title: Cognitive demands of lower paleolithic toolmaking.
abstract: Stone tools provide some of the most abundant, continuous, and high resolution evidence of behavioral change over human evolution, but their implications for cognitive evolution have remained unclear. We investigated the neurophysiological demands of stone toolmaking by training modern subjects in known Paleolithic methods ("Oldowan", "Acheulean") and collecting structural and functional brain imaging data as they made technical judgments (outcome prediction, strategic appropriateness) about planned actions on partially completed tools. Results show that this task affected neural activity and functional connectivity in dorsal prefrontal cortex, that effect magnitude correlated with the frequency of correct strategic judgments, and that the frequency of correct strategic judgments was predictive of success in Acheulean, but not Oldowan, toolmaking. This corroborates hypothesized cognitive control demands of Acheulean toolmaking, specifically including information monitoring and manipulation functions attributed to the "central executive" of working memory. More broadly, it develops empirical methods for assessing the differential cognitive demands of Paleolithic technologies, and expands the scope of evolutionary hypotheses that can be tested using the available archaeological record.
authors: Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Dietrich
authors: D
authors: Stout
authors: Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Hecht
authors: Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Nada
authors: N
authors: Khreisheh
authors: Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Bradley
authors: Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Chaminade
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D053001:Tool Use Behavior / Q000502:physiology*