title: Second stage of labor.
abstract: Current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' definition of prolonged second stage diagnoses 10% to 14% of nulliparous and 3% to 3.5% of multiparous women as having a prolonged second stage. The progression of labor in modern obstetrics may have deviated from the current labor norms established in the 1950s, likely due to differences in obstetric population characteristics and variation in clinical practice. Optimal management of the second stage in women with and without epidural remains debatable. Although prolonged second stage is associated with increased risk of maternal morbidity, conflicting data exist regarding the duration of second stage and associated neonatal morbidity and mortality.
authors: *Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California †Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors: Yvonne W
authors: YW
authors: Cheng
authors: Aaron B
authors: AB
authors: Caughey
mesh_terms: D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors