title: RETRACTED: Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances response selection during action cascading processes.
abstract: This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
  
  This retraction comes after a thorough and time-consuming analysis of the published article and the data it reports, following an investigation from the University of Leiden.
  
  On date 15th November 2021 European Neuropsychopharmacology received advice from University of Leiden, containing allegations of misconduct concerning the data reported in this article. Due to the nature of the concerns raised about this paper, the Editor-in-Chief examined all documents provided, all aspects of the peer review and editorial process and requested the view of each of the authors. The Editor-in-Chief wishes to acknowledge the co-operation of all parties.
  
  The Editor-in-Chief considers that there is a legitimate cause for concern regarding deletion of participants from datasets.
  
  The Editor-in-Chief commends the authors for their willingness in participating in this dialogue. However, given the concerns raised, the suggestion of the University of Leiden, and the view expressed by some of the authors, Retraction of this paper is inevitable.
  
  The Editor-in-Chief and the entire editorial board will use this case as a reminder to be as diligent as possible in the peer review process and to support transparency and openness in data sharing.
authors: Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.steenbergen@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Steenbergen
authors: Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: Sellaro
authors: Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Ann-Kathrin
authors: AK
authors: Stock
authors: Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Bart
authors: B
authors: Verkuil
authors: Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Beste
authors: Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Lorenza S
authors: LS
authors: Colzato
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: Executive function; GABA; Norepinephrine; Vagus nerve stimulation