title: Nasal sequelae of Treacher Collins syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine external and endonasal deformity, and satisfaction with nasal functioning and appearance, in Treacher Collins syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven adult patients with Treacher Collins syndrome were compared with 151 controls in terms of satisfaction with nasal functioning and appearance by means of the Nasal Appearance and Function Evaluation Questionnaire. In all patients with Treacher Collins syndrome, external nasal deformities were scored on standardized digital photographs of the nose as rated independently by three experienced physicians. Endonasal deformity was determined by standardized nasal endoscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were relatively satisfied with the various esthetic nasal subunits. The most significant functional problems were snoring (P = 0.001) and quality of phonation (P = 0.003). The main external nasal deformities were the dorsal hump (73%), external deviation (≤55%), the bifid or bulbous nasal tip (55%), and columellar septal luxation (55%). In 82% of the patients, a septal deviation was found, often associated with spurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Satisfaction with esthetics of the nose was fair, but these patients suffer from the functional problems of snoring and impaired quality of phonation. A structured nasal ENT physical examination with nasal endoscopy might determine aspects requiring more attention during treatment. Septorhinoplasty can be performed at an adult age if there is a considerable esthetic wish of the patient and/or nasal obstruction combined with septal deviation. Attention should be paid to dorsal hump reduction, correction of the deviated external osseous framework, septoplasty, and correction of the nasal tip shape.
  
  
  METHODS
  2b.
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.g.plomp@gmail.com.
authors: Raul G
authors: RG
authors: Plomp
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Irene M J
authors: IM
authors: Mathijssen
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Sanne E
authors: SE
authors: Moolenburgh
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Kees A G M
authors: KA
authors: van Montfort
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Jacques J N M
authors: JJ
authors: van der Meulen
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: René M L
authors: RM
authors: Poublon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008342:Mandibulofacial Dysostosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D009667:Nose Deformities, Acquired / Q000209:etiology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D010781:Photography; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects; D012913:Snoring / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Endonasal deformity; External nasal deformity; Mandibulofacial dysostosis; Nose; Satisfaction with nasal appearance; Treacher Collins syndrome