title: Validating the cross-cultural factor structure and invariance property of the Insomnia Severity Index: evidence based on ordinal EFA and CFA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) across samples recruited from different countries. We tried to identify the most appropriate factor model for the ISI and further examined the measurement invariance property of the ISI across samples from different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our analyses included one data set collected from a Taiwanese sample and two data sets obtained from samples in Hong Kong and Canada. The data set collected in Taiwan was analyzed with ordinal exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to obtain the appropriate factor model for the ISI. After that, we conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), which is a special case of the structural equation model (SEM) that concerns the parameters in the measurement model, to the statistics collected in Canada and Hong Kong. The purposes of these CFA were to cross-validate the result obtained from EFA and further examine the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the ISI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-factor model outperforms other models in terms of global fit indices in Taiwan's population. Its external validity is also supported by confirmatory factor analyses. Furthermore, the measurement invariance analyses show that the strong invariance property between the samples from different cultures holds, providing evidence that the ISI results obtained in different cultures are comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The factorial validity of the ISI is stable in different populations. More importantly, its invariance property across cultures suggests that the ISI is a valid measure of the insomnia severity construct across countries.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Fraser Hall, Room 426, Lawrence, KS 66045-7556, USA; Center of Research Method and Data Analysis, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Waston Library 470, Lawrence, KS, USA.
authors: Po-Yi
authors: PY
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Psychology/The Research Center for Mind, Brain, & Learning, National Chengchi University, No. 64, Sec 2, ZhiNan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: yangcm@nccu.edu.tw.
authors: Chien-Ming
authors: CM
authors: Yang
authors: École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors: Charles M
authors: CM
authors: Morin
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Factorial structure; Insomnia Severity Index; Measurement invariance; Multigroup structural equation model; Ordinal exploratory factor analysis