title: Palmitate exerts opposite effects on proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression/arrest and differentiation of mouse C2C12 myoblasts exposed to long-chain saturated fatty acid salt, palmitate. Treatment of proliferating myoblasts with palmitate (0.1 mmol/l) markedly decreased myoblast number. Cyclin A and cyclin D1 levels decreased, whereas total p21 and p21 complexed with cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (cdk4) increased in myoblasts treated with palmitate. In cells induced to differentiation addition of palmitate augmented the level of cyclin D3, the early (myogenin) and late (α-actinin, myosin heavy chain) markers of myogenesis, and caused an increase of myotube diameter. In conclusion, exposure to palmitate inhibits proliferation of myoblasts through a decrease in cyclin A and cyclin D1 levels and an increase of p21-cdk4 complex formation; however, it promotes cell cycle exit, myogenic differentiation and myotube growth.
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Kamil
authors: K
authors: Grabiec
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Milewska
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Maciej
authors: M
authors: Błaszczyk
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Gajewska
authors: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000187:drug effects; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D032448:Myoblasts, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018008:Myogenin / Q000187:drug effects; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019925:Cyclin A; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D018008:Myogenin; D010168:Palmitates; D019938:Cyclin D1; C495902:Cdk4 protein, mouse; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
keywords: G1 cyclins; long-chain fatty acids; myogenesis; myogenic regulatory factors