title: Difficult clinical situations in the antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) associated with thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity. However, there is a range of other manifestations associated with APS, called non-criteria manifestations that add significant morbidity to this syndrome and, some of them, represent difficult clinical situations to deal with. Other issues such as refractory treatment also represent challenging situations poorly addressed in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the management of difficult clinical situations in APS and provide information to help the readers in their decision-making process.
authors: Rheumatology Division, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, third floor, room 3190, São Paulo, Brazil, renatafrosa@hotmail.com.
authors: Renata Ferreira
authors: RF
authors: Rosa
authors: Michelle Remião
authors: MR
authors: Ugolini-Lopes
authors: Audrey Krüse
authors: AK
authors: Zeinad-Valim
authors: Elbio
authors: E
authors: D'Amico
authors: Danieli
authors: D
authors: Andrade
mesh_terms: D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology