title: Morphological characters are compatible with mitogenomic data in resolving the phylogeny of nymphalid butterflies (lepidoptera: papilionoidea: nymphalidae).
abstract: Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies with their phylogenetic relationships not adequately approached to date. The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of 11 new nymphalid species were reported and a comparative mitogenomic analysis was conducted together with other 22 available nymphalid mitogenomes. A phylogenetic analysis of the 33 species from all 13 currently recognized nymphalid subfamilies was done based on the mitogenomic data set with three Lycaenidae species as the outgroups. The mitogenome comparison showed that the eleven new mitogenomes were similar with those of other butterflies in gene content and order. The reconstructed phylogenetic trees reveal that the nymphalids are made up of five major clades (the nymphaline, heliconiine, satyrine, danaine and libytheine clades), with sister relationship between subfamilies Cyrestinae and Biblidinae, and most likely between subfamilies Morphinae and Satyrinae. This whole mitogenome-based phylogeny is generally congruent with those of former studies based on nuclear-gene and mitogenomic analyses, but differs considerably from the result of morphological cladistic analysis, such as the basal position of Libytheinae in morpho-phylogeny is not confirmed in molecular studies. However, we found that the mitogenomic phylogeny established herein is compatible with selected morphological characters (including developmental and adult morpho-characters).
authors: College of life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China; Sanming College, Sanming, China.
authors: Qing-Hui
authors: QH
authors: Shi
authors: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors: Xiao-Yan
authors: XY
authors: Sun
authors: College of life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.
authors: Yun-Liang
authors: YL
authors: Wang
authors: College of life sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China; State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors: Jia-Sheng
authors: JS
authors: Hao
authors: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors: Qun
authors: Q
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D049750:Genome, Insect; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D012343:RNA, Transfer