title: Growth modeling of the maternal cytokine milieu throughout normal pregnancy: macrophage-derived chemokine decreases as inflammation/counterregulation increases.
abstract: Several recent studies have shown differences in the maternal immune milieu at different phases of pregnancy, but most studies have been cross-sectional or of relatively few time points. Levels of 42 cytokines were determined using a multiplex bead-based assay on archived serum from a cohort of pregnant women (N = 16) at median of 18 time points tested, from the first trimester through to parturition, per woman. Unconditional growth modeling was then used to determine time-dependent changes in levels of these cytokines. Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC, aka CCL22) decreases as pregnancy progresses. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IP-10, and FLT3-ligand increase as a function of gestational weeks, and IFNα2, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-9, IL-12p40, and soluble CD40 ligand increase as a function of trimester. As pregnancy normally progresses, a maternal shift away from a type 2-biased immune response and toward an inflammatory/counterregulatory response is observed.
authors: Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors: Shernan G
authors: SG
authors: Holtan
authors: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Yiyi
authors: 0000-0002-3743-3331
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Rajani
authors: R
authors: Kaimal
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Douglas J
authors: DJ
authors: Creedon
authors: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Elizabeth Ann L
authors: EA
authors: Enninga
authors: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Wendy K
authors: WK
authors: Nevala
authors: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors: Svetomir N
authors: SN
authors: Markovic
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins