title: Seabirds, gyres and global trends in plastic pollution.
abstract: Fulmars are effective biological indicators of the abundance of floating plastic marine debris. Long-term data reveal high plastic abundance in the southern North Sea, gradually decreasing to the north at increasing distance from population centres, with lowest levels in high-arctic waters. Since the 1980s, pre-production plastic pellets in North Sea fulmars have decreased by ∼75%, while user plastics varied without a strong overall change. Similar trends were found in net-collected floating plastic debris in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, with a ∼75% decrease in plastic pellets and no obvious trend in user plastic. The decreases in pellets suggest that changes in litter input are rapidly visible in the environment not only close to presumed sources, but also far from land. Floating plastic debris is rapidly "lost" from the ocean surface to other as-yet undetermined sinks in the marine environment.
authors: IMARES, Wageningen-UR, P.O. Box 167, 1790 AD Den Burg (Texel), Netherlands. Electronic address: jan.vanfraneker@wur.nl.
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: van Franeker
authors: Sea Education Association, P.O. Box 6, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
authors: Kara Lavender
authors: KL
authors: Law
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001717:Birds; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D009659:North Sea; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D014866:Waste Products; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Fulmarus glacialis; Industrial plastic pellets; Marine debris; North Atlantic subtropical gyre; Plastic ingestion