title: Residualization Rates of Near-Infrared Dyes for the Rational Design of Molecular Imaging Agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is widely used for tracking antibodies and biomolecules in vivo. Clinical and preclinical applications include intraoperative imaging, tracking therapeutics, and fluorescent labeling as a surrogate for subsequent radiolabeling. Despite their extensive use, one of the fundamental properties of NIR dyes, the residualization rate within cells following internalization, has not been systematically studied. This rate is required for the rational design of probes and proper interpretation of in vivo results.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this brief report, we measure the cellular residualization rate of eight commonly used dyes encompassing three core structures (cyanine, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and oxazine/thiazine/carbopyronin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identify residualizing (half-life >24 h) and non-residualizing (half-life <24 h) dyes in both the far-red (~650-680 nm) and near-infrared (~740-800 nm) regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This data will allow researchers to independently and rationally select the wavelength and residualizing nature of dyes for molecular imaging agent design.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors: Cornelius
authors: C
authors: Cilliers
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors: Jianshan
authors: J
authors: Liao
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Atangcho
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. gthurber@umich.edu.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. gthurber@umich.edu.
authors: Greg M
authors: GM
authors: Thurber
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: Cyanine dyes; Fluorescently labeled antibodies; Fluorophore retention; Multi-modality imaging; Protein metabolism; Receptor internalization