title: Induced sporicidal activity of chlorhexidine against Clostridium difficile spores under altered physical and chemical conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorhexidine is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial commonly used to disinfect the skin of patients to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. Because chlorhexidine is not sporicidal, it is not anticipated that it would have an impact on skin contamination with Clostridium difficile, the most important cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. However, although chlorhexidine is not sporicidal as it is used in healthcare settings, it has been reported to kill spores of Bacillus species under altered physical and chemical conditions that disrupt the spore's protective barriers (e.g., heat, ultrasonication, alcohol, or elevated pH). Here, we tested the hypothesis that similarly altered physical and chemical conditions result in enhanced sporicidal activity of chlorhexidine against C. difficile spores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C. difficile spores became susceptible to heat killing at 80 °C within 15 minutes in the presence of chlorhexidine, as opposed to spores suspended in water which remained viable. The extent to which the spores were reduced was directly proportional to the concentration of chlorhexidine in solution, with no viable spores recovered after 15 minutes of incubation in 0.04%-0.0004% w/v chlorhexidine solutions at 80 °C. Reduction of spores exposed to 4% w/v chlorhexidine solutions at moderate temperatures (37 °C and 55 °C) was enhanced by the presence of 70% ethanol. However, complete elimination of spores was not achieved until 3 hours of incubation at 55 °C. Elevating the pH to ≥9.5 significantly enhanced the killing of spores in either aqueous or alcoholic chlorhexidine solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical and chemical conditions that alter the protective barriers of C. difficile spores convey sporicidal activity to chlorhexidine. Further studies are necessary to identify additional agents that may allow chlorhexidine to reach its target within the spore.
authors: Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors: Michelle M
authors: MM
authors: Nerandzic
authors: Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors: Curtis J
authors: CJ
authors: Donskey
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000517:prevention & control; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D000431:Ethanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine