title: Examination of the Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptom Scale and the Validity-10 Scale to detect symptom exaggeration in US military service members.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical utility of two validity scales designed for use with the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C); the Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptoms Scale (mBIAS) and Validity-10 scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 63 U.S. military service members (age: M = 31.9 years, SD = 12.5; 90.5% male) who sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and were prospectively enrolled from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Participants were divided into two groups based on the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): (a) symptom validity test (SVT)-Fail (n = 24) and (b) SVT-Pass (n = 39). Participants were evaluated on average 19.4 months postinjury (SD = 27.6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the SVT-Fail group had significantly higher scores (p < .05) on the mBIAS (d = 0.85), Validity-10 (d = 1.89), NSI (d = 2.23), and PCL-C (d = 2.47), and the vast majority of the MMPI-2-RF scales (d = 0.69 to d = 2.47). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power values were calculated across the range of mBIAS and Validity-10 scores to determine the optimal cutoff to detect symptom exaggeration. For the mBIAS, a cutoff score of ≥8 was considered optimal, which resulted in low sensitivity (.17), high specificity (1.0), high positive predictive power (1.0), and moderate negative predictive power (.69). For the Validity-10 scale, a cutoff score of ≥13 was considered optimal, which resulted in moderate-high sensitivity (.63), high specificity (.97), and high positive (.93) and negative predictive power (.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide strong support for the use of the Validity-10 as a tool to screen for symptom exaggeration when administering the NSI and PCL-C. The mBIAS, however, was not a reliable tool for this purpose and failed to identify the vast majority of people who exaggerated symptoms.
authors: a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Bethesda , MD , USA.
authors: Rael T
authors: RT
authors: Lange
authors: Tracey A
authors: TA
authors: Brickell
authors: Louis M
authors: LM
authors: French
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mild Brain Injury Atypical Symptoms Scale; Military; Symptom exaggeration; Traumatic brain injury; Validity-10 Scale