title: A novel pyrimidin-like plant activator stimulates plant disease resistance and promotes growth.
abstract: Plant activators are chemicals that induce plant defense responses to a broad spectrum of pathogens. Here, we identified a new potential plant activator, 5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-ol, named PPA (pyrimidin-type plant activator). Compared with benzothiadiazole S-methyl ester (BTH), a functional analog of salicylic acid (SA), PPA was fully soluble in water and increased fresh weight of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis plants at low concentrations. In addition, PPA also promoted lateral root development. Microarray data and real-time PCR revealed that PPA-treated leaves not challenged with pathogen showed up-regulation of genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), defenses and SA. During bacterial infection, Arabidopsis plants pretreated with PPA showed dramatically decreased disease symptoms and an earlier and stronger ROS burst, compared with plants pretreated with BTH. Microscopy revealed that H2O2 accumulated in the cytosol, plasma membrane and cell wall around intracellular bacteria, and also on the bacterial cell wall, indicating that H2O2 was directly involved in killing bacteria. The increase in ROS-related gene expression also supported this observation. Our results indicate that PPA enhances plant defenses against pathogen invasion through the plant redox system, and as a water-soluble compound that can promote plant growth, has broad potential applications in agriculture.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Tie-Jun
authors: TJ
authors: Sun
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Narusaka
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Shi
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Yu-Bing
authors: YB
authors: Yang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Jian-Xin
authors: JX
authors: Wu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Hong-Yun
authors: HY
authors: Zeng
authors: Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Narusaka
authors: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Yao
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000502:physiology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C000606752:5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-ol; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011743:Pyrimidines; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D020156:Salicylic Acid