title: Adverse reactions in horses that underwent general anesthesia and cervical myelography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was prompted by a perceived high prevalence of myelographic complications varying in severity and type, and attributed to the contrast material or the procedure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  1. Any adverse reaction (AAR) is associated with a change in CSF volume induced either by removal of CSF or addition of contrast material. 2. AAR occurs more frequently in horses with higher premyelography neurologic grade. 3. Nonspecific hyperthermia is attenuated by anti-inflammatory and osmotic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses (n = 278) that underwent myelography between 2000 and 2012 at 5 institutions: A (87), B (68), C (65), D (46), and E (12).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-institutional, retrospective, observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AAR were observed in 95/278 (34%) horses, were associated with longer general anesthesia time (P = .04) and higher contrast-medium volume (P = .04); euthanasia because of AAR was performed in 5/278 (2%) horses. Adverse neurologic reactions were the most common type of complication observed occurring in 15/278 (5%) and 42/235 (18%) of horses in the intra- and postmyelography periods. A relationship between AAR and premyelography neurologic grade was not identified (P = .31). Nonspecific hyperthermia was observed in 25/235 (11%) horses; no relationship was observed with administration of anti-inflammatory drugs and osmotic agents (P = .30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The category of AAR occurred in one-third of the horses generally was mild and self-limiting. These reactions were associated with increased contrast-medium volume and longer anesthesia time; but, no specific procedural recommendations could be made because of small odds ratios (OR) of <2 for each 1 mL increase in contrast material and for each 1 minute of additional anesthesia time.
authors: Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Mullen
authors: Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph University, Guelph, ON.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Furness
authors: University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA.
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Johnson
authors: Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX.
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Norman
authors: University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.
authors: K A
authors: KA
authors: Hart
authors: University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: Burton
authors: Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Bicahlo
authors: Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Ainsworth
authors: Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Thompson
authors: Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
authors: P V
authors: PV
authors: Scrivani
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009192:Myelography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast radiology; Neurology; Spinal cord disease