title: Brucella sero-prevalence and modifiable risk factors among predisposed cattle keepers and consumers of un-pasteurized milk in Mbarara and Kampala districts, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in developing countries yet it is often not recognized, goes unreported and does not attract public health action by these governments including Uganda.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the sero-prevalence and assess modifiable risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity in cattle keepers and consumers of unpasteurized milk in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group comprised of 161 individuals randomly selected from households living on farms that had Brucella sero-positive cattle and/or goats in Mbarara District from an earlier survey; the second group comprised of 168 randomly selected individuals attending an HIV voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Kampala District. Sera samples were tested using Rapid Plate Agglutination Test, Standard Tube Agglutination Test and cELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sero-prevalence of brucellosis among exposed cattle keepers in Mbarara and consumers of unpasteurised milk in Kampala Districts was 5.8% (95%CI: 3.3%, 8.3%) and 9% (95%CI: 13.3%, 4.7%), respectively. Consumption of unboiled milk was significantly (p=0.004) associated with seropositivity in Mbarara District. There was no association between sero-positivity with age, sex and awareness of human brucellosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human brucellosis is prevalent among livestock rearing communities and consumers of unpasteurised milk. The continued consumption of unboiled milk is a major health risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nasinyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ssekawojwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Opuda
authors.affiliation: CIRAD Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grimaud
authors.affiliation: CIRAD Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Etter
authors.affiliation: ESP/ACSS Project, Dairy Development Authority, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala Uganda.
authors.forename: Alban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellinguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002002:Brucella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002006:Brucellosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D002417:Cattle; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial
keywords: Brucellosis; Modifiable risk factors; Sero-prevalence; cELISA; unpasteurised milk
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