title: Pathogenicity of Two Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in Laboratory and Greenhouse Experiments.
abstract: The greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a polyphagous pest in greenhouse crops. The efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, as biological control agents against T. vaporariorum was evaluated using two model crops typical of vegetable greenhouse productions: cucumber and pepper. Laboratory tests evaluated adults and second nymphal instars for pest susceptibility to different EPN species at different concentrations of infective juveniles (IJ; 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 IJ per cm(2)); subsequent greenhouse trials against second nymphal instars on cucumber and pepper plants evaluated more natural conditions. Concentrations were applied in combination with Triton X-100 (0.1% v/v), an adjuvant for increasing nematode activity. In laboratory studies, both life stages were susceptible to infection by the two nematode species, but S. feltiae recorded a lower LC50 than H. bacteriophora for both insect stages. Similarly, in greenhouse experiments, S. feltiae required lower concentrations of IJ than H. bacteriophora to reach the same mortality in nymphs. In greenhouse trials, a significant difference was observed in the triple interaction among nematode species × concentration × plant. Furthermore, the highest mortality rate of the second nymphal instars of the T. vaporariorum was obtained from the application of S. feltiae concentrated to 250 IJ/cm(2) on cucumber (49 ± 1.23%). The general mortality caused by nematodes was significantly higher in cucumber than in pepper. These promising results support further investigation for the optimization of the best EPN species/concentration in combination with insecticides or adjuvants to reach a profitable control of this greenhouse pest.
authors: Former Graduate Student, Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Nastaran
authors: N
authors: Rezaei
authors: Associate Professor, Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Javad
authors: J
authors: Karimi
authors: Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mojtaba
authors: M
authors: Hosseini
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Morteza
authors: M
authors: Goldani
authors: Postdoctoral Researcher, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, Université de Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, CH 2000, Switzerland.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Campos-Herrera
keywords: Trialeurodes vaporariorum; biological control; entomopathogenic nematodes; greenhouse; insect pathology