title: Enhanced materials from nature: nanocellulose from citrus waste.
abstract: Nanocellulose is a relatively inexpensive, highly versatile bio-based renewable material with advantageous properties, including biodegradability and nontoxicity. Numerous potential applications of nanocellulose, such as its use for the preparation of high-performance composites, have attracted much attention from industry. Owing to the low energy consumption and the addition of significant value, nanocellulose extraction from agricultural waste is one of the best alternatives for waste treatment. Different techniques for the isolation and purification of nanocellulose have been reported, and combining these techniques influences the morphology of the resultant fibers. Herein, some of the extraction routes for obtaining nanocellulose from citrus waste are addressed. The morphology of nanocellulose was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), while cellulose crystallinity indexes (CI) from lyophilized samples were determined using solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements. The resultant nanofibers had 55% crystallinity, an average diameter of 10 nm and a length of 458 nm.
authors: Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil. mayra.bohorquez@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors: Mayra
authors: M
authors: Mariño
authors: Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil. lucimaraeq@gmail.com.
authors: Lucimara
authors: L
authors: Lopes da Silva
authors: Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Physical-Chemistry Department, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil. duran@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors: Nelson
authors: N
authors: Durán
authors: Chemical Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, State University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil. ljubica@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors: Ljubica
authors: L
authors: Tasic
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose