title: Neuroinflammation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of microbial neuraminidase.
abstract: In the present paper, we describe the facts that took place in the rat brain after a single injection of the enzyme neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens into the right lateral ventricle. After injection, it diffused through the cerebrospinal fluid of the ipsilateral ventricle and the third ventricle, and about 400 μm into the periventricular brain parenchyma. The expression of ICAM1 in the endothelial cells of the periventricular vessels, IBA1 in microglia, and GFAP in astrocytes notably increased in the regions reached by the injected neuraminidase. The subependymal microglia and the ventricular macrophages begun to express IL1β and some appeared to cross the ependymal layer. After about 4 h of the injection, leukocytes migrated from large venules of the affected choroid plexus, the meninges and the local subependyma, and infiltrated the brain. The invading cells arrived orderly: first neutrophils, then macrophage-monocytes, and last CD8α-positive T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. Leukocytes in the ventricles and the perivascular zones penetrated the brain parenchyma passing through the ependyma and the glia limitans. Thus, it is likely that a great part of the damage produced by microorganism invading the brain may be due to their neuraminidase content.
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Granados-Durán
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: María D
authors: MD
authors: López-Ávalos
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Jesús M
authors: JM
authors: Grondona
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: María Del Carmen
authors: Mdel C
authors: Gómez-Roldán
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain ; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Cifuentes
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Margarita
authors: M
authors: Pérez-Martín
authors: Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Alvarez
authors: Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: Rodríguez de Fonseca
authors: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain.
authors: Pedro
authors: P
authors: Fernández-Llebrez
keywords: brain; ependyma; inflammation; neuraminidase; ventricle