title: A systematic review of music-based interventions for procedural support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals undergoing medical procedures frequently experience pain and anxiety. Music-based interventions have the potential to help alleviate these symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review investigated the effects of music-based interventions (music therapy and music medicine) on pain and anxiety in children and adults undergoing medical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This systematic review examined randomized controlled trial music intervention studies to manage patient-reported pain and/or anxiety during medical procedures. All studies were published in English and peer-reviewed journals. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using criteria from the Checklist to Evaluate a Report of a Nonpharmacological Trial (CLEAR-NPT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty studies met inclusion criteria, the majority of which (84%) had a high risk of bias. It was not possible to perform a meta-analysis because studies varied greatly in terms of medical procedure and intervention type. Results varied across studies, with approximately half (48%) indicating less anxiety for music intervention participants; fewer studies (36%) reported less pain for music intervention participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need to clearly define and differentiate between music therapy and music medicine interventions in procedural support research. Further research is necessary to determine which patients would benefit most from music interventions during medical procedures, and which interventions are most beneficial. To improve research quality and reduce risk of bias, when designing studies investigators need to carefully consider factors related to design, including randomization, treatment allocation concealment, blinding outcome assessors, and intention-to-treat analysis. In addition, more detailed intervention reporting is needed when publishing results.
authors: University of Kentucky Olivia.yinger@uky.edu.
authors: Olivia Swedberg
authors: OS
authors: Yinger
authors: University of Kentucky.
authors: Lori F
authors: LF
authors: Gooding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*
keywords: anxiety; medical procedure; music medicine; music therapy; pain