title: IRS-1 gene polymorphism and DNA damage in pregnant women with diabetes or mild gestational hyperglycemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women with mild gestational hyperglycemia present a high risk for hypertension and obesity, and appear to reproduce the model of metabolic syndrome in pregnancy, including hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Diabetic patients have a higher frequency of the IRS-1 Gly972Arg variant and this polymorphism is directly related to insulin resistance and subsequent hyperglycemia. In diabetes, hyperglycemia and other associated factors generate reactive oxygen species that increase DNA damage. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of the IRS-1 Arg972 polymorphism in pregnant women with diabetes or mild gestational hyperglycemia, and in their newborns. Additionally, we evaluated the level of primary DNA damage in lymphocytes of Brazilian pregnant women and the relationship between the amount of genetic damage and presence of the polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  A based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and on glycemic profiles (GP), as follows: non-diabetic group, mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH) and diabetic group. Eighty-five newborns were included in the study. Maternal peripheral blood samples and umbilical cord blood samples (5-10 mL) were collected for genotyping by PCR-RFLP and for comet assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of genotype Gly/Arg in pregnant women groups was not statistically significant. In newborns, the frequency of Gly/Arg was significantly higher in the MGH and diabetic groups than in the non-diabetic group. Taken together, groups IIA and IIB (IIA + IIB; diabetes) presented lower amounts of DNA damage than the non-diabetic group (p = 0.064). No significant association was detected between genetic damage and the presence of the Arg972 genotype in pregnant women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polymorphism was more prevalent in newborns of diabetic and MGH women. We believe that it is necessary to increase the number of subjects to be examined in order to better determine the biological role of the Arg972 polymorphism in these patients. Despite being classified as low-risk, pregnant women with mild gestational hyperglycemia characterize a population of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes, and that, together with their newborns, require better monitoring by professionals and health services.
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Rafael B
authors: RB
authors: Gelaleti
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Débora C
authors: DC
authors: Damasceno
authors: Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Toxigenomics and Nutrigenomics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors: Daisy M F
authors: DM
authors: Salvadori
authors: Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Toxigenomics and Nutrigenomics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors: João Paulo C
authors: JP
authors: Marcondes
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Paula H O
authors: PH
authors: Lima
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Glilciane
authors: G
authors: Morceli
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Iracema M P
authors: IM
authors: Calderon
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Unesp_Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, CEP. 18618.000, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil.
authors: Marilza V C
authors: MV
authors: Rudge
keywords: DNA damage; Diabetes; Mild gestational hyperglycemia; Newborn; Polymorphism; Pregnancy