title: Source apportionment and risk assessment of emerging contaminants: an approach of pharmaco-signature in water systems.
abstract: This paper presents a methodology based on multivariate data analysis for characterizing potential source contributions of emerging contaminants (ECs) detected in 26 river water samples across multi-scape regions during dry and wet seasons. Based on this methodology, we unveil an approach toward potential source contributions of ECs, a concept we refer to as the "Pharmaco-signature." Exploratory analysis of data points has been carried out by unsupervised pattern recognition (hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA) and receptor model (principal component analysis-multiple linear regression, PCA-MLR) in an attempt to demonstrate significant source contributions of ECs in different land-use zone. Robust cluster solutions grouped the database according to different EC profiles. PCA-MLR identified that 58.9% of the mean summed ECs were contributed by domestic impact, 9.7% by antibiotics application, and 31.4% by drug abuse. Diclofenac, ibuprofen, codeine, ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin-H2O have significant pollution risk quotients (RQ>1), indicating potentially high risk to aquatic organisms in Taiwan.
authors: Jheng-Jie
authors: JJ
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Jheng Jie
authors: JJ
authors: Jiang
authors: Chon-Lin
authors: CL
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Chon Lin
authors: CL
authors: Lee
authors: Meng-Der
authors: MD
authors: Fang
authors: Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors: Meng Der
authors: MD
authors: Fang
authors: Environmental Research Institute (ERI), North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors: Kenneth G
authors: KG
authors: Boyd
authors: Environmental Research Institute (ERI), North Highland College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Caithness, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors: Stuart W
authors: SW
authors: Gibb
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005843:Geography; D016014:Linear Models; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D013624:Taiwan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical