title: Andrographolide inhibits intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis multiplication and reduces secretion of proinflammatory mediators produced by human epithelial cells.
abstract: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. Untreated C. trachomatis infections may cause inflammation and ultimately damage tissues. Here, we evaluated the ability of Andrographolide (Andro), a natural diterpenoid lactone component of Andrographis paniculata, to inhibit C. trachomatis infection in cultured human cervical epithelial cells. We found that Andro exposure inhibited C. trachomatis growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The greatest inhibitory effect was observed when exponentially growing C. trachomatis was exposed to Andro. Electron micrographs demonstrated the accumulation of unusual, structurally deficient chlamydial organisms, correlated with a decrease in levels of OmcB expressed at the late stage of infection. Additionally, Andro significantly reduced the secretion of interleukin6, CXCL8 and interferon-γ-induced protein10 produced by host cells infected with C. trachomatis. These results indicate the efficacy of Andro to perturb C. trachomatis transition from the metabolically active reticulate body to the infectious elementary body and concurrently reduce the production of a proinflammatory mediator by epithelial cells in vitro. Further dissection of Andro's anti-Chlamydia action may provide identification of novel therapeutic targets.
authors: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China, 400014.
authors: Ziyu
authors: Z
authors: Hua
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors: Kyla M
authors: KM
authors: Frohlich
authors: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China, 400014.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Biodiscovery, Boston, MA 02132, USA.
authors: Xiaogeng
authors: X
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China, 400014.
authors: Jiaxing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA lshen@lsuhsc.edu.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Shen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004224:Diterpenes; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C030419:andrographolide
keywords: Andrographolide; Chlamydia trachomatis; anti-inflammation; antibacterial activity; green fluorescent protein