title: Radiation exposure to patients and medical staff in hepatic chemoembolisation interventional procedures in Recife, Brazil.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient and medical staff absorbed doses received from transarterial chemoembolisation of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is the most common primary liver tumour worldwide. The study was performed in three hospitals in Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco, located in the Brazilian Northeastern region. Two are public hospitals (A and B), and one is private (C). For each procedure, the number of images, irradiation parameters (kV, mA and fluoroscopy time), the air kerma-area product (PKA) and the cumulative air kerma (Ka,r) at the reference point were registered. The maximum skin dose (MSD) of the patient was estimated using radiochromic film. For the medical staff dosimetry, thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD-100) were attached next to the eyes, close to the thyroid (above the shielding), on the thorax under the apron, on the wrist and on the feet. The effective dose to the staff was estimated using the algorithm of von Boetticher. The results showed that the mean value of the total PKA was 267.49, 403.83 and 479.74 Gy cm(2) for Hospitals A, B and C, respectively. With regard to the physicians, the average effective dose per procedure was 17 µSv, and the minimum and maximum values recorded were 1 and 41 µSy, respectively. The results showed that the feet received the highest doses followed by the hands and lens of the eye, since the physicians did not use leaded glasses and the equipment had no lead curtain.
authors: Nuclear Energy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil hjkhoury@gmail.com.
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Khoury
authors: Nuclear Energy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: W J
authors: WJ
authors: Garzon
authors: IMIP-Institute of Medicine Dr. Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Andrade
authors: Nuclear Energy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Lunelli
authors: Nuclear Energy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kramer
authors: Nuclear Energy Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors: V S M
authors: VS
authors: de Barros
authors: California State University, Fresno, CA, USA.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Huda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D001938:Brazil; D002138:Calibration; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry