title: Smoking worsens multiple sclerosis prognosis: two different pathways are involved.
abstract: Smoking worsens multiple sclerosis (MS) prognosis. Our study provides evidence that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity is reduced in MS patients who smoke, leading to increased production of IL-6 and IL-13. Additionally, both degree of expression and renin-angiotensin system activity levels were increased in MS patients who smoked, inducing increase in IL-17 and IL-22-producing cell numbers as well as significantly greater production of CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL10 chemokines by monocytes. Finally, both pathways contributed to a significant decrease in the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in MS patients who smoked. Both pathways could be responsible for the association between smoking and MS risk.
authors: Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina. Electronic address: jcorreale@fleni.org.ar.
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Correale
authors: Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Dr. Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Argentina.
authors: Mauricio F
authors: MF
authors: Farez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; Multiple sclerosis; Renin–angiotensin-system; Smoking