title: Regulation of increased blood flow (hyperemia) to muscles during exercise: a hierarchy of competing physiological needs.
abstract: This review focuses on how blood flow to contracting skeletal muscles is regulated during exercise in humans. The idea is that blood flow to the contracting muscles links oxygen in the atmosphere with the contracting muscles where it is consumed. In this context, we take a top down approach and review the basics of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in humans, how these values change with training, and the systemic hemodynamic adaptations that support them. We highlight the very high muscle blood flow responses to exercise discovered in the 1980s. We also discuss the vasodilating factors in the contracting muscles responsible for these very high flows. Finally, the competition between demand for blood flow by contracting muscles and maximum systemic cardiac output is discussed as a potential challenge to blood pressure regulation during heavy large muscle mass or whole body exercise in humans. At this time, no one dominant dilator mechanism accounts for exercise hyperemia. Additionally, complex interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the microcirculation facilitate high levels of systemic oxygen extraction and permit just enough sympathetic control of blood flow to contracting muscles to regulate blood pressure during large muscle mass exercise in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Oct;107(4):1128-37
references.pmid: 19661449
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 May;30(5):687-90
references.pmid: 9588609
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2012 Jul 18;3:271
references.pmid: 22934025
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Jul 1;91(1):142-50
references.pmid: 21349874
references.citation: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 May;41(5):697-703
references.pmid: 21376644
references.citation: J Physiol. 1993 Apr;463:631-46
references.pmid: 8246199
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Aug;61(2):391-401
references.pmid: 3528113
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 Feb 1;506 ( Pt 3):817-26
references.pmid: 9503340
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Aug;33(8):1861-71
references.pmid: 23702660
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Jul;99(1):371-2; discussion 374-5
references.pmid: 16036908
references.citation: Circ Res. 1980 Dec;47(6):807-13
references.pmid: 6254686
references.citation: Circ Res. 1995 Jun;76(6):1079-87
references.pmid: 7758162
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Feb 15;579(Pt 1):237-45
references.pmid: 17158170
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1966 May;21(3):794-802
references.pmid: 5912749
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 May 1;586(9):2405-17
references.pmid: 18339690
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jan;94(1):11-9
references.pmid: 12391133
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Apr 1;540(Pt 1):377-86
references.pmid: 11927694
references.citation: J Nutr. 2007 Mar;137(3):698-701
references.pmid: 17311964
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jan;300(1):H2-12
references.pmid: 20952670
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2005 Jul-Aug;26(6):442-7
references.pmid: 16037885
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Sep;77(3):1403-10
references.pmid: 7836146
references.citation: Circulation. 1997 May 6;95(9):2293-7
references.pmid: 9142007
references.citation: Circ Res. 2001 Apr 27;88(8):816-23
references.pmid: 11325874
references.citation: J Physiol. 1939 Nov 14;97(1):17-31
references.pmid: 16995147
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1948 Jul 20;15(4):389-400
references.pmid: 18882163
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Jan 1;114(1):3-10
references.pmid: 23065759
references.citation: J Anat Physiol. 1877 Apr;11(Pt 3):360-402.3
references.pmid: 17231157
references.citation: J Physiol. 1958 Jul 14;142(2):323-8
references.pmid: 13564439
references.citation: Circ Res. 1971 Jan;28:Suppl 1:39-45
references.pmid: 5541120
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Jan;90(1):55-61
references.pmid: 11133893
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Feb;84(2):754-8
references.pmid: 9475890
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1983 Oct;44(10):1861-6
references.pmid: 6416115
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Oct;265(4 Pt 2):H1227-34
references.pmid: 8238409
references.citation: J Physiol. 1969 Oct;204(2):347-64
references.pmid: 4310002
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2004 Apr;32(2):50-6
references.pmid: 15064648
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Jun;108(6):1487-96
references.pmid: 20133430
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Jul 1;550(Pt 1):317-24
references.pmid: 12730341
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1967 Sep;23(3):353-8
references.pmid: 6047957
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Aug;61(2):679-82
references.pmid: 3745060
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Jul 1;558(Pt 1):319-31
references.pmid: 15121799
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 1971 Apr;5(2):245-54
references.pmid: 5579529
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 Mar 1;507 ( Pt 2):619-28
references.pmid: 9518719
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2001 Nov;86(6):749-57
references.pmid: 11698969
references.citation: J Physiol. 2012 Nov 1;590(21):5261-2
references.pmid: 23118062
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Apr;86(1):87-110
references.pmid: 10760547
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985 Mar;58(3):785-90
references.pmid: 3980383
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Feb;32(2):332-48
references.pmid: 10694114
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985 Oct;59(4):1322-8
references.pmid: 4055609
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 May;82(5):1573-83
references.pmid: 9134907
