title: Prediction of fruit and vegetable intake from biomarkers using individual participant data of diet-controlled intervention studies.
abstract: Fruit and vegetable consumption produces changes in several biomarkers in blood. The present study aimed to examine the dose-response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations. Furthermore, a prediction model of fruit and vegetable intake based on these biomarkers and subject characteristics (i.e. age, sex, BMI and smoking status) was established. Data from twelve diet-controlled intervention studies were obtained to develop a prediction model for fruit and vegetable intake (including and excluding fruit and vegetable juices). The study population in the present individual participant data meta-analysis consisted of 526 men and women. Carotenoid, folate and vitamin C concentrations showed a positive relationship with fruit and vegetable intake. Measures of performance for the prediction model were calculated using cross-validation. For the prediction model of fruit, vegetable and juice intake, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 258.0 g, the correlation between observed and predicted intake was 0.78 and the mean difference between observed and predicted intake was - 1.7 g (limits of agreement: - 466.3, 462.8 g). For the prediction of fruit and vegetable intake (excluding juices), the RMSE was 201.1 g, the correlation was 0.65 and the mean bias was 2.4 g (limits of agreement: -368.2, 373.0 g). The prediction models which include the biomarkers and subject characteristics may be used to estimate average intake at the group level and to investigate the ranking of individuals with regard to their intake of fruit and vegetables when validating questionnaires that measure intake.
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University,PO Box 8129,6700EVWageningen,The Netherlands.
authors: Olga W
authors: OW
authors: Souverein
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University,PO Box 8129,6700EVWageningen,The Netherlands.
authors: Jeanne H M
authors: JH
authors: de Vries
authors: Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki,Helsinki,Finland.
authors: Riitta
authors: R
authors: Freese
authors: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Watzl
authors: Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition,Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food,Karlsruhe,Germany.
authors: Achim
authors: A
authors: Bub
authors: Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,MD,USA.
authors: Edgar R
authors: ER
authors: Miller
authors: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority,Utrecht,The Netherlands.
authors: Jacqueline J M
authors: JJ
authors: Castenmiller
authors: TNO,Zeist,The Netherlands.
authors: Wilrike J
authors: WJ
authors: Pasman
authors: Unilever,Vlaardingen,The Netherlands.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: van Het Hof
authors: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth,Portsmouth,UK.
authors: Mridula
authors: M
authors: Chopra
authors: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern,Oslo,Norway.
authors: Anette
authors: A
authors: Karlsen
authors: Department of Nutrition,Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen,Frederiksberg C,Denmark.
authors: Lars O
authors: LO
authors: Dragsted
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University,PO Box 8129,6700EVWageningen,The Netherlands.
authors: Renate
authors: R
authors: Winkels
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences, Latrobe University,Bundoora,VIC3086,Australia.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Itsiopoulos
authors: Department of Medicine,University of Melbourne, Saint Vincent's Hospital,VIC3065,Australia.
authors: Laima
authors: L
authors: Brazionis
authors: Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia,Adelaide,SA5001,Australia.
authors: Kerin
authors: K
authors: O'Dea
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre,Nijmegen,The Netherlands.
authors: Carolien A
authors: CA
authors: van Loo-Bouwman
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology,Tergooi,Hilversum,The Netherlands.
authors: Ton H J
authors: TH
authors: Naber
authors: Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre,Wageningen,The Netherlands.
authors: Hilko
authors: H
authors: van der Voet
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University,PO Box 8129,6700EVWageningen,The Netherlands.
authors: Hendriek C
authors: HC
authors: Boshuizen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Carotenoids; Folate; Fruits and vegetables; Prediction models; Vitamin C