title: Oral manifestation in mentally challenged children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In general, mentally challenged children have higher rates poor oral hygiene, gingivitis and periodontitis than the general population. An investigation was undertaken to assess the oral manifestations of mentally challenged children in Chennai, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 150 children (70 Down syndrome patients and 80 cerebral palsy patients). Of which, 93 patients were males and 57 were females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Speech difficulty hindered the communication between the patient and the dentist. Mastication and swallowing difficulties were also present in few children. Profuse salivation was a cause for drooling of saliva down the cheeks, which was a constant finding in cerebral palsy children. The oral hygiene statuses of the patient were significantly poor. The prevalence of periodontitis was 35.7% in Down syndrome and 55.0% in cerebral palsy patients. Whereas, the prevalence of gingivitis was found to be 92.9% and 61.3% respectively. The prevalence of fractured maxillary anterior teeth was found to be more evident in cerebral palsy patients (62.9%) when compared to Down syndrome patients (0.0%). An increase in age shows an increase in the decayed-missing-filled teeth which is statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prominent findings like flat nasal bridge (94.3%), hypertelorism (92.9%), high arched palate (78.6%) and fissured tongue (78.6%) in our study, suggest that they could be used as a reliable clinical markers to diagnose Down syndrome condition.
authors: Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahe, Kerala, India.
authors: V K
authors: VK
authors: Rahul
authors: Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Indiragandhi Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Nellikuzhi, Kerala, India.
authors: Cinil
authors: C
authors: Mathew
authors: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Mahe, Kerala, India.
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Jose
authors: Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Mahe, Kerala, India.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Thomas
authors: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kannur Dental College and Hospital, Kannur, Kerala, India.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Noushad
authors: Reader, Department of Periodontics, Mahe Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Mahe, Kerala, India.
authors: T P Mohammed
authors: TP
authors: Feroz
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Down syndrome; gingivitis; oral hygiene; periodontitis