title: Marine extremophiles: a source of hydrolases for biotechnological applications.
abstract: The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. Extremozymes are adapted to work in harsh physical-chemical conditions and their use in various industrial applications such as the biofuel, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and food industries has increased. The understanding of the specific factors that confer the ability to withstand extreme habitats on such enzymes has become a priority for their biotechnological use. The most studied marine extremophiles are prokaryotes and in this review, we present the most studied archaea and bacteria extremophiles and their hydrolases, and discuss their use for industrial applications.
authors: BIOINOVAR-Biotechnology laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. gdalmaso@gmail.com.|Graduate Program in Plant Biotechnology, Health and Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. gdalmaso@gmail.com.
authors: Gabriel Zamith Leal
authors: GZ
authors: Dalmaso
authors: BIOINOVAR-Biotechnology Laboratories: Virus-Cell Interaction, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. davisf@micro.ufrj.br.
authors: Davis
authors: D
authors: Ferreira
authors: BIOINOVAR-Biotechnology laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. abvermelho@micro.ufrj.br.
authors: Alane Beatriz
authors: AB
authors: Vermelho
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology*; D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006867:Hydrolases