title: A novel method for delivering ramped cooling reveals rat behaviours at innocuous and noxious temperatures: A comparative study of human psychophysics and rat behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thermal sensory testing in rodents informs human pain research. There are important differences in the methodology for delivering thermal stimuli to humans and rodents. This is particularly true in cold pain research. These differences confound extrapolation and de-value nociceptive tests in rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated cooling-induced behaviours in rats and psychophysical thresholds in humans using ramped cooling stimulation protocols. A Peltier device mounted upon force transducers simultaneously applied a ramped cooling stimulus whilst measuring contact with rat hind paw or human finger pad. Rat withdrawals and human detection, discomfort and pain thresholds were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ramped cooling of a rat hind paw revealed two distinct responses: Brief paw removal followed by paw replacement, usually with more weight borne than prior to the removal (temperature inter-quartile range: 19.1 °C to 2.8 °C). Full withdrawal was evoked at colder temperatures (inter quartile range: -11.3 °C to -11.8 °C). The profile of human cool detection threshold and cold pain threshold were remarkably similar to that of the rat withdrawals behaviours.
  Previous rat cold evoked behaviours utilise static temperature stimuli. By utilising ramped cold stimuli this novel methodology better reflects thermal testing in patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief paw removal in the rat is driven by non-nociceptive afferents, as is the perception of cooling in humans. This is in contrast to the nociceptor-driven withdrawal from colder temperatures. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of data generated in older cold pain models and consequently our understanding of cold perception and pain.
authors: School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK. Electronic address: Jimdunham@doctors.org.uk.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Dunham
authors: School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK; Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, UK.
authors: Richard P
authors: RP
authors: Hulse
authors: School of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK; School of Life Sciences and Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, UK.
authors: Lucy F
authors: LF
authors: Donaldson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D011601:Psychophysics / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Behaviour; Cold; Human; Nociception; Pain; Rat