title: Urinary metabolomics and biomarkers of aristolochic acid nephrotoxicity by UPLC-QTOF/HDMS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-induced nephrotoxicity was one of the most important health problems, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Urinary metabolomics based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry was applied to aristolochic acid (AA) nephrotoxicity rats to characterize the excretion pathways of endogenous metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control rats, serum creatinine, serum blood urea nitrogen and urine protein levels were significantly increased in AA nephrotoxicity rats. Metabolomics showed that metabolites including citrate, aconitate, fumarate, glucose, creatinine, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, hippuric acid, phenylacetylglycine, kynurenic acid, indole-3-carboxylic acid, spermine, uric acid, allantoin, cholic acid and taurine were identified in AA nephrotoxicity rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identified metabolites suggested that AA nephrotoxicity rats occurred perturbations in Krebs cycle, gut microflora metabolism, amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis.
authors: Key Laboratory of Resource Biology & Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
authors: Ying-Yong
authors: YY
authors: Zhao
authors: Dan-Dan
authors: DD
authors: Tang
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Jia-Rong
authors: JR
authors: Mao
authors: Xu
authors: X
authors: Bai
authors: Xiao-Hong
authors: XH
authors: Cheng
authors: Xin-Yue
authors: XY
authors: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D034341:Aristolochic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D034341:Aristolochic Acids; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015415:Biomarkers; D011687:Purines; C000228:aristolochic acid I; C030985:purine