title: Extraction of cellulose nano-crystals from old corrugated container fiber using phosphoric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by sonication.
abstract: Due to its amazing physicochemical properties and high environmental compatibility, cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) hold great promise for serving as a strategic platform for sustainable development. Now, there has been growing interest in the development of processes using waste or residual biomass as CNC source for addressing economic and environmental concerns. In the present work, a combined process involving phosphoric acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and sonication was proposed aiming to efficiently exact CNC from low-cost old corrugated container (OCC) pulp fiber. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the yield and microstructure of resulting CNC was highlighted. Results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis was effective in enhancing CNC yield after phosphoric acid hydrolysis. CNC was obtained with a yield of 23.98 wt% via the combined process with phosphoric acid concentration of 60 wt%, cellulase dosage of 2 mL (84 EGU) per 2g fiber and sonication intensity of 200 W. Moreover, the presence of enzymatic hydrolysis imparted the obtained CNC with improved dispersion, increased crystallinity and thermal stability.
authors: National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. Electronic address: tangyj@zstu.edu.cn.
authors: Yanjun
authors: Y
authors: Tang
authors: National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
authors: Xiaochuang
authors: X
authors: Shen
authors: Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
authors: Junhua
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
authors: Daliang
authors: D
authors: Guo
authors: Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China.
authors: Fangong
authors: F
authors: Kong
authors: Shanghai Tonnor Material Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010209:Paper; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013010:Sonication
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D002482:Cellulose; C030242:phosphoric acid
keywords: Cellulose nano-crystals (CNC); Enzymatic hydrolysis; Old corrugated container (OCC); Phosphoric acid hydrolysis; Sonication