title: Factors associated with tuberculosis cases in Semarang District, Indonesia: case-control study performed in the area where case detection rate was extremely low.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indonesia is ranked as the 4th highest contributor to tuberculosis (TB) in the world. Semarang District in Central Java displays extremely low case detection rate (CDR), possibly contributing to the local prevalence of TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed to explore the factors that cause such low CDR. We recruited 129 TB cases and 83 controls that visited the same centers and were not diagnosed with TB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cases had 7.5 ± 2.3 symptoms/person on average, indicating the delay in diagnosis because the controls only displayed 1.0 ± 1.7. The multiple logistic regression analysis comparing the cases/controls extracted following factors as a risk to have TB: farmer, close contact with TB patients, ignorance of whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was accepted or no, smoking, low income, a lot of people living in the same room, irregular hand wash before meals, not wash hands after blow, soil floor, and no sunlight and no ventilation in the house.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the cases nor the controls knew the symptoms and how to avoid TB infection, which probably caused the delay in diagnosis. It is difficult to change the current living conditions. Thus, the amendment of the community-based education program of TB seems to be required.
authors: Kanazawa University School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, 9208640, Japan.
authors: Sri Ratna
authors: SR
authors: Rahayu
authors: Hironobu
authors: H
authors: Katsuyama
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Demura
authors: Midori
authors: M
authors: Katsuyama
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Ota
authors: Hideji
authors: H
authors: Tanii
authors: Tomomi
authors: T
authors: Higashi
authors: Ngakan Putu Djaja
authors: NP
authors: Semadi
authors: Kiyofumi
authors: K
authors: Saijoh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult