title: The B cell adaptor molecule Bam32 is critically important for optimal antibody response and resistance to Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bam32, a 32 kDa adaptor molecule, plays important role in B cell receptor signalling, T cell receptor signalling and antibody affinity maturation in germinal centres. Since antibodies against trypanosome variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) are critically important for control of parasitemia, we hypothesized that Bam32 deficient (Bam32-/-) mice would be susceptible to T. congolense infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that T. congolense-infected Bam32-/- mice successfully control the first wave of parasitemia but then fail to control subsequent waves and ultimately succumb to their infection unlike wild type (WT) C57BL6 mice which are relatively resistant. Although infected Bam32-/- mice had significantly higher hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, their serum AST and ALT levels were not different, suggesting that increased liver pathology may not be responsible for the increased susceptibility of Bam32-/- mice to T. congolense. Using direct ex vivo flow cytometry and ELISA, we show that CD4+ T cells from infected Bam32-/- mice produced significantly increased amounts of disease-exacerbating proinflammatory cytokines (including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6). However, the percentages of regulatory T cells and IL-10-producing CD4+ cells were similar in infected WT and Bam32-/- mice. While serum levels of parasite-specific IgM antibodies were normal, the levels of parasite-specific IgG, (particularly IgG1 and IgG2a) were significantly lower in Bam32-/- mice throughout infection. This was associated with impaired germinal centre response in Bam32-/- mice despite increased numbers of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Adoptive transfer studies indicate that intrinsic B cell defect was responsible for the enhanced susceptibility of Bam32-/- mice to T. congolense infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our data show that Bam32 is important for optimal anti-trypanosome IgG antibody response and suppression of disease-promoting proinflammatory cytokines and its deficiency leads to inability to control T. congolense infection in mice.
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Chukwunonso
authors: C
authors: Onyilagha
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Jia
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Nipun
authors: N
authors: Jayachandran
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Sen
authors: S
authors: Hou
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Ifeoma
authors: I
authors: Okwor
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Shiby
authors: S
authors: Kuriakose
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Marshall
authors: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Jude E
authors: JE
authors: Uzonna
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D000915:Antibody Affinity; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000276:immunology; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; D014348:Trypanosoma congolense / Q000276:immunology*; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016207:Cytokines; C403524:Dapp1 protein, mouse; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D008074:Lipoproteins