title: Impact of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on Survival in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a significant cardiac risk factor, associated with increased mortality. The impact of LVH on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. We evaluated the impact of LVH on mortality in COPD patients by measurement of left ventricular dimensions by echocardiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study utilizing a NHS database of COPD patients (TARDIS), in Tayside, Scotland (2001-2010), linked with databases regarding echocardiograms, pharmacy prescription, and the General Register Office for Scotland death registry. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine hazard ratios for mortality and hospital admissions based upon left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and left ventricular internal diastolic diameter after correction for all available influential covariates. Increased LVIDd was defined as >5.3 cm (female) and >5.9 cm (male). LVH was defined as an LVMI of >95 g/m(2) (female) and >115 g/m(2) (male).
  
  
  RESULTS
  617 patients were included for analysis. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis, 70 (9); mean FEV1 % (SD), 60.6 (19.3); mean resting SaO2 % (SD), 92.7 (10). Mean follow-up 4.5 years. Increased LVIDd was not associated with increased mortality, χ (2)= 0.767, p = 0.381. Increased LVMI was associated with a significant increased risk of mortality, χ (2) = 5.447, p = 0.02 with an adjusted HR (95 % CI) of 1.542 (1.068-2.228), p = 0.021.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of LVH, demonstrated by elevated left ventricular mass index is associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality in COPD patients. Therapeutic interventions are required to address this important modifiable risk factor in COPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Douglas H J
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Allan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Struthers
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lipworth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality; D009929:Organ Size; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography
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