title: Basic study for ultrasound-based navigation for pedicle screw insertion using transmission and backscattered methods.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand the acoustic properties of human vertebral cancellous bone and to study the feasibility of ultrasound-based navigation for posterior pedicle screw fixation in spinal fusion surgery. Fourteen human vertebral specimens were disarticulated from seven un-embalmed cadavers (four males, three females, 73.14 ± 9.87 years, two specimens from each cadaver). Seven specimens were used to measure the transmission, including tests of attenuation and phase velocity, while the other seven specimens were used for backscattered measurements to inspect the depth of penetration and A-Mode signals. Five pairs of unfocused broadband ultrasonic transducers were used for the detection, with center frequencies of 0.5 MHz, 1 MHz, 1.5 MHz, 2.25 MHz, and 3.5 MHz. As a result, good and stable results were documented. With increased frequency, the attenuation increased (P<0.05), stability of the speed of sound improved (P<0.05), and penetration distance decreased (P>0.05). At about 0.6 cm away from the cortical bone, warning signals were easily observed from the backscattered measurements. In conclusion, the ultrasonic system proved to be an effective, moveable, and real-time imaging navigation system. However, how ultrasonic navigation will benefit pedicle screw insertion in spinal surgery needs to be determined. Therefore, ultrasound-guided pedicle screw implantation is theoretically effective and promising.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Ziqiang
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Orthopedics, 401st Hospital Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Wu
authors: Graduate Management Unit, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Zhai
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Yushu
authors: Y
authors: Bai
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Xiaodong
authors: X
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Beier
authors: B
authors: Luo
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Mingyuan
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Kailiang
authors: K
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Chengcheng
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Chuanfeng
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Yingchuan
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Xianzhao
authors: X
authors: Wei
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Wu
authors: W
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Ta
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Changhai hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D006801:Humans; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves