title: The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and women cancer: the epidemiological evidences and putative mechanisms.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic disease increasing rapidly worldwide, is well established as an important risk factor for various types of cancer. Although many factors impact the development of T2DM and cancer including sex, age, ethnicity, obesity, diet, physical activity levels, and environmental exposure, many epidemiological and experimental studies are gradually contributing to knowledge regarding the interrelationship between DM and cancer. The insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and chronic inflammation associated with diabetes mellitus are all associated strongly with cancer. The changes in bioavailable ovarian steroid hormone that occur in diabetes mellitus (the increasing levels of estrogen and androgen and the decreasing level of progesterone) are also considered potentially carcinogenic conditions for the breast, endometrium, and ovaries in women. In addition, the interaction among insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and ovarian steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, could act synergistically during cancer development. Here, we review the cancer-related mechanisms in T2DM, the epidemiological evidence linking T2DM and cancers in women, and the role of antidiabetic medication in these cancers.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyong Hye
authors: 0000-0001-6674-9506
authors: KH
authors: Joung
authors: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
authors: Jae-Wook
authors: 0000-0002-5368-6478
authors: JW
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea.
authors: Bon Jeong
authors: 0000-0002-3414-8949
authors: BJ
authors: Ku
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy