title: Public health and budget impact of probiotics on common respiratory tract infections: a modelling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two recent meta-analyses by the York Health Economics Consortium (YHEC) and Cochrane demonstrated probiotic efficacy in reducing the duration and number of common respiratory tract infections (CRTI) and associated antibiotic prescriptions. A health-economic analysis was undertaken to estimate the public health and budget consequences of a generalized probiotic consumption in France.
  
  
  METHODS
  A virtual age- and gender-standardized population was generated using a Markov microsimulation model. CRTI risk factors incorporated into this model were age, active/passive smoking and living in a community setting. Incidence rates and resource utilization were based on the 2011-2012 flu season and retrieved from the French GPs Sentinelles network. Results of both meta-analyses were independently applied to the French population to estimate CRTI events, assuming a generalized probiotic use compared to no probiotics during winter months: -0.77 days/CRTI episode (YHEC scenario) or odds-ratio 0.58 for ≥1 CRTI episode (Cochrane scenario) with vs. without probiotics. Economic perspectives were National Health System (NHS), society, family. Outcomes included cost savings related to the reduced numbers of CRTI episodes, days of illness, number of antibiotic courses, sick leave days, medical and indirect costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For France, generalized probiotic use would save 2.4 million CRTI-days, 291,000 antibiotic courses and 581,000 sick leave days, based on YHEC data. Applying the Cochrane data, reductions were 6.6 million CRTI days, 473,000 antibiotic courses and 1.5 million sick days. From the NHS perspective, probiotics' economic impact was about €14.6 million saved according to YHEC and €37.7 million according to Cochrane. Higher savings were observed in children, active smokers and people with more frequent human contacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Public health and budget impact of probiotics are substantial, whether they reduce CRTI episodes frequency or duration. Noteworthy, the 2011-12 winter CRTI incidence was low and this analysis focused on the fraction of CRTI patients consulting a practitioner.
authors: Utrecht University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Public Health & Scientific Relations, Danone Company, Paris, France.
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Lenoir-Wijnkoop
authors: IMS RWES HEOR, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
authors: Laetitia
authors: L
authors: Gerlier
authors: Université Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Bresson
authors: Université Paris Dauphine, Paris, France.
authors: Claude
authors: C
authors: Le Pen
authors: IMS RWES HEOR, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Berdeaux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002017:Budgets; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019936:Probiotics; D011634:Public Health; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult