title: Micro-CT evaluation of microleakage under orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with different bonding techniques and adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage under orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with direct and different indirect bonding techniques and adhesives using micro-computed tomography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 human maxillary premolars were randomly separated into five groups with six teeth in each group. In group I, teeth were bonded directly with Transbond XT (3M Unitek). In group II, group III, group IV, and group V, teeth were bonded through an indirect technique with Custom I.Q. (Reliance Orthodontic Products), Sondhi Rapid-Set (3M Unitek), RMbond (RMO), and Transbond IDB (3M Unitek), respectively, following the manufacturer's instructions. Micro-CT system model 1172 of Skyscan (Kontich, Belgium) was used to scan all samples. NRecon (Skyscan) version 1.6, CT-Analyser V.1.11 (Skyscan), and TView (SkyScan, Bvba) software programs were used for microleakage evaluation. Microleakage values between the test groups were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, while the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for within-group comparisons. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test, there were no significant differences among the tested groups, with regard to volume and percentage (microleakage/region of interest × 100) of microleakage values (P < 0.05). The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that coronal microleakage volume and percentage values significantly differed for RMbond and Transbond IDB groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the study, only ceramic brackets were used and microleakage into mini gaps did not show up on the micro-CT image because 50% silver nitrate solution could not penetrate into mini gaps which are smaller than silver nitrate particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of direct and indirect bonding techniques with different adhesives did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage.
authors: *Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli.
authors: Fırat
authors: F
authors: Öztürk
authors: **Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
authors: Mustafa
authors: M
authors: Ersöz
authors: **Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
authors: Seyit Ahmet
authors: SA
authors: Öztürk
authors: ***Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey erdemhatunoglu@hotmail.com.
authors: Erdem
authors: E
authors: Hatunoğlu
authors: **Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
authors: Sıddık
authors: S
authors: Malkoç
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C477791:Sondhi Indirect Bonding Resin; C477790:Transbond XT; C487385:custom I.Q. sealant; C065742:Transbond; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C074277:ethoxylated bis-phenol A dimethacrylate; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate