title: Collateral damage to the ureter and Nitinol stone baskets during thulium fiber laser lithotripsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The experimental Thulium fiber laser (TFL) is currently being studied as a potential alternative lithotripter to the clinical gold standard Holmium:YAG laser. Safety studies characterizing undesirable Holmium:YAG laser-induced damage to ureter tissue and stone baskets have been previously reported. Similarly, this study characterizes TFL induced ureter and stone basket damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A TFL beam with energy of 35 mJ per pulse, pulse duration of 500 µs, and variable pulse rates of 50-500 Hz, was delivered through 100-µm-core optical fibers, to either porcine ureter wall, in vitro, or a standard 1.9-Fr Nitinol stone basket wire. Ureter perforation times were measured and gross, histological, and optical coherence tomography images of the ablation area were acquired. Stone basket damage was graded as a function of pulse rate, number of pulses, and working distance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TFL operation at 150, 300, and 500 Hz produced mean ureter perforation times of 7.9, 3.8, and 1.8 seconds, respectively. Collateral damage widths averaged 510, 370, and 310 µm. Nitinol wire damage decreased with working distance and was non-existent at distances greater than 1.0 mm. In contact mode, 500 pulses delivered at pulse rates ≥300 Hz (≤1.5 seconds) were sufficient to cut Nitinol wires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TFL, operated in low pulse energy and high pulse rate mode, may provide a greater safety margin than the standard Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy, as evidenced by longer TFL ureter perforation times and shorter non-contact working distances for stone basket damage than previously reported with Holmium:YAG laser.
authors: Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors: Christopher R
authors: CR
authors: Wilson
authors: Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors: Luke A
authors: LA
authors: Hardy
authors: McKay Department of Urology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors: Pierce B
authors: PB
authors: Irby
authors: Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina.|McKay Department of Urology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina.|Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Nathaniel M
authors: NM
authors: Fried
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine; D013932:Thulium; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C013616:nitinol; D013932:Thulium
keywords: ablation; basket; holmium; kidney; laser; lithotripsy; stones; thulium; ureter