title: Inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk on obesity: role of environmental xenoestrogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some chemicals used in consumer products or manufacturing (eg, plastics, pesticides) have estrogenic activities; these xenoestrogens (XEs) may affect immune responses and have recently emerged as a new risk factors for obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, the extent and impact on health of chronic exposure of the general population to XEs are still unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to investigate the levels of XEs in plasma and adipose tissue (AT) depots in a sample of pre- and postmenopausal obese women undergoing bariatric surgery and their cardiometabolic impact in an obese state.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated XE levels in plasma and visceral and subcutaneous AT samples of Portuguese obese (body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m(2)) women undergoing bariatric surgery. Association with metabolic parameters and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk was assessed, according to menopausal status (73 pre- and 48 postmenopausal). Levels of XEs were determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected prior to surgery. Adipocyte size was determined on tissue sections obtained during surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that XEs are pervasive in this obese population. Distribution of individual and concentration of total XEs differed between plasma, visceral AT, and subcutaneous AT, and the pattern of accumulation was different between pre- and postmenopausal women. Significant associations between XE levels and metabolic and inflammatory parameters were found. In premenopausal women, XEs in plasma seem to be a predictor of 10-year cardiovascular disease risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings point toward a different distribution of XE between plasma and AT in pre- and postmenopausal women, and reveal the association between XEs on the development of metabolic abnormalities in obese premenopausal women.
authors: Departments of Biochemistry (D.T., D.P., S.N., M.M., A.F., R.S., C. Sá, C.C., R.M.), Health Information and Decision Science (C.San.), Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (P.F.), S. João Hospital General Surgery, Pedro Hispano Hospital (A.T.G.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (D.P., C.San., G.F., C.C.), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Rede de Química e Tecnologia - Instituto Superior de Engenharia (L.C., V.D., C.D.M), Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences (A.F.), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratório Associado de Química Verde (A.F.), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-009 Porto, Portugal; and Department of General Surgery, Oporto Hospital Center (G.F.), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Teixeira
authors: Diogo
authors: D
authors: Pestana
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Santos
authors: Luísa
authors: L
authors: Correia-Sá
authors: Cláudia
authors: C
authors: Marques
authors: Sónia
authors: S
authors: Norberto
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Meireles
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Faria
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Silva
authors: Gil
authors: G
authors: Faria
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Sá
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Freitas
authors: António
authors: A
authors: Taveira-Gomes
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Domingues
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Delerue-Matos
authors: Conceição
authors: C
authors: Calhau
authors: Rosário
authors: R
authors: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000452:Aldrin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D014240:Trichloroethanes / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014240:Trichloroethanes; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D000452:Aldrin