title: Distraction magnitude and frequency affects the outcome in juvenile idiopathic patients with growth rods: finite element study using a representative scoliotic spine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Growth rods are used to limit the progression of scoliosis without restraining the opportunity for the spine to grow. However, major complications like rod breakage, screw loosening, and altered sagittal contour have been encountered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the effect of the magnitude of distraction forces on the T1-S1 growth, maximum von Mises stresses on the rods, sagittal contours, and load at the pedicle screw-bone interface and quantify the maximum stresses on the rod for a period of 24 months using different frequencies of distraction in a representative scoliotic spine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative finite element model of a juvenile scoliotic spine was used to study the effect of magnitude and frequency of distraction on growth rods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative scoliotic model was developed and instrumented using proximal foundation, distal foundation, and rods. Part 1: simulation steps comprised 6 months of growth under various distraction forces to analyze effects of distraction force on the biomechanics of the spine and instrument. Part 2: simulation steps comprised 24 months of growth under various intervals of distraction to analyze effects of distraction interval on the propensity of rod fracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Part 1: an optimal distraction force exists for which the growth is sustained with minimum stress on the rod, lower loads at screw-bone interface, and unaltered sagittal contours. Part 2: the stresses on the rods were highest for 12-month distraction (2 distractions in 2 years) and lowest for 2-month distraction (12 distractions in 2 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data and trend suggest that as the distraction forces vary so do the effects on spinal growth. The results of this study also signify the importance of shorter distraction period in reducing the stresses on the rods.
authors: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Department of Bioengineering and Orthopaedics surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Aakash
authors: A
authors: Agarwal
authors: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Department of Bioengineering and Orthopaedics surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Zakeri
authors: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Department of Bioengineering and Orthopaedics surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Anand K
authors: AK
authors: Agarwal
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar E., Gautam Nagar, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India.
authors: Arvind
authors: A
authors: Jayaswal
authors: Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (ECORE), Department of Bioengineering and Orthopaedics surgery, Colleges of Engineering and Medicine, University of Toledo, 5051 Nitschke Hall MS 303, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA. Electronic address: Vijay.Goel@utoledo.edu.
authors: Vijay K
authors: VK
authors: Goel
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D012447:Sacrum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Biomechanics; Distraction force; Distraction magnitude; Finite element study; Frequency of distraction; Growth modulation; Growth rod breakage; Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis