title: Concomitant Anterior and Posterior Urethral Valves: A Comprehensive Review of Literature.
abstract: Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are the most common cause of infravesical obstruction in children, whereas anterior urethral valves and/or diverticula (AUV/D) are less commonly encountered. Concomitant AUV/D and PUV is believed to be very rare and may be missed on the initial evaluation. In this review, we provide brief information on embryology of AUV/D and PUV to explain the concurrent presence of these anomalies. We also summarize the information on published cases of concomitant AUV/D and PUV in the English literature with a special focus on diagnosis and the importance of both voiding cystourethrography and careful urethrocystoscopy.
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Sorena
authors: S
authors: Keihani
authors: Pediatric Urology Research Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: kajbafzd@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors: Abdol-Mohammad
authors: AM
authors: Kajbafzadeh
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*