title: The implications of injury in the developing nervous system on upper extremity function.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The corticospinal system (CS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common sites of damage during the early stages of life. The prenatal or immediately prenatal period is the most common time for damage to occur. Here we briefly review the basic features of the development of the CS and the PNS and the clinical consequences of injury to or improper development of these systems on upper extremity (UE) function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proper development of both the CS and PNS is necessary to achieve adequate function of the (UE). Injury or improper development of these systems can lead to upper extremity dysfunction and limit participation in activities of daily living.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the PNS and CS play major roles in the proper functioning of the UE. A better understanding of their roles and common developmental disorders is needed to move rehabilitation of motor impairments forward.
authors.affiliation: Jefferson University School of Health Professions, Department of Occupational Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Jefferson University School of Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: laura.krisa@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krisa
authors.affiliation: Jefferson University School of Health Professions, Department of Occupational Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Jefferson University School of Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000254:growth & development*; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Axon guidance; Axon migration; Corticospinal system; Peripheral nervous system development