title: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy as treatment for lower lacrimal pathway obstructions in adults: Review article.
abstract: Obstruction of the lacrimal pathway is manifested by epiphora, infection, and blurred vision as well as ocular and facial pain. Conservative treatments only achieve temporary relief of symptoms, thus surgery is the treatment of choice. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is recognized as the most suitable treatment for patients with obstructions of the lacrimal system at the level of the sac or in the nasolacrimal duct. The aim of this operation is to create a bypass between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity. During the past 2 decades, advances in rigid endoscopic equipment and other instruments have made it possible to obtain more information about the anatomic landmarks of the nasolacrimal system, which led to the development of less-invasive and safer endoscopic techniques. However, many parts of the treatment process related to endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) still remain controversial. This article reviews the published literature about the technical issues associated with the success of EN-DCR, and clarifies the pros and cons of different pre- and postoperative procedures in adults with lower lacrimal pathway obstructions.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, and University of Eastern Finland, and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland.
authors: Elina
authors: E
authors: Penttilä
authors: Grigori
authors: G
authors: Smirnov
authors: Henri
authors: H
authors: Tuomilehto
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Kaarniranta
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Seppä