title: Nephropathy, but not Angiographically Proven Retinopathy, is Associated with Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a leading cause of end stage renal disease in the worldwide. Inflammation is regarded as one of the main reasons for the progression of diabetes complications. We aimed to evaluate the association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as indicator of systemic inflammation with diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study of 114 prevalent type 2 diabetic subjects. All of the patients underwent detailed examination for the presence of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy was approved and classified according to findings based on flouresceint fundal angiography results. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and microalbumin to creatinine ratio were calculated to establish the diabetic nephropathy. NLR was calculated as ratio of absolute neutrophil count to absolute lymphocyte count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retinopathy was present in 55 (48.2%) out of 114 patients, whereas nephropathy was present in 62 patients (54.3%). NLR was significantly higher in patients with nephropathy than in patients without nephropathy. NLR was also positively correlated with CRP (p=0.017, r=0.224) and microalbuminuria (p=0.016, r=0.257) whereas negatively correlated with eGFR (p<0.001, r=-0.337) values in the whole cohort. NLR was independent predictors for diabetic nephropathy, whereas it did not appear as an independent associate of diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NLR and diabetic nephropathy have an independent association between them whereas there was no independent association between NLR with retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Karaman State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Ciray
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Karaman, State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey.
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Aksoy
authors: Secretary General, Turkish Public Hospitals Institution, Karaman Association of Public Hospitals, Karaman, Turkey.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ulu
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Karaman State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cizmecioglu
authors: Extracorporeal Hemocorrection Unit, National Scientific Medical Research Center, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gaipov
authors: Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Karaman State Hospital, Karaman, Turkey.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Solak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology