title: Prenatal Second-Hand Smoke Exposure Measured with Urine Cotinine May Reduce Gross Motor Development at 18 Months of Age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association of second-hand smoke exposure of pregnant mothers using urine cotinine with the neurodevelopment of their children at 18 months of age in the mother-child cohort in Crete (Rhea Study).
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected participants were Greek mothers with singleton pregnancies, had never smoked, and had available urine cotinine measurements in pregnancy, and their children for whom a neurodevelopmental assessment was completed. We performed face-to-face interviews twice during pregnancy and postnatally, and assessed children's neurodevelopment at 18 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. We used linear regression and generalized additive models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 599 mothers, 175 (29%) met the inclusion criteria. Maternal urine cotinine levels were low (mean: 10.3 ng/mL, SD: 11.7 ng/mL). Reported passive smoking from different sources was strongly associated with urine cotinine levels. A negative association was observed between cotinine levels in pregnancy and child's gross motor function (beta = -3.22 per 10 ng/mL, 95% CI -5.09 to -1.34) after adjusting for factors potentially associated with neurodevelopment; results were similar in both sexes. A negative association was also observed for cognitive and receptive communication scales but the effect was small and not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal exposure during pregnancy to second-hand smoke measured through urine cotinine was associated with a decrease in gross motor function among 18-month-old children, even at low levels of exposure.
authors: Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Iro
authors: I
authors: Evlampidou
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Manolis
authors: M
authors: Bagkeris
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors: Constantine
authors: C
authors: Vardavas
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors: Katerina
authors: K
authors: Koutra
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Evridiki
authors: E
authors: Patelarou
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors: Antonis
authors: A
authors: Koutis
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
authors: Leda
authors: L
authors: Chatzi
authors: Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: kogevinas@creal.cat.
authors: Manolis
authors: M
authors: Kogevinas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002657:Child Development; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009035:Mothers; D009048:Motor Skills; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000652:urine*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine