title: Contemplating medicine during the Third Reich: scaffolding professional identity formation for medical students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The moral failures of physicians and the medical establishment in Germany and Austria during the Third Reich challenge medicine and medical education in a way few other events do. They compel medical educators to ensure that lessons learned from contemplating medicine during the Third Reich be integrated into current and future physicians' professional identities. Most health professions education programs, however, have not adopted this study domain in their curricula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors describe a new curriculum module-"The Holocaust and Medicine"-and its implementation in October 2013 at Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel, as a requirement for all medical students (starting with the class of 2017). This innovative module integrates historical facts, guided reflection, flipped classroom pedagogy, and program evaluation efforts. It spans 20 months of the preclinical curriculum, embedded within a doctoring course and a medical humanities longitudinal course and integrated within the clinical sciences blocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evaluation approach will seek to measure changes in learners' knowledge and attitudes, capture their experience with the module, and assess the module's contribution to their identities as future healers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This module aims to sensitize learners to medicine's fundamental dilemmas (e.g., prejudice, assisted reproduction and suicide, physicians in war), ideally enhancing critical reflection on the potential danger of "slippery slopes." The authors propose that contemplation of medicine after the Holocaust and the implications for contemporary practice should be an integral component of health professions education to promote humanistic, ethically responsible practice.
authors: S.P. Reis is clinical professor, head, Faculty Development Unit, and course director of clinical skills and Holocaust and Medicine courses, Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Safed, Israel, and adjunct professor of family medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. H.S. Wald is clinical associate professor of family medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors: Shmuel P
authors: SP
authors: Reis
authors: Hedy S
authors: HS
authors: Wald
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education* / Q000266:history; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D017767:Holocaust / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D010819:Physician's Role; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification