title: Offspring subcutaneous adipose markers are sensitive to the timing of maternal gestational weight gain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy impacts on offspring health. This study focused on the timing of maternal gestational weight gain, using a porcine model with mothers of normal pre-pregnancy weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trial design ensured the trajectory of maternal gestational weight gain differed across treatments in early, mid and late gestation. Diet composition did not differ. On day 25 gestation, sows were assigned to one of five treatments: Control sows received a standard gestation diet of 2.3 kg/day (30 MJ DE/day) from early to late gestation (day 25-110 gestation). E sows received 4.6 kg food/day in early gestation (day 25-50 gestation). M sows doubled their food intake in mid gestation (day 50-80 gestation). EM sows doubled their food intake during both early and mid gestation (day 25-80 gestation). L sows consumed 3.5 kg food/day in late gestation (day 80-110 gestation). Offspring body weight and food intake levels were measured from birth to adolescence. Markers of lipid metabolism, hypertrophy and inflammation were investigated in subcutaneous adipose tissue of adolescent offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The trajectory of gestational weight gain differed across treatments. However total gestational weight gain did not differ except for EM sows who were the heaviest and fattest mothers at parturition. Offspring birth weight did not differ across treatments. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from EM offspring differed significantly from controls, with elevated mRNA levels of lipogenic (CD36, ACACB and LPL), nutrient transporters (FABP4 and GLUT4), lipolysis (HSL and ATGL), adipocyte size (MEST) and inflammation (PAI-1) indicators. The subcutaneous adipose depot from L offspring exhibited elevated levels of CD36, ACACB, LPL, GLUT4 and FABP4 mRNA transcripts compared to control offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing gestational weight gain in early gestation had the greatest impact on offspring postnatal growth rate. Increasing maternal food allowance in late gestation appeared to shift the offspring adipocyte focus towards accumulation of fat. Mothers who gained the most weight during gestation (EM mothers) gave birth to offspring whose subcutaneous adipose tissue, at adolescence, appeared hyperactive compared to controls. This study concluded that mothers, who gained more than the recommended weight gain in mid and late gestation, put their offspring adipose tissue at risk of dysfunction.
authors: Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co.Cork, Ireland. Linda.Giblin@teagasc.ie.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Giblin
authors: Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland. christian.darimont@rdls.nestle.com.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Darimont
authors: Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland. patricia.leone@rdls.nestle.com.
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Leone
authors: Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co.Cork, Ireland. louisemcnamara@gmail.com.|Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. louisemcnamara@gmail.com.
authors: Louise B
authors: LB
authors: McNamara
authors: Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland. Florence.Blancher@rdls.nestle.com.
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Blancher
authors: Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. Donagh.Berry@teagasc.ie.
authors: Donagh
authors: D
authors: Berry
authors: Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland. Euridice.CastanedaGutierrez@rdls.nestle.com.
authors: Eurídice
authors: E
authors: Castañeda-Gutiérrez
authors: Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. Peadar.Lawlor@teagasc.ie.
authors: Peadar G
authors: PG
authors: Lawlor
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers