title: Evaluation of force-velocity and power-velocity relationship of arm muscles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of recent studies have revealed an approximately linear force-velocity (F-V) and, consequently, a parabolic power-velocity (P-V) relationship of multi-joint tasks. However, the measurement characteristics of their parameters have been neglected, particularly those regarding arm muscles, which could be a problem for using the linear F-V model in both research and routine testing. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the strength, shape, reliability, and concurrent validity of the F-V relationship of arm muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy participants performed maximum bench press throws against loads ranging from 20 to 70 % of their maximum strength, and linear regression model was applied on the obtained range of F and V data. One-repetition maximum bench press and medicine ball throw tests were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed individual F-V relationships were exceptionally strong (r = 0.96-0.99; all P < 0.05) and fairly linear, although it remains unresolved whether a polynomial fit could provide even stronger relationships. The reliability of parameters obtained from the linear F-V regressions proved to be mainly high (ICC > 0.80), while their concurrent validity regarding directly measured F, P, and V ranged from high (for maximum F) to medium-to-low (for maximum P and V).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings add to the evidence that the linear F-V and, consequently, parabolic P-V models could be used to study the mechanical properties of muscular systems, as well as to design a relatively simple, reliable, and ecologically valid routine test of the muscle ability of force, power, and velocity production.
authors.affiliation: The Research Center, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sreten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sreckovic
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cuk
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djuric
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nedeljkovic
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mirkov
authors.forename: Slobodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaric
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014891:Weight Lifting; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: J Biomech. 2009 Sep 18;42(13):2151-7
references.pmid: 19647259
references.citation: J Physiol. 1935 Nov 22;85(3):277-97
references.pmid: 16994712
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):358-64
references.pmid: 17277601
references.citation: J Sports Sci Med. 2004 Dec 01;3(4):211-9
references.pmid: 24624005
references.citation: J Physiol. 1949 Dec;110(3-4):249-80
references.pmid: 15406429
references.citation: J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Dec;44(4):349-55
references.pmid: 15758845
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2003 Mar;445(6):728-33
references.pmid: 12632194
references.citation: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Jul;44(7):518-24
references.pmid: 24816499
references.citation: Can J Appl Physiol. 2002 Jun;27(3):250-62
references.pmid: 12180317
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2014 Jun;35(6):505-10
references.pmid: 24227123
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;75(4):333-42
references.pmid: 9134365
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Jun;112(12):1975-83
references.pmid: 22442026
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014 Aug;114(8):1703-14
references.pmid: 24819449
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Jan;46(1):107-14
references.pmid: 24346189
references.citation: J Sports Sci. 2003 Nov;21(11):921-6
references.pmid: 14626371
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:589361
references.pmid: 24073413
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001 Mar;84(3):227-32
references.pmid: 11320640
references.citation: J Hum Kinet. 2012 May;32:87-95
references.pmid: 23487511
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(6):650-6
references.pmid: 3678217
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Feb;44(2):313-22
references.pmid: 21775909
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Aug;21(3):703-9
references.pmid: 17685704
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2001 Nov;15(4):431-8
references.pmid: 11726253
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jul;22(4):1320-6
references.pmid: 18545172
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2013 Nov;34(11):1007-14
references.pmid: 23670357
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1757-64
references.pmid: 17909403
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2013 Mar;34(3):232-8
references.pmid: 23041965
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Dec;113(12):2913-23
references.pmid: 23943265
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Aug;23(5):1593-605
references.pmid: 19620902
references.citation: J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Feb;17(1):148-55
references.pmid: 12580670