title: External ear anomalies and hearing impairment in Noonan Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This is the first cohort in which hearing impairment and external ear anomalies in Noonan Syndrome are described extensively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of the otorhinolaryngological and clinical genetic data from 97 Noonan Syndrome (NS) patients. Forty-four NS patients were seen by an otorhinolaryngologist for the analysis of hearing impairment. In our cohort 80 of the 97 patients were genetically tested. In 71 of these mutations were found: in 48 patients a mutation in PTPN11, in 10 patients in SOS1, in 5 patients in SHOC2, in 5 patients in RAF1, in 1 patient in MAP2K2, in 1 patient in KRAS and in 1 patient in A2ML1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  External ear anomalies were reported in 75 NS patients (77%). In 69 patients the ears were low-set, 28 patients had posteriorly rotated ears, 14 patients showed protruding ears and 18 had thickened helices. Hearing impairment was detected in 34 NS patients. Nine patients had sensorineural hearing impairment, two a permanent conductive hearing impairment, two other patients had mixed hearing impairment and 20 patients had conductive hearing impairment in the past, caused by otitis media with effusion. Their temporary conductive hearing impairment resolved between the ages of 2 and 18 years. Sensorineural hearing impairment varied between mild high-frequency hearing impairment and profound (uni- and bilateral) hearing impairment and was progressive in three patients. Four NS patients received cochlear implants for their severe sensorineural hearing impairment. The cohort is small for genotype-phenotype correlations, but sensorineural hearing impairment, especially the bilateral severe hearing impairment, was only seen in patients with a PTPN11 mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NS is characterized by dysmorphic external ear anomalies and both sensorineural and conductive hearing impairment. Audiological examinations are recommended in all patients with Noonan Syndrome.
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: d.vantrier@gmail.com.
authors: Dorothée C
authors: DC
authors: van Trier
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Josephine
authors: J
authors: van Nierop
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jos M Th
authors: JMT
authors: Draaisma
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ineke
authors: I
authors: van der Burgt
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Henricus
authors: H
authors: Kunst
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ellen A
authors: EA
authors: Croonen
authors: Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ronald J C
authors: RJC
authors: Admiraal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006312:Hearing Loss, Bilateral / Q000235:genetics; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000209:etiology*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009634:Noonan Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020837:SOS1 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C510358:A2ML1 protein, human; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C112913:SHOC2 protein, human; D020837:SOS1 Protein; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; C482128:MAP2K2 protein, human; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; C516724:PTPN11 protein, human; D054592:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins
keywords: Dysmorphic ear anomalies; Genotype–phenotype correlation; Hearing impairment; Noonan Syndrome