title: Posttraumatic inflammation as a key to neuroregeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury.
abstract: Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines might have a large impact on the secondary phase and on the neurological outcome of patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). We measured the serum levels of different cytokines (Interferon-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) over a 12-week period in 40 acute traumatic SCI patients: at admission on average one hour after initial trauma; at four, nine, 12, and 24 h; Three, and seven days after admission; and two, four, eight, and twelve weeks after admission. This was done using a Luminex Performance Human High Sensitivity Cytokine Panel. SCI was classified using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) at time of admission and after 12 weeks. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations were significantly higher in patients without neurological remission and in patients with an initial AIS A (p < 0.05). This study shows significant differences in cytokine concentrations shown in traumatic SCI patients with different neurological impairments and within a 12-week period. IL-8 and IL-10 are potential peripheral markers for neurological remission and rehabilitation after traumatic SCI. Furthermore our cytokine expression pattern of the acute, subacute, and intermediate phase of SCI establishes a possible basis for future studies to develop standardized monitoring, prognostic, and tracking techniques.
authors: Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany. arash.moghaddam@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Moghaddam
authors: Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany. christopher.child@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Child
authors: Institute for Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bruckner@imbi.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Bruckner
authors: Heidelberg Trauma Research Group, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany. hj.gerner@urz.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Hans Jürgen
authors: HJ
authors: Gerner
authors: Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. volker.daniel@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Daniel
authors: Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Department of Paraplegiology, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße-13, D-67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany. bahram.biglari@bgu-ludwigshafen.de.
authors: Bahram
authors: B
authors: Biglari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma