title: Dietary intakes of glutamic acid and glycine are associated with stroke mortality in Japanese adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary intakes of glutamic acid and glycine have been reported to be associated with blood pressure. However, the link between intakes of these amino acids and stroke has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the association between glutamic acid and glycine intakes and the risk of mortality from stroke in a population-based cohort study in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analyses included 29,079 residents (13,355 men and 15,724 women) of Takayama City, Japan, who were aged 35-101 y and enrolled in 1992. Their body mass index ranged from 9.9 to 57.4 kg/m(2). Their diets were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Deaths from stroke were ascertained over 16 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 677 deaths from stroke (328 men and 349 women) were identified. A high intake of glutamic acid in terms of a percentage of total protein was significantly associated with a decreased risk of mortality from total stroke in women after controlling for covariates; the HR (95% CI) for the highest vs. lowest quartile was 0.72 (0.53, 0.98; P-trend: 0.03). Glycine intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality from total and ischemic stroke in men without history of hypertension at baseline; the HRs (95% CIs) for the highest vs. lowest tertile were 1.60 (0.97, 2.51; P-trend: 0.03) and 1.88 (1.01, 3.52; P-trend: 0.02), respectively. There was no association between animal or vegetable protein intake and mortality from total and any subtype of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that glutamic acid and glycine intakes may be associated with risk of stroke mortality. Given that this is an initial observation, our results need to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; chisato@gifu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan;
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan;
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan;
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan;
authors.forename: Kie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Gifu City Women's College, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kozue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005998:Glycine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005998:Glycine
keywords: amino acids; dietary protein; hypertension; prospective studies; risk factors