title: [A investigation of thirdhand smoke pollution in 3 types of places of Nanjing, 2014].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate thirdhand smoke (THS) pollution in certain places of Nanjing, as well as to analyze its distribution characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March to May, 2014, we selected 3 types of places (residencies, public places and transportation vehicles) that were close to people's living in Jianye,Yuhua,Jiangning,Xuanwu,Gulou and Pukou districts of Nanjing city.For each of the above 3 types of places, 2-3 smoking and non-smoking (smoking ban) locations were investigated, totally 51 locations, 9-10 samples were collected each location, totally 477 samples. The surface wipe sampling method in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilized to quantify the levels of nicotine that served as the tracer of THS pollution.One-way ANOVA and t-tests were employed to compare the levels of nicotine collected at different places and locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally 477 samples were collected in this study, of which 27.0% was from residencies (129/477), 61.0% (291/477) from public places and 11.9% (57/477) from transportations. The levels of indoor surface nicotine in smoking residences, public places and transportations were (214 ± 55),(1 408 ± 177) and (1 511 ± 785) µg/m(2), respectively, which were all higher than those in the corresponding non-smoking places ((23 ± 9),(62 ± 11), and (46 ± 15) µg/m(2); t values were 13.79, 13.15, 3.45, respectively. P values were <0.001, <0.001 and 0.006, respectively).In the smoking places, the levels of surface nicotine on walls, desks, sofas, cabinets, door backsides and air conditioning openings were (171 ± 62),(232 ± 38),(373 ± 151),(903 ± 239), (978 ± 212), (1 721 ± 517) µg/m(2) (F = 7.06, P = 0.009).In the smoking condition, the levels of surface nicotine collected from public places were higher (F = 9.25, P = 0.024), while under non-smoking (smoking ban) conditions, the levels of surface nicotine collected from residences were lower (F = 7.88, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  THS pollution was widespread in public places, residences and transportations in Nanjing city, which was more serious in the smoking environments than non-smoking (smoking ban) environments; the contamination was less serious in non-smoking (smoking ban) private residences; in the smoking condition, the levels of surface nicotine were relatively high at locations close to air conditioning openings, door backsides and cabinets.
authors: Nanjing Cardiomicx Inc, Ltd,Nanjing 211106, China.
authors: Shuxing
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: Shanlei
authors: S
authors: Qiao
authors: Minjian
authors: M
authors: Chen
authors: Yankai
authors: Y
authors: Xia
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Hang
authors: Email: scheng@genspharma.com.
authors: Senping
authors: S
authors: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000389:Air Conditioning; D002681:China; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine; D011633:Public Facilities; D012907:Smoking; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014186:Transportation
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine