title: The effects of resistance exercise training on macro- and micro-circulatory responses to feeding and skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older men.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in limb blood flow in response to nutrition are reduced in older age. Muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF) in response to nutrition is also reduced with advancing age and this may contribute to age-related 'anabolic resistance'. Resistance exercise training (RET) can rejuvenate limb blood flow responses to nutrition in older individuals. We report here that 20 weeks of RET also restores muscle MBF in older individuals. Restoration of MBF does not, however, enhance muscle anabolic responses to nutrition.
  The anabolic effects of dietary protein on skeletal muscle depend on adequate skeletal muscle perfusion, which is impaired in older people. This study explores fed state muscle microvascular blood flow, protein metabolism and exercise training status in older men. We measured leg blood flow (LBF), muscle microvascular blood volume (MBV) and muscle protein turnover under post-absorptive and fed state (i.v. Glamin to double amino acids, dextrose to sustain glucose ∼7-7.5 mmol l(-1) ) conditions in two groups: 10 untrained men (72.3 ± 1.4 years; body mass index (BMI) 26.5 ± 1.15 kg m(2) ) and 10 men who had undertaken 20 weeks of fully supervised, whole-body resistance exercise training (RET) (72.8 ± 1.4 years; BMI 26.3 ± 1.2 kg m(2) ). We measured LBF by Doppler ultrasound and muscle MBV by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was measured using [1, 2-(13) C2 ] leucine with breakdown (MPB) and net protein balance (NPB) by ring-[D5 ] phenylalanine tracers. Plasma insulin was measured via ELISA and indices of anabolic signalling (e.g. Akt/mTORC1) by immunoblotting from muscle biopsies. Whereas older untrained men did not exhibit fed-state increases in LBF or MBV, the RET group exhibited increases in both LBF and MBV. Despite our hypothesis that enhanced fed-state circulatory responses would improve anabolic responses to nutrition, fed-state increases in MPS (∼50-75%; P < 0.001) were identical in both groups. Finally, whereas only the RET group exhibited fed-state suppression of MPB (∼-38%; P < 0.05), positive NPB achieved was similar in both groups. We conclude that RET enhances fed-state LBF and MBV and restores nutrient-dependent attenuation of MPB without robustly enhancing MPS or NPB.
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Bethan E
authors: BE
authors: Phillips
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Atherton
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Krishna
authors: K
authors: Varadhan
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Marie C
authors: MC
authors: Limb
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Wilkinson
authors: University of Copenhagen, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Kim A
authors: KA
authors: Sjøberg
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Smith
authors: University of Nottingham, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Derby, UK.
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001810:Blood Volume; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055070:Resistance Training
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins