title: Racial disparities in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue among women: a SEER data analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of oral tongue cancer (OTC) in the US is increasing in women. To understand this phenomenon, we examined factors influencing OTC incidence and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified women diagnosed with OTC that were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program from 1973 to 2010. Incidence and survival rates were compared across metropolitan, urban and rural residential settings and several other demographic categories by calculating rate ratios (RRs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We examined changes in incidence of OTC across racial groups using joinpoint analyses since 1973, and assessed factors associated with survival. Patients diagnosed prior to 1988 were excluded from the survival analysis due to lack of data on treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OTC incidence in white females demonstrated a significant upward trend with 0.53 annual percentage change (APC) between 1973 and 2010. The change seems to be limited to white women under the age of 50years and appears to have become pronounced in the 1990s. For African Americans (AA) on the other hand, the incidence has decreased. Incidence estimates did not differ in metropolitan, small urban and rural setting. The 1-, 5- and 10-year relative survival estimates were 86%, 63% and 54% for white women, and 76%, 46% and 33% for AA women. On multivariable analyses factors significantly associated with better survival included lower stage, younger age, married status, and receipt of surgical treatment, but not race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The racial disparity in OTC survival is evident, but may be attributable to the differences in stage at diagnosis as well as access to and receipt of care. As the incidence of OTC is increasing in young white women, identifying the risk factors in this group may lead to a better understanding of OTC causes.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Lindsay J
authors: LJ
authors: Joseph
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Goodman
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Higgins
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Rathi
authors: R
authors: Pilai
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Suresh S
authors: SS
authors: Ramalingam
authors: Department of Pathology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Magliocca
authors: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Mihir R
authors: MR
authors: Patel
authors: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: El-Deiry
authors: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: J Trad
authors: JT
authors: Wadsworth
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Taofeek K
authors: TK
authors: Owonikoko
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Beitler
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Fadlo R
authors: FR
authors: Khuri
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States.
authors: Dong M
authors: DM
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, United States. Electronic address: nfsaba@emory.edu.
authors: Nabil F
authors: NF
authors: Saba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D015996:Survival Rate; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Oral tongue cancer; Racial discrepancy head and neck cancer; Racial discrepancy tongue cancer; SEER tongue cancer; Tongue squamous cell cancer; Women with tongue cancer