title: Genotype 1 of hepatitis C virus increases the risk of major depression: a 12-week prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depressive symptoms have been frequently observed in association with immune activation. We prospectively evaluate depressive symptoms and risk factors for major depression in patients with hepatitis C virus treated with antiviral combined therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were assessed during 1 year; the structured diagnostic interview - Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - was used to screen psychiatric disorders at the baseline and during the 4th and 12th week of antiviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  generalized estimating equations and pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our sample the prevalence of the Genotype 1 was 42%, and the pegylated interferon alpha plus ribavirin was the most prevalent treatment used for hepatitis C (86%). We found increased risk of depression in the 4th week (34%) but not in the 12th week (24%) compared with baseline values (20%) (P=0.040). In addition, we found differences between depression prevalence and hepatitis C genotypes, with higher odds in the 4th week compared to the baseline and 12th week [OR: 2.1(1.15-2.9); P=0.040]. Patients with the Genotype 2/3 had significantly lower odds of presenting depression compared to the Genotype 1 [OR: 0.3 (0.1-0.9); P=0.030].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence for an association between hepatitis C genotype and major depression, showing that besides immune activation, the Genotype 1 is associated with increased risk for psychiatric symptoms during the follow-up.
authors: Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 250, CEP 96030001, Fragata, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: E C M
authors: EC
authors: Cunha
authors: Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: M F
authors: MF
authors: Behrensdorf
authors: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 250, CEP 96030001, Fragata, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Bavaresco
authors: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 250, CEP 96030001, Fragata, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: D N
authors: DN
authors: Zambrano
authors: Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Bellini
authors: Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, CEP 88040900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Kaster
authors: Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Spessato
authors: Laboratório de Neurociências Clínicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 373, CEP 96015560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: ghisleni.g@gmail.com.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Ghisleni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000235:genetics*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012254:Ribavirin; C100416:peginterferon alfa-2a
keywords: Antiviral treatment; Depression; Genotype; Hepatitis C virus; Major depression