title: Recent functional insights into the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial physiology.
abstract: The alarmones guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp) are involved in regulating growth and several different stress responses in bacteria. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of (p)ppGpp metabolism and (p)ppGpp-mediated regulation. In this Review, we summarize these recent insights, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms governing the activity of the RelA/SpoT homologue (RSH) proteins, which are key players that regulate the cellular levels of (p)ppGpp. We also discuss the structural basis of transcriptional regulation by (p)ppGpp and the role of (p)ppGpp in GTP metabolism and in the emergence of bacterial persisters.
authors: 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Building 6K and 6L, University Hospital Area, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. [2] Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
authors: Vasili
authors: V
authors: Hauryliuk
authors: 1] Department of Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Building 6K and 6L, University Hospital Area, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden. [2] Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
authors: Gemma C
authors: GC
authors: Atkinson
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for RNA Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors: Katsuhiko S
authors: KS
authors: Murakami
authors: Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
authors: Tanel
authors: T
authors: Tenson
authors: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors: Kenn
authors: K
authors: Gerdes
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D006158:Guanosine Pentaphosphate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008025:Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate; D006158:Guanosine Pentaphosphate; C027627:guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-pyrophosphatase; D011755:Pyrophosphatases; D008025:Ligases; C028812:guanosine 3',5'-polyphosphate synthetases