title: Prevalence and pattern of traumatic limb amputations in female population of Bhimber District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic limb amputations (TLA) are structural defects that cause mild-to-severe disabilities and have significant impact on the quality of life of subjects. A recent epidemiological study in Bhimber District, AJK, Pakistan, revealed that TLA had a very high incidence among the young/adult females. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence, pattern, causes and risk factors associated with TLA in that female sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective door-to-door survey, 1731 females were randomly enrolled, and clinico-etiological investigations on 19 subjects with TLA were carried out in a follow-up study. Affected subjects were physically examined and phenotypic detail and restriction to normal function were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 19 subjects with TLA, hence the prevalence was estimated to be 10.98/1,000 (0.011%; CI=0.0061-0.0159). TLA mostly involved the upper limbs and right hand. Transphalangeal amputations were most frequent, followed by involvements of middle/upper arm and leg segments. These analyses further revealed that agriculture tools were the leading cause of trauma. TLA were witnessed to be higher in subjects originating from Samahni tehsil (OR:2.71), rural areas (OR:3.33), those who were illiterate (OR:2.65), married, spoke Pahari language (OR:1.73), those who fall in higher age category (OR:16.74), and had certain professions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limb amputations had heavy bearings on the lives of subjects. Curiously, majority of these traumas could be avoided by adopting certain safety measures. Prevalence and risk estimate of TLA across various socio-demographic variables of Bhimber population would be useful in guiding further studies and the public health policy to mitigate the impact of these anomalies.
authors: Nazish Jabeen, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad.
authors: Nazish
authors: N
authors: Jabeen
authors: Sajid Malik, Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad.
authors: Sajid
authors: S
authors: Malik
keywords: Bhimber population; Epidemiology; Pakistani subjects; Prevalence; Traumatic limb amputations; Women health