title: Multiple Cross-Species Transmission Events of Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) during Hominine Evolution.
abstract: Human adenoviruses (HAdV; species HAdV-A to -G) are highly prevalent in the human population, and represent an important cause of morbidity and, to a lesser extent, mortality. Recent studies have identified close relatives of these viruses in African great apes, suggesting that some HAdV may be of zoonotic origin. We analyzed more than 800 fecal samples from wild African great apes and humans to further investigate the evolutionary history and zoonotic potential of hominine HAdV. HAdV-B and -E were frequently detected in wild gorillas (55%) and chimpanzees (25%), respectively. Bayesian ancestral host reconstruction under discrete diffusion models supported a gorilla and chimpanzee origin for these viral species. Host switches were relatively rare along HAdV evolution, with about ten events recorded in 4.5 My. Despite presumably rare direct contact between sympatric populations of the two species, transmission events from gorillas to chimpanzees were observed, suggesting that habitat and dietary overlap may lead to fecal-oral cross-hominine transmission of HAdV. Finally, we determined that two independent HAdV-B transmission events to humans occurred more than 100,000 years ago. We conclude that HAdV-B circulating in humans are of zoonotic origin and have probably affected global human health for most of our species lifetime.
authors: Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Eileen
authors: E
authors: Hoppe
authors: Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Maude
authors: M
authors: Pauly
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University.
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Gillespie
authors: Centre de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Akoua-Koffi
authors: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors: Gottfried
authors: G
authors: Hohmann
authors: Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zooological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Fruth
authors: Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors: Stomy
authors: S
authors: Karhemere
authors: Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon.
authors: Nadège F
authors: NF
authors: Madinda
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda.
authors: Lawrence
authors: L
authors: Mugisha
authors: Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
authors: Jean-Jacques
authors: JJ
authors: Muyembe
authors: World Wildlife Foundation (WWF), Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic.
authors: Angelique
authors: A
authors: Todd
authors: Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic.
authors: Klara J
authors: KJ
authors: Petrzelkova
authors: International Gorilla Conservation Program, Kigali, Rwanda.
authors: Maryke
authors: M
authors: Gray
authors: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Robbins
authors: North Carolina Zoological Park, Asheboro, NC.
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Bergl
authors: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors: Roman M
authors: RM
authors: Wittig
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Zuberbühler
authors: Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Boesch
authors: Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Grit
authors: G
authors: Schubert
authors: Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Fabian H
authors: FH
authors: Leendertz
authors: Division 12 "Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses affecting immunocompromised patients", Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany calvignacs@rki.de ehlersb@rki.de.
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Ehlers
authors: Epidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany calvignacs@rki.de ehlersb@rki.de.
authors: Sébastien
authors: S
authors: Calvignac-Spencer
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D015186:Hominidae / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D013045:Species Specificity; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000235:genetics / Q000635:transmission
keywords: African great apes; adenovirus; zoonosis