title: Tracking camera control in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor camera control during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EnDCR) surgery can cause inadequate visualisation of the anatomy and suboptimal surgical outcomes. This study investigates the feasibility of using computer vision tracking in EnDCR surgery as a potential formative feedback tool for the quality of endoscope control.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort analysis was undertaken comparing junior versus senior surgeons performing routine EnDCR surgery. Computer vision tracking was applied to endoscopic video footage of the surgery: Total number of movements, camera path length in pixels and surgical time were determined for each procedure. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test for a significant difference between juniors and seniors (P < 0.05).
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating theatre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten junior surgeons (<20 completed procedures) and 10 senior surgeons (>100 completed procedures).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total number of movements of the endoscope per procedure. Path length of the endoscope per procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty videos, 10 from junior surgeons and 10 from senior surgeons were analysed. Feasibility of our tracking system was demonstrated. Mean camera path lengths were significantly different at 119,329px (juniors) versus 43,697px (seniors), P ≪ 0.05. The mean number of movements was significantly different at 9134 (juniors) versus 3690 (seniors), P ≪ 0.05. These quantifiable differences demonstrate construct validity for computer vision endoscope tracking as a measure of surgical experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer vision tracking is a potentially useful structured and objective feedback tool to assist trainees in improving endoscope control. It enables juniors to examine how their pattern of endoscope control differs from that of seniors, focusing in particular on sections where they are most divergent.
authors: Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK.
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Wawrzynski
authors: University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Smith
authors: University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Tang
authors: Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Hoare
authors: Moorfields Eye Centre at Bedford Hospital, Bedford, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Caputo
authors: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Siddiqui
authors: Moorfields Eye Centre at Bedford Hospital, Bedford, UK.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Tsatsos
authors: Moorfields Eye Centre at Bedford Hospital, Bedford, UK.|Moorfields Eye Centre at Bedford Hospital, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.|The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Saleh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult