title: Evaluation of immunomodulatory activities of methanolic extract of khat (Catha edulis, Forsk) and cathinone in Swiss albino mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to explore the immunomodulatory effect of khat and its active component, cathinone, using mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Swiss albino mice aged 7-8 weeks weighing 25-30 g were used in the study. Mice were randomized into eight groups of 6 each and oral treatment of khat crude extract and cathinone were given daily for four weeks. Physical, hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were measured. Immunological studies included humeral immunity (IgG and IgM), cellular immune response (delay type hypersensitivity), phagocytic activities of reticuloendothelial system, and determination of T-lymphocyte population: CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) count and CD4(+)/CD8(+) status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings of this study showed that, khat and its major metabolite, cathinone, can positively affect immune system in dose dependent manner. When doses of crude khat extract and cathinone increase, the induction of humeral (IgG and IgM) and cellular immune responses were up-regulated significantly (P < 0.05), while at higher dose of khat (200 mg/kg) cellular immune response was suppressed. In support of this, as doses of the two test substances increased, the count of T helper cells (CD4(+)) was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while higher dose significantly reduced whole white blood cell (WBC), CD8(+), and CD3(+) counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At relatively lower dose (50-100 mg/kg), crude khat extract has immune stimulating property, although higher dose (200 mg/kg) leads to suppression of cellular immune response. Cathinone also share all immune modulating property of its parent compound, khat, but with intense strength. Thus, it calls for further detailed investigation of khat for practical application of the same in human medication.
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia. tsigeketema@gmail.com.|Department of Biology, Jimma University, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia. tsigeketema@gmail.com.
authors: Tsige
authors: T
authors: Ketema
authors: Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia. mygemechu@yahoo.com.
authors: Moti
authors: M
authors: Yohannes
authors: Jimma University Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma, Ethiopia. esayas16@yahoo.com.
authors: Esayas
authors: E
authors: Alemayehu
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia. aambelu@yahoo.com.
authors: Argaw
authors: A
authors: Ambelu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D029754:Catha; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D056747:Immunomodulation; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D010936:Plant Extracts; C023665:cathinone; D000432:Methanol