title: Protective effects of caffeoylxanthiazonoside isolated from fruits of Xanthium strumarium on sepsis mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the protective effect of caffeoylxanthiazonoside (CYXD) isolated from fruits of X. strumarium on sepsis mice in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation was used to establish the sepsis mice model, and sham mice were also performed. CYXD was administered by intraperitoneal injection (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/d), then the survival rate was measured in 96 h. Additionally, sepsis mice were induced by injection LPS (2 mg/kg); CYXD was administered by intraperitoneal injection (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/d), then mice were sacrificed, and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by ELISA assay. Furthermore, the ability of CYXD to neutralize LPS was measured by using the LAL test, and expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 were determined by using real-time fluorogenic PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that CYXD significantly elevated survival rates of sepsis mice induced by CLP (p < 0.05) with survival rates of 35%, 45%, and 65%. Furthermore, the LPS level was decreased obviously by CYXD (1, 2, and 4 mg/L) (p < 0.05). Additionally, CYXD (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) can not only significantly decrease TNF-α and IL-6 levels induced by LPS in mice's serum (p < 0.05), but also inhibit mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells at doses of 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that CYXD has significant protective effects on sepsis mice.
authors: Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China.
authors: Yan-Hong
authors: YH
authors: Wang
authors: Tie-Hua
authors: TH
authors: Li
authors: Ben-Quan
authors: BQ
authors: Wu
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Yun-Feng
authors: YF
authors: Shi
authors: Ding-Yun
authors: DY
authors: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005638:Fruit; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D031210:Xanthium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C000594078:caffeoylxanthiazonoside; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse
keywords: CLP; IL-6; TNF-α; lipopolysaccharide; proinflammatory cytokines