title: Structure-activity relationship of immunomodulating pectins from elderberries.
abstract: The berries of Sambucus nigra have traditionally been used and are still used to treat respiratory illnesses such as cold and flu in Europe, Asia and America. The aim of this paper was to elucidate the structures and the immunomodulating properties of the pectic polymers from elderberries. All the purified fractions obtained from 50% ethanol, 50°C water and 100°C water extracts showed potent dose-dependent complement fixating activity and macrophage stimulating activity. The isolated fractions consisted of long homogalacturonan regions, in addition to arabinogalactan-I and arabinogalactan-II probably linked to a rhamnogalacturonan backbone. Reduced bioactivity was observed after reduction of Araf residues and 1→3,6 Gal by weak acid hydrolysis. The rhamnogalacturonan region in SnBe50-I-S3-I and SnBe50-I-S3-II showed higher activity compared to the native polymer, SnBe50-S3, after enzymatic treatment with endo-α-d-(1→4)-polygalacturonase. These results indicated that elderberries contained immunomodulating polysaccharides, where the ramified regions express the activities observed.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: g.t.t.ho@farmasi.uio.no.
authors: Giang Thanh Thi
authors: GT
authors: Ho
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Abeeda
authors: A
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Yuan-Feng
authors: YF
authors: Zou
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Torun
authors: T
authors: Aslaksen
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Helle
authors: H
authors: Wangensteen
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors: Hilde
authors: H
authors: Barsett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D027923:Sambucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012756:Sheep; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010368:Pectins
keywords: Complement system; Immunological activity; LPS; Macrophage stimulation; Pectic polysaccharides; Sambucus nigra