title: The determinants of technical efficiency of a large scale HIV prevention project: application of the DEA double bootstrap using panel data from the Indian Avahan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2004, the largest HIV prevention project (Avahan) conducted globally was implemented in India. Avahan was implemented by NGOs supported by state lead partners in order to provide HIV prevention services to high-risk population groups. In 2007, most of the NGOs reached full coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a panel data set of the NGOs that implemented Avahan, we investigate the level of technical efficiency as well as the drivers of technical inefficiency by using the double bootstrap procedure developed by Simar & Wilson (2007). Unlike the two-stage traditional method, this method allows valid inference in the presence of measurement error and serial correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that over the 4 years, Avahan NGOs could have reduced the level of inputs by 43% given the level of outputs reached. We find that efficiency of the project has increased over time. Results indicate that main drivers of inefficiency come from the characteristics of the state lead partner, the NGOs and the catchment area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These organisational factors are important to explicitly consider and assess when designing and implementing HIV prevention programmes and in setting benchmarks in order to optimise the use and allocation of resources.
  C14, I1.
authors: Social and Mathematical Epidemiology (SAME) Group, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK.
authors: Aurélia
authors: A
authors: Lépine
authors: Social and Mathematical Epidemiology (SAME) Group, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Vassall
authors: Social and Mathematical Epidemiology (SAME) Group, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK ; St. John's Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. John Nagar, Bangalore, 560034 India.
authors: Sudhashree
authors: S
authors: Chandrashekar
keywords: Double bootstrapping; HIV prevention; India; Scale-up; Two-stage DEA