references.citation: J Physiol. 1984 Oct;355:161-75
references.pmid: 6436475
references.citation: Circulation. 2001 Nov 27;104(22):2673-8
references.pmid: 11723017
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 Apr;68(4):1453-7
references.pmid: 2347787
references.citation: Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 Apr;76(4):418-27
references.pmid: 9795751
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1985;54(2):156-62
references.pmid: 4043042
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Apr;300(4):H1373-85
references.pmid: 21297027
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):R478-85
references.pmid: 20007515
references.citation: Circ Res. 1996 Sep;79(3):551-9
references.pmid: 8781488
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Sep 15;583(Pt 3):861-74
references.pmid: 17495044
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Aug;89(2):721-30
references.pmid: 10926659
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 2):H662-70
references.pmid: 2000963
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;38(5):796-808
references.pmid: 11602826
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jan;64(1):404-8
references.pmid: 2451658
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Nov;253(5 Pt 2):H993-1004
references.pmid: 3318504
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Jul 1;588(Pt 13):2487-501
references.pmid: 20457736
references.citation: J Physiol. 1973 Mar;229(2):257-74
references.pmid: 4724828
references.citation: J Physiol. 2012 Oct 15;590(20):5001-13
references.pmid: 22711955
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2012 Mar;97(3):311-8
references.pmid: 22125308
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Jan 15;588(Pt 2):373-85
references.pmid: 19948661
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1974 Jan;54(1):75-159
references.pmid: 4587247
references.citation: Circ Res. 1981 Jun;48(6 Pt 2):I3-10
references.pmid: 7014024
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Aug 1;95(3):269-80
references.pmid: 22678409
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Apr;56(4):831-8
references.pmid: 6373687
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;301:151-9
references.pmid: 270912
references.citation: J Physiol. 1994 Jan 15;474(2):353-60
references.pmid: 8006820
references.citation: J Physiol. 1974 Jul;240(1):111-24
references.pmid: 4850798
references.citation: J Physiol. 2012 Jan 15;590(2):395-407
references.pmid: 22106180
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2003 Jun;37(3):190-1
references.pmid: 12782539
references.citation: J Physiol. 1979 Mar;288:529-47
references.pmid: 469732
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Jul;287(1):H144-9
references.pmid: 15210450
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Nov;257(5 Pt 2):H1507-15
references.pmid: 2589507
references.citation: J Physiol. 1978 Apr;277:359-66
references.pmid: 650540
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1987 Apr;46(5):1824-9
references.pmid: 3493922
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Mar;256(3 Pt 2):H832-7
references.pmid: 2923241
references.citation: Circ Res. 1988 Jan;62(1):37-50
references.pmid: 2891454
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Nov;283(5):H1896-906
references.pmid: 12384467
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb;260(2 Pt 2):H632-7
references.pmid: 1996706
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Mar 15;563(Pt 3):925-43
references.pmid: 15649978
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Dec;57(6):1857-64
references.pmid: 6511559
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Jan;60(1):95-9
references.pmid: 3944049
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991 Dec;23(12):1338-48
references.pmid: 1798375
references.citation: J Physiol. 2013 Jun 1;591(11):2885-96
references.pmid: 23507879
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Dec;107(6):1757-62
references.pmid: 19797688
references.citation: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1964;16:646-54
references.pmid: 14229226
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 May;68(5):2177-81
references.pmid: 2361920
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Feb;88(2):452-6
references.pmid: 10658010
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Jul;31(7):1036-40
references.pmid: 10416566
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;301:213-23
references.pmid: 270917
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Oct;95(4):1493-8
references.pmid: 12832425
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1966 Nov-Dec;25(6):1618-22
references.pmid: 5927394
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1987 Apr;46(5):1830-3
references.pmid: 3556603
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 Feb;68(2):544-8
references.pmid: 2318766
references.citation: Med Sci Sports. 1973 Fall;5(3):137-46
references.pmid: 4270581
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 May;110(5):1181-9
references.pmid: 21292838
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Aug;33(8):1892-901
references.pmid: 23723370
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Jul;261(1 Pt 2):H181-9
references.pmid: 1858919
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Apr;62(4):1724-32
references.pmid: 3597244
references.citation: J Physiol. 1957 Jul 11;137(2):309-17
references.pmid: 13449880
references.citation: J Physiol. 1963 Oct;168:848-56
references.pmid: 14072861
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Dec 1;561(Pt 2):535-45
references.pmid: 15388783
references.citation: J Physiol. 1972 Aug;224(3):611-28
references.pmid: 5071932
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Apr;284(4):H1251-9
references.pmid: 12595287
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Dec 15;561(Pt 3):893-901
references.pmid: 15498809
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 1992 Jan;26(1):40-7
references.pmid: 1325292
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 May;274(5 Pt 2):H1502-8
references.pmid: 9612356
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977;301:310-22
