title: Practice patterns of sedation for colonoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedative and analgesic medications have been used routinely for decades to provide patient comfort, reduce procedure time, and improve examination quality during colonoscopy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate trends of sedation during colonoscopy in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endoscopic data repository of U.S. gastroenterology practices (Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative, CORI database from 2000 until 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population was made up of patients undergoing a total of 1,385,436 colonoscopies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonoscopy without any intervention or with mucosal biopsy, polypectomy, various means of hemostasis, luminal dilation, stent placement, or ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dose of midazolam, diazepam, fentanyl, meperidine, diphenhydramine, promethazine, and propofol used for sedation during colonoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the past 14 years, midazolam, fentanyl, and propofol have become the most commonly used sedatives for colonoscopy. Except for benzodiazepines, which were dosed higher in women than men, equal doses of sedation were given to female and male patients. White patients were given higher doses than other ethnic groups undergoing sedation for colonoscopy. Except for histamine-1 receptor antagonists, all sedative medications were given at lower doses to patients with increasing age. The dose of sedatives was higher in colonoscopies associated with procedural interventions or of long duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential for incomplete or incorrect documentation in the database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings reflect on colonoscopy practice in the United States during the last 14 years and provide an incentive for future research on how sex and ethnicity influence sedation practices.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors: Ryan E
authors: RE
authors: Childers
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors: J Lucas
authors: JL
authors: Williams
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors: Amnon
authors: A
authors: Sonnenberg
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003111:Colonic Polyps / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004106:Dilatation; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008614:Meperidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008874:Midazolam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011398:Promethazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015742:Propofol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D008614:Meperidine; D011398:Promethazine; D003975:Diazepam; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol