title: [Systems with a concentration gradient have no potential energy but have the ability to do useful work].
abstract: The systems with the concentration gradient have no potential energy for heat and useful work production. Nevertheless, they have the ability to do useful work due to the heat dragged from the environment using, for instance, electrodes in the concentration cells. The second law of thermodynamics is not violated: work process occurred due to the heat dragged from the environment is coupled with the process of concentration leveling.
authors: N M
authors: NM
authors: Bazhin
mesh_terms: D008962:Models, Theoretical