title: Occurrence and removal of progestagens in two representative swine farms: Effectiveness of lagoon and digester treatment.
abstract: A total of 21 progestagens were screened in animal wastes and environmental samples from two representative swine farms and surrounding environments of South China using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to assess the effectiveness of simple lagoon (and digester) treatment. The results showed that 11, 8 and 8 of 21 target progestagens were detected with the minimum concentration of 2.31 ng/L and maximum of 6150 ng/L in the water samples, with the minimum of 1.36 ng/L and maximum of 98.3 ng/L in the suspended particles, and with the minimum of 1.57 ng/g dry weight (dw) and maximum of 3310 ng/g dw in the solid samples, respectively. Trace levels (a few ng/L or ng/g levels) of dydrogesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, norgestrel and progesterone were found in samples from nearby surface waters and vegetable fields impacted by animal wastes. The residual progestagens at the reported levels may still pose potential risks to aquatic organisms such as fish in the receiving aquatic environments. This finding suggests that swine wastewater and feces could lead to contamination of some detectable progestagens in the surrounding environments. Significant reduction in total progestagen concentrations were observed from the fresh swine wastewaters to the fish ponds, indicating effective removal of these compounds by the lagoon (and digester) treatment. In addition, the biogas digesters provided high removal of the progestagens in the waste streams. This low-cost and eco-friendly treatment system should be promoted in developing countries with concentrated animal operations.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Shuang-Shuang
authors: SS
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China. Electronic address: guangguo.ying@gmail.com.
authors: Guang-Guo
authors: GG
authors: Ying
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: You-Sheng
authors: YS
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Yuan-Yuan
authors: YY
authors: Yang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Liang-Ying
authors: LY
authors: He
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Wang-Rong
authors: WR
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors: Jian-Liang
authors: JL
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces; D005399:Fishes; D011372:Progestins / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Animal wastes; Digester; Lagoon; Progestagens; Steroids; Swine farms