title: Profiles of 21-Carbon Steroids in 21-hydroxylase Deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marked elevations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) are characteristic of classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). Testing of 17OHP provides the basis for 21OHD diagnosis, although it suffers from several pitfalls. False-positive or false-negative results and poor discrimination of nonclassic 21OHD from carriers limit the utility of serum 17OHP and necessitate dynamic testing after cosyntropin stimulation when values are indeterminate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to provide a detailed characterization of 21-carbon (C21) steroids in classic 21OHD, which might identify other candidate steroids that could be employed for the diagnosis of 21OHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (11 women, 10 men) with classic 21OHD and 21 sex- and age-matched controls seen in a tertiary referral center were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  C21 steroids in the peripheral sera from all subjects, as well as in media from cultured testicular adrenal rest tumor (TART) cells and normal adrenal (NA) cells, were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (10 steroids). Additionally, the dynamics of C21 steroid metabolism in TART and NA cells were assessed with radiotracer studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five C21 steroids were significantly higher in 21OHD patients: 17OHP (67-fold; P < .01), 21-deoxycortisol (21dF; 35-fold; P < .01), 16α-hydroxyprogesterone (16OHP; 28-fold; P < .01), progesterone (2-fold; P < .01), and 11β-hydroxyprogesterone (11OHP; not detected in controls; P < .01). The same steroids were the highest in media from TART cells relative to the NA cells: 11OHP, 58- to 65-fold; 21dF, 30- to 41-fold; 17OHP, 9-fold; progesterone, 9- to 12-fold; and 16OHP, 7-fold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of 16OHP and 11OHP along with 17OHP and 21dF by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry might comprise a biomarker panel to accurately diagnose all forms of 21OHD.
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Adina F
authors: AF
authors: Turcu
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Juilee
authors: J
authors: Rege
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Chomic
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Jiayan
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Hiromi K
authors: HK
authors: Nishimoto
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Else
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Andreas G
authors: AG
authors: Moraitis
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Ganesh S
authors: GS
authors: Palapattu
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Rainey
authors: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (A.F.T., J.L., T.E., A.G.M., W.E.R., R.J.A.), Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Medicine (J.R., H.K.N., W.E.R.), Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity Center (R.C.), Department of Urology (G.S.P.), and Department of Pharmacology (R.J.A.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Auchus
mesh_terms: D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone / Q000097:blood; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D000314:Adrenal Rest Tumor / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003350:Cortodoxone / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006908:Hydroxyprogesterones; C018975:16-hydroxyprogesterone; C030228:11-hydroxyprogesterone; D011374:Progesterone; C003556:21-deoxycortisol; D019326:17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone; D003350:Cortodoxone