title: Efficient synthesis of (R)-harmonine--the toxic principle of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis).
abstract: A flexible synthetic route to (R)-harmonine ((R)-1), the toxic principle of the Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (H. axyridis), via reductive olefination of the macrocyclic lactone (S)-5, is reported. High enantiomeric purity is achieved by enantioselective saponification of the lactone rac-5 with horse liver esterase. Minor modifications in the synthetic route give access to racemic and chiral harmonine ()1, analogs and putative biosynthetic precursors. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of harmonine against Leishmania major (L. major) is demonstrated and provides the rationale for harmonine-based drug development against parasitic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany. boland@ice.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Nadja C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masic
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schurigt
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boland
mesh_terms: D000475:Alkenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D001517:Coleoptera; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000475:Alkenes; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C000604259:harmonine