title: Alterations in auditory change detection associated with tinnitus residual inhibition induced by auditory electrical stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Residual inhibition (RI) is a temporary phenomenon that happens following offset of appropriate complete or partial acoustical and electrical masking stimulations in people who experience tinnitus. The biologic mechanisms associated with RI are not yet fully understood. Few studies have been focused on RI. Auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) as a change-detection tool may be an appropriate tool to explore the processing changes because of tinnitus and RI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate alterations in auditory change detection and auditory sensory memory related to RI induced by auditory electrical stimulation (AES) using MMN brain mapping in participants with tinnitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation was a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial study. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: AES and placebo electrical stimulation (PES).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight participants with chronic subjective tinnitus aged 22- to 45-yr-old participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  After randomization, all participants received both AES and PES for 1 min in different sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain mapping of multifeature MMN paradigm was recorded from 29 scalp electrodes pre- and post-AES and PES. Following AES, participants were categorized into two groups: RI and nonresidual inhibition (NRI). The grand average MMN waveforms and isopotential topographic maps were obtained in RI, NRI, and PES groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three MMN parameters for five deviants of frequency, intensity, duration, location, and silent gap were compared among three groups of RI, NRI, and PES. Statistical analyses revealed significant between-subject effects for AES on MMN amplitude of frequency and duration deviant, MMN area under the curve of frequency, intensity, and duration deviants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of RI can reestablish change-detection mechanisms in the central auditory pathways. It is suggested that MMN is reliable for assessment of change-detection system in people with tinnitus. It can be a useful technique in monitoring effects of treatments and rehabilitation.
authors: ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical University (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors: Saeid
authors: S
authors: Mahmoudian
authors: ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Farhadi
authors: ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mehrnaz
authors: M
authors: Mohebbi
authors: Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Farshid
authors: F
authors: Alaeddini
authors: Electronics Group, Faculty of Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mojtaba
authors: M
authors: Najafi-Koopaie
authors: Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ehsan Darestani
authors: ED
authors: Farahani
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical University (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors: Hamidreza
authors: H
authors: Mojallal
authors: ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ronak
authors: R
authors: Omrani
authors: ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Daneshi
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hannover Medical University (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Lenarz
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult