title: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): age related change of completion time and error rates of Stroop test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral problem in children throughout the world. The Stroop test has been widely used for the evaluation of ADHD symptoms. However, the age-related change of the Stroop test results has not been fully clarified until now.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five ADHD and 70 age-matched control children aged 6-13 years were enrolled in this study. ADHD was diagnosed based on DSM-IV criteria. We examined the completion time and error rates of the Congruent Stroop test (CST) and Incongruent Stroop test (IST) in ADHD and control children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was observed in the completion time for CST or IST between the ADHD and control children at 6-9 years old. However, ADHD children at 10-13 years old showed significantly delayed completion time for the CST and IST compared with controls of the same age. As for the error rates of the CST and IST, ADHD and control children at 6-9 years old showed no difference. However, error rates of CST and IST in the ADHD children at 10-13 years were significantly higher than those of control of the same age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age may influence the results of Stroop test in ADHD children. For the ages of 10-13 years old, the Stroop test clearly separates ADHD children from control children, suggesting that it may be a useful screening tool for ADHD among preadolescent children.
authors: Doctoral Programme of Medical and Health Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.|Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Cempaka
authors: C
authors: Thursina
authors: Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Mawaddah
authors: M
authors: Ar Rochmah
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.|Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Dian Kesumapramudya
authors: DK
authors: Nurputra
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Indra Sari Kusuma
authors: IS
authors: Harahap
authors: Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Nur Imma Fatimah
authors: NI
authors: Harahap
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Nihayatus
authors: N
authors: Sa'Adah
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Samekto
authors: S
authors: Wibowo
authors: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Sri
authors: S
authors: Sutarni
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Ahmad Hamim
authors: AH
authors: Sadewa
authors: Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.|Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Noriyuki
authors: N
authors: Nishimura
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Tsurue
authors: T
authors: Mandai
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Kazumoto
authors: K
authors: Iijima
authors: Department of Community Medicine and Social Health Care Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.|Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Hisahide
authors: H
authors: Nishio
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Kitayama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D057190:Stroop Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: ADHD; Stroop test; completion time; error rate