title: Usual Intake Distribution of Vitamins and Prevalence of Inadequacy in a Large Sample of Iranian At-Risk Population: Application of NCI Method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study provides an assessment of usual intake distribution of vitamins and estimating prevalence of inadequacy and excess among a large representative sample of middle-aged and elderly people in central regions of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study that is a second follow-up to the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study setting included urban and rural areas from 3 cities (Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak) in central regions of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 1922 people aged 40 years and older, with a mean age of 55.9 ± 10.6; 50.4% were male and the majority (79.3%) were urban.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes were collected using a 24-hour recall and 2 food records. Distribution of vitamins intake was estimated using traditional and national cancer institute (NCI) methods. The proportion of subjects at risk of vitamin intake inadequacy or excess was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method and the tolerable upper intake levels (UL) index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences between values obtained from traditional and NCI methods, particularly in the lower and upper percentiles of the intake distribution. High prevalence of inadequacies for vitamins A, D, E, B2, B3 (especially among females), and B9 was observed. Significant gender differences were found in terms of inadequate intakes for vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, and C (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imbalanced vitamin intake was observed in the middle-aged and elderly Iranian population. Nutritional interventions particularly through population-based educational programs in order to improve diet variety and consume nutrient supplements may be necessary.
authors: a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN.
authors: Zahra
authors: Z
authors: Heidari
authors: a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN.|b Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN.
authors: Awat
authors: A
authors: Feizi
authors: c Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN.
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Azadbakht
authors: b Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , IRAN.
authors: Nizal
authors: N
authors: Sarrafzadegan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: NCI method; intake inadequacy and excess; micronutrient; usual dietary intake; vitamins