title: Azadirachtin, a neem-derived biopesticide, impairs behavioral and hematological parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: Azadirachtin (Aza) is a promisor biopesticide used in organic production and aquaculture. Although this compound is apparently safe, there is evidence that it may have deleterious effects on fish. Behavioral and hematological tests are grouped into a set of parameters that may predict potential toxicity of chemical compounds. Here, we investigate the effects of Aza, in the commercial formulation Neenmax™, on carp (Cyprinus carpio) by defining LC50(96 h), and testing behavioral and hematological parameters. In our study, LC50was estimated at 80 μL/L. We exposed carp to Aza at 20, 40, and 60 μL/L, values based on 25, 50, and 75% of LC50, respectively. At 60 μL/L, Aza promoted significant changes in several parameters, increasing the distance traveled and absolute turn angle. In addition, the same concentration decreased the time spent immobile and the number of immobile episodes. Hematological parameters, such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, hematimetrics index, and red cell distribution, were decreased at 60 μL/L Aza exposure. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that 60 μL/L Aza altered locomotor activity, motor pattern, and hematological parameters, suggesting potential toxicity to carp after acute exposure. In addition, this is the first report that evaluates the actions of a chemical contaminant using automated behavioral tracking of carp, which may be a useful tool for assessing the potential toxicity of biopesticides in conjunction with hematological tests. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1381-1388, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Murussi
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Charlene C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Setor De Hematologia/Oncologia, Hospital Universitário De Santa Maria, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria do Carmo S
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Quadros
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil. vania.loro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Denis B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rosemberg
authors.affiliation: Departamento De Bioquímica E Biologia Molecular, Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro De Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil. dbrosemberg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vania L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Loro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002347:Carps / Q000502:physiology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D036701:Limonins / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D036701:Limonins; D010575:Pesticides; C010329:azadirachtin
keywords: azadirachtin; behavior; biopesticides; carp; hematological parameters