title: Investigating in-field and out-of-field neutron contamination in high-energy medical linear accelerators based on the treatment factors of field size, depth, beam modifiers, and beam type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We analysed the effects of field size, depth, beam modifier and beam type on the amount of in-field and out-of-field neutron contamination for medical linear accelerators (linacs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were carried out for three high-energy medical linacs of Elekta Synergy Platform, Varian Clinac DHX High Performance and Philips SL25 using bubble detectors. The photo-neutron measurements were taken in the first two linacs with 18 MV nominal energy, whereas the electro-neutrons were measured in the three linacs with 9 MeV, 10 MeV, 15 MeV and 18 MeV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The central neutron doses increased with larger field sizes as a dramatic drop off was observed in peripheral areas. Comparing with the jaws-shaped open-field of 10 × 10 cm, the motorised and physical wedges contributed to neutron contamination at central axis by 60% and 18%, respectively. The similar dose increment was observed in MLC-shaped fields. The contributions of MLCs were in the range of 55-59% and 19-22% in Elekta and Varian linacs comparing with 10 × 10 and 20 × 20 cm open fields shaped by the jaws, respectively. The neutron doses at shallow depths were found to be higher than the doses found at deeper regions. The electro-neutron dose at the 18 MeV energy was higher than the doses at the electron energies of 15 MeV and 9 MeV by a factor of 3 and 50, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The photo- and electro-neutron dose should be taken into consideration in the radiation treatment with high photon and electron energies.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Biltekin
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
authors: Mete
authors: M
authors: Yeginer
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06100, Turkey. Electronic address: gozyigit@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors: Gokhan
authors: G
authors: Ozyigit
mesh_terms: D009502:Neutrons; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Bubble detector; Electro-neutron dose; High-energy linear accelerators; Neutron contamination; Photo-neutron dose