title: Laser teeth bleaching: evaluation of eventual side effects on enamel and the pulp and the efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Light and heat increase the reactivity of hydrogen peroxide. There is no evidence that light activation (power bleaching with high-intensity light) results in a more effective bleaching with a longer lasting effect with high concentrated hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Laser light differs from conventional light as it requires a laser-target interaction. The interaction takes place in the first instance in the bleaching gel. The second interaction has to be induced in the tooth, more specifically in the dentine. There is evidence that interaction exists with the bleaching gel: photothermal, photocatalytical, and photochemical interactions are described. The reactivity of the gel is increased by adding photocatalyst of photosensitizers. Direct and effective photobleaching, that is, a direct interaction with the colour molecules in the dentine, however, is only possible with the argon (488 and 415 nm) and KTP laser (532 nm). A number of risks have been described such as heat generation. Nd:YAG and especially high power diode lasers present a risk with intrapulpal temperature elevation up to 22°C. Hypersensitivity is regularly encountered, being it of temporary occurrence except for a number of diode wavelengths and the Nd:YAG. The tooth surface remains intact after laser bleaching. At present, KTP laser is the most efficient dental bleaching wavelength.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Roeland Jozef Gentil
authors: RJ
authors: De Moor
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
authors: Jeroen
authors: 0000-0001-8823-2321
authors: J
authors: Verheyen
authors: SOLA Academy, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Sensengasse 2A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Peter
authors: 0000-0003-2909-5544
authors: P
authors: Verheyen
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Andrii
authors: 0000-0001-5110-2232
authors: A
authors: Diachuk
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Maarten August
authors: MA
authors: Meire
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Peter Jozef
authors: PJ
authors: De Coster
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Mieke
authors: 0000-0001-9027-4686
authors: M
authors: De Bruyne
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Ghent Dental Photonics Research Cluster, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Dental School, De Pintelaan 185-P8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors: Filip
authors: 0000-0002-0295-8680
authors: F
authors: Keulemans
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D013696:Temperature; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*