title: Dietary contributors to glycemic load in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High dietary glycemic load (GL) has been associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and selected cancers. The aim of this study was to identify the main food and food group contributors to dietary GL in a representative sample of US adults to inform future interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study, a longitudinal cohort of 30 239 community-dwelling black and white women and men ages ≥45 y from throughout the United States. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. The amount of each carbohydrate food, and its glycemic index, were used to calculate GL values for each carbohydrate food reported. These were totaled to estimate the mean total daily GL for each participant. Individual carbohydrate foods also were collapsed into 18 carbohydrate food groups, and the portion of the total GL contributed by each carbohydrate food and food group was determined. Analyses were conducted overall, by race/sex groups, and by region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sweetened beverages were the main contributors to GL overall (12.14 median percentage [median %] of daily GL), by far the largest contributors in black men (17.79 median %) and black women (16.43 median %), and major contributors in white men (12.02 median %) and white women (11.22 median %). Other important contributors to GL overall and in all race/sex groups and regions included breads, starchy side dishes, and cereals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this US cohort of white and black adults, sweetened beverages were major contributors to GL overall, especially in black participants. This information may help to inform future interventions targeting reduction in dietary GL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. Electronic address: Jshikany@uabmc.edu.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Abraham J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Letter
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jamy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ard
authors.affiliation: Program in Gastronomy, Culinary Arts, and Wine Studies, Boston University and Program in Environmental Studies, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Newby
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013213:Starch / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D013213:Starch
keywords: Dietary assessment; Dietary carbohydrates; Food frequency questionnaire; Glycemic index; Sweetened beverages
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