title: Limb remote ischemic per-conditioning in combination with post-conditioning reduces brain damage and promotes neuroglobin expression in the rat brain after ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limb remote ischemic per-conditioning or post-conditioning has been shown to be neuroprotective after cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the effect of combining remote per-conditioning with post-conditioning on ischemic/reperfusion injury as well as the underlying mechanisms are largely unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The limb ischemic stimulus was immediately applied after onset of focal ischemia (per-conditioning), followed by repeated short episodes of remote ischemia 24 hr after reperfusion (post-conditioning). The infarct volume, motor function, and the expression of neuroglobin (Ngb) were measured at different durations after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that a single episode of limb remote per-conditioning afforded short-term protection, but combining repeated remote post-conditioning during the 14 days after reperfusion significantly ameliorated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Interestingly, we also found that ischemic per- and post-conditioning significantly increased expression of Ngb, an oxygen-binding globin protein that has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective against stroke, at peri-infarct regions from day 1 to day 14 following ischemia/reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the conventional per-conditioning combined with post-conditioning may be used as a novel neuroprotective strategy against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and Ngb seems to be one of the important players in limb remote ischemia-mediated neuroprotection.
authors: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas, USA.|Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorder, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors: Changhong
authors: C
authors: Ren
authors: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College, Weifang, Shandong, China.
authors: Pengcheng
authors: P
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorder, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Li
authors: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing, China.
authors: Weiguang
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing, China.
authors: Chenggang
authors: C
authors: Zhang
authors: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas, USA.
authors: Kunlin
authors: K
authors: Jin
authors: Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorder, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine, Beijing, China.
authors: Xunming
authors: X
authors: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005914:Globins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D005914:Globins
keywords: Ischemia; neuroglobin; remote conditioning; stroke