title: Sleep duration and sleep quality following acute mild traumatic brain injury: a propensity score analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been widely studied and the effects of injury can be long term or even lifelong. This research aims to characterize the sleep problems of patients following acute mTBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 171 patients with mTBI within one month and 145 non-mTBI controls were recruited in this study. The questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), was used to evaluate seven aspects of sleep problems. A propensity score method was used to generate a quasirandomized design to account for the background information, including gender, age, Beck's Anxiety Index, Beck's Depression Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The effect was evaluated via cumulative logit regression including propensity scores as a covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before adjustment, about 60% mTBI patients and over three quarters of control subjects had mild sleep disturbance while one third mTBI patients had moderate sleep disturbance. After adjusting by the propensity scores, the scores of sleep quality and duration were significant between mTBI and control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study supports that sleep problem is common in mTBI group. After adjusting the confounders by propensity score, sleep duration and subjective sleep quality are the most frequently reported problems in mTBI patients within one month after the injury.
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
authors: Ting-Yun
authors: TY
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors: Hon-Ping
authors: HP
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors: Shin-Han
authors: SH
authors: Tsai
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan ; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors: Yung-Hsiao
authors: YH
authors: Chiang
authors: Department of Neurology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
authors: Chaur-Jong
authors: CJ
authors: Hu
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan.
authors: Juchi
authors: J
authors: Ou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult