title: Untargeted metabolic profiling of Vitis vinifera during fungal degradation.
abstract: This paper illustrates the application of an untargeted metabolic profiling analysis of winery-derived biomass degraded using four filamentous fungi (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. citrinum) and a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Analysis of the metabolome resulted in the identification of 233 significant peak features [P < 0.05; fold change (FC) > 2 and signal-to-noise ratio >50] using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry followed by statistical chemometric analysis. Furthermore, A. niger and P. chrysogenum produced higher biomass degradation due to considerable β-glucosidase and xylanase activities. The major metabolites generated during fungal degradation which differentiated the metabolic profiles of fungi included sugars, sugar acids, organic acids and fatty acids. Although, P. chrysogenum could degrade hemicelluloses due to its high β-glucosidase and xylanase activities, it could not utilize the resultant pentoses, which A. niger and P. citrinum could do efficiently, thus indicating a need of mixed fungal culture to improve the biomass degradation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a non-cellulose degrader, exhibited sugar accumulation during the fermentation. Penicillium chrysogenum was observed to degrade about 2% lignin, a property not observed in other fungi. This study emphasized the differential fungal metabolic behavior and demonstrated the potential of metabolomics in optimizing degradation or manipulating pathways to increase yields of products of interest.
authors: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, PO Box 56, Highett, VIC 3190, Australia akarpe@swin.edu.au.
authors: Avinash V
authors: AV
authors: Karpe
authors: Land and Water Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, PO Box 56, Highett, VIC 3190, Australia.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Beale
authors: School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 2547, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Morrison
authors: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
authors: Ian H
authors: IH
authors: Harding
authors: Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
authors: Enzo A
authors: EA
authors: Palombo
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000378:metabolism; D001315:Australia; D018533:Biomass; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism; D010408:Penicillium chrysogenum / Q000378:metabolism; D010429:Pentoses / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010429:Pentoses; D011134:Polysaccharides; C007916:hemicellulose; D008031:Lignin; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases
keywords: GC-MS; biomass degradation; chemometrics; fungi; metabolomics