title: Xenon Treatment Protects against Remote Lung Injury after Kidney Transplantation in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of renal grafts may cause remote organ injury including lungs. The authors aimed to evaluate the protective effect of xenon exposure against remote lung injury due to renal graft IRI in a rat renal transplantation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro studies, human lung epithelial cell A549 was challenged with H2O2, tumor necrosis factor-α, or conditioned medium from human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK-2) after hypothermia-hypoxia insults. For in vivo studies, the Lewis renal graft was stored in 4°C Soltran preserving solution for 24 h and transplanted into the Lewis recipient, and the lungs were harvested 24 h after grafting. Cultured lung cells or the recipient after engraftment was exposed to 70% Xe or N2. Phospho (p)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), Bcl-2, high-mobility group protein-1 (HMGB-1), TLR-4, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression, lung inflammation, and cell injuries were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recipients receiving ischemic renal grafts developed pulmonary injury. Xenon treatment enhanced HIF-1α, which attenuated HMGB-1 translocation and NF-κB activation in A549 cells with oxidative and inflammatory stress. Xenon treatment enhanced p-mTOR, HIF-1α, and Bcl-2 expression and, in turn, promoted cell proliferation in the lung. Upon grafting, HMGB-1 translocation from lung epithelial nuclei was reduced; the TLR-4/NF-κB pathway was suppressed by xenon treatment; and subsequent tissue injury score (nitrogen vs. xenon: 26 ± 1.8 vs. 10.7 ± 2.6; n = 6) was significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xenon treatment confers protection against distant lung injury triggered by renal graft IRI, which is likely through the activation of mTOR-HIF-1α pathway and suppression of the HMGB-1 translocation from nuclei to cytoplasm.
authors: From the Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom (H.Z., H.H., R.O., D.G.L., H.W., M.P.V., D.M.); Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (H.H.); The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China (Q.L.); and Section of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom (A.J.T.G.). Current address: Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom (A.J.T.G.).
authors: Hailin
authors: H
authors: Zhao
authors: Han
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: Rele
authors: R
authors: Ologunde
authors: Dafydd G
authors: DG
authors: Lloyd
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Watts
authors: Marcela P
authors: MP
authors: Vizcaychipi
authors: Qingquan
authors: Q
authors: Lian
authors: Andrew J T
authors: AJ
authors: George
authors: Daqing
authors: D
authors: Ma
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014978:Xenon / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014978:Xenon