title: Immunomodulatory and immunorestorative activities of β-D-glucan-rich extract and polysaccharide fraction of mushroom, Pleurutus tuberregium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some edible mushrooms are reputed to possess useful medicinal properties which are related to their ability to modulate the protective responses of the immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the immunomodulatory and immunorestorative properties of a hot aqueous extract (APTR) and of a β-d-glucan-enriched polysaccharide fraction (BGP) of a local oyster mushroom Pleurutus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer (Pleurotaceae).
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunomodulatory activities were investigated by assessing specific and none-specific immune responses in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice; as well as in vitro in culture of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with BGP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a homologous prime-boost immunization schedule, oral supplementation with APTR (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) and BGP (100 or 200 mg/kg) resulted in significantly higher titers of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a by as much as 2-4-folds compared with the levels in untreated control mice. The mean hemagglutination (HA) titer in immunized mice that were treated with dexamethasone (DEX; 5 mg/kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the titer in groups that did not receive dexamethasone; however, short-term alternate day administration of APTR (200 mg/kg) to mice that had been immunosuppressed with 5 mg DEX/kg produced significant increases in secondary anti-SRBC antibody compared with the mean titer of mice immunized and treated with DEX alone. In in vitro studies, stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages with BGP caused significant increases in iNO and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic functions of the cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results of these studies showed that P. tuberregium imparts immunostimulatory and immunorestorative effects that could be explained, in part, by the actions of its β-d-glucan constituent(s) on macrophages.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria .
authors: Chukwuemeka S
authors: CS
authors: Nworu
authors: Stella A
authors: SA
authors: Ihim
authors: Festus B C
authors: FB
authors: Okoye
authors: Charles O
authors: CO
authors: Esimone
authors: Michael U
authors: MU
authors: Adikwu
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Akah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020076:Pleurotus; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011509:Proteoglycans; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011509:Proteoglycans; D047071:beta-Glucans; C010770:polysaccharide-K
keywords: Anti-ovalbumin; ELISA; hemagglutination; immunomodulation; immunorestoration; oyster mushroom