title: Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs).
abstract: Spectra of "white LEDs" are characterized by an intense emission in the blue region of the visible spectrum, absent in daylight spectra. This blue component and the high intensity of emission are the main sources of concern about the health risks of LEDs with respect to their toxicity to the eye and the retina. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of blue light from LEDs in retinal damage. Commercially available white LEDs and four different blue LEDs (507, 473, 467, and 449nm) were used for exposure experiments on Wistar rats. Immunohistochemical stain, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot were used to exam the retinas. We evaluated LED-induced retinal cell damage by studying oxidative stress, stress response pathways, and the identification of cell death pathways. LED light caused a state of suffering of the retina with oxidative damage and retinal injury. We observed a loss of photoreceptors and the activation of caspase-independent apoptosis, necroptosis, and necrosis. A wavelength dependence of the effects was observed. Phototoxicity of LEDs on the retina is characterized by a strong damage of photoreceptors and by the induction of necrosis.
authors: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors: Imene
authors: I
authors: Jaadane
authors: CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Boulenguez
authors: ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d׳Alfort, Maison Alfort, France.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Chahory
authors: CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Carré
authors: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors: Michèle
authors: M
authors: Savoldelli
authors: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Jonet
authors: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Francine
authors: F
authors: Behar-Cohen
authors: CSTB, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Division Eclairage et électromagnétisme, Saint Martin d׳Heres, France.
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Martinsons
authors: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Electronic address: alicia.torriglia@inserm.fr.
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Torriglia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Apoptosis; Blue light; LED; Necroptosis; Necrosis; Oxidative stress; Retinal degeneration; Stress response; Wavelength