title: Vascular effects of advanced glycation end-products: content of immunohistochemically detected AGEs in radial artery samples as a predictor for arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine whether vascular deposition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is associated with arterial calcification and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and to assess the relationships between vascular content of AGEs and selected clinical and biochemical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 54 CKD patients (33 hemodialyzed, 21 predialyzed). Examined parameters included BMI, incidence of diabetes, plasma fasting glucose, AGEs, soluble receptor for AGEs and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, serum C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and fetuin-A. Fragments of radial artery obtained during creation of hemodialysis access were stained for calcifications using alizarin red. AGEs deposits were identified immunohistochemically and their relative content was quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vascular content of AGEs was positively correlated with BMI, hsCRP, fetuin-A, PAI-1, and DPPH scavenging in simple regression; only fetuin-A was an independent predictor in multiple regression. There was a significant positive trend in the intensity of AGEs immunostaining among patients with grades 1, 2, and 3 calcifications. AGEs immunostaining intensity predicted 3-year cardiovascular mortality irrespective of patient's age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates an involvement of AGEs in the development of medial arterial calcification and the impact of arterial AGE deposition on cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients.
authors: Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Janda
authors: Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Marcin
authors: M
authors: Krzanowski
authors: Chair and Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Mariusz
authors: 0000-0002-3788-7528
authors: M
authors: Gajda
authors: Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Paulina
authors: P
authors: Dumnicka
authors: Chair and Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Ewa
authors: E
authors: Jasek
authors: Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Danuta
authors: D
authors: Fedak
authors: Pharmacobiology Department of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Agata
authors: A
authors: Pietrzycka
authors: Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Marek
authors: M
authors: Kuźniewski
authors: Chair and Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: Litwin
authors: Chair and Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors: Władysław
authors: W
authors: Sułowicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010851:Picrates / Q000097:blood; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D010851:Picrates; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl