title: STAMP-Based HRA Considering Causality Within a Sociotechnical System: A Case of Minuteman III Missile Accident.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study contributes to human reliability analysis (HRA) by proposing a method that focuses more on human error causality within a sociotechnical system, illustrating its rationality and feasibility by using a case of the Minuteman (MM) III missile accident.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Due to the complexity and dynamics within a sociotechnical system, previous analyses of accidents involving human and organizational factors clearly demonstrated that the methods using a sequential accident model are inadequate to analyze human error within a sociotechnical system.
  
  
  METHODS
  System-theoretic accident model and processes (STAMP) was used to develop a universal framework of human error causal analysis. To elaborate the causal relationships and demonstrate the dynamics of human error, system dynamics (SD) modeling was conducted based on the framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 41 contributing factors, categorized into four types of human error, were identified through the STAMP-based analysis. All factors are related to a broad view of sociotechnical systems, and more comprehensive than the causation presented in the accident investigation report issued officially. Recommendations regarding both technical and managerial improvement for a lower risk of the accident are proposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interests of an interdisciplinary approach provide complementary support between system safety and human factors. The integrated method based on STAMP and SD model contributes to HRA effectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method will be beneficial to HRA, risk assessment, and control of the MM III operating process, as well as other sociotechnical systems.
authors: Beihang University, Beijing, China ronghao2010@sina.com.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Rong
authors: Beihang University, Beijing, China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Tian
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D054042:Bombs; D015984:Causality; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D058749:Military Facilities; D012307:Risk Factors; D013598:Systems Theory
keywords: STAMP; causal relationship; human error; sociotechnical system; system dynamics