title: Medicinal plants used for musculoskeletal disorders in Navarra and their pharmacological validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper provides important ethnopharmacological information on plants used in musculoskeletal disorders in Navarra.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was collected using semi-structured ethnobotanical interviews. In order to confirm the pharmacological validation of the uses, monographs from Official International Agencies (ESCOP, Commission E, WHO and EMA) were reviewed. A literature review was conducted focusing on the plants that were widely used but had no published monograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 199 pharmaceutical uses were reported, for 38 plants and 24 families, mainly represented by Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (11%, each), Rosaceae (8%) and Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Equisetaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae and Urticaceae (5%, each). The most frequently used parts were the aerial parts, roots, followed by inflorescences and leaves. Nine out of 38 plants (24%) and 123 uses (62%), had already been pharmacologically validated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors propose to validate four species for their use in musculoskeletal disorders: Verbena officinalis, Symphytum tuberosum, Hypericum perforatum and Equisetum ssp.
authors: Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain. Electronic address: rcavero@unav.es.
authors: Rita Yolanda
authors: RY
authors: Cavero
authors: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
authors: M Isabel
authors: MI
authors: Calvo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Ethnopharmacology; Musculoskeletal; Navarra; Traditional knowledge; Validation