title: Elevated chemokine levels during adult but not pediatric Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis. Clinical reports indicate the severity of CCHF is milder in children than adults. The chemokines are important chemo-attractant mediators of the host immune system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of the study was to identify whether or not there were any differences in chemokine levels between the pediatric and adult patients and control groups, and whether there was any correlation with disease severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum levels of select chemokines including chemokine (C-C) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL4, chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL9, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in 29 adult and 32 pediatric CCHF patients and in 35 healthy children and 40 healthy adult control groups were studied by flow cytometric bead immunoassay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Great variability was detected in the serum levels of the chemokines for both the adult and pediatric patients and controls. With the exception of G-CSF, the median serum levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, and CXCL9 were found to be significantly higher in the adult patients compared to adult controls (2364.7 vs. 761 pg/ml; 714.1 vs. 75.2 pg/ml; 88.6 vs. 25.5 pg/ml; 217.9 vs. 18.3 pg/ml; 875 vs. 352.2 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Among the chemokines the median CCL4 and G-CSF levels were significantly higher in the pediatric patients compared to pediatric controls (40.3 vs. 7.1 pg/ml, p < 0.0001; 0.1 vs. 0.1 pg/ml, p = 0.049, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study showed prominent chemokine raising in adult CCHF patients compared to children CCHF patients.
authors: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey. Electronic address: araslimehmet@yahoo.com.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Arasli
authors: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Yasemin
authors: Y
authors: Ozsurekci
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors: Nazif
authors: N
authors: Elaldi
authors: Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA.
authors: Alexander J
authors: AJ
authors: McAuley
authors: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Eda
authors: E
authors: Karadag Oncel
authors: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors: Ishak Ozel
authors: IO
authors: Tekin
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors: Mustafa Gokhan
authors: MG
authors: Gozel
authors: Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Kaya
authors: Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors: Fusun Dilara
authors: FD
authors: Icagasioglu
authors: Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Dilek Yagci
authors: DY
authors: Caglayik
authors: Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Gulay
authors: G
authors: Korukluoglu
authors: Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors: Furuzan
authors: F
authors: Kokturk
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Bakir
authors: Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA.
authors: Dennis A
authors: DA
authors: Bente
authors: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Ceyhan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018925:Chemokines / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Adults; Chemokine; Children; Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever