title: Multicarotenoids at Physiological Levels Inhibit Metastasis in Human Hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 Cells.
abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that single carotenoid, including lycopene, β-carotene, and α-carotene, exhibits antimetastatic effects; however, little is known whether multicarotenoids have similar effects. Herein, we investigated the antimetastatic effect of multicarotenoids at physiological serum levels in Taiwanese (MCT at 1.4 μM) and American (MCA at 1.8 μM) populations using human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells in comparison with single carotenoid, such as lycopene (0.3 or 0.6 μM, respectively), α-carotene (0.1 μM), β-carotene (0.4 μM), lutein (0.4 or 0.5 μM, respectively), and β-cryptoxanthin (0.2 μM). Results reveal that MCA treatment exhibited an additive inhibition on invasion, migration and adhesion at 24 and 48 h of incubation, whereas MCT treatment possessed additive inhibition at 48 h of incubation. The antimetastatic action of MCT and MCA involved additive reduction on activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, and protein expression of Rho and Rac 1 but additive promotion on protein expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and -2. All of these effects were stronger in MCA than in MCT at 24 and 48 h of incubation. These results demonstrate that multi-carotenoids effectively inhibit metastasis of human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells. More in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings.
authors: a Department of Food Science and Biotechnology , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung , Taiwan.
authors: Huei-Yan
authors: HY
authors: Chen
authors: Chih-Min
authors: CM
authors: Yang
authors: Jen-Yin
authors: JY
authors: Chen
authors: Te-Cheng
authors: TC
authors: Yueh
authors: Miao-Lin
authors: ML
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D014975:Lutein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077276:Lycopene; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; C107953:RAC1 protein, human; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019207:beta Carotene; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein