title: Proteomic study on the effects of silver nanoparticles on soybean under flooding stress.
abstract: Flooding negatively affects the soybean growth; however, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) enhanced the growth under stress. To study the effects of AgNPs on soybean under flooding, a gel-free proteomic technique was used. The morphological analysis of early-stage soybean exposed to flooding with AgNPs of various sizes and concentrations revealed enhanced seedling growth by treatment with 15n m AgNPs at 2 ppm. Differentially changed 107 root proteins were predominantly associated with stress, signaling, and cell metabolism. Hierarchical clustering divided these proteins into 3 clusters. Based on cluster analysis, the abundances of glyoxalase II 3 and fermentation related proteins were time-dependently increased under flooding stress, but decreased in response to AgNPs. Six enzymes involved in metabolic pathways were analyzed at the transcriptional level. The alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 2 genes were up-regulated under flooding stress while down-regulated in response to AgNPs. Moreover, comparatively low transcript level of glyoxalase II 3 under AgNPs treatment implies that less cytotoxic by-products of glycolysis are produced in AgNPs exposed soybeans as compared to flooded soybean. These results suggest that the AgNPs treated soybeans might have experienced less oxygen-deprivation stress, which might be the key factor for better growth performance of AgNPs treated soybeans under flooding stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlighted the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the soybean under flooding stress. Silver nanoparticles (2 ppm AgNPs, 15 nm in size) treatment facilitate the soybean under flooding stress enhancing seedling growth. A time-course comparative gel-free proteomic study was performed to analyze the changes inproteome profiles in response to AgNPs treatment under flooding. The 107 differentially changed root proteins were predominantly associated with stress, signaling, cell metabolism. The abundances of the glyoxalase II 3 and fermentation related proteins were significantly increased on exposure to flooding; however, decreased by AgNPs treatment. Comparatively low transcript level of glyoxalase II 3 under AgNPs treatment implies that less cytotoxic by-products of glycolysis are produced in AgNPs exposed soybeans as compared to flooded soybean. Moreover, the observed up-regulation of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 2 genes under flooding stress condition and its down-regulation in response to AgNPs treatment might be related to a metabolic shift towards normal cellular processes.
authors: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan.
authors: Ghazala
authors: G
authors: Mustafa
authors: Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan.
authors: Katsumi
authors: K
authors: Sakata
authors: National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan; Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Kolkata 700 126, West Bengal, India.
authors: Zahed
authors: Z
authors: Hossain
authors: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan. Electronic address: skomatsu@affrc.go.jp.
authors: Setsuko
authors: S
authors: Komatsu
mesh_terms: D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D030262:Soybean Proteins; D012834:Silver
keywords: Cotyledon; Flooding; Gel-free proteomics; Root; Silver nanoparticle; Soybean