title: Diplopia: a diagnostic challenge with common and rare etiologies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diplopia is a symptom with very different etiologies. It may be caused by pathology in the eye, orbit, extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction, or in the central nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three clinical cases of hospitalization due to isolated diplopia are presented here, illustrating different etiologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present article aims to address the differential diagnosis of this clinical condition and to warn of less frequent causes of diplopia, such as adverse effects of commonly used drugs.
authors: Department of Medicine IIIA, Lisbon North Hospital Center - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Mariana
authors: M
authors: Alves
authors: Department of Medicine IIIA, Lisbon North Hospital Center - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Miranda
authors: Department of Medicine IIIA, Lisbon North Hospital Center - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Marco R
authors: MR
authors: Narciso
authors: Department of Medicine IIIA, Lisbon North Hospital Center - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Mieiro
authors: Department of Medicine IIIA, Lisbon North Hospital Center - Hospital Pulido Valente, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004172:Diplopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008579:Meningioma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem