title: Training in Brain Retraction Using a Self-Made Three-Dimensional Model.
abstract: A hollow brain model was created using soft urethane. A tube passing through the hollow was attached for use as a water inlet and manometer. Water sufficient in quantity to realize the intended initial pressure was infused through the tube. The brain model was retracted with a brain spatula and the surgical corridor was opened. By measuring local force with a sensor set on the brain spatula, the model could be used for training in brain retraction. At the same time, the water column of the manometer was measured and the relationship with the force of the brain spatula was investigated. A positive correlation between the water column and local force was confirmed. This indicated that it was possible to use this model without a force sensor for the same training using water column measurements.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan. Electronic address: mashiko@jichi.ac.jp.
authors: Toshihiro
authors: T
authors: Mashiko
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: Takehiko
authors: T
authors: Konno
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Kaneko
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: Eiju
authors: E
authors: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001921:Brain / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008365:Manometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014160:Transducers, Pressure; D014520:Urethane
chemical_list: D014520:Urethane
keywords: Brain; Neurosurgery; Retraction; Three-dimensional printer; Three-dimensional printing; Training