title: Gum chewing and gastrointestinal function following caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to summarise current knowledge regarding gum chewing intervention for activation of the gastrointestinal (GI) system following caesarean delivery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  GI symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and defecatory difficulties are bothersome for women following a caesarean delivery. There is category A recommendation to not withhold oral intake postoperatively. However, current practice guidelines vary widely on time to initiate oral feeding post caesarean delivery, and additional research is needed. Gum chewing has been shown to stimulate the GI system in other postoperative patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic review was undertaken using the following resources: PubMed (Medline), CINAHL, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Key words used in various combinations included cesarean section; cesarean delivery; postoperative chewing gum; bowel movement; bowel function and complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 171 articles were found of which 166 were excluded: 157 were duplicates and the remainder did not meet the inclusion criteria. Five randomised control trials were included in the meta-analysis, focusing on gum chewing as an intervention as compared with a nongum chewing intervention, with a total of 846 participants. Compared with the nongum chewing group, gum chewing showed a beneficial impact on the major outcomes of digestive system activation, including bowel sound, gas passage and defecation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis supports the effectiveness of gum chewing post caesarean delivery as a noninvasive/nonpharmacological intervention for reactivation of bowel movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gum chewing in the immediate postoperative period following caesarean delivery may provide a socially acceptable, low-cost and safe intervention to reduce postcaesarean delivery GI complications and restore GI function.
authors: Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: Hagit
authors: H
authors: Hochner
authors: Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Sandi M
authors: SM
authors: Tenfelde
authors: Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: Wiessam
authors: W
authors: Abu Ahmad
authors: Henrietta Szold School of Nursing, Hadassah/Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Liebergall-Wischnitzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum
keywords: caesarean delivery; early oral intake; gastrointestinal function; gum chewing; meta-analysis; nonpharmacological intervention; postoperative complications; randomised controlled trials