title: Acute Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders Are Associated With Impaired Gastric Accommodation in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is associated with impaired gastric accommodation, as well as gastric hypersensitivity, delayed emptying, and psychosocial comorbidities. In healthy people, acute anxiety impairs gastric accommodation, which is traditionally quantified as the average increase in gastric volume after a meal over 1 hour. However, this quantification approach does not address the complex time course of the gastric accommodation response to a meal. We modeled gastric accommodation in patients with FD as a function of postprandial time, to investigate whether it is associated with psychosocial factors (state anxiety, anxiety disorder, depression) and gastric sensorimotor function (sensitivity, emptying).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied gastric sensorimotor function in 259 consecutive patients diagnosed with FD based on Rome II at the University Hospitals Leuven from January 2002 through February 2009. Subjects underwent a gastric barostat and breath test; psychiatric comorbidity was assessed by questionnaires. Subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure levels of state anxiety immediately before and after gastric barostat analysis. The time course of the accommodation response was analyzed using mixed models. Psychological and sensorimotor variables were added to the model as continuous (state anxiety) or dichotomous (gastric sensitivity and emptying, anxiety disorders, depression) covariates, including their interaction with the time effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In subjects with FD, delayed emptying (β = 50.3 ± 15.9; P = .002) and lower state anxiety (β = -1.7 ± 0.7; P = .012) were associated with an upward shift of the accommodation curve. There was a significant interaction between comorbid anxiety disorder and linear (β = 8.2 ± 3.5; P = .02), quadratic (β = -0.4 ± 0.1; P = .004), and cubic (β = 0.005 ± 0.002; P = .002) effects of time: patients with a comorbid anxiety disorder had significantly slower initial increases in gastric volume to a lower maximum, and a slower return to baseline, compared with patients without anxiety disorder. Depression and gastric sensitivity were not associated significantly with gastric accommodation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with FD, state anxiety and comorbid anxiety disorders are associated with impaired accommodation; gastric emptying also is associated with accommodation in these patients. These findings help elucidate the complex interactions between psychological processes and disorders, gastric sensorimotor dysfunction, and symptom reporting in patients with FD.
authors: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Huynh Giao
authors: HG
authors: Ly
authors: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Nathalie
authors: N
authors: Weltens
authors: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Tack
authors: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Center for Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: lukas.vanoudenhove@med.kuleuven.be.
authors: Lukas
authors: L
authors: Van Oudenhove
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001530:Belgium; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period
keywords: Epigastric Pain; Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders; Postprandial Distress; Psychology