title: Sub-chronic toxicity of gold nanoparticles in male mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gold nanoparticles have many industrial applications; moreover, they are photothermic agents for clinical treatment of cancer. This study was provided to investigate the effects associated with different doses of applied gold nanoparticles by injection and contact procedures on the alterations of the serum levels and certain factors in male mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 male mice were randomly assigned into two protocols in terms of touching and injection. The injection protocol was included of five groups: Sham, control, 25, 50, and 100 ppm. They received gold nanoparticles at 25, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations administered in form of 0.3 ml/day for the period of 14 days and that of touching protocol were received 0.2 ml/day gold nanoparticles. Blood sample of which was taken to measure the serum level of creatine kinase phosphate, fasting blood, creatinine, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and eventually, the kidney was dissected for the intent of pathological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum level of creatine kinase phosphate and fasting blood sugar at middle dose was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) in touching protocol. In both protocols, the serum level of creatinine in high and medium doses showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) associated with the treated group. In the touching method, in high and medium doses administered to the treated group, the alteration was significant (P ≤ 0.05). In the both protocols, the serum level of albumin in high and medium doses of the treated group showed significant difference (P < 0.05). Thus, the gold nanoparticles could result in undesirable effects upon kidney tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result of this study indicated that the administration of gold nanoparticles by touching method was more effective on the serum levels of these factors than that of injection method.
authors: Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, I.R. of IRAN.
authors: Marziyeh
authors: M
authors: Ajdary
authors: Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, I.R. of IRAN.
authors: Marziyeh Ziaee
authors: MZ
authors: Ghahnavieh
authors: Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Nooshin
authors: N
authors: Naghsh
keywords: CPK; FBS; gold nanoparticle; kidney; kidney factors; male mice