title: A study of the association between urinary aluminum concentration and pre-clinical findings among aluminum-handling and non-handling workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aluminum is considered to be a relatively safe metal for humans. However, there are some reports that aluminum can be toxic to humans and animals. In order to estimate the toxicity of aluminum with respect to humans, we measured the aluminum concentration in urine of aluminum-handling and non-handling workers and investigated the relationships between their urinary aluminum concentrations and pre-clinical findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three healthy aluminum-handling workers and 10 healthy non-aluminum-handling workers participated in this study. Their medical examinations, which were otherwise unremarkable, included the collection of urine and blood. Urinary aluminum levels were analyzed using ICP analysis. As pre-clinical tests, we measured KL-6, SP-D, TRCP-5b, IL-6, and IL-8 in blood and δ-ALA and β2-microglobulin in urine. These were considered to be lung, bone, kidney and inflammation markers. Moreover, we measured 8-OHdG in urine as an oxidative DNA damage marker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aluminum concentration in urine ranged from 6.9 to 55.1 μg/g cre (median: 20.1 μg/g cre) in the aluminum-handling workers and from 5.6 to 15.6 μg/g cre (median: 8.8 μg/g cre) in the non-aluminum-handling workers, with a significant difference between them. In the pre-clinical findings, there were no significant differences between these two groups except in the case of δ-ALA. However, there were no significant relationships between aluminum concentration and the pre-clinical findings, work years, age or 8-OHdG in the aluminum-handling workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the excretion of aluminum in urine was elevated in aluminum-handling workers, our findings suggest that low-dose aluminum is not directly harmful to humans, at least when workers' urinary aluminum concentration is below 55 μg/g cre.
authors: Health Service Center, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke Tochigi, 329-0498 Japan.
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Ogawa
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke Tochigi, 329-0498 Japan.
authors: Fujio
authors: F
authors: Kayama
keywords: Aluminum; Biological monitoring; Pre-clinical marker