title: Accelerated whole-brain multi-parameter mapping using blind compressed sensing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce a blind compressed sensing (BCS) framework to accelerate multi-parameter MR mapping, and demonstrate its feasibility in high-resolution, whole-brain T1ρ and T2 mapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  BCS models the evolution of magnetization at every pixel as a sparse linear combination of bases in a dictionary. Unlike compressed sensing, the dictionary and the sparse coefficients are jointly estimated from undersampled data. Large number of non-orthogonal bases in BCS accounts for more complex signals than low rank representations. The low degree of freedom of BCS, attributed to sparse coefficients, translates to fewer artifacts at high acceleration factors (R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2D retrospective undersampling experiments, the mean square errors in T1ρ and T2 maps were observed to be within 0.1% up to R = 10. BCS was observed to be more robust to patient-specific motion as compared to other compressed sensing schemes and resulted in minimal degradation of parameter maps in the presence of motion. Our results suggested that BCS can provide an acceleration factor of 8 in prospective 3D imaging with reasonable reconstructions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCS considerably reduces scan time for multiparameter mapping of the whole brain with minimal artifacts, and is more robust to motion-induced signal changes compared to current compressed sensing and principal component analysis-based techniques.
authors: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors: Sampada
authors: S
authors: Bhave
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, California, USA.
authors: Sajan Goud
authors: SG
authors: Lingala
authors: Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors: Casey P
authors: CP
authors: Johnson
authors: Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors: Vincent A
authors: VA
authors: Magnotta
authors: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA.
authors: Mathews
authors: M
authors: Jacob
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: 3D multi-parameter mapping; T1ρ imaging; T2 imaging; blind compressed sensing (BCS); dictionary learning