title: Relationship between Fatty Acid Habitual Intake and Early Inflammation Biomarkers in Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes in Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lifestyle changes have led to a high global incidence of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Evidence suggests beneficial effects of the intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in patients with T2DM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between habitual fatty acid intake and inflammatory biomarkers in Mexican individuals with and without T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 120 adults with and 120 without T2DM; anthropometric assessments (BMI, waist circumference and body fat), blood pressure, PUFA intake, biochemical analyses (glucose and lipid profile) and inflammation biomarkers (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-13) was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low n-3 intake was found in both groups (0.68 ± 0.55g/day in T2DM vs 0.81 ± 0.53 g/day in non-T2DM). Comparison between groups showed significantly higher concentrations of triacylglcerols (p=.001) and IL-6 (p=.018) in the T2DM group, as well as significant correlations between serum TNF-α and total n-3 fatty acid intake (r=.507, p= .001), EPA (r=.284, p=.002), DHA (r=.404, p=.001), and a weak but significant correlation between serum IL-1β and total PUFA (r=.245, p=.005), total n-3 (r=.214, p=.019) and total n-6 (r=.241, p=.008) intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with T2DM had a tendency for higher pro-inflammatory cytokines than subjects without T2DM. There was an association between PUFA intake and pro-inflammatory biomarkers in patients with T2DM. Further studies of anti-inflammatory nutrients and plasma and cell fatty acid profiles are needed to corroborate the present findings in patients with and without T2DM.
authors: Ana L
authors: AL
authors: Guadarrama-López
authors: Center for Research and Graduate Studies in Health Sciences. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, Toluca, Edo, Méx, 50180 México. rvaldesr@uaemex.mx.
authors: Roxana
authors: R
authors: Valdés-Ramos
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Kaufer-Horwitz
authors: Laurence S
authors: LS
authors: Harbige
authors: Irazú
authors: I
authors: Contreras
authors: Beatriz E
authors: BE
authors: Martínez-Carrillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D018836:Inflammation Mediators