title: Vision and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis can affect vision in many ways, including optic neuritis, chronic optic neuropathy, retrochiasmal visual field defects, higher order cortical processing, double vision, nystagmus and also by related ocular conditions such as uveitis. There are also side effects from recently introduced multiple sclerosis treatments that can affect vision. This review will discuss all these aspects and how they come together to cause visual symptoms. It will then focus on practical aspects of how to recognise when there is a vision problem in a multiple sclerosis patient and on what treatments are available to improve vision.
authors: Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. Electronic address: simon.hickman@sth.nhs.uk.
authors: Simon J
authors: SJ
authors: Hickman
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. Electronic address: naz.raoof@sth.nhs.uk.
authors: Naz
authors: N
authors: Raoof
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK. Electronic address: rjm19@le.ac.uk.
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: McLean
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK. Electronic address: ig15@le.ac.uk.
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Gottlob
keywords: Diplopia; Multiple sclerosis; Nystagmus; Optic neuritis; Oscillopsia; Vision