title: Characterization of a Murine Pressure Ulcer Model to Assess Efficacy of Adipose-derived Stromal Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the world's population lives longer, the number of individuals at risk for pressure ulcers will increase considerably in the coming decades. In developed countries, up to 18% of nursing home residents suffer from pressure ulcers and the resulting hospital costs can account for up to 4% of a nation's health care budget. Although full-thickness surgical skin wounds have been used as a model, preclinical rodent studies have demonstrated that repeated cycles of ischemia and reperfusion created by exposure to magnets most closely mimic the human pressure ulcer condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study uses in vivo and in vitro quantitative parameters to characterize the temporal kinetics and histology of pressure ulcers in young, female C57BL/6 mice exposed to 2 or 3 ischemia-reperfusion cycles. This pressure ulcer model was validated further in studies examining the efficacy of adipose-derived stromal/stem cell administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimal results were obtained with the 2-cycle model based on the wound size, histology, and gene expression profile of representative angiogenic and reparative messenger RNAs. When treated with adipose-derived stromal/stem cells, pressure ulcer wounds displayed a dose-dependent and significant acceleration in wound closure rates and improved tissue histology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings document the utility of this simplified preclinical model for the evaluation of novel tissue engineering and medical approaches to treat pressure ulcers in humans.
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Amy L
authors: AL
authors: Strong
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Annie C
authors: AC
authors: Bowles
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Connor P
authors: CP
authors: MacCrimmon
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Lee
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Trivia P
authors: TP
authors: Frazier
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Adam J
authors: AJ
authors: Katz
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Gawronska-Kozak
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: Bunnell
authors: Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.; LaCell LLC, New Orleans, La.; Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; and Department of Surgery, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.
authors: Jeffrey M
authors: JM
authors: Gimble