title: Prenatal ethanol increases ethanol intake throughout adolescence, alters ethanol-mediated aversive learning, and affects μ but not δ or κ opioid receptor mRNA expression.
abstract: Animal models of prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) have indicated a facilitatory effect of PEE on adolescent ethanol intake, but few studies have assessed the effects of moderate PEE throughout adolescence. The mechanisms underlying this facilitatory effect remain largely unknown. In the present study, we analysed ethanol intake in male and female Wistar rats with or without PEE (2.0 g/kg, gestational days 17-20) from postnatal days 37 to 62. The results revealed greater ethanol consumption in PEE rats than in controls, which persisted throughout adolescence. By the end of testing, ethanol ingestion in PEE rats was nearly 6.0 g/kg. PEE was associated with insensitivity to ethanol-induced aversion. PEE and control rats were further analysed for levels of μ, δ and κ opioid receptor mRNA in the infralimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, and ventral tegmental area. Similar levels of mRNA were observed across most areas and opioid receptors, but μ receptor mRNA in the ventral tegmental area was significantly increased by PEE. Unlike previous studies that assessed the effects of PEE on ethanol intake close to birth, or in only a few sessions during adolescence, the present study observed a facilitatory effect of PEE that lasted throughout adolescence. PEE was associated with insensitivity to the aversive effect of ethanol, and increased levels of μ opioid receptor transcripts. PEE is a prominent vulnerability factor that probably favors the engagement of adolescents in risky trajectories of ethanol use.
authors: Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-UNC), Friuli 2434, Córdoba, C.P. 5000, Argentina.|Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina.
authors: María Carolina
authors: MC
authors: Fabio
authors: Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-UNC), Friuli 2434, Córdoba, C.P. 5000, Argentina.
authors: Ana Fabiola
authors: AF
authors: Macchione
authors: Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Nizhnikov
authors: Instituto de Investigación Médica M. y M. Ferreyra (INIMEC - CONICET-UNC), Friuli 2434, Córdoba, C.P. 5000, Argentina.|Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina.
authors: Ricardo Marcos
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1876-2321
authors: RM
authors: Pautassi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: adolescent; aversive conditioning; ethanol intake; opioid receptors; prenatal ethanol