeneration and healing, and dentin formation in regenerative endodontics.
authors.affiliation: Dental School (Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. mgiovanna.gandolfi@unibo.it.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gandolfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spagnuolo
authors.affiliation: Dental School (Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Procino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rivieccio
authors.affiliation: Dental School (Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Pelliccioni
authors.affiliation: Dental School (Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology), Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rengo
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003738:Dental Cements; D017640:Silicates; C020243:calcium phosphate; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: Alkaline phosphatase; Biointeractivity; Calcium phosphate cements; Calcium release; Calcium silicate cements; Dentine regeneration; Genes activation; MTA; Osteocalcin; Porosity; Pulp cells; Pulp therapy; Regenerative dentistry; Solubility; pH
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