title: Improved fracture healing in patients with concomitant traumatic brain injury: proven or not?
abstract: Over the last 3 decades, scientific evidence advocates an association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and accelerated fracture healing. Multiple clinical and preclinical studies have shown an enhanced callus formation and an increased callus volume in patients, respectively, rats with concomitant TBI. Over time, different substances (cytokines, hormones, etc.) were in focus to elucidate the relationship between TBI and fracture healing. Until now, the mechanism behind this relationship is not fully clarified and a consensus on which substance plays the key role could not be attained in the literature. In this review, we will give an overview of current concepts and opinions on this topic published in the last decade and both clinical and pathophysiological theories will be discussed.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Martijn
authors: 0000-0003-2204-1949
authors: M
authors: Hofman
authors: Algiax Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 15a, 40699 Erkrath, Germany.
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Koopmans
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Kobbe
authors: Department of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors: Martijn
authors: M
authors: Poeze
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Hagen
authors: H
authors: Andruszkow
authors: Department of Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, Netherlands.
authors: Peter R G
authors: PR
authors: Brink
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors: Hans-Christoph
authors: HC
authors: Pape
mesh_terms: D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016923:Cell Death; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide