title: Comparison of special stains for keratin with routine hematoxylin and eosin stain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Keratins are the most abundant proteins and are characteristic findings in many epithelial pathologies, making it a diagnostically important marker, both histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Since, immunohistochemistry is an expensive diagnostic tool, special stains to detect the degree of keratinization could serve as a faster and economic option. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of special stains for keratin with standard hematoxylin and eosin stain (H and E). Objectives include: (i) To subject the diagnosed cases of keratin disorders to the selected special stains: Ayoub-shklar method, Dane-Herman method, Alcian blue -periodic acid Schiff 's (PAS), rapid papanicolaou (PAP) and Gram's stain. (ii) To compare the staining specificity and staining intensity of special stains with respect to routine hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain. (iii) To compare the efficacy of special stains to routine H and E stain in identification of the type of keratin present in the selected cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 cases of known pathology for keratin were retrieved from the department archive, which included 10 each of normal gingiva, hyperkeratosis, squamous papilloma, verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst and keratocystic odontogenic tumors. Six sections of 4 µ each from the paraffin blocks were made, stained with H and E and the special stains and these were evaluated by 2 pathologists based on the modified scoring criteria from Rahma Al-Maaini and Philip Bryant 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results were tabulated using Chi square and kappa statistics. The statistical values for identification of the type of keratinization was insignificant showing that ortho and parakeratinized epithelia could be correctly identified by both H and E as well as all the special stains. Furthermore, all the special stains showed a positive result and statistical significance (P < 0.001) with respect to the staining of keratin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To conclude, though the special stains distinctly stained the keratin with a higher intensity, H and E proves to be overall better stain with respect to specificity.
authors: Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors: Roopa S
authors: RS
authors: Rao
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors: Shankargouda
authors: S
authors: Patil
authors: Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors: Barnali
authors: B
authors: Majumdar
authors: Reader, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MA Rangoonwala Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors: Rakesh G
authors: RG
authors: Oswal
keywords: Ayoub-Shklar; Dane-Herman; Keratins; PAP; alcian blue-periodic acid schiff; gram