title: Dexamethasone as adjuvant to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of thermal antinociception and prevents bupivacaine-induced rebound hyperalgesia via regional mechanism in a mouse sciatic nerve block model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dexamethasone has been studied as an effective adjuvant to prolong the analgesia duration of local anesthetics in peripheral nerve block. However, the route of action for dexamethasone and its potential neurotoxicity are still unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mouse sciatic nerve block model was used. The sciatic nerve was injected with 60ul of combinations of various medications, including dexamethasone and/or bupivacaine. Neurobehavioral changes were observed for 2 days prior to injection, and then continuously for up to 7 days after injection. In addition, the sciatic nerves were harvested at either 2 days or 7 days after injection. Toluidine blue dyeing and immunohistochemistry test were performed to study the short-term and long-term histopathological changes of the sciatic nerves. There were six study groups: normal saline control, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) only, dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) only, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with low-dose (0.14mg/kg) dexamethasone, bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with high-dose (0.5mg/kg) dexamethasone, and bupivacaine (10mg/kg) combined with intramuscular dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-dose perineural dexamethasone, but not systemic dexamethasone, combined with bupivacaine prolonged the duration of both sensory and motor block of mouse sciatic nerve. There was no significant difference on the onset time of the sciatic nerve block. There was "rebound hyperalgesia" to thermal stimulus after the resolution of plain bupivacaine sciatic nerve block. Interestingly, both low and high dose perineural dexamethasone prevented bupivacaine-induced hyperalgesia. There was an early phase of axon degeneration and Schwann cell response as represented by S-100 expression as well as the percentage of demyelinated axon and nucleus in the plain bupivacaine group compared with the bupivacaine plus dexamethasone groups on post-injection day 2, which resolved on post-injection day 7. Furthermore, we demonstrated that perineural dexamethasone, but not systemic dexamethasone, could prevent axon degeneration and demyelination. There was no significant caspase-dependent apoptosis process in the mouse sciatic nerve among all study groups during our study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perineural, not systemic, dexamethasone added to a clinical concentration of bupivacaine may not only prolong the duration of sensory and motor blockade of sciatic nerve, but also prevent the bupivacaine-induced reversible neurotoxicity and short-term "rebound hyperalgesia" after the resolution of nerve block.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, The first affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors: Ke
authors: K
authors: An
authors: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors: Nabil M
authors: NM
authors: Elkassabany
authors: Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors: Jiabin
authors: J
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009407:Nerve Block; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003907:Dexamethasone; D002045:Bupivacaine