title: Salvage Esophagectomy After Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Who Really Benefits from this High-Risk Surgery?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify good candidates for salvage esophagectomy after definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), based on safety and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three patients who underwent salvage esophagectomy, after dCRT, at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between 1988 and 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. Short-term outcomes were evaluated by reviewing postoperative complications, length of postoperative hospital stay, and mortality. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was determined using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to R0 resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative complications occurred in 41 patients (65.1 %), and the mortality rate was 7.9 %. In-hospital deaths did not occur among patients with less advanced tumors prior to dCRT (cT1-2 and cN0), or among those who had previously achieved a complete response (CR); the 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 29.8 % and 15.0 %, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that residual disease, tumor depth, dCRT response, lymph node metastasis, and time to relapse were significant factors affecting overall survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that R0 resection and ypT0-2 tumors were significant, favorable prognostic factors in patients undergoing salvage esophagectomy. In addition, cT1-2 tumors, initially resectable tumors, ycT1-2 tumors, and relapse after CR were factors predicting R0 resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on both short- and long-term outcomes, patients with pretreatment or preoperative T1-2 tumors and those with relapse after CR are good candidates for salvage esophagectomy.
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan. masayuki.watanabe@jfcr.or.jp.
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Watanabe
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Mine
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Koujiro
authors: K
authors: Nishida
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Yamada
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hironobu
authors: H
authors: Shigaki
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Sano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy / Q000401:mortality*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate