title: Caladenia revisited: Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of Caladeniinae plastid and nuclear loci.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The classification of the primarily Australasian group of orchids Caladenia and allied genera (Caladeniinae: Diurideae) containing 71 federally listed threatened species has proven controversial. Analyzing these species using genetic material will provide a sound basis for their classification and the capacity to ensure accurate conservation measures can be implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a multigene analysis based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and five plastid regions from 54 species representing all major taxonomic groups within Caladeniinae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our combined analysis, apart from Leptoceras and Praecoxanthus, all Caladenia ingroup taxa form a strongly supported clade that is also supported by morphological synapomorphies (parallel leaf venation; leaf solitary, lanceolate, covered with glandular or eglandular trichomes). Characters and character states historically used to delimit taxa were revealed to be homoplasious and therefore do not support recognition of Arachnorchis, Cyanicula, Drakonorchis, Ericksonella, Jonesiopsis, Petalochilus, Pheladenia, and Stegostyla as previously proposed. Glossodia and Elythranthera are shown to be a specialist group embedded within Caladenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results, none of the current systems of classification of the subtribe is satisfactory. Instead our results point to Lindley's 1840 interpretation of Caladenia, but including Glossodia and Elythranthera, as being the most accurate reflection of the group. Accordingly, a renewed reclassification of Caladeniinae is proposed as well as several new combinations.
authors: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Clements
authors: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors: Christopher G
authors: CG
authors: Howard
authors: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, GPO Box 1600 Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors: Joseph T
authors: JT
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060365:Chloroplast Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D056727:Endangered Species; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D060365:Chloroplast Proteins
keywords: Caladenia; Orchidaceae; multigene analyses; phylogeny; reclassification