title: Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for overuse injuries of the wrist in young athletes: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overuse wrist injuries can cause long-term symptoms in young athletes performing wrist-loading sports. Information on the prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors is required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to review the prevalence and incidence of overuse wrist injuries in young athletes and to identify associated risk factors. We focused on popular wrist-loading youth sports-gymnastics, tennis, field hockey, volleyball, judo and rowing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search on athletes aged <18 years performing wrist-loading focus sports. Prevalence, incidence and/or risk factor ORs for overuse wrist injuries were extracted directly or calculated from reported data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified six studies on prevalence, five on incidence, and one on risk factors. Prevalence rates were 32-73% for wrist pain and 10-28% for overuse wrist injury. Incidence rates were 7-9% for wrist pain and 0.02-26% for overuse wrist injury. The three criteria associated with wrist pain were (with OR): age of 10-14 years (11.5), training intensity (1.2), and earlier onset of gymnastics training (1.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence and incidence of overuse wrist injuries was high in multiple studies of gymnasts, and largely unknown in other wrist-loading focus sports. Three key risk factors for wrist pain in gymnasts were age between 10 and 14 years, earlier training commencement, and training intensity. Using 'wrist pain' in defining overuse, and further investigating risk factors can aid in identifying overuse wrist injuries in young athletes.
authors: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands.
authors: Laura S
authors: LS
authors: Kox
authors: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: P Paul F M
authors: PP
authors: Kuijer
authors: Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Gino M M J
authors: GM
authors: Kerkhoffs
authors: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), The Netherlands.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Maas
authors: Academic Center for Evidence based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Monique H W
authors: MH
authors: Frings-Dresen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000067009:Youth Sports / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Child; Epidemiology; Overuse; Sports; Wrist