title: Psychiatric Symptoms, Salivary Cortisol and Cytokine Levels in Young Marijuana Users.
abstract: Psychological maturation continues into young adulthood when substance abuse and several psychiatric disorders often emerge. Marijuana is the most common illicit drug abused by youths, typically preceding other illicit substances. We aimed to evaluate the complex and poorly studied relationships between marijuana use, psychiatric symptoms, and cortisol levels in young marijuana users. Psychiatric symptoms and salivary cortisol were measured in 122 youths (13-23 years old) with and without marijuana use. Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated using the Symptom-Checklist-90-R and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Mid-day salivary cortisol levels were measured. Additionally, salivary cytokine levels were measured in a subset of participants. Although the cortisol levels and salivary cytokine levels were similar, the young marijuana users had more self-reported and clinician rated psychiatric symptoms than controls, especially anxiety-associated symptoms. Moreover, marijuana users with earlier age of first use had more symptoms, while those with longer abstinence had fewer symptoms. Greater cumulative lifetime marijuana use was also associated with greater psychiatric symptoms. The discordant anxiety (feeling stressed or anxious despite normal cortisol) in the marijuana users, as well as symptom exacerbations with early and continued marijuana use in young marijuana users suggest that marijuana use may contribute to an aberrant relationship between stress response and psychiatric symptoms. The greater symptomatology, especially in those with earlier initiation and greater marijuana usage, emphasize the need to intervene for substance use and perceived anxiety in this population.
authors: John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, 1356 Lusitana St 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA, cloak@hawaii.edu.
authors: Christine C
authors: CC
authors: Cloak
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Alicata
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Ernst
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D006854:Hydrocortisone