title: Hyperfunctional Voice Disorder in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A Phenotypic Characteristic?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to detect specific vocal aerodynamic patterns in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and to define a possible new phenotypic feature of this disorder that must be diagnosed and treated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine children aged 5-13 years were recruited: 44 children with ADHD diagnosis and 35 children, as a control group, matched according to age and gender. All children were evaluated in the voice laboratory. Each subject repeated sustained vowels, syllables, words, and sentences several times. Intraoral pressure, transglottal airflow, microphone, and electroglottograph results were recorded and analyzed. Children affected by ADHD, with adequate tolerance, were evaluated endoscopically and by the speech therapist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aerodynamic analysis shows that the subglottal pressure is higher and transglottal airflow is lower in ADHD children compared with the children of the control group. Those differences are statistically significant. The endoscopic physical examination showed vocal nodules in 25 children (78.125%) and hyperfunctional vocal behavior in all ADHD children studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We proposed that every child with ADHD disorder must be evaluated from a laryngeal point of view (otolaryngologist and speech therapist) as an important part of the diagnosis and global treatment. It could be considered as a new phenotypic characteristic of this disorder.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Electronic address: lbarona@unav.es.
authors: Luz
authors: L
authors: Barona-Lleo
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors: Secundino
authors: S
authors: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005931:Glottis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D010699:Phonation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: ADHD; Glottal resistance; Hyperfunctional vocal behavior; Subglottal pressure; Transglottal air flow; Vocal fold nodules