title: In vivo compatibility of graphene oxide with differing oxidation states.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) is suggested to have great potential as a component of biomedical devices. Although this nanomaterial has been demonstrated to be cytocompatible in vitro, its compatibility in vivo in tissue sites relevant for biomedical device application is yet to be fully understood. Here, we evaluate the compatibility of GO with two different oxidation levels following implantation in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal tissue sites, which are of broad relevance for application to medical devices. We demonstrate GO to be moderately compatible in vivo in both tissue sites, with the inflammatory reaction in response to implantation consistent with a typical foreign body reaction. A reduction in the degree of GO oxidation results in faster immune cell infiltration, uptake, and clearance following both subcutaneous and peritoneal implantation. Future work toward surface modification or coating strategies could be useful to reduce the inflammatory response and improve compatibility of GO as a component of medical devices.
authors: Stefanie A
authors: SA
authors: Sydlik
authors: ∥Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors: Siddharth
authors: S
authors: Jhunjhunwala
authors: ∥Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Webber
authors: ∥Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors: Daniel G
authors: DG
authors: Anderson
authors: ∥Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Langer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite
keywords: biocompatibility; graphene; graphene oxide; immune response; in vivo; intraperitoneal; subcutaneous; toxicity