title: Multi drug and other forms of drug resistant tuberculosis are uncommon among treatment naïve tuberculosis patients in Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surveillance and effective management of drug resistance is important to sustaining tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. We aimed to determine resistance rates to first line anti tuberculosis drugs and to describe factors associated with the resistance to any of the first line anti tuberculosis drugs in Dar es Salaam Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newly diagnosed, TB patients with neither history of tuberculosis treatment nor isoniazid prophylaxis were included into the study. Sputum specimens were cultured on either mycobacteria growth indicator tube 960 (MGIT 960) or Lowenstein Jenstein (LJ) medium supplemented with either glycerol (GLJ) or pyruvate (PLJ). Drug susceptibility for isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol was determined by either Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium or mycobacteria growth indicator tube 960 (MGIT 960).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 933 newly diagnosed TB patients, were included into the study. Multi drug resistance (MDR) tuberculosis was detected among 2 (0.2%) patients. Resistance to any of the four tested drugs was detected among 54 (5.8%) patients. Mono-resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol were 21(2.3%), 3 (0.3%), 13 (1.4%), 9 (1.0%) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary resistance to first line anti tuberculosis drugs is still low in this setting. Continued vigilance including periodic national surveillance of anti-tuberculosis resistance is recommended.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Tumaini J
authors: TJ
authors: Nagu
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Said
authors: S
authors: Aboud
authors: Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Ramadhani
authors: R
authors: Mwiru
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Mecky
authors: M
authors: Matee
authors: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH), Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors: Wafaie
authors: W
authors: Fawzi
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Ferdinand
authors: F
authors: Mugusi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007538:Isoniazid