title: Sacral nerve stimulation: a promising therapy for fecal and urinary incontinence and constipation in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes our series of children with bowel and bladder dysfunction (BDD) treated with sacral nerve stimulation in order to begin to identify characteristics associated with better outcomes and guide future therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2012 and February 2014, 29 patients were evaluated before and after sacral nerve stimulator (SNS) placement. A prospective data registry was developed that contains clinical information and patient-reported measures: Fecal Incontinence Qualify of Life Scale, Fecal Incontinence Severity Scale, PedsQL Gastrointestinal Symptom Scale, and Vancouver DES Symptom Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of patients was 12.1 (interquartile range: 9.4, 14.3) years and the median follow-up period was 17.7 (12.9, 36.4) weeks. 93% had GI complaints and 65.5% had urinary symptoms while 7% had urologic symptoms only. The most common etiologies of BBD were idiopathic (66%) and imperforate anus (27%). Five patients required reoperation due to a complication with battery placement. Six of 11 patients (55%) with a pre-SNS cecostomy tube no longer require an antegrade bowel regimen as they now have voluntary bowel movements. Ten of eleven patients (91%) no longer require anticholinergic medications for bladder overactivity after receiving SNS. Significant improvements have been demonstrated in all four patient-reported instruments for the overall cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early results have demonstrated improvements in both GI and urinary function after SNS placement in pediatric patients with bowel and bladder dysfunction.
authors: Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, The Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH.
authors: Jason P
authors: JP
authors: Sulkowski
authors: Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, The Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors: Kristine M
authors: KM
authors: Nacion
authors: Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, The Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH.
authors: Katherine J
authors: KJ
authors: Deans
authors: Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, The Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH.
authors: Peter C
authors: PC
authors: Minneci
authors: Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH.
authors: Marc A
authors: MA
authors: Levitt
authors: Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors: Hayat M
authors: HM
authors: Mousa
authors: Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH; Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.
authors: Seth A
authors: SA
authors: Alpert
authors: Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Columbus, OH. Electronic address: steven.teich@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Teich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Anorectal malformation; Constipation; Dysfunctional elimination syndrome; Fecal incontinence; Fecal soiling; Sacral nerve stimulation