title: Bubble-induced cave collapse.
abstract: Conventional wisdom among cave divers is that submerged caves in aquifers, such as in Florida or the Yucatan, are unstable due to their ever-growing size from limestone dissolution in water. Cave divers occasionally noted partial cave collapses occurring while they were in the cave, attributing this to their unintentional (and frowned upon) physical contact with the cave walls or the aforementioned "natural" instability of the cave. Here, we suggest that these cave collapses do not necessarily result from cave instability or contacts with walls, but rather from divers bubbles rising to the ceiling and reducing the buoyancy acting on isolated ceiling rocks. Using familiar theories for the strength of flat and arched (un-cracked) beams, we first show that the flat ceiling of a submerged limestone cave can have a horizontal expanse of 63 meters. This is much broader than that of most submerged Florida caves (~ 10 m). Similarly, we show that an arched cave roof can have a still larger expanse of 240 meters, again implying that Florida caves are structurally stable. Using familiar bubble dynamics, fluid dynamics of bubble-induced flows, and accustomed diving practices, we show that a group of 1-3 divers submerged below a loosely connected ceiling rock will quickly trigger it to fall causing a "collapse". We then present a set of qualitative laboratory experiments illustrating such a collapse in a circular laboratory cave (i.e., a cave with a circular cross section), with concave and convex ceilings. In these experiments, a metal ball represented the rock (attached to the cave ceiling with a magnet), and the bubbles were produced using a syringe located at the cave floor.
authors: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Lakshika
authors: L
authors: Girihagama
authors: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America; Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science Department, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Doron
authors: D
authors: Nof
authors: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Cathrine
authors: C
authors: Hancock
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D059552:Caves; D060587:Groundwater; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena
chemical_list: D002119:Calcium Carbonate