title: Temporal trends of acute chemical incidents and injuries—Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance, nine states, 1999-2008.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Widespread use of hazardous chemicals in the United States is associated with unintentional acute chemical incidents (i.e., uncontrolled or illegal release or threatened release of hazardous substances lasting <72 hours). Efforts by industries, government agencies, academics, and others aim to reduce chemical incidents and the public health consequences, environmental damage, and economic losses; however, incidents are still prevalent.
  
  
  METHODS
  1999-2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system was operated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) during January 1991-September 2009 to describe the public health consequences of chemical releases and to develop activities aimed at reducing the harm. This report summarizes temporal trends in the numbers of incidents, injured persons, deaths, and evacuations from the nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin) that participated in HSEES during its last 10 full years of data collection (1999-2008).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57,975 incidents and 15,506 injured persons, including 354 deaths, were reported. During the surveillance period, several trends were observed: a slight overall decrease occurred in incidents for fixed facilities (R² = 0.6) and an increasing trend in deaths (R² = 0.7) occurred, particularly for the general public (R² = 0.9). The number of incidents increased in the spring during March-June, and a decrease occurred in the remainder of the year (R² = 0.5). A decreasing trend in incidents occurred during Monday-Sunday (R² = 0.7) that was similar to that for the number of injured persons (R² = 0.6). The highest number of incidents occurred earlier in the day (6:00 a.m.-11:59 a.m.) and then decreased as the day went on (R² = 0.9); this trend was similar for the number of injured persons (R² = 1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemical incidents continue to affect public health and appear to be a growing problem for the general public. The number of incidents and injuries varied by month, day of week, and time of day and likely was influenced by other factors such as weather and the economy. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: Public and environmental health and safety practitioners, worker representatives, emergency planners, preparedness coordinators, industries, emergency responders, and others can use the findings in this report to prepare for and prevent chemical incidents and injuries. Specifically, knowing when to expect the most incidents and injuries can guide preparedness and prevention efforts. In addition, new or expanded efforts and outreach to educate consumers who could be exposed to chemicals are needed (e.g., education about the dangers of carbon monoxide poisoning for consumers in areas likely to experience weather-related power outages). Redirection of efforts such as promoting inherently safer technologies should be explored to reduce or eliminate the hazards completely.
authors: Perri Zeitz
authors: PZ
authors: Ruckart
authors: Maureen F
authors: MF
authors: Orr
mesh_terms: D055884:Chemical Hazard Release / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology