title: Associations Between Ankle-Brachial Index and Cognitive Function: Results From the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between ankle-brachial index (ABI) and indicators of cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trial (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Trial).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight US academic centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1601 adults ages 70-89 years, sedentary, without dementia, and with functional limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline ABI and interviewer- and computer-administered cognitive function assessments were obtained. These assessments were used to compare a physical activity intervention with a health education control. Cognitive function was reassessed 24 months later (interviewer-administered) and 18 or 30 months later (computer-administered) and central adjudication was used to classify individuals as having mild cognitive impairment, probable dementia, or neither.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower ABI had a modest independent association with poorer cognitive functioning at baseline (partial r = 0.09; P < .001). Although lower baseline ABI was not associated with overall changes in cognitive function test scores, it was associated with higher odds for 2-year progression to a composite of either mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia (odds ratio 2.60 per unit lower ABI; 95% confidence interval 1.06-6.37). Across 2 years, changes in ABI were not associated with changes in cognitive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an older cohort sedentary individuals with dementia and with functional limitations, lower baseline ABI was independently correlated with cognitive function and associated with greater 2-year risk for progression to mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia.
authors: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Electronic address: mespelan@wakehealth.edu.
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Espeland
authors: Healthy Aging Research Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Anne B
authors: AB
authors: Newman
authors: J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors: Kaycee
authors: K
authors: Sink
authors: Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors: Thomas M
authors: TM
authors: Gill
authors: Department of Health and Research Policy and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
authors: Abby C
authors: AC
authors: King
authors: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Miller
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Guralnik
authors: Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Katula
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Church
authors: Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors: Todd
authors: T
authors: Manini
authors: Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA.
authors: Kieran F
authors: KF
authors: Reid
authors: Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors: Mary M
authors: MM
authors: McDermott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014481:United States
keywords: Cognitive function; ankle-brachial index; dementia; peripheral artery disease