title: Evidence for an unrecognized secondary anthropogenic source of organosulfates and sulfonates: gas-phase oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of sulfate aerosol.
abstract: In the present study, formation of aromatic organosulfates (OSs) from the photo-oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated. Naphthalene (NAP) and 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MeNAP), two of the most abundant gas-phase PAHs and thought to represent "missing" sources of urban SOA, were photochemically oxidized in an outdoor smog chamber facility in the presence of nonacidified and acidified sulfate seed aerosol. Effects of seed aerosol composition, acidity and relative humidity on OS formation were examined. Chemical characterization of SOA extracts by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed the formation of OSs and sulfonates from photo-oxidation in the presence of sulfate seed aerosol. Many of the organosulfur compounds identified in the smog chamber extracts were also measured in urban fine aerosol collected at Lahore, Pakistan, and Pasadena, USA, demonstrating that PAH photo-oxidation in the presence of sulfate aerosol is a hitherto unrecognized source of anthropogenic secondary organosulfur compounds, and providing new PAH SOA tracers.
authors: †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors: Matthieu
authors: M
authors: Riva
authors: ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France.|§EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Tomaz
authors: †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors: Tianqu
authors: T
authors: Cui
authors: †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors: Ying-Hsuan
authors: YH
authors: Lin
authors: ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France.|§EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France.
authors: Emilie
authors: E
authors: Perraudin
authors: †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors: Avram
authors: A
authors: Gold
authors: ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Stone
authors: ‡EPOC, UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, F-33405 Talence, France.|§EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS, F-33405 Talence, France.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Villenave
authors: †Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
authors: Jason D
authors: JD
authors: Surratt
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010154:Pakistan; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D009281:Naphthalenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013431:Sulfates; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C031721:naphthalene; C027384:2-methylnaphthalene