title: CMPF does not associate with impaired glucose metabolism in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) is a metabolite produced endogenously from dietary sources of furan fatty acids. The richest source of furan fatty acids in human diet is fish. CMPF was recently shown to be elevated in fasting plasma in individuals with gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and mechanistically high level of CMPF was linked to β cell dysfunction. Here we aimed to study the association between plasma CMPF level and glucose metabolism in persons with impaired glucose metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma CMPF concentration was measured from plasma samples of the study participants in an earlier controlled dietary intervention. All of them had impaired glucose metabolism and two other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Altogether 106 men and women were randomized into three groups for 12 weeks with different fish consumption (either three fatty fish meals per week, habitual fish consumption or maximum of one fish meal per week). Associations between concentration of CMPF and various glucose metabolism parameters at an oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and at the end of the study were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting plasma CMPF concentration was significantly increased after a 12-week consumption of fatty fish three times per week, but the concentration remained much lower compared to concentrations reported in diabetic patients. Increases of plasma CMPF concentrations mostly due to increased fish consumption were not associated with impaired glucose metabolism in this study. Instead, elevated plasma CMPF concentration was associated with decreased 2-hour insulin concentration in OGTT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderately elevated concentration of CMPF in plasma resulting from increased intake of fish is not harmful to glucose metabolism. Further studies are needed to fully explore the role of CMPF in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose metabolism.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00573781.
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Maria A
authors: MA
authors: Lankinen
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Kati
authors: K
authors: Hanhineva
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Marjukka
authors: M
authors: Kolehmainen
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Lehtonen
authors: School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Seppo
authors: S
authors: Auriola
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Hannu
authors: H
authors: Mykkänen
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Kaisa
authors: K
authors: Poutanen
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Ursula
authors: U
authors: Schwab
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Matti
authors: M
authors: Uusitupa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005215:Fasting; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005663:Furans / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011422:Propionates / Q000097:blood*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C468134:3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005663:Furans; D007328:Insulin; D011422:Propionates; D014280:Triglycerides