title: Is periurethral calcification associated with urinary flow rate and symptom severity in men with lower urinary tract symptoms-benign prostatic hyperplasia? A retrospective review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association of periurethral calcification (PUC) with urine flow rate and symptom severity in men with lower urinary tract symptoms-benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS-BPH).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of 1199 LUTS-BPH patients were obtained from a prospectively maintained database of men on their first visit from April 2010 to April 2013. Patients with incomplete data or comorbidities affecting voiding function were excluded. The degree of PUC was scored by evaluating the ratio of the calcified urethra to the entire prostatic urethra on the midsagittal plane of a transrectal ultrasonogram. The relationships between prostate-related parameters, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and uroflowmetric parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1030 patients were eligible for final analysis. There were 654 patients (63.5%) with no PUC, 233 (22.6%) with mild PUC, and 143 (13.9%) with moderate to severe PUC. The total IPSS was 16.21 ± 7.29, 17.74 ± 7.77, and 17.75 ± 7.60 in no, mild, and moderate to severe PUC groups, respectively (P = .007), whereas peak urinary flow rate (Qmax) was 15.05 ± 7.59, 13.62 ± 6.68, and 12.20 ± 6.39 mL/s, respectively (P <.001). In an age-adjusted partial correlation test, PUC significantly associated with total IPSS, the storage symptom score, and Qmax (P <.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that PUC independently associated with Qmax (P = .012), total IPSS (P = .042), and the storage symptom score (P = .018) but not with postvoid residue, the voiding symptom score, or the postmicturition symptom score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PUC is independently associated with Qmax and urinary symptoms indirectly advocating for the recent idea that periurethral fibrosis and stiffness could cause LUTS-BPH in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jang Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joo Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yangpyeong Health Center, Yangpyeong, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: kscho99@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Kang Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014521:Urethra; D014554:Urination