title: Meeting the International Health Regulations (2005) surveillance core capacity requirements at the subnational level in Europe: the added value of syndromic surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The revised World Health Organization's International Health Regulations (2005) request a timely and all-hazard approach towards surveillance, especially at the subnational level. We discuss three questions of syndromic surveillance application in the European context for assessing public health emergencies of international concern: (i) can syndromic surveillance support countries, especially the subnational level, to meet the International Health Regulations (2005) core surveillance capacity requirements, (ii) are European syndromic surveillance systems comparable to enable cross-border surveillance, and (iii) at which administrative level should syndromic surveillance best be applied?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the ongoing criticism on the usefulness of syndromic surveillance which is related to its clinically nonspecific output, we demonstrate that it was a suitable supplement for timely assessment of the impact of three different public health emergencies affecting Europe. Subnational syndromic surveillance analysis in some cases proved to be of advantage for detecting an event earlier compared to national level analysis. However, in many cases, syndromic surveillance did not detect local events with only a small number of cases. The European Commission envisions comparability of surveillance output to enable cross-border surveillance. Evaluated against European infectious disease case definitions, syndromic surveillance can contribute to identify cases that might fulfil the clinical case definition but the approach is too unspecific to comply to complete clinical definitions. Syndromic surveillance results still seem feasible for comparable cross-border surveillance as similarly defined syndromes are analysed. We suggest a new model of implementing syndromic surveillance at the subnational level. In this model, syndromic surveillance systems are fine-tuned to their local context and integrated into the existing subnational surveillance and reporting structure. By enhancing population coverage, events covering several jurisdictions can be identified at higher levels. However, the setup of decentralised and locally adjusted syndromic surveillance systems is more complex compared to the setup of one national or local system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that syndromic surveillance if implemented with large population coverage at the subnational level can help detect and assess the local and regional effect of different types of public health emergencies in a timely manner as required by the International Health Regulations (2005).
authors: Department of International Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. alexandra.ziemann@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Ziemann
authors: Department of International Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. nicole.rosenkoetter@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Rosenkötter
authors: Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain. urggrl@humv.es.
authors: Luis Garcia-Castrillo
authors: LG
authors: Riesgo
authors: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Klinik am Eichert, Postfach 660, 73006, Göppingen, Germany. Matthias.Fischer@kae.de.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Fischer
authors: Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany. alexander.kraemer@uni-bielefeld.de.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Krämer
authors: Emergency Medical Services, Head Office, Capital Region of Denmark, Telegrafvej 5, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark. lippert@regionh.dk.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. lippert@regionh.dk.
authors: Freddy K
authors: FK
authors: Lippert
authors: Dispatch Centre Tyrol (Leitstelle Tirol Gesellschaft mbH), Hunoldstrasse 17a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. Gernot.Vergeiner@leitstelle-tirol.at.
authors: Gernot
authors: G
authors: Vergeiner
authors: Department of International Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. helmut.brand@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Helmut
authors: H
authors: Brand
authors: Department of International Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. thomas.krafft@maastrichtuniversity.nl.|Institute of Environment Education and Research, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj, Dhankawadi, Satara Road, Pune, 411043, India. thomas.krafft@maastrichtuniversity.nl.|Institute for Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A11 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China. thomas.krafft@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Krafft
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004630:Emergencies; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D062486:Public Health Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000458:organization & administration*