title: How robust is the calculation of health inequality trends by educational attainment in England and Wales using the Longitudinal Study?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inequalities in mortality by educational attainment are wider in Eastern Europe than in West and Central Europe, but have thus far been largely limited to cross-sectional analyses. This study explored the potential to use the Longitudinal Study to describe trends in mortality inequality by educational attainment in England and Wales from 1971 to 2009 and the limitations in the available data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparison of cohort studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study were used which takes a sample of respondees from each Census (1971-2001) and links them to death certification. Age-standardized mortality was calculated by educational attainment for those aged 25-69 years as was the Relative Index of Inequality and Slope Index of Inequality for men and women for each time period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall mortality declined in all categories of educational attainment for men and women from 1971. Limited data were collected on educational attainment in the Censuses prior to 2001, combined with the high proportion of respondents with missing data or reporting 'no education', meant that estimates of inequalities for the period 1971 to 2000 were very imprecise and likely to be misleading. For 2001-2009, the slope index of inequality was 268 (95% CI 57-478) and relative index of inequality was 0.61 (95% CI 0.13-1.10) for the total population; 354 (95% CI 72-636) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.14-1.21) respectively for men; and 231 (95% CI 72-389) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.21-1.11) respectively for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited educational data in the Censuses prior to 2001 makes calculation of mortality inequalities by educational attainment in England and Wales imprecise and potentially misleading. International comparisons and time trend analyses using these data prior to 2001 should be done with great caution.
authors: NHS Lanarkshire, Department of Public Health, Kirklands, Fallside Road, Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Scotland G71 8BB, United Kingdom. Electronic address: louiseflanagan@nhs.net.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Flanagan
authors: NHS Health Scotland, Public Health Observatory Division, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: McCartney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019352:Censuses; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Education; England; Health inequalities; Health inequities; Mortality; Wales