title: Agreement between hopelessness/helplessness and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale in healthy individuals and in patients with benign breast disease and breast cancer: a prospective case-control study in Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between scoring for hopelessness/helplessness and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in healthy study subjects (HSS) and in patients with benign breast disease (BBD) and breast cancer (BC) has not been compared in a prospective study. We, therefore, investigated hopelessness and helplessness scores versus the MADRS in 115 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Kuopio Breast Cancer Study, 115 women with breast symptoms were evaluated for hopelessness and helplessness, and for the MADRS before any diagnostic procedures were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the self-rating score (SRS), hopelessness/helplessness versus the MADRS were highly significantly positively correlated in the HSS, BBD and BC groups. In the SRS, the weighted kappa values for hopelessness/helplessness versus the MADRS in the HSS, BBD and BC groups were also statistically significant. There was also a significant positive correlation in the examiner-rating score (ERS) for hopelessness versus the MADRS in the HSS, BBD and BC groups and for helplessness versus the MADRS in the HSS, BBD and BC groups. The unweighted kappa values in the ERS for hopelessness versus the MADRS were statistically highly significant for the HSS, BBD and BC groups and those for helplessness versus the MADRS in the HSS and BBD groups were statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new finding with clinical relevance in the present work is the agreement between hopelessness/helplessness scores and MADRS in the SRS and ERS. In the breast cancer diagnostic unit, the identification of hopeless/helpless persons is essential in suicide prevention and it is important to assess and treat hopelessness/helplessness even though an individual may report few depressive symptoms.
authors: Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland matti.eskelinen@kuh.fi.
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Eskelinen
authors: Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Riika
authors: R
authors: Korhonen
authors: Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Tuomas
authors: T
authors: Selander
authors: Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Ollonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Helplessness; Hopelessness; MADRS; breast disease; depression