title: Regulation of gastric electrical and mechanical activity by cholinesterases in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastric peristalsis begins in the orad corpus and propagates to the pylorus. Directionality of peristalsis depends upon orderly generation and propagation of electrical slow waves and a frequency gradient between proximal and distal pacemakers. We sought to understand how chronotropic agonists affect coupling between corpus and antrum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiological and imaging techniques were used to investigate regulation of gastric slow wave frequency by muscarinic agonists in mice. We also investigated the expression and role of cholinesterases in regulating slow wave frequency and motor patterns in the stomach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both acetycholinesterase (Ache) and butyrylcholine esterase (Bche) are expressed in gastric muscles and AChE is localized to var-icose processes of motor neurons. Inhibition of AChE in the absence of stimulation increased slow wave frequency in corpus and throughout muscle strips containing corpus and antrum. CCh caused depolarization and increased slow wave frequency. Stimulation of cholinergic neurons increased slow wave frequency but did not cause depolarization. Neostigmine (1 μM) in-creased slow wave frequency, but uncoupling between corpus and antrum was not detected. Motility mapping of contractile activity in gastric muscles showed similar effects of enteric nerve stimulation on the frequency and propagation of slow waves, but neostigmine (> 1 μM) caused aberrant contractile frequency and propagation and ectopic pacemaking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that slow wave uncoupling is difficult to assess with electrical recording from a single or double sites and sug-gest that efficient metabolism of ACh released from motor neurons is an extremely important regulator of slow wave frequency and propagation and gastric motility patterns.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Worth
authors.affiliation: Charles Rivers Laboratory, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA.
authors.forename: Kenton M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4196-1583
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sanders
keywords: Cholinesterase; Peristalsis; Slow wave; Smooth muscle; Stomach
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