title: Variations of gonadal veins: embryological prospective and clinical significance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An adequate knowledge of anomalies of gonadal veins will help the radiologists and surgeons in recognition and protection of these veins which play major roles in thermo-regulation that is essential for the efficient functioning of testis on which the survival of the human species depends.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to present an analysis of the anatomical variations of gonadal veins. An effort has also been made to explicate the possible embryological model of development of such variants and to present the variable clinical aspects concerning them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gonadal veins in 60 dissection room cadavers were examined for variations from the classic anatomic description.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, out of 60 cases, male: female ratio was 2:1(40:20) in which no variation was found in ovarian veins. In the 18 (45%) cases, testicular veins showed variations which consist of duplication and atypical drainage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variations of drainage of gonadal vein are due to error of embryological development in venous shift and alteration in anastomotic channel of post-cardinal, supra-cardinal and sub cardinal veins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gonadal veins present numeric variations as well as variations in its site of drainage, which attributed to the various pathological conditions as varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome, leading to infertility in patients. Hence, in -depth knowledge of these developmental anomalies of gonadal veins is important.
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Adesh Institute of Medical Science and Research , Bathinda, Punjab, India .
authors: Raman
authors: R
authors: Gupta
authors: Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Genesis Institute of Dental sciences and Research , Ferozepur, Punjab, India .
authors: Anupma
authors: A
authors: Gupta
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Adesh Institute of Medical Science and Research , Bathinda, Punjab, India .
authors: Navita
authors: N
authors: Aggarwal
keywords: Anatomical variants; Gonadal vein; Morphology; Testicular vein