title: Antioxidant and anticholinesterase investigations of Rumex hastatus D. Don: potential effectiveness in oxidative stress and neurological disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rumex species are traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders including headache, migraine, depression, paralysis etc. Several species have been scientifically validated for antioxidant and anticholinestrase potentials. This study aims to investigate Rumex hastatus D. Don crude methanolic extract, subsequent fractions, saponins and flavonoids for acetylcholinestrase, butyrylcholinestrase inhibition and diverse antioxidant activities to validate its folkloric uses in neurological disorders. Rumex hastatus crude methanolic extract (Rh. Cr), subsequent fractions; n-hexane (Rh. Hex), chloroform (Rh. Chf), ethyl acetate (Rh. EtAc), aqueous fraction (Rh. Aq), crude saponins (Rh. Sp) and flavonoids (Rh. Fl) were investigated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at various concentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL) using Ellman's spectrophotometric analysis. Antioxidant potentials of Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl were evaluated using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radical scavenging assays at 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the test samples showed concentration dependent cholinesterase inhibition and radicals scavenging activity. The AChE inhibition potential of Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl were most prominent i.e., 81.67 ± 0.88 and 91.62 ± 1.67 at highest concentration with IC50 135 and 20 μg/mL respectively. All the subsequent fractions exhibited moderate to high AChE inhibition i.e., Rh. Cr, Rh. Hex, Rh. Chf, Rh. EtAc and Rh. Aq showed IC50 218, 1420, 75, 115 and 1210 μg/mL respectively. Similarly, against BChE various plant extracts i.e., Rh. Sp, Rh. Fl, Rh. Cr, Rh. Hex, Rh. Chf, Rh. EtAc and Rh. Aq resulted IC50 165, 175, 265, 890, 92, 115 and 220 μg/mL respectively. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl showed comparable results with the positive control i.e., 63.34 ± 0.98 and 76.93 ± 1.13% scavenging at 1 mg/mL concentration (IC50 312 and 104 μg/mL) respectively. The percent ABTS radical scavenging potential exhibited by Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl (1000 μg/mL) were 82.58 ± 0.52 and 88.25 ± 0.67 with IC50 18 and 9 μg/mL respectively. Similarly in H2O2 scavenging assay, the Rh. Sp and Rh. Fl exhibited IC50 175 and 275 μg/mL respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Rh. Sp, Rh. Fl and various fractions of R. hastatus support the purported ethnomedicinal uses and recommend R. hastatus as a possible remedy for the treatment of AD and neurodegenerative disorders.
authors: Sajjad
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
authors: Farhat
authors: F
authors: Ullah
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Ayaz
authors: Abdul
authors: A
authors: Sadiq
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Imran
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010154:Pakistan; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031804:Rumex / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins / Q000378:metabolism; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase