title: Chondroprotective effects of a new glucosamine combination in rats: Gene expression, biochemical and histopathological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the effect of a new combination of glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, methylsulfonylmethane, Harpagophytum procumbens root extract (standardized to 3% harpagoside) and bromelain extract (GCMHB) on formalin-induced damage to cartilage tissue in the rat knee joint and evaluates this combination in comparison with another combination of glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate and methylsulfonylmethane (GKM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals in the control group were injected with formalin into the knee joint (FCG). Animals in the GCMHB-500 group were given 500mg/kg GCMHB+formalin, and those in the GKM-500 group were given 500mg/kg GKM+formalin. Finally, a healthy group (HG) was also used. GCMHB and GKM were administered to rats orally once a day for 30days. At the end of this period, the rats were sacrificed and the levels of MDA, NO, 8-OH/Gua, and tGSH in the knee joint tissue were measured. Analysis of IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression was done and the tissue was evaluated histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDA, NO and 8-OH/Gua levels and IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression were significantly lower in the GCMHB-500 group compared to the FCG group, whereas tGSH was significantly higher in the GCMHB-500 group than in the FCG group. No significant difference was found for the IL-1β, TNF-α and oxidant/antioxidant parameters between the GKM and FCG groups. The histopathological analysis showed that GCMHB could prevent damage to the cartilage joint, whereas GKM could not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GCMHB may be used clinically by comparing with GKM in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yilmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ucuncu
authors.affiliation: Biota Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Family Physician, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.affiliation: Biota Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turkoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nizamettin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kockara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erzurum Region Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.affiliation: Biota Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cihat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dundar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Istinye State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aynur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nezahat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey. Electronic address: halis.suleyman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Halis
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suleyman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001963:Bromelains / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031684:Harpagophytum / Q000737:chemistry*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013450:Sulfones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013450:Sulfones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005557:Formaldehyde; D001963:Bromelains; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; C025910:dimethyl sulfone; D005944:Glucosamine; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Glucosamine; IL-1β; Rat; TNF-α