title: The association of socio-demographic status, lifestyle factors and dietary patterns with total urinary phthalates in Australian men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the associations between socio-demographic status, lifestyle factors, dietary patterns and urinary total phthalate concentration in a cohort of South Australian men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly selected 1527 males aged 39 to 84 from wave two of the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) study. Total phthalate concentration was examined in fasting morning urine samples. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaire. Food intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were constructed using factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total phthalates were detected in 99.6% of the urine samples. The overall geometric mean (95% CI) of total phthalate concentration was 112.4 (107.5-117.5) ng/mL. The least square geometric means (LSGMs) of total phthalate concentration were significantly higher among people who were obese (127.8 ng/mL), consuming less than two serves fruit per day (125.7 ng/mL) and drinking more than one can (375mL) of carbonated soft drink per day (131.9 ng/mL). Two dietary patterns were identified: a prudent dietary pattern and a western dietary pattern. Both the western dietary pattern (p = 0.002) and multiple lifestyle risk factors including smoking, obesity, insufficient physical activity and the highest quartile of the western dietary pattern (p<0.001), were positively associated with total phthalate levels. There was no significant relationship between total phthalate concentration and socio-demographic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phthalate exposure is ubiquitous and positively associated with lifestyle risk factors in urban dwelling Australian men.
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Peter Y
authors: PY
authors: Bai
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Wittert
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Anne W
authors: AW
authors: Taylor
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Sean A
authors: SA
authors: Martin
authors: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Milne
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors: Zumin
authors: Z
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid