title: Cognitive motor intervention for gait and balance in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of cognitive motor intervention (CMI) on gait and balance in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, PEDro, and China Biology Medicine disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non RCTs. Two reviewers independently evaluated articles for eligibility and quality and serially abstracted data. A standardized mean difference ± standard error and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each study using Hedge's g to quantify the treatment effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine trials with 181 subjects, four randomized controlled trials, and five single group intervention studies were included. The pooling revealed that cognitive motor intervention can improve gait speed (Hedge's g = 0.643 ± 0.191; 95% CI: 0.269 to 1.017, P = 0.001), stride time (Hedge's g = -0.536 ± 0.167; 95% CI: -0.862 to -0.209, P = 0.001), Berg Balance Scale (Hedge's g = 0.783 ± 0.289; 95% CI: 0.218 to 1.349, P = 0.007), Unipedal Stance Test (Hedge's g = 0.440 ± 0.189; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.81, P =0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systematic review demonstrates that cognitive motor intervention is effective for gait and balance in Parkinson's disease. However, the paper is limited by the quality of the included trials.
authors: Sport Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xue-Qiang
authors: XQ
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yan-Ling
authors: YL
authors: Pi
authors: Sport Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
authors: Bing-Lin
authors: BL
authors: Chen
authors: Sport Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
authors: Ru
authors: R
authors: Wang
authors: Sport Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Sport Medicine & Rehabilitation Center, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China chenpeijie@sus.edu.cn.
authors: Pei-Jie
authors: PJ
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004856:Postural Balance; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*
keywords: Cognitive motor intervention; Parkinson’s disease; balance; gait; systematic review