title: Pectoral muscle attenuation as a marker for breast cancer risk in full-field digital mammography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mammographic percent density is an established marker of breast cancer risk. In a study of screen film mammograms, we recently reported a novel feature from the pectoral muscle region to be associated with breast cancer risk independently of area percent density (APD). We now investigate whether our novel feature is associated with risk in a study based on full-field digital mammography (FFDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a breast cancer risk analysis using a data set of 3,552 healthy controls and 278 cases. We included three image-based measures in our analyses: volumetric percent density (VPD), APD, and the mean intensity of the pectoral muscle (MIP). The datasets comprised different machine vendors and models. In addition, the controls dataset was used to test for the association of our measures against rs10995190, in the ZNF365 gene, a genetic variant known to be associated with mammography density and breast cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIP was associated with breast cancer risk [per SD OR, 0.811; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.707-0.930; P = 0.0028] after adjusting for conventional covariates and VPD. It was also associated with the genetic variant rs10995190 after adjusting for VPD and other covariates (per allele effect = 0.111; 95% CI, 0.053-0.170; P = 1.8 × 10(-4)). Results were similar when adjusting for APD instead of VPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MIP is a novel mammographic marker, which is associated with breast cancer risk and the genetic variant rs10995190 independently of PD measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inclusion of MIP in risk models should be considered for studies using PD from FFDM.
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. abbas.cheddad@ki.se.
authors: Abbas
authors: A
authors: Cheddad
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Kamila
authors: K
authors: Czene
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Hall
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Humphreys
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D000071060:Breast Density; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors