title: Russian practical guidance on radiological support for justification of X-ray and nuclear medicine examinations.
abstract: An important part of the justification process is assessment of the radiation risks caused by exposure of a patient during examination. The authors developed official national methodology both for medical doctors and sanitary inspectors called 'assessment of radiation risks of patients undergoing diagnostic examinations with the use of ionizing radiation'. The document addresses patients of various age groups and a wide spectrum of modern X-ray and nuclear medicine examinations. International scale of risk categorisation was implemented by the use of effective dose with account for age dependence of radiation risk. The survey of effective doses in radiology, including CT, mammography, and intervention radiology, and nuclear medicine, including single-photon emission tomography and positron emission tomography, for patients of various age groups from several regions of Russia was used for the risk assessment. The output of the methodology is a series of tables for each diagnostic technology with lists of examinations for three age groups (children/adolescents, adults and seniors) corresponding to various radiation risk categories.
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation m.balonov@mail.ru.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Balonov
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Golikov
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kalnitsky
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Zvonova
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Chipiga
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Sarycheva
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Shatskiy
authors: Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Mira St. 8, St. Petersburg 197046, Russian Federation.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Vodovatov
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009683:Nuclear Medicine / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D011859:Radiography / Q000592:standards; D011871:Radiology / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000592:standards*; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014055:Tomography, Emission-Computed / Q000592:standards