title: The Polish face in profile: a cephalometric baseline study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study reports the cephalometric evaluation of a group of adolescent Polish individuals describing dento-facial structure as well as details of incisor position and soft tissue characteristics. The results should reveal morphological features specific to Polish persons and serve as a comparative material for future diagnostic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on an analysis of cephalgrams of 122 Polish adolescents average age 18 years 6 months analysed in a computer system using the Kracovia composite system analysis describing dento-facial morphology ad modum Björk as well as soft tissue factors. The control material was based on published reports by Björk (Dento-facial characteristics) Riketts and Holdaway (soft tissue profile).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparative study revealed a slight reduction in the sagittal jaw relationship with a significant reduction in the vertical jaw relationship and a distinctive mandibular morphology with a reduced jaw angle and an increase in the "Beta angle". These findings were reflected in the soft tissue pattern. The soft tissue profile reflected the skeletal cephalometrics observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dento-facial profile of Polish adolescents demonstrates specific characteristics which should be taken into account when diagnosing facial form in connection with orthodontic treatment planning in particular Polish patients.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. jolanta.loster@uj.edu.pl.
authors: Jolanta E
authors: JE
authors: Loster
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. stephen.williams@uj.edu.pl.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Williams
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. aneta.wieczorek@uj.edu.pl.
authors: Aneta
authors: A
authors: Wieczorek
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. bw.loster@uj.edu.pl.
authors: Bartłomiej W
authors: BW
authors: Loster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D032722:Advance Care Planning; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult