title: Responding to family requests for nondisclosure: the impact of oncologists' cultural background.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nondisclosure of cancer diagnosis is common in many Eastern countries. Consequently, immigrant families often approach oncologists with requests for nondisclosure in Western countries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore differences in the attitudes and practices of Western-born and nonWestern born oncologists in Australia when faced with a nondisclosure request.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, oncologists were interviewed over the telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the snowball method, 14 Australian (Western = 9, non-Western = 5) oncologists were recruited. Oncologists participated in a semi-structured interview exploring their experiences of, and response to, a request for nondisclosure, and their perceptions of how their cultural background influenced these attitudes and responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six main themes emerged from the study: (1) Barriers to truthful communication, (2) an ethical and moral dilemma, (3) high costs of nondisclosure, (4) cultural influences on interpretation and understanding of requests for nondisclosure, (5) emotional impact of bad news on patients, families and oncologists, and (6) truthful disclosure as a gentle balancing act.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All oncologists felt that the family request for nondisclosure was difficult, with many cultural and emotional nuances to take into consideration. Some immigrant Australian oncologists who had a similar cultural background as the patient/family, felt they could better understand the desire for nondisclosure. Irrespective of their cultural background, all oncologists acknowledged that breaking bad news had to be done in a gentle, gradual manner. The study suggests a need to develop a culturally sensitive cancer communication model.
authors: Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors: Mahati
authors: M
authors: Chittem
authors: Phyllis
authors: P
authors: Butow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000941:ethics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics*; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014342:Truth Disclosure / Q000941:ethics*