title: Rebamipide Alters the Esophageal Microbiome and Reduces the Incidence of Barrett's Esophagus in a Rat Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by a distinct Th2-predominant cytokine profile. However, antigens that shift the immune response toward the Th2 profile are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of rebamipide on the esophageal microbiome and BE development in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  BE was induced by esophagojejunostomy in 8-week-old male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into control and rebamipide-treated group receiving either a normal or a 0.225 % rebamipide-containing diet, respectively, and killed 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks after the operation. PCR-amplified 16S rDNAs extracted from esophageal samples were examined by terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis to assess microbiome composition. The dynamics of four bacterial genera (Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus) were analyzed by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of BE in the control and rebamipide group at 24 and 32 weeks were 80 and 100, and 20 and 33 %, respectively. T-RFLP analysis of normal esophagus revealed that the proportion of Clostridium was 8.3 %, while that of Lactobacillales was 71.8 %. The proportions of Clostridium increased and that of Lactobacillales decreased at 8 weeks in both groups. Such changes were consistently observed in the control but not in the rebamipide group. Clostridium and Lactobacillus expression was lower and higher, respectively, in the rebamipide group than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rebamipide reduced BE development and altered the esophageal microbiome composition, which might play a role in BE development.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-7 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan, yuki1215@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp.
authors: Yukie
authors: Y
authors: Kohata
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Nakahara
authors: Tetsuya
authors: T
authors: Tanigawa
authors: Hirokazu
authors: H
authors: Yamagami
authors: Masatsugu
authors: M
authors: Shiba
authors: Toshio
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Kazunari
authors: K
authors: Tominaga
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Fujiwara
authors: Tetsuo
authors: T
authors: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003013:Clostridium / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics; D004947:Esophagus / Q000382:microbiology*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D015363:Quinolones; C052785:rebamipide; D000409:Alanine