title: A systematic review of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and smoking behaviors: Smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between secondhand tobacco smoke exposure (SHSe) and smoking behaviors (smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation).
  
  
  METHODS
  Terms and keywords relevant to smoking behaviors and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure were used in a search of the PubMed database. Searches were limited to English language peer-reviewed studies up till December 2013. Included papers: a) had clearly defined measures of SHSe and b) had clearly defined measures of outcome variables of interest. A total of 119 studies were initially retrieved and reviewed. After further review of references from the retrieved studies, 35 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reviewed studies consisted of thirty-five (89.7%) studies with differing measures of SHSe (including questionnaire and biological measures) and varying definitions of main outcome variables of interest between studies. The majority of the studies (77%) were cross-sectional in nature. The majority of studies found that SHSe was associated with greater likelihood of being a smoker, increased susceptibility and initiation of smoking, greater nicotine dependence among nonsmokers, and poorer smoking cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review found positive associations between SHSe and smoking status, susceptibility, initiation and nicotine dependence and a negative association with smoking cessation. In light of design limitations, future prospective and clinical studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms whereby SHSe influences smoking behaviors.
authors: College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. Electronic address: ctokol1@uky.edu.
authors: Chizimuzo T C
authors: CT
authors: Okoli
authors: Department of Counselling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Kodet
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Nicotine dependence; Secondhand smoke; Smoking cessation; Smoking initiation; Smoking status; Smoking susceptibility