references.pmid: 270924
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jan;33(1):99-106
references.pmid: 11194119
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Dec;107(6):1685-92
references.pmid: 19729589
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Jan;288(1):H214-20
references.pmid: 15345484
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Feb;292(2):H1148-56
references.pmid: 17071730
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Jan;250(1 Pt 2):H62-7
references.pmid: 3942237
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1976 Dec 6;36(1):7-17
references.pmid: 1001318
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Dec;257(6 Pt 2):H1812-8
references.pmid: 2603969
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Dec;85(6):2249-54
references.pmid: 9843549
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1967 May 10;242(9):2278-82
references.pmid: 4290225
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1988 Dec;255(6 Pt 2):H1443-51
references.pmid: 3202206
references.citation: Circulation. 2008 Feb 5;117(5):594-7
references.pmid: 18250278
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Jun;53(6):993-9
references.pmid: 19433775
references.citation: Circulation. 1971 Mar;43(3):382-90
references.pmid: 5101740
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Mar 1;589(Pt 5):1209-20
references.pmid: 21224235
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1960 Apr 25;48:448-53
references.pmid: 13794890
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Sep;97(3):1143-51
references.pmid: 15155716
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2009 Mar;457(5):963-77
references.pmid: 18704490
references.citation: Acta Med Scand. 1962 Jul;172:21-9
references.pmid: 13868731
references.citation: Circ Res. 1991 Jul;69(1):165-73
references.pmid: 1647276
references.citation: J Physiol. 1976 Oct;262(1):39-50
references.pmid: 994038
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2008 Jul;88(3):1009-86
references.pmid: 18626066
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Jun;32(6):1101-8
references.pmid: 10862536
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Feb;62(2):725-31
references.pmid: 3558232
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1973 Dec;52(12):2993-9
references.pmid: 4750436
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;6:4145-8
references.pmid: 17271214
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Oct 15;586(20):4993-5002
references.pmid: 18703581
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Feb;62(2):438-43
references.pmid: 3558204
references.citation: Basic Res Cardiol. 1976 Nov-Dec;71(6):658-75
references.pmid: 1016196
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1998 Jul;19(5):328-35
references.pmid: 9721056
references.citation: Nature. 1991 Oct 24;353(6346):748-50
references.pmid: 1944533
references.citation: Physiology (Bethesda). 2011 Apr;26(2):72-5
references.pmid: 21487024
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Jun;42(6):833-7
references.pmid: 881383
references.citation: Clin Sci Mol Med. 1973 Aug;45(2):135-46
references.pmid: 4594233
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2008 May;31(5):632-45
references.pmid: 18088335
references.citation: Circulation. 1968 Jun;37(6):954-64
references.pmid: 5653055
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 Sep;51(3):634-40
references.pmid: 7327965
references.citation: Heart. 2013 Dec;99(23):1727-33
references.pmid: 23474689
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Sep;95(3):953-9
references.pmid: 12766177
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988 Oct;20(5 Suppl):S109-12
references.pmid: 3193870
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jan;94(1):6-10
references.pmid: 12391132
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Aug 15;567(Pt 1):311-21
references.pmid: 15946964
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006 Aug;291(2):R447-53
references.pmid: 16914431
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1965 May;28:560-80
references.pmid: 14328454
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1988;58(3):298-302
references.pmid: 3220070
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 15;88(22):10357-61
references.pmid: 1946456
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1978 Feb;37(2):191-4
references.pmid: 23965
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Feb;94(2):668-76
references.pmid: 12391104
references.citation: J Physiol. 2001 Feb 15;531(Pt 1):257-64
references.pmid: 11179408
references.citation: Circulation. 1961 Jul;24:76-81
references.pmid: 13767236
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2006 Jan;91(1):27-36
references.pmid: 16284242
references.citation: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1967;472:146-67
references.pmid: 5231558
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013 Jun;113(6):1449-56
references.pmid: 23250568
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1977 Jul;100(3):288-97
references.pmid: 920199
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):H2388-95
references.pmid: 9374776
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Apr;88(4):1390-6
references.pmid: 10749834
references.citation: J Physiol. 1962 Dec;164:422-9
references.pmid: 13948523
references.citation: J Physiol. 1935 Nov 22;85(3):375-99
references.pmid: 16994720
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982 Apr;52(4):991-4
references.pmid: 6953061
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Feb;260(2 Pt 2):H436-44
references.pmid: 1671737
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 May 1;587(Pt 9):1989-2003
references.pmid: 19307300
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1971 Oct;31(4):519-26
references.pmid: 5110995
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Mar;42(3):385-90
references.pmid: 838660
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001335
references.pmid: 23139642
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1987 Nov;8 Suppl 2:91-5
references.pmid: 3692658
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1965 May;20(3):384-94
references.pmid: 5319986
references.citation: Am J Hum Biol. 2003 Mar-Apr;15(2):196-208
references.pmid: 12621608
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997 Feb;24(2):117-25
references.pmid: 9075582
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1947 Oct;27(4):511-41
references.pmid: 20267758
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2006 May;41(5):501-7
references.pmid: 16537099
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001 Mar;84(3):201-5
references.pmid: 11320636
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1998 Mar;162(3):421-36
references.pmid: 9578388
references.citation: Circ Res. 1981 Jun;48(6 Pt 2):I110-7
references.pmid: 7226454
references.citation: Circ Res. 2012 Jul 6;111(2):220-30
references.pmid: 22647875
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):R1140-8
references.pmid: 19118095
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Jul 15;589(Pt 14):3671-83
references.pmid: 21624968
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1949 Mar;1(9):649-62
references.pmid: 18124797
references.citation: Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1964;76:49-59
references.pmid: 14296497
references.citation: Am J Surg. 1964 Jan;107:220-31
references.pmid: 14099498
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2005 Jan;100(1):149-54
references.pmid: 15616069
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Sep;97(3):1112-8
references.pmid: 15333629
references.citation: J Physiol. 1984 May;350:447-59
references.pmid: 6747856
references.citation: Circ Res. 2002 Nov 29;91(11):1046-55
references.pmid: 12456491
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Jun 1;581(Pt 2):841-52
references.pmid: 17363384
references.citation: Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1234192
references.pmid: 23766330
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Dec;57(6):1749-53
references.pmid: 6595253
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Apr 15;588(Pt 8):1321-31
references.pmid: 20176629
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Dec;101(6):1678-84
references.pmid: 16946029
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1984 Aug;247(2 Pt 2):H251-8
references.pmid: 6465330
references.citation: J Physiol. 1995 Oct 1;488 ( Pt 1):259-65
references.pmid: 8568663
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985 Nov;59(5):1647-53
references.pmid: 4066596
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1958 Apr;37(4):538-47
references.pmid: 13539193
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Dec;63(6):2269-77
references.pmid: 3436863
references.citation: Circulation. 1998 Jul 7;98(1):6-8
references.pmid: 9665052
references.citation: J Physiol. 2013 Jun 15;591(12):3017-34
references.pmid: 23587886
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Aug;293(2):R837-43
references.pmid: 17522118
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1975 Apr;82(4):521-4
references.pmid: 1119766
references.citation: Science. 1937 Apr 23;85(2208):409-10
references.pmid: 17770274
references.citation: Circulation. 1999 Sep 7;100(10):1085-94
references.pmid: 10477534
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1989 Mar;256(3 Pt 2):H838-45
references.pmid: 2923242
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Aug;299(2):H566-73
references.pmid: 20511412
references.citation: Circ Res. 1992 Jul;71(1):188-200
references.pmid: 1318795
references.citation: J Physiol. 1985 Sep;366:233-49
references.pmid: 4057091
references.citation: J Physiol. 1959 Oct;148:633-47
references.pmid: 13801238
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Mar 1;563(Pt 2):541-55
references.pmid: 15576454
references.citation: Sports Med. 2002;32(6):361-9
references.pmid: 11980500
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1955 Jul;34(7, Part 1):1114-25
references.pmid: 14392227
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Feb;88(2):774-87
references.pmid: 10658050
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001 Oct;281(4):C1158-64
references.pmid: 11546651
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Dec;95(6):2370-4
references.pmid: 12923119
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Aug;97(2):739-47
references.pmid: 15247202
references.citation: Am J Med Sci. 2007 Jul;334(1):72-9
references.pmid: 17630597
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Nov;299(5):H1633-41
references.pmid: 20817831
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Mar;42(3):372-6
references.pmid: 838658
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1959 Apr;39(2):183-238
references.pmid: 13645234
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1987 Feb;79(2):508-16
references.pmid: 3805279
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Jul;97(1):384-92
references.pmid: 15220321
references.citation: Circ Res. 1991 Jul;69(1):174-84
references.pmid: 1647277
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Jun 1;501 ( Pt 2):455-60
references.pmid: 9192316
references.citation: Circ Res. 1962 May;10:798-806
references.pmid: 14036322
references.citation: J Physiol. 1983 Nov;344:189-208
references.pmid: 6655579
references.citation: Chest. 1974 May;65(5):512-7
references.pmid: 4826023
references.citation: Sports Med. 2007;37(4-5):288-90
references.pmid: 17465590
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):R1251-62
references.pmid: 18703415
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jan;64(1):108-14
references.pmid: 3356627
references.citation: Circulation. 1989 Oct;80(4):769-81
references.pmid: 2791242
references.citation: Circ Res. 1969 Jan;24(1):33-42
references.pmid: 5763738
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31132
references.pmid: 22347441
references.citation: Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jan;41(1):87-92
references.pmid: 16373281
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1990 Feb;138(2):145-53
references.pmid: 2316377
references.citation: J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1998 Dec;8(6):391-402
