title: Genome-wide identification, classification, and expression analysis of 14-3-3 gene family in Populus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In plants, 14-3-3 proteins are encoded by a large multigene family and are involved in signaling pathways to regulate plant development and protection from stress. Although twelve Populus 14-3-3s were identified based on the Populus trichocarpa genome V1.1 in a previous study, no systematic analysis including genome organization, gene structure, duplication relationship, evolutionary analysis and expression compendium has been conducted in Populus based on the latest P. trichocarpa genome V3.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, a comprehensive analysis of Populus 14-3-3 family is presented. Two new 14-3-3 genes were identified based on the latest P. trichocarpa genome. In P. trichocarpa, fourteen 14-3-3 genes were grouped into ε and non-ε group. Exon-intron organizations of Populus 14-3-3s are highly conserved within the same group. Genomic organization analysis indicated that purifying selection plays a pivotal role in the retention and maintenance of Populus 14-3-3 family. Protein conformational analysis indicated that Populus 14-3-3 consists of a bundle of nine α-helices (α1-α9); the first four are essential for formation of the dimer, while α3, α5, α7, and α9 form a conserved peptide-binding groove. In addition, α1, α3, α5, α7, and α9 were evolving at a lower rate, while α2, α4, and α6 were evolving at a relatively faster rate. Microarray analyses showed that most Populus 14-3-3s are differentially expressed across tissues and upon exposure to various stresses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gene structures and their coding protein structures of Populus 14-3-3s are highly conserved among group members, suggesting that members of the same group might also have conserved functions. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses showed that most Populus 14-3-3s were differentially expressed in various tissues and were induced by various stresses. Our investigation provided a better understanding of the complexity of the 14-3-3 gene family in poplars.
authors: College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors: Fengxia
authors: F
authors: Tian
authors: College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors: Tan
authors: T
authors: Wang
authors: College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors: Yuli
authors: Y
authors: Xie
authors: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
authors: Jianjun
authors: J
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017343:Genes, Plant; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D032107:Populus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins