title: Green leaf volatiles: biosynthesis, biological functions and their applications in biotechnology.
abstract: Plants have evolved numerous constitutive and inducible defence mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses induce the expression of various genes to activate defence-related pathways that result in the release of defence chemicals. One of these defence mechanisms is the oxylipin pathway, which produces jasmonates, divinylethers and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) through the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). GLVs have recently emerged as key players in plant defence, plant-plant interactions and plant-insect interactions. Some GLVs inhibit the growth and propagation of plant pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. In certain cases, GLVs released from plants under herbivore attack can serve as aerial messengers to neighbouring plants and to attract parasitic or parasitoid enemies of the herbivores. The plants that perceive these volatile signals are primed and can then adapt in preparation for the upcoming challenges. Due to their 'green note' odour, GLVs impart aromas and flavours to many natural foods, such as vegetables and fruits, and therefore, they can be exploited in industrial biotechnology. The aim of this study was to review the progress and recent developments in research on the oxylipin pathway, with a specific focus on the biosynthesis and biological functions of GLVs and their applications in industrial biotechnology.
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.|Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad Naeem
authors: MN
authors: ul Hassan
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.|Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
authors: Zamri
authors: Z
authors: Zainal
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.|Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
authors: Ismanizan
authors: I
authors: Ismail
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology; D060434:Herbivory; D009812:Odorants; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: hydroperoxy lyase; jasmonic acid; lipoxygenase; oxylipin; tritrophic interactions