title: High genital prevalence of cutaneous human papillomavirus DNA on male genital skin: the HPV Infection in Men Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genital skin of males hosts a diversity of HPV genotypes and uncharacterized HPV genotypes. Previously we demonstrated that a specific viral genotype was not identified in 14% of all genital specimens (i.e., HPV unclassified specimens) using the Roche Linear Array method. Our goal was to identify and assess the prevalence of individual HPV types among genital HPV unclassified specimens collected in the HIM Study population, at enrollment, and examine associations with socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genital skin specimens of men that were considered unclassified (HPV PCR positive, no genotype specified) at enrollment were typed by sequencing amplified PGMY09/11 products or cloning of PGMY/GP+ nested amplicons followed by sequencing. PGMY/GP+ negative specimens were further analyzed using FAP primers. HPV type classification was conducted through comparisons with sequences in the GenBank database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Readable nucleotide sequences were generated for the majority of previously unclassified specimens (66%), including both characterized (77%) and yet uncharacterized (23%) HPV types. Of the characterized HPV types, most (73%) were Beta [β]-HPVs, primarily from β-1 and β-2 species, followed by Alpha [α]-HPVs (20%). Smokers (current and former) were significantly more likely to have an α-HPV infection, compared with any other genus; no other factors were associated with specific HPV genera or specific β-HPV species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Male genital skin harbor a large number of β-HPV types. Knowledge concerning the prevalence of the diverse HPV types in the men genital is important to better understand the transmission of these viruses.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Sichero
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Pierce Campbell
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Fulp
authors: Silvaneide
authors: S
authors: Ferreira
authors: João S
authors: JS
authors: Sobrinho
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Baggio
authors: Lenice
authors: L
authors: Galan
authors: Roberto C
authors: RC
authors: Silva
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Lazcano-Ponce
authors: Anna R
authors: AR
authors: Giuliano
authors: Luisa L
authors: LL
authors: Villa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003710:Demography; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012867:Skin / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral