title: Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: considerations for application in marine management.
abstract: Assessment of the ecological and economic/societal impacts of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is one of the primary focus areas of bioinvasion science in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and is considered essential to management. A classification system of NIS, based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts, was recently proposed to assist management. Here, we consider the potential application of this classification scheme to the marine environment, and offer a complementary framework focussing on value sets in order to explicitly address marine management concerns. Since existing data on marine NIS impacts are scarce and successful marine removals are rare, we propose that management of marine NIS adopt a precautionary approach, which not only would emphasise preventing new incursions through pre-border and at-border controls but also should influence the categorisation of impacts. The study of marine invasion impacts requires urgent attention and significant investment, since we lack the luxury of waiting for the knowledge base to be acquired before the window of opportunity closes for feasible management.
authors: Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia.
authors: Henn
authors: H
authors: Ojaveer
authors: National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Bella S
authors: BS
authors: Galil
authors: Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors: Marnie L
authors: ML
authors: Campbell
authors: Maritime Studies Program of Williams College and Mystic Seaport, Mystic, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors: James T
authors: JT
authors: Carlton
authors: Instituto do Mar, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal; MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Funchal, Portugal; Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: João
authors: J
authors: Canning-Clode
authors: Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom.
authors: Elizabeth J
authors: EJ
authors: Cook
authors: Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
authors: Alisha D
authors: AD
authors: Davidson
authors: School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors: Chad L
authors: CL
authors: Hewitt
authors: Flødevigen Marine Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway.
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Jelmert
authors: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors: Agnese
authors: A
authors: Marchini
authors: Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
authors: Cynthia H
authors: CH
authors: McKenzie
authors: Marine Science and Technology Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Minchin
authors: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Occhipinti-Ambrogi
authors: Marine Science and Technology Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
authors: Sergej
authors: S
authors: Olenin
authors: Marine Invasions Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America.
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D058865:Introduced Species; D008386:Marine Biology