title: Opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected adults in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Despite the availability of effective combined antiretroviral treatment, many patients still present with advanced HIV infection, often accompanied by an AIDS-defining disease. A subgroup of patients starting antiretroviral treatment under these clinical conditions may experience paradoxical worsening of their disease as a result of an exaggerated immune response towards an active (but also subclinical) infectious agent, despite an appropriate virological and immunological response to the treatment. This clinical condition, known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, may cause significant morbidity and even mortality if it is not promptly recognized and treated. This review updates current knowledge about the incidence, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management of opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the combined antiretroviral treatment era.
authors: Infectious Diseases Service and HIV Research Unit, Hospital Clinic - IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Manzardo
authors: Alberto C
authors: AC
authors: Guardo
authors: Emilio
authors: E
authors: Letang
authors: Montserrat
authors: M
authors: Plana
authors: Jose M
authors: JM
authors: Gatell
authors: Jose M
authors: JM
authors: Miro
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: AIDS-defining diseases; IRIS definition; IRIS incidence; IRIS management; IRIS treatment; Kaposi sarcoma; TB; combined antiretroviral therapy; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; opportunistic infections