title: Oxidative state and oxidative metabolism in the brain of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative status of the brain of arthritic rats, based mainly on the observation that arthritis induces a pronounced oxidative stress in the liver of arthritis rats and that morphological alterations have been reported to occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis were used. These animals presented higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the total brain homogenate (25% higher) and in the mitochondria (+55%) when compared to healthy rats. The nitrite plus nitrate contents, nitric oxide (NO) markers, were also increased in both mitochondria (+27%) and cytosol (+14%). Arthritic rats also presented higher levels of protein carbonyl groups in the total homogenate (+43%), mitochondria (+69%) and cytosol (+145%). Arthritis caused a diminution of oxygen consumption in isolated brain mitochondria only when ascorbate was the electron donor. The disease diminished the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity by 55%, but increased the transmembrane potential by 16%. The pro-oxidant enzyme xanthine oxidase was 150%, 110% and 283% higher, respectively, in the brain homogenate, mitochondria and cytosol of arthritic animals. The same occurred with the calcium-independent NO-synthase activity that was higher in the brain homogenate (90%) and cytosol (122%) of arthritic rats. The catalase activity, on the other hand, was diminished by arthritis in all cellular fractions (between 30 and 40%). It is apparent that the brain of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis presents a pronounced oxidative stress and a significant injury to lipids and proteins, a situation that possibly contributes to the brain symptoms of the arthritis disease.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Mariana Marques Nogueira
authors: MM
authors: Wendt
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Anacharis Babeto
authors: AB
authors: de Sá-Nakanishi
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Cristiane Vizioli
authors: CV
authors: de Castro Ghizoni
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Ciomar Aparecida
authors: CA
authors: Bersani Amado
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Rosane Marina
authors: RM
authors: Peralta
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil. Electronic address: adebracht@uol.com.br.
authors: Adelar
authors: A
authors: Bracht
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020900 Maringá, Brazil.
authors: Jurandir Fernando
authors: JF
authors: Comar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: Adjuvant arthritis; Antioxidant enzymes; Brain oxidative state; Chronic inflammation; Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species