title: Motor imagery classification via combinatory decomposition of ERP and ERSP using sparse nonnegative matrix factorization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain activities could be measured by devices like EEG, MEG, MRI etc. in terms of electric or magnetic signal, which could provide information from three domains, i.e., time, frequency and space. Combinatory analysis of these features could definitely help to improve the classification performance on brain activities. NMF (nonnegative matrix factorization) has been widely applied in pattern extraction tasks (e.g., face recognition, gene data analysis) which could provide physically meaningful explanation of the data. However, brain signals also take negative values, so only spectral feature has been employed in existing NMF studies for brain computer interface. In addition, sparsity is an intrinsic characteristic of electric signals.
  
  
  METHODS
  To incorporate sparsity constraint and enable analysis of time domain feature using NMF, a new solution for motor imagery classification is developed, which combinatorially analyzes the ERP (event related potential, time domain) and ERSP (event related spectral perturbation, frequency domain) features via a modified mixed alternating least square based NMF method (MALS-NMF for short).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extensive experiments have verified the effectivity the proposed method. The results also showed that imposing sparsity constraint on the coefficient matrix in ERP factorization and basis matrix in ERSP factorization could better improve the algorithm performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons with other eight representative methods have further verified the superiority of the proposed method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MALS-NMF method is an effective solution for motor imagery classification and has shed some new light into the field of brain dynamics pattern analysis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Systems Engineering Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Electronic address: lvna2009@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Vision Microsystems Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Brain computer interface; Classification; Event related potential; Motor imagery; Nonnegative matrix factorization