title: Closed-loop, ultraprecise, automated craniotomies.
abstract: A large array of neuroscientific techniques, including in vivo electrophysiology, two-photon imaging, optogenetics, lesions, and microdialysis, require access to the brain through the skull. Ideally, the necessary craniotomies could be performed in a repeatable and automated fashion, without damaging the underlying brain tissue. Here we report that when drilling through the skull a stereotypical increase in conductance can be observed when the drill bit passes through the skull base. We present an architecture for a robotic device that can perform this algorithm, along with two implementations--one based on homebuilt hardware and one based on commercially available hardware--that can automatically detect such changes and create large numbers of precise craniotomies, even in a single skull. We also show that this technique can be adapted to automatically drill cranial windows several millimeters in diameter. Such robots will not only be useful for helping neuroscientists perform both small and large craniotomies more reliably but can also be used to create precisely aligned arrays of craniotomies with stereotaxic registration to standard brain atlases that would be difficult to drill by hand.
authors: Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and.
authors: Nikita
authors: N
authors: Pak
authors: Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Joshua H
authors: JH
authors: Siegle
authors: Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
authors: Justin P
authors: JP
authors: Kinney
authors: Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Denman
authors: Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Blanche
authors: Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; esb@media.mit.edu.
authors: Edward S
authors: ES
authors: Boyden
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003199:Computer Systems; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray
keywords: automation; cranial windows; craniotomy; robotics