title: OSAS-related inflammatory mechanisms of liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep disorder, affecting over 4% of the general population, and is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, independent of obesity and traditional risk factors. OSAS has been recently connected to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in the world, which can be found in 30% of the general adult population. Several studies suggest that the chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) of OSAS patients may per se trigger liver injury, inflammation, and fibrogenesis, promoting NAFLD development and the progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In NAFLD patients, liver disease may be caused by hypoxia both indirectly by promoting inflammation and insulin resistance and directly by enhancing proinflammatory cytokine production and metabolic dysregulation in liver cells. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms linking OSAS to NAFLD, including hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), YKL-40, unfolded protein response, and hypoxic adipose tissue inflammation, which all could provide novel potential therapeutic approaches for the management of NAFLD patients with OSAS.
authors: Gradenigo Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Regina Margherita, 10132 Turin, Italy.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Paschetta
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Bramante 14, 10124 Turin, Italy.
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Belci
authors: Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and IRCCS, S. Onofrio Square 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Alisi
authors: Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and IRCCS, S. Onofrio Square 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Liccardo
authors: Pneumology Unit, Sleep and Noninvasive Ventilation Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and IRCCS, S. Onofrio Square 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
authors: Renato
authors: R
authors: Cutrera
authors: Gradenigo Hospital, University of Turin, Corso Regina Margherita, 10132 Turin, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: 0000-0002-8569-2872
authors: G
authors: Musso
authors: Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and IRCCS, S. Onofrio Square 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
authors: Valerio
authors: V
authors: Nobili
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D037102:Lectins / Q000097:blood; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D037102:Lectins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha