title: Particulate air pollution and circulating biomarkers among type 2 diabetic mellitus patients: the roles of particle size and time windows of exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term associations between size-fractionated particulate matter (PM) air pollution and circulating biomarkers are not well established, especially among diabetes patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a longitudinal panel study involving 6 repeated measurements of 12 circulating biomarkers among 35 diabetes patients from April to June, 2013 in Shanghai, China. Real-time number and mass concentrations of PM with multiple size fractions between 0.25 and 10 μm were measured. Linear mixed-effect models were used to explore the associations between size-fractionated PM concentrations and blood biomarkers at different time windows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term exposure to PM was significantly associated with elevated levels of 5 biomarkers of inflammation, 3 biomarkers of coagulation and 1 vasoconstrictor. The effects varied considerably by particle size and time windows. Overall, PM with smaller size had stronger associations, and the most significant size fractions were 0.25-0.40 μm. Even 2 h exposure to PM can lead to a significant increase in biomarkers. The effects on biomarkers of inflammation and vasoconstriction were restricted to the first 12h after exposure, but the effects on coagulation persisted for 24-72 h. For example, an interquartile range increase in 2h average exposure to PM(0.25-0.40) was associated with 6-20% increase in biomarkers of inflammation, 19-38% in coagulation and 17% in vasoconstriction. PM had a stronger effect among male patients than female patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provided important evidence on the roles of the size and time windows of exposure in the PM-mediated effects on circulating biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and vasoconstriction in diabetes patients in China.
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Cuicui
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Renjie
authors: R
authors: Chen
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Zhuohui
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Cai
authors: Tianping Community Health Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
authors: Jianxiong
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Tianping Community Health Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
authors: Sandie
authors: S
authors: Ha
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Tianping Community Health Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xiaohui
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Tianping Community Health Center, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: haidongkan@gmail.com.
authors: Haidong
authors: H
authors: Kan
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002681:China; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Biomarker; Epidemiology; Particle size; Particulate matter; Time window; Type 2 diabetic mellitus