title: Family medicine resident billing and lost revenue: a regional cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The financial margins for primary care clinics and residencies are narrow. It is important that residents bill properly for educational and financial purposes as well as for compliance. This study compares resident and attending Evaluation and Management (E&M) coding from family medicine residency programs across a five-state region, with established billing benchmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected established visit E&M codes for faculty and residents from a network of family medicine residencies in the Northwest United States over a 6-month period. Aggregated codes were compared to billing benchmarks from the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) to estimate effects on revenue from these visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained coding data for 131,788 established problem-focused visits from 353 residents and 186 faculty physicians in 16 of 18 eligible family medicine residencies. Both residents and faculty billed lower numbers of high complexity codes than MGMA benchmarks. PGY-1s coded higher numbers of high complexity codes than PGY-3s. Annual estimated revenue loss was $481,654 for the programs overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residents do not bill established visits at the level of generally accepted benchmarks, which contributes to significant financial losses for programs and carries regulatory implications. The reasons for incorrect billing need to be established and interventions developed to overcome these barriers.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington.
authors: David V
authors: DV
authors: Evans
authors: Jeanne
authors: J
authors: Cawse-Lucas
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Ruiz
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Allcut
authors: C Holly A
authors: CH
authors: Andrilla
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Norris
mesh_terms: D059019:Clinical Coding / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004282:Documentation; D005194:Family Practice; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans / Q000191:economics; D005249:Fees and Charges / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement / Q000191:economics*; D006278:Medicare; D015895:Relative Value Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014481:United States