title: Reliability of diagnostic ultrasound in measuring the multifidus muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound is frequently used to measure activity in the lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM). However previous reliability studies on diagnostic ultrasound and LMM have included a limited number of subjects and few have used Bland-Altman's Limits of Agreement (LOA). Further one does not know if activity affects the subjects' ability to contract the LMM.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2012 to December 2012 an inter- and intra-examiner reliability study was carried out in a clinical setting. It consisted of a total of four experiments with 30 subjects in each study. Two experienced examiners performed all measurements. Ultrasound measurements were made of: 1. the LMM in the resting state, 2. during a contracted state, 3. on subsequent days, and, before and after walking. Reliability and agreement was tested for 1. resting LMM, 2. contracted LMM, and 3. thickness change in the LMM. Mean values of three measurements were used for statistical analysis for each spinal level. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) 3.1 and 3.2 was used to test for reliability, and Bland-Altman's LOA method to test for agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the studies indicate high levels of reliability, but as the LMM thickness increased (increasing contraction) the agreement between examiners was poorer than for low levels of contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of diagnostic ultrasound to measure the LMM seems to be reliable in subjects who have little or no change in thickness of the LMM with contraction.
authors: MChiro, MSc, Ulriksdal 2, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors: Eirik Johan
authors: EJ
authors: Skeie
authors: DC, MSc, Ulriksdal 2, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors: Jan Arve
authors: JA
authors: Borge
authors: Department Spincenter of Southern Denmark Hospital Lillebælt, Østre Hougvej 55, DK-5500 Middelfart, Denmark.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Leboeuf-Yde
authors: Anglo European College of Chiropractic. Research Department, 13-15 Parkwood Road, Bournemouth BH5 2DF England, UK.
authors: Jenni
authors: J
authors: Bolton
authors: Orthopaedic Department, Center for Spine Surgery, Hospital of Lillebaelt, Institute of Regional Health Service Research and Center for Research in Childhood Health, University of Southern Denmark, Østre Hougvej 55, DK5500 Middelfart, Denmark.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Wedderkopp
keywords: Agreement; Diagnostic ultrasound; Intraclass correlation coefficient; Limits of agreement; Lumbar multifidus; Measurement; Reliability