title: Management of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: initial assessment, management outside specialised centres and referral pathways.
abstract: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is uncommon, but responsible for considerable morbidity. A coordinated approach between healthcare professionals is required in order to meet the needs of patients. Early diagnosis can be achieved by a simple clinical assessment. Low-cost effective interventions can be initiated by generalists, which may improve outcomes. Moderate-to-severe GO should be referred to specialised centres. Recommendations for clinical diagnosis, initial management and referral pathways are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; petros.perros@ncl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perros
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;
authors.forename: Colin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.affiliation: Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;
authors.forename: A Jane
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.affiliation: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK;
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ezra
authors.affiliation: Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK;
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estcourt
authors.affiliation: Harrogate, UK;
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: British Thyroid Foundation, Harrogate, UK;
authors.forename: Janis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK;
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.affiliation: Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK;
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: MacEwen
authors.affiliation: Bristol, UK;
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaren
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK;
authors.forename: Geoffrey E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK;
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Bijay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaidya
mesh_terms: D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation
keywords: Graves’ orbitopathy; guidance; referral pathways; thyroid eye disease
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