title: Peptaibol, secondary-metabolite, and hydrophobin pattern of commercial biocontrol agents formulated with species of the Trichoderma harzianum complex.
abstract: The production of bioactive polypeptides (peptaibiotics) in vivo is a sophisticated adaptation strategy of both mycoparasitic and saprotrophic Trichoderma species for colonizing and defending their natural habitats. This feature is of major practical importance, as the detection of peptaibiotics in plant-protective Trichoderma species, which are successfully used against economically relevant bacterial and fungal plant pathogens, certainly contributes to a better understanding of these complex antagonistic interactions. We analyzed five commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs), namely Canna(®) , Trichosan(®) , Vitalin(®) , Promot(®) WP, and TrichoMax(®) , formulated with recently described species of the Trichoderma harzianum complex, viz. T. afroharzianum, T. simmonsii, and T. guizhouense. By using the well-established, HPLC/MS-based peptaibiomics approach, it could unequivocally be demonstrated that all of these formulations contained new and recurrent peptaibols, i.e., peptaibiotics carrying an acetylated N-terminus, the C-terminus of which is reduced to a 1,2-amino alcohol. Their chain lengths, including the amino alcohol, were 11, 14, and 18 residues, respectively. Peptaibols were also to be the dominating secondary metabolites in plate cultures of the four strains obtained from four of the Trichoderma- based BCAs, contributing 95% of the UHPLC-UV/VIS peak areas and 99% of the total ion count MS peak area from solid media. Furthermore, species-specific hydrophobins, as well as non-peptaibiotic secondary metabolites, were detected, the latter being known for their antifungal, siderophore, or plant-growth-promoting activities. Notably, none of the isolates produced low-molecular weight mycotoxins.
authors: Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 - 32, DE-35392 Giessen; Present address: Interdisciplinary Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology (IPAZ), University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, DE-35392 Giessen (phone: +49-641-99-37651, fax: +49-641-99-37609).. thomas.degenkolb@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Degenkolb
authors: Kristian
authors: K
authors: Fog Nielsen
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Dieckmann
authors: Fabiano
authors: F
authors: Branco-Rocha
authors: Priscila
authors: P
authors: Chaverri
authors: Gary J
authors: GJ
authors: Samuels
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Thrane
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: von Döhren
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Vilcinskas
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Brückner
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D008970:Molecular Weight; D054848:Peptaibols / Q000032:analysis*; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D054848:Peptaibols
keywords: Biocontrol; Hydrophobins; Mycotoxins; Peptaibiomics; Peptaibols; Secondary metabolites; Trichoderma harzianum complex