title: Revisiting mobilisation of skeletal lead during pregnancy based on monthly sampling and cord/maternal blood lead relationships confirm placental transfer of lead.
abstract: Lead (Pb) can be released from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation and transferred to the infant. Most support for this hypothesis comes from blood Pb (PbB) studies involving limited sampling during pregnancy, the maximum usually being five samplings, including at delivery. We provide longitudinal data for PbB concentrations and Pb isotopic ratios for three cohorts of pregnant females (n = 31), two of which are based on monthly sampling and the other on quarterly sampling. We also provide data for samples collected post-partum. The data are compared with changes observed in a matched, by country and age, non-pregnant control cohort (n = 5). The monthly data illustrate the variability between subjects, which is also apparent when the data are compared on a trimester basis. Mixed model analyses showed that, in the third trimester, the mean PbB level was significantly lower for women (n = 10) who took a calcium (Ca) supplement (PbB 1.6 µg/dL) than those whose Ca intake was low (low-Ca cohort; n = 15; PbB 2.5 µg/dL) because low Ca means more mobilisation is required for homoeostasis so that more Pb was mobilised from the skeleton. For women who took the supplement, post-partum PbB levels were significantly higher than those in the other periods (2.7 vs 1.4-1.6 µg/dL). For women in the low-Ca cohort, PbB levels were higher at post-partum than in pre-pregnancy and in the first and second trimesters (3.1 vs 1.8 µg/dL), while the levels in the third trimester were higher than those in the first and second trimesters. Importantly, the increase in PbB during gestation was delayed until the third trimester in the Ca-supplemented cohort compared with the low-Ca cohort. Regression analysis showed that the changes over trimester were very similar for PbB and the (206)Pb/(204)Pb ratio providing convincing evidence for extra mobilisation of Pb from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation. Isotopic ratios in the cord blood samples were similar to those in the maternal blood samples taken prior to parturition with an R (2) 0.94 for the migrant subjects and R (2) 0.74 for Australian subjects for (206)Pb/(204)Pb ratios, supporting the concept of placental transfer of mobilised skeletal stores of Pb.
authors: Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. brian.gulson@mq.edu.au.|Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, NSW, 1670, Australia. brian.gulson@mq.edu.au.
authors: Brian
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-0926
authors: B
authors: Gulson
authors: Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Mizon
authors: Energy Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, NSW, 1670, Australia.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Korsch
authors: Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters / Q000097:blood; D014171:Transients and Migrants
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Blood; Calcium supplementation; Cord blood; Isotopic ratios; Lead; Post-partum; Pregnancy; Skeletal lead