references.pmid: 9840894
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Oct;89(4):1380-6
references.pmid: 11007572
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1964 Jan;19:142-6
references.pmid: 14104271
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Dec;287(6):H2576-84
references.pmid: 15271659
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Nov 27;288(5789):373-6
references.pmid: 6253831
references.citation: Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2034-7
references.pmid: 9197264
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 May 15;589(Pt 10):2641-53
references.pmid: 21486772
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Nov;91(5):2255-65
references.pmid: 11641369
references.citation: J Physiol. 1994 Oct 15;480 ( Pt 2):361-8
references.pmid: 7869251
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Sep 28;110(13):1799-805
references.pmid: 15364801
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 May;60(5):1571-7
references.pmid: 3710976
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Dec;299(6):H1936-46
references.pmid: 20852046
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Jul 15;550(Pt 2):563-74
references.pmid: 12754308
references.citation: J Physiol. 2012 Dec 15;590(24):6269-75
references.pmid: 22988143
references.citation: Circ Res. 1977 Feb;40(2):208-15
references.pmid: 191214
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 Jul;28(7):884-91
references.pmid: 8832543
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 May;92(5):2019-25
references.pmid: 11960953
references.citation: Fed Proc. 1966 Nov-Dec;25(6):1607-10
references.pmid: 5333063
references.citation: Jpn J Physiol. 2003 Apr;53(2):97-103
references.pmid: 12877766
references.citation: Microcirculation. 1995 May;2(1):1-18
references.pmid: 8542536
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Mar 15;116(6):703-5
references.pmid: 24177692
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 May;88(5):1571-5
references.pmid: 10797114
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Jul 15;566(Pt 2):599-611
references.pmid: 15890708
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Jul;85(1):68-75
references.pmid: 9655757
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Jun;92(6):2452-6
references.pmid: 12015359
references.citation: J Physiol. 1999 Apr 1;516 ( Pt 1):283-91
references.pmid: 10066941
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Nov;87(5):1741-6
references.pmid: 10562617
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 2):H156-63
references.pmid: 9249486
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1975;3:31-81
references.pmid: 126163
references.citation: Circulation. 2000 Jun 27;101(25):2942-8
references.pmid: 10869267
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979 Nov;47(5):1018-24
references.pmid: 574503
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 May;68(5):2195-9
references.pmid: 2361923
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Mar 15;547(Pt 3):971-6
references.pmid: 12588902
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Jan 15;498 ( Pt 2):531-40
references.pmid: 9032700
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 2003 Mar;177(3):329-36
references.pmid: 12609003
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Sep 1;543(Pt 2):399-411
references.pmid: 12205177
references.citation: J Physiol. 1986 Aug;377:25-35
references.pmid: 3795089
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1975 Jun;193(3):941-50
references.pmid: 239217
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1968 Nov;25(5):619-25
references.pmid: 4879852
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 May 15;557(Pt 1):331-42
references.pmid: 15004212
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1983 Aug;245(2):H265-75
references.pmid: 6881361
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1995;23:25-63
references.pmid: 7556353
references.citation: Circulation. 1968 Nov;38(5 Suppl):VII1-78
references.pmid: 5696236
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010 Aug;199(4):393-406
references.pmid: 20345408
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Apr;114(8):1085-93
references.pmid: 23429876
references.citation: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1972 Apr;29(2):139-44
references.pmid: 5029316
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Sep 1;586(17):4305-16
references.pmid: 18617568
references.citation: Acta Med Scand. 1972 Mar;191(3):245-8
references.pmid: 5033716
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004 Feb;286(2):H633-9
references.pmid: 14551053
references.citation: Ciba Found Symp. 1981;82:120-9
references.pmid: 6271505
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):25-34
references.pmid: 18006574
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 1984 Jul;59(7):467-75
references.pmid: 6539841
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Sep 15;583(Pt 3):835-45
references.pmid: 17615100
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1976 Aug;41(2):191-6
references.pmid: 956101
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Nov 15;553(Pt 1):281-92
references.pmid: 12949223
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Jan;280(1):H160-7
references.pmid: 11123230
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Dec;73(6):2274-82
references.pmid: 1337073
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Mar;110(3):687-94
references.pmid: 21193565
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 May 1;540(Pt 3):1103-10
references.pmid: 11986395
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1972 Apr;32(4):516-22
references.pmid: 5026501
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Jan;274(1 Pt 2):H178-86
references.pmid: 9458866
references.citation: J Physiol. 1988 Nov;405:257-73
references.pmid: 3255792
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Jun 1;581(Pt 2):853-61
references.pmid: 17347273
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988 Oct;20(5 Suppl):S113-8
references.pmid: 3057310
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 May;272(5 Pt 2):H2369-76
references.pmid: 9176307
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Oct 1;552(Pt 1):273-82
references.pmid: 12897176
references.citation: J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1992 Apr;24(4):337-46; discussion 347-50
references.pmid: 1619666
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Nov;83(5):1575-80
references.pmid: 9375322
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Sep 1;551(Pt 2):635-47
references.pmid: 12909683
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2011 Aug;18(6):501-11
references.pmid: 21535296
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Apr 1;500 ( Pt 1):213-25
references.pmid: 9097945
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Mar;86(3):845-51
references.pmid: 10066695
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987 Feb;62(2):606-10
references.pmid: 3558219
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1981 Jul;209(2):539-54
references.pmid: 7294809
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1983;52(1):88-93
references.pmid: 6686135
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Sep;251(3 Pt 2):H502-9
references.pmid: 2875657
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Dec;99(6):2115-20
references.pmid: 16099895
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1994 Mar;266(3 Pt 2):H920-9
references.pmid: 7909201
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1966 May;21(3):749-59
references.pmid: 5912744
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1997 Mar;114(1):117-23
references.pmid: 9125456
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Sep 1;588(Pt 17):3321-31
references.pmid: 20624796
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Aug 15;115(4):446-55
references.pmid: 23788575
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Nov;31(11):1623-8
references.pmid: 10589867
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Jun;53(6):973-8
references.pmid: 19414649
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 Nov;261(5 Pt 2):H1545-53
references.pmid: 1951742
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1988 May;254(5 Pt 2):H929-36
references.pmid: 3364597
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 May;296(5):R1538-46
references.pmid: 19297541
references.citation: Am J Cardiol. 1978 Jul;42(1):52-6
references.pmid: 677037
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Jan;290(1):H272-8
references.pmid: 16183733
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Jun 1;541(Pt 2):623-35
references.pmid: 12042366
references.citation: J Physiol Sci. 2011 Jul;61(4):293-301
references.pmid: 21541811
references.citation: Circ Res. 1995 May;76(5):885-91
references.pmid: 7729006
references.citation: Circ Res. 2000 Sep 15;87(6):474-9
references.pmid: 10988239
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2013 Dec;98(12):1645-58
references.pmid: 23995101
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Jun 15;588(Pt 12):2269-82
references.pmid: 20375140
references.citation: J Physiol. 1880 Aug;3(1):48-92.16
references.pmid: 16991305
references.citation: Circ Res. 1990 Jun;66(6):1643-57
references.pmid: 1971536
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Dec;83(6):2037-42
references.pmid: 9390978
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1978 Nov;235(5):H494-504
references.pmid: 727272
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1984 Jan;56(1):24-30
references.pmid: 6693326
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Jan 15;114(2):217-24
references.pmid: 23154993
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2002 Jun;25(6):797-804
references.pmid: 12115967
references.citation: Circ Res. 1981 Jun;48(6 Pt 2):I118-30
references.pmid: 7226455
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Sep;291(3):H1378-83
references.pmid: 16648188
references.citation: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1976 May-Jun;18(6):459-95
references.pmid: 6992
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1991;81(4):377-81
references.pmid: 2028741
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1967 Apr;47(2):178-213
references.pmid: 5342871
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2004 Apr-May;11(3):279-93
references.pmid: 15280082
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Sep;73(3):874-86
references.pmid: 1400051
references.citation: Phys Ther. 1991 Apr;71(4):273-80; discussion 280-2
references.pmid: 2008451
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Jun 15;109(23 Suppl 1):III27-32
references.pmid: 15198963
references.citation: Circulation. 1992 Aug;86(2):494-503
references.pmid: 1638717
references.citation: Circ Res. 1966 Aug;19(2):400-11
references.pmid: 5914852
references.citation: Circulation. 1994 Oct;90(4):1891-8
references.pmid: 7923677
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Feb;250(2 Pt 2):H291-303
references.pmid: 3946629
references.citation: Circ Res. 1970 Feb;26(2):163-70
references.pmid: 5412532
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Feb;96(2):639-44
references.pmid: 14578368
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1982 Oct;100:159-74
references.pmid: 6816891
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1994 Oct;55(10):1464-9
references.pmid: 7998705
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Apr;98(4):1575-83
references.pmid: 15557016
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 1956 Jul;36(3):307-35
references.pmid: 13359126
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Jun 1;557(Pt 2):599-611
references.pmid: 15047770
references.citation: J Physiol. 1987 Jun;387:425-40
references.pmid: 3116213
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 Jul 17;126(3):325-34
references.pmid: 22685116
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Aug;93(2):555-60
references.pmid: 12133864
references.citation: Circulation. 1989 Apr;79(4):815-24
references.pmid: 2924413
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1977 Apr;232(4):H411-7
references.pmid: 851204
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Mar 15;589(Pt 6):1477-88
references.pmid: 21282292
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 2013 Apr 21;323:11-9
references.pmid: 23328533
references.citation: J Physiol. 1974 Feb;236(3):625-34
references.pmid: 4822578
references.citation: Circ Res. 2008 Aug 29;103(5):545-53
references.pmid: 18658051
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 Jul 1;558(Pt 1):351-65
references.pmid: 15155791
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1996 Feb;270(2 Pt 2):H442-6
references.pmid: 8779818
references.citation: JAMA. 1998 Jan 21;279(3):217-21
references.pmid: 9438742
references.citation: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jan;37(1):153-6
references.pmid: 11153730
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1996 Dec;158(4):325-31
references.pmid: 8971253
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Jan;80(1):285-90
references.pmid: 8847316
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1988 Jul;65(1):434-40
references.pmid: 3403486
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Nov;67(5):1759-63
references.pmid: 2600009
references.citation: Purinergic Signal. 2008 Jun;4(2):93-100
references.pmid: 18368517
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Oct 15;113(8):1201-12
references.pmid: 22961267
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12(3):145-7
references.pmid: 7402047
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):H1892-7
references.pmid: 21421819
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Nov;293(5):H2928-36
references.pmid: 17704292
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1975 Mar;228(3):791-6
references.pmid: 1115244
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 2):H1697-701
references.pmid: 8897965
references.citation: Med Sci Sports. 1978 Fall;10(3):214-7
references.pmid: 723514
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 1997 Feb;92(2):123-31
references.pmid: 9059312
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Jul 15;587(Pt 14):3665-77
references.pmid: 19451206
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 2):H1545-52
references.pmid: 7503247
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Sep;109(3):768-77
references.pmid: 20558755
references.citation: Clin Sci. 1971 Nov;41(5):459-73
references.pmid: 4941665
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Jun;280(6):H2833-9
references.pmid: 11356642
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Dec;91(6):2431-41
references.pmid: 11717202
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000 Aug;279(2):H726-32
references.pmid: 10924072
references.citation: Phlebology. 2011 Dec;26(8):326-31
references.pmid: 21937517
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Oct;81(4):1516-21
references.pmid: 8904562
references.citation: Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2011 Jul;202(3):271-84
references.pmid: 21199397
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Mar;35(3):488-94
references.pmid: 12618580
references.citation: Clin Auton Res. 1993 Feb;3(1):21-30
references.pmid: 8477176
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1955 Jul;8(1):73-80
references.pmid: 13242493
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Nov;99(5):1866-71
references.pmid: 16037400
references.citation: J Physiol. 1977 Sep;270(3):677-90
references.pmid: 198532
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jul;301(1):H261-8
references.pmid: 21536852
references.citation: Science. 1986 Nov 14;234(4778):868-70
references.pmid: 3775368
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1991 May;260(5 Pt 2):H1655-66
references.pmid: 1852124
references.citation: Microvasc Res. 1989 Mar;37(2):230-6
references.pmid: 2725343
references.citation: J Physiol. 1953 Apr 28;120(1-2):230-45
references.pmid: 13062235
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Apr;92(4):1647-54
references.pmid: 11896033
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Mar;296(3):H847-53
references.pmid: 19168718
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Nov 18;432(7015):345-52
references.pmid: 15549097
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):H2068-76
references.pmid: 7771557
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;62(12):1372-8
references.pmid: 17684523
references.citation: J Physiol. 1997 Oct 1;504 ( Pt 1):211-20
references.pmid: 9350631
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007 Aug;17(4):437-44
references.pmid: 17040487
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):H2382-91
references.pmid: 12893642
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1997;640:34-7
references.pmid: 9401602
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1971 Apr;81(4):459-71
references.pmid: 5091106
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001 Feb;280(2):H868-75
references.pmid: 11158988
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Oct;75(4):1911-6
references.pmid: 8282650
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1982 Aug;243(2):H181-6
references.pmid: 7114229
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1997 Jan;272(1 Pt 2):R386-91
references.pmid: 9039033
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1973;1:45-71
references.pmid: 4806384
references.citation: Compr Physiol. 2011 Jan;1(1):1-37
references.pmid: 23737162
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1948 Jul 20;15(4):401-11
references.pmid: 18882164
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1962;57(200):1-36
references.pmid: 13967907
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989 Nov;67(5):1958-66
references.pmid: 2513313
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1967 Feb;22(2):305-10
references.pmid: 6017900
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 1978;40:67-92
references.pmid: 416746
references.citation: J Physiol. 2012 Apr 15;590(8):2051-60
references.pmid: 22351638
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1990 Oct;259(4 Pt 2):H1126-33
references.pmid: 1699436
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 Aug;51(2):447-51
references.pmid: 7263451
references.citation: J Physiol. 1937 Jun 3;89(4):372-83
references.pmid: 16994867
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1979 Mar;236(3):H480-6
references.pmid: 426084
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2014 May 26;5:192
references.pmid: 24904428
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Jan;290(1):H119-27
references.pmid: 16100250
references.citation: Cardiovasc Res. 2003 Dec 1;60(3):643-53
references.pmid: 14659810
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986 Apr;18(2):143-55
references.pmid: 3517547
references.citation: J Physiol. 1971 Mar;213(2):411-20
references.pmid: 5574845
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2005 Jan-Feb;12(1):59-70
references.pmid: 15804974
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Sep;81(3):1418-22
references.pmid: 8889782
references.citation: Circ Res. 1983 Mar;52(3):253-62
references.pmid: 6825218
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Jun;276(6 Pt 2):H1951-60
references.pmid: 10362675
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992;65(1):37-42
references.pmid: 1505538
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 May;252(5 Pt 2):H906-15
references.pmid: 3578540
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2013 Feb 15;4:23
references.pmid: 23422870
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990 Aug;69(2):407-18
references.pmid: 2228848
references.citation: J Physiol. 2000 May 15;525 Pt 1:253-62
references.pmid: 10811741
references.citation: J Physiol. 2002 Oct 1;544(Pt 1):195-209
references.pmid: 12356892
references.citation: Circ Res. 1974 Jun;34(6):749-60
references.pmid: 4598993
references.citation: Jpn J Physiol. 1993;43(4):473-83
references.pmid: 8114358
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1998 Nov;275(5 Pt 2):H1726-32
references.pmid: 9815080
references.citation: JAMA. 1996 Oct 9;276(14):1186-8
references.pmid: 8827976
references.citation: J Physiol. 2003 Aug 15;551(Pt 1):337-44
references.pmid: 12824451
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Aug;101(2):492-9
references.pmid: 16614358
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1949 May;28(3):559-63
references.pmid: 16695712
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Aug;107(2):429-37
references.pmid: 19520838
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1966 Jan;45(1):132-42
references.pmid: 5901176
references.citation: Sports Med. 1993 Jan;15(1):24-42
references.pmid: 8426942
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73182
references.pmid: 24066036
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1968 Sep;215(3):704-15
references.pmid: 5671010
references.citation: Microcirculation. 2013 Aug;20(6):455-83
references.pmid: 23441827
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1996 Sep;158(1):7-14
references.pmid: 8876742
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2008 Mar;197(1):1-11
references.pmid: 18076886
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 May;53(5):833-8
references.pmid: 19273736
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Oct;33(10):1739-43
references.pmid: 11581560
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1986 Nov;251(5 Pt 2):H1038-44
references.pmid: 3777192
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Feb 15;586(4):1195-205
references.pmid: 18048452
references.citation: Circ Res. 1970 Oct;27(4):495-503
references.pmid: 5507026
references.citation: Circ Res. 1962 Sep;11:370-80
references.pmid: 13981593
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004 Oct;14(5):303-10
references.pmid: 15387804
references.citation: J Physiol. 1964 Jun;171:189-202
references.pmid: 14191474
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Dec;87(6):2375-80
references.pmid: 10601192
references.citation: J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):123-30
references.pmid: 17932136
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1974 May;36(5):515-8
references.pmid: 4826311
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983 Jun;54(6):1641-52
references.pmid: 6874488
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1976 Feb;230(2):327-34
references.pmid: 1259010
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 2):H635-42
references.pmid: 10444489
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2003 Feb;44(2):146-54
references.pmid: 12571202
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Oct;301(4):H1302-10
references.pmid: 21784984
references.citation: J Physiol. 2011 Nov 15;589(Pt 22):5443-52
references.pmid: 21969450
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1985 Jul;59(1):183-9
references.pmid: 4030562
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1970 Jun;49(6):1252-65
references.pmid: 4316225
references.citation: Blood. 1991 Dec 1;78(11):3066-9
references.pmid: 1954391
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976 Oct;199(1):269-77
references.pmid: 978482
references.citation: J Physiol. 2007 Feb 15;579(Pt 1):227-36
references.pmid: 17138603
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Jun 15;565(Pt 3):1053-60
references.pmid: 15860535
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 May;100(5):1506-12
references.pmid: 16469932
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Sep;285(3):H1023-31
references.pmid: 12738622
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 May;110(5):1160-70
references.pmid: 21183627
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Nov;101(5):1343-50
references.pmid: 16809628
references.citation: Ir J Med Sci. 1977 Dec;146(12):395-417
references.pmid: 344268
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1987 Nov;8 Suppl 2:119-23
references.pmid: 3692652
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1993 Nov;265(5 Pt 2):H1471-7
references.pmid: 8238557
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013 Jul 1;305(1):H29-40
references.pmid: 23645465
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1964 Aug;43:1677-90
references.pmid: 14201551
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1981 Dec;241(6):H838-49
references.pmid: 7325252