title: Regional versus urban differences in teenage alcohol use: Does parental disapproval account for these differences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if parental disapproval of alcohol use accounts for differences in adolescent alcohol use across regional and urban communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis of grade-level stratified data from a random sample of schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  High schools in Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 10 273 adolescents from Grade 7 (mean age = 12.51 years), 9 (14.46 years) and 11 (16.42 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  The key independent variables were parental disapproval of adolescent alcohol use and regionality (regional/ urban), and the dependent variable was past 30 days alcohol use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounders, adolescents in regional areas were more likely to use alcohol in the past 30 days (OR = 1.83, 1.44 and 1.37 for Grades 7, 9 and 11, respectively, P < 0.05), and their parents have a lower level of disapproval of their alcohol use (b = -0.12, -0.15 and -0.19 for Grades 7, 9 and 11, respectively, P < 0.001). Bootstrapping analyses suggested that 8.37%, 23.30% and 39.22% of the effect of regionality on adolescent alcohol use was mediated by parental disapproval of alcohol use for Grades 7, 9 and 11 participants respectively (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents in urban areas had a lower risk of alcohol use compared with their regional counterparts, and differences in parental disapproval of alcohol use contributed to this difference.
authors: Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Gary C K
authors: GC
authors: Chan
authors: Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Adrian B
authors: AB
authors: Kelly
authors: Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Jason P
authors: JP
authors: Connor
authors: Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Wayne
authors: W
authors: Hall
authors: Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors: Ross McD
authors: RM
authors: Young
authors: School of Psychology, Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Toumbourou
authors: Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University.
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012424:Rural Population; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D014739:Victoria
keywords: adolescence; adolescent; alcohol; parental disapproval; regional; urban