title: Postoperative nausea and vomiting - a narrative review of pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy and clinical management strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications concerning patients undergoing general anesthesia. Intensive research was performed during the last two decades in order to develop therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to prevent this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article reviews the pathophysiology as well as pharmacological aspects of PONV prophylaxis and treatment. Relevant strategic aspects for pharmacological prophylaxis of PONV are discussed and clinical standard operating procedures are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expert opinion focuses on poor implementation of actual PONV guidelines and future considerations.
authors: University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Baldingerstrasse, 35037 Marburg , Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Wiesmann
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kranke
authors: Leopold
authors: L
authors: Eberhart
mesh_terms: D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics
keywords: anesthesia; antiemetics; postoperative complications; postoperative nausea and vomiting