title: The effectiveness of lifestyle triple P in the Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lifestyle Triple P is a general parenting intervention which focuses on preventing further excessive weight gain in overweight and obese children. The objective of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of the Lifestyle Triple P intervention in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a parallel randomized controlled design to test the effectiveness of the intervention. In total, 86 child-parent triads (children 4-8 years old, overweight or obese) were recruited and randomly assigned (allocation ratio 1:1) to the Lifestyle Triple P intervention or the control condition. Parents in the intervention condition received a 14-week intervention consisting of ten 90-minute group sessions and four individual telephone sessions. Primary outcome measure was the children's body composition (BMI z-scores, waist circumference and skinfolds). The research assistant who performed the measurements was blinded for group assignment. Secondary outcome measures were the children's dietary behavior and physical activity level, parenting practices, parental feeding style, parenting style, and parental self-efficacy. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and 4 months (short-term) and 12 months (long-term) after baseline. Multilevel multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the effect of the intervention on primary and secondary outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No intervention effects were found on children's body composition. Analyses of secondary outcomes showed positive short-term intervention effects on children's soft-drink consumption and parental responsibility regarding physical activity, encouragement to eat, psychological control, and efficacy and satisfaction with parenting. Longer-term intervention effects were found on parent's report of children's time spent on sedentary behavior and playing outside, parental monitoring food intake, and responsibility regarding nutrition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the Lifestyle Triple P intervention showed positive effects on some parent reported child behaviors and parenting measures, no effects were visible on children's body composition or objectively measured physical activity. Several adjustments of the intervention content are recommended, for example including a booster session.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nederlands Trial Register NTR 2555.
authors: Department of Health Promotion, and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Sanne M P L
authors: SM
authors: Gerards
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Pieter C
authors: PC
authors: Dagnelie
authors: Department of Health Promotion, and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Jessica S
authors: JS
authors: Gubbels
authors: Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Methodology and Statistics, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors: Stef
authors: S
authors: van Buuren
authors: Department of Health Promotion, and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Femke J M
authors: FJ
authors: Hamers
authors: CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Academic Collaborative Center for Public Health Limburg, Public Health Services, Geleen, the Netherlands.
authors: Maria W J
authors: MW
authors: Jansen
authors: Department of Youth Health Care, Public Health Services, Geleen, the Netherlands.
authors: Odilia H M
authors: OH
authors: van der Goot
authors: Department of Health Promotion, and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Nanne K
authors: NK
authors: de Vries
authors: Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Sanders
authors: Department of Health Promotion, and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Stef P J
authors: SP
authors: Kremers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003710:Demography; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009426:Netherlands; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D055105:Waist Circumference