title: Attenuation of bleomycin induced lung fibrosis by erdosteine and inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite advances in treatment modalities, the discovery of optimal medical therapies still remains a necessity in the management of pulmonary fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were performed in 35 adult Sprague Dawley rats, randomly allotted into one of five groups (n=7). The control group was treated with 1 ml/kg, 0.9 % saline; the BLM group was given a single dose of BLM (2.5 U/kg); the BLM+ER group was treated with ER (10 mg/kg/day po) for 14 days after BLM administration; the BLM+SMT group was treated with i.p injections of SMT (20 mg/kg/ day) for 14 days after BLM administration; the BLM+ER+SMT group was treated with ER and SMT for 14 days after BLM administration. At the end of day 14, the results of histopathological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum TNF-α, nitrate/nitrite, and TBARS levels significantly increased in BLM group compared to control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). Lung tissue content of IL-6 was found to be lower in BLM+ER, BLM+SMT and BLM+ER+SMT groups compared to BLM group by immunhistochemical examinations (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, the TNF-α reactions (p < 0.01 for each group) and NF-kB expressions were shown to be significantly different among the study groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our study, ER and SMT attenuate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis; the combination of two agents has a greater protective efficacy against fibrosis than one alone, reducing the inflammatory markers (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 31).
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Guzel
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kayhan
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Tutuncu
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Guzel
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Duran
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Alacam
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gunaydin
authors: A Caglar
authors: AC
authors: Torun
authors: M Z
authors: MZ
authors: Yilmaz
authors: M Y
authors: MY
authors: Selcuk
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Murat
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001761:Bleomycin; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005100:Expectorants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007550:Isothiuronium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005100:Expectorants; D013864:Thioglycolates; D013876:Thiophenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001761:Bleomycin; D007550:Isothiuronium; C048498:erdosteine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C027744:S-methylisothiopseudouronium
keywords: S-methylisothiourea; bleomycine; erdosteine; pulmonary fibrosis; rats.