title: Reflections on New York City's 1947 Smallpox Vaccination Program and Its 1976 Swine Influenza Immunization Program.
abstract: In 1947, a smallpox outbreak occurred in New York City with a total of twelve cases and two deaths. In order to contain this outbreak, the New York City Department of Health launched a mass immunization campaign that over a period of some 60 days vaccinated 6.35 million people. This article examines in detail the epidemiology of this outbreak and the measures employed to contain it. In 1976, a swine influenza strain was isolated among a few recruits at a US Army training camp at Fort Dix, New Jersey. It was concluded at the time that this virus possibly represented a re-appearance of the 1918 influenza pandemic influenza strain. As a result, a mass national immunization program was launched by the federal government. From its inception, the program encountered a myriad of challenges ranging from doubts that it was even necessary to the development of Guillain-Barré paralysis among some vaccine recipients. This paper examines the planning for and implementation of the swine flu immunization program in New York City. It also compares it to the smallpox vaccination program of 1947. Despite equivalent financial and personnel resources, leadership and organizational skills, the 1976 program only immunized approximately a tenth of the number of New York City residents vaccinated in 1947. The reasons for these marked differences in outcomes are discussed in detail.
authors: Downstate Medical Center, School of Public Health, State University of New York, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 43, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA, pascal.imperato@downstate.edu.
authors: Pascal James
authors: PJ
authors: Imperato
mesh_terms: D016358:Contact Tracing; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007857:Leadership; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011635:Public Health Administration; D012899:Smallpox / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine