title: Association of glycaemia with perceived threat of illness in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is essential to reach glycaemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus to prevent reduced life expectancy and morbidity related to complications. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycaemic control is associated with the perception of illness in type II diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Illness perception was assessed in a sample of 242 diabetics attending a Family Health Centre in Chile using the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ). We considered well-controlled individuals to have glycated haemoglobin below 7%, and we assessed association with the BIPQ score. The data were analysed by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total BIPQ score was significantly higher (more negative perception) in non-controlled individuals; the most significant differences were found in the following dimensions: consequences (p=0.0003), personal control (p=0.0392), identity (p=0.0006) and emotional affection (p=0.018). The dimensions of timeline, treatment control, concern and coherence showed no differences between the groups. The mean age of well-controlled subjects was significantly higher than the age of non-controlled diabetics. Well-controlled patients had been diagnosed with diabetes for significantly fewer years than had those that were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceiving illness as more negative (BIPQ score >37) is highly associated with being a non-controlled diabetic, with more consequences over their daily life, less control over the disease and a higher number of attributable symptoms. When control variables are considered, a negative perception of diabetes has an adjusted OR of 2.14 (CI 95% 1.17-3.92) to have glycated haemoglobin above 7%.
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital del Salvador, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Voigt
authors: Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: eva.madrid@uv.cl.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Madrid
authors: Family Centre of Primary Care, ABS Turó, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Valeria
authors: V
authors: Pacheco-Huergo
authors: Family Centre of Primary Care, Corporación Municipal de Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Rastello
authors: Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Castro
authors: Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
authors: Ignacio
authors: I
authors: Navarro-Brito
authors: Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
authors: María José
authors: MJ
authors: Oyaneder
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002677:Chile; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055809:Illness Behavior; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010465:Perception; D011788:Quality of Life; D000068356:Self-Control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Blood glucose; Glycosylated; Haemoglobin A; Illness behaviour; Primary health care; Questionnaires; Type 2 diabetes mellitus