title: Overt vs. covert speed cameras in combination with delayed vs. immediate feedback to the offender.
abstract: Speeding is a major problem in road safety because it increases both the probability of accidents and the severity of injuries if an accident occurs. Speed cameras are one of the most common speed enforcement tools. Most of the speed cameras around the world are overt, but there is evidence that this can cause a "kangaroo effect" in driving patterns. One suggested alternative to prevent this kangaroo effect is the use of covert cameras. Another issue relevant to the effect of enforcement countermeasures on speeding is the timing of the fine. There is general agreement on the importance of the immediacy of the punishment, however, in the context of speed limit enforcement, implementing such immediate punishment is difficult. An immediate feedback that mediates the delay between the speed violation and getting a ticket is one possible solution. This study examines combinations of concealment and the timing of the fine in operating speed cameras in order to evaluate the most effective one in terms of enforcing speed limits. Using a driving simulator, the driving performance of the following four experimental groups was tested: (1) overt cameras with delayed feedback, (2) overt cameras with immediate feedback, (3) covert cameras with delayed feedback, and (4) covert cameras with immediate feedback. Each of the 58 participants drove in the same scenario on three different days. The results showed that both median speed and speed variance were higher with overt than with covert cameras. Moreover, implementing a covert camera system along with immediate feedback was more conducive to drivers maintaining steady speeds at the permitted levels from the very beginning. Finally, both 'overt cameras' groups exhibit a kangaroo effect throughout the entire experiment. It can be concluded that an implementation strategy consisting of covert speed cameras combined with immediate feedback to the offender is potentially an optimal way to motivate drivers to maintain speeds at the speed limit.
authors: Ergonomics and Human Factors Unit, University of Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: hmarcia1@univ.haifa.ac.il.
authors: Hadas
authors: H
authors: Marciano
authors: Ergonomics and Human Factors Unit, University of Haifa, Israel.
authors: Pe'erly
authors: P
authors: Setter
authors: Ergonomics and Human Factors Unit, University of Haifa, Israel.
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Norman
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012449:Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Covert speed cameras; Delayed punishment; Immediate punishment; Overt speed cameras; Speed enforcement