title: Ocular motor measures of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis II: working memory.
abstract: Our companion paper documents pervasive inhibitory deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) using ocular motor (OM) measures. Here we investigated the utility of an OM working memory (WMem) task in characterising WMem deficits in these patients as a function of disease status and disease duration. 22 patients with CIS, 22 early clinically definite MS patients (CDMS: <7 years of diagnosis), 22 late CDMS patients (>7 years from diagnosis), and 22 healthy controls participated. All participants completed the ocular motor WMem task, the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), and the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT). Clinical disability was characterised in CDMS patients using the Expanded Disability Severity Scale (EDSS). WMem performance was measured as proportion of errors (WMem errors), saccade latency, and relative sensitivity to WMem loading (WMem effect), an indicator of WMem capacity. All patient groups performed more WMem errors than controls with proportion of WMem errors, and degree of WMem effect increasing with increasing disease duration. A larger WMem effect, reflecting poorer WMem capacity, corresponded to poorer performance on neuropsychological measures, and a higher disability score for CDMS patients with the longest disease duration; an observation that suggests wider implication of WMem executive processes with advancing disease. Conspicuously, performance decrements on standard neuropsychological testing did not similarly increase commensurate with disease duration. The ocular motor WMem task appears to meaningfully dissociate WMem deficit from healthy individuals as well as a function of increasing disease duration. Potentially, this task represents a highly informative and objective method by which to ascertain progressive WMem changes from the earliest inception of MS.
authors: School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
authors: Meaghan
authors: M
authors: Clough
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Mitchell
authors: Lynette
authors: L
authors: Millist
authors: Nathaniel
authors: N
authors: Lizak
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Beh
authors: Teresa C
authors: TC
authors: Frohman
authors: Elliot M
authors: EM
authors: Frohman
authors: Owen B
authors: OB
authors: White
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Fielding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult