title: Advances and challenges in mucosal adjuvant technology.
abstract: Adjuvants play attractive roles in enhancement of immune response during vaccination; however, due to several challenges, only a limited number of adjuvants are licensed by health authorities. The lack of an effective mucosal adjuvant is even more significant as none of the licensed adjuvants revealed a strong enhancement in immune system after mucosal administration. Over the past two decades, several mucosal adjuvants have been developed to deliver antigens to the target cells in the mucosal immune system and increase specific immune responses. However, the safety and efficacy of these adjuvants for testing in human trials is still an important issue, requiring further study. In this article, we briefly review the challenges associated with most common mucosal adjuvants and discuss potential strategies for targeting the mucosal immune system.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Newsted
authors: Health Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Firouzeh
authors: F
authors: Fallahi
authors: Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors: Ashkan
authors: A
authors: Golshani
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biotechnology, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: aazizi@uottawa.ca.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Adjuvants; Immune response; Mucosal vaccines; Nanoparticles