title: Measuring team cohesion: observations from the science.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to review literature relevant to cohesion measurement, explore developing measurement approaches, and provide theoretical and practical recommendations for optimizing cohesion measurement.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cohesion is essential for team effectiveness and performance, leading researchers to focus attention on understanding how to enhance it. However, cohesion is inconsistently defined and measured, making it difficult to compare findings across studies and limiting the ability to advance science and practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed empirical research through which we uncovered specific information about cohesion's conceptualization, measurement, and relationships with performance, culminating in a set of current trends from which we provide suggestions and possible solutions to guide future efforts and help the field converge toward greater consistency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohesion demonstrates more significant relationships with performance when conceptualized using social and task (but not other) dimensions and when analyses are performed at the team level. Cohesion is inherently temporal, yet researchers rarely measure cohesion at multiple points during the life of a team. Finally, cohesion matters in large, dynamic collectives, complicating measurement. However, innovative and unobtrusive methodologies are being used, which we highlight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Practitioners and researchers are encouraged to define cohesion with task and social subdimensions and to measure with behavioral and attitudinal operationalizations. Individual and team-oriented items are recommended, though team-level analyses are most effective. Innovative/unobtrusive methods should be further researched to enable cohesion measurement longitudinally and in large, dynamic collectives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By applying our findings and conclusions, researchers and practitioners will be more likely to find consistent, reliable, and significant cohesion-to-performance relationships.
authors: University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida esalas@ist.ucf.edu.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Salas
authors: Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Grossman
authors: University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
authors: Ashley M
authors: AM
authors: Hughes
authors: Leadership Worth Following, LLC, Irving, Texas.
authors: Chris W
authors: CW
authors: Coultas
mesh_terms: D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006804:Ergonomics; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011593:Psychology, Social
keywords: group processes; macroergonomics and the environment; organizational behavior/design; organizational psychology; social processes; team collaboration; team communication; team dynamics; teams and groups