title: The ultimate radiochemical nightmare: upon radio-iodination of Botulinum neurotoxin A, the introduced iodine atom itself seems to be fatal for the bioactivity of this macromolecule.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) is a highly neurotoxic drug and frequently used in patients. Knowledge on the optimal way of administration of BoNT-A and its subsequent distribution is still rather limited. An accurate method for monitoring these processes might be the use of radiolabelled BoNT-A. In this paper, we report our feasibility study on labelling BoNT-A with high-dose iodine-125 ((125)I) via IODOGEN-coated BoNT-A method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cetuximab as model substrate for BoNT-A, a miniaturization of the IODOGEN-coated mAb method was developed with special attention to the minimum required amount of the oxidant IODOGEN, while the amount of substrate, reaction volume and reaction time were downsized. Labelling efficiency and radiochemical purity were determined by TLC, integrity by SDS-PAGE and HPLC and immunoreactivity by cell-binding assay. BoNT-A (50 μg) was labelled with (125)I by coating with 2.5 μg IODOGEN, in a total reaction volume of 250 μL and a reaction time of 90 s. (125)I-BoNT-A was purified by size exclusion chromatography (PD10 column) using ascorbic acid solution (5 mg/ml, pH = 5) as eluent. Quality analysis of (125)I-BoNT-A was performed by an in vitro bladder strip model, an electrochemiluminescence assay and an Endopep assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cetuximab (50 μg) labelling with (125)I (15 to 150 MBq) resulted in a labelling efficiency of 70% to 80%, a radiochemical purity of >99%, an immunoreactivity of >95% and a retained integrity on SDS; HPLC analysis revealed partly affected integrity when 110 to 150 MBq (125)I was used, i.e. when the averaged I/mAb molar ratio exceeded 3. Addition of HEPES (20 mM) and lactose (1.25%) (lyophilized BoNT-A contains HEPES and lactose) decreased the labelling efficiency to 44% to 54%. BoNT-A (50 μg) labelling with (125)I (97.2 to 98.3 MBq) resulted in labelling efficiency of 51% to 52% with a radiochemical purity >98.5%, a specific activity of 150.5 to 152.9 MBq/nmol and an I/BoNT-A molar ratio of 1.86 to 1.90. The in vitro bladder strip model showed no bioactivity of (125)I-BoNT-A when compared to unlabelled BoNT-A. The electrochemiluminescence and Endopep assay demonstrated around 10% and 15% bioactivity of (125)I-BoNT-A compared to unlabelled BoNT-A, respectively. The remaining bioactivity correlates within the Poisson distribution with the amount of BoNT-A molecules that does not bear an iodine atom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BoNT-A was successfully radio-iodinated with an activity high enough to enable in vivo measurement of nanograms of BoNT-A, which could be used in studying optimization of administration techniques of BoNT-A. The bioactivity of a BoNT-A molecule is, however, lost upon the introduction of an iodine atom into the tyrosine moiety of this sensitive molecule.
authors: Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Janneke Im
authors: JI
authors: van Uhm
authors: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Gerard Wm
authors: GW
authors: Visser
authors: TNO Defence, Security and Safety, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors: Marcel J
authors: MJ
authors: van der Schans
authors: Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Albert A
authors: AA
authors: Geldof
authors: Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Eric Jh
authors: EJ
authors: Meuleman
authors: Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jakko A
authors: JA
authors: Nieuwenhuijzen
keywords: Botulinum neurotoxin A; Iodine-125; Monoclonal antibody; PET research; Radio-iodination