title: Cocaine-related stimuli impair inhibitory control in cocaine users following short stimulus onset asynchronies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cocaine users display a significant increase in inhibitory failures following cocaine-related images compared with neutral images in a modified cued Go/No-Go task, the Attentional Bias-Behavioral Activation (ABBA) task. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) impacts inhibitory failures on the ABBA task.
  
  
  METHODS
  A between-subjects experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  An out-patient research unit in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one cocaine users recruited from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were assigned to groups in which they saw either cocaine (n=46) or neutral (n=45) images as the go condition. Cues were presented for one of five SOAs (i.e. 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 ms) before a go or no-go target was displayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the cocaine go condition had a significantly higher proportion of inhibitory failures to no-go targets (F4,356=2.50, P=0.04) with significantly more inhibitory failures following all SOAs (P<0.05) than those in the neutral go condition. Within the cocaine go condition, significantly more inhibitory failures were observed following the 100 and 200 ms SOAs than after the 300, 400 or 500 ms SOAs (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine-related stimuli appear to decrease inhibitory control in cocaine users at short (100 and 200 ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs: the amount of time between the start of one stimulus and the start of another stimulus), but not at longer (300, 400 and 500 ms) SOAs.
authors: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Pike
authors: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: Katherine R
authors: KR
authors: Marks
authors: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: William W
authors: WW
authors: Stoops
authors: Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: Craig R
authors: CR
authors: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003042:Cocaine; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; cued go/no-go; inhibitory control; response activation; response inhibition; stimulus onset asynchrony