title: Volaemic status and dyspepsia in end-stage renal disease patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies in animals show a relationship between extracellular volume and gastrointestinal motility. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients present fluid overload and frequent dyspeptic symptoms. We looked for an association between volaemic status and dyspepsia among ESRD patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 155 ESRD patients on HD. Their volaemic status was evaluated using bioimpedance analysis. Fluid overload (FO) in litres and relative fluid overload (rFO) in percentage were calculated. rFO > 15% was classified as hypervolaemia. Dyspepsia was assessed through the Porto Alegre Dyspeptic Symptoms Questionnaire (PADYQ). PADYQ scores equal to or greater than 6 classified patients as dyspeptic. Characteristics of patients with and without dyspepsia were compared. Pearson's test was used to test the correlation between continuous variables. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were performed to test FO as predictor of dyspepsia score and the presence of dyspepsia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 64 (41.2%) patients with dyspepsia. Dyspeptics presented higher FO (2.5 ± 1.8 L vs 1.0 ± 1.8 L; P < 0.001) and higher rFO (16 ± 9.9% vs 4.8 ± 12.0%; P < 0.001). Dyspepsia score was positively correlated with FO (r = 0.300; P < 0.001) and with rFO (r = 0.256; P = 0.001). There were more patients with hypervolaemia among dyspeptics compared to non-dyspeptics (65.6% vs 17.6%; P < 0.001). FO was an independent predictor of dyspepsia score (b = 1.036; P < 0.001) and the presence of dyspepsia (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.55-2.50; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypervolaemia is associated with dyspepsia among ESRD patients on HD.
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.|Dialysis Unit, Santa Casa Hospital, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Roberto
authors: PR
authors: Santos
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Diego Levi Silveira
authors: DL
authors: Monteiro
authors: Dialysis Unit, Santa Casa Hospital, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Henrique Alexandre
authors: PH
authors: de Paula
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Vicente Lopes
authors: VL
authors: Monte Neto
authors: Dialysis Unit, Santa Casa Hospital, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Maria Leilah Ponte Monte
authors: ML
authors: Coelho
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Cecília Costa
authors: CC
authors: Arcanjo
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Sânkia Maria Lopes
authors: SM
authors: Aragão
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Camila Barbosa
authors: CB
authors: Gondim
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Janaína Teixeira Pereira Carneiro
authors: JT
authors: Tapeti
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Hyngridd Soares
authors: HS
authors: Mendes
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Luise Vasconcelos
authors: LV
authors: Vieira
authors: School of Medicine, Sobral Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil.
authors: Rita de Cássia Parente
authors: Rde C
authors: Prado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001810:Blood Volume; D001811:Blood Volume Determination; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005260:Female; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: end-stage kidney disease; fluid and electrolyte disorders; gastrointestinal diseases; haemodialysis