title: Effects of early pregnancy BMI, mid-gestational weight gain, glucose and lipid levels in pregnancy on offspring's birth weight and subcutaneous fat: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal glucose and lipid levels are associated with neonatal anthropometry of the offspring, also independently of maternal body mass index (BMI). Gestational weight gain, however, is often not accounted for. The objective was to explore whether the effects of maternal glucose and lipid levels on offspring's birth weight and subcutaneous fat were independent of early pregnancy BMI and mid-gestational weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based, multi-ethnic, prospective cohort of 699 women and their offspring, maternal anthropometrics were collected in gestational week 15 and 28. Maternal fasting plasma lipids, fasting and 2-hour glucose post 75 g glucose load, were collected in gestational week 28. Maternal risk factors were standardized using z-scores. Outcomes were neonatal birth weight and sum of skinfolds in four different regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (standard deviation) birth weight was 3491 ± 498 g and mean sum of skinfolds was 18.2 ± 3.9 mm. Maternal fasting glucose and HDL-cholesterol were predictors of birth weight, and fasting and 2-hour glucose were predictors of neonatal sum of skinfolds, independently of weight gain as well as early pregnancy BMI, gestational week at inclusion, maternal age, parity, smoking status, ethnic origin, gestational age and offspring's sex. However, weight gain was the strongest independent predictor of both birth weight and neonatal sum of skinfolds, with a 0.21 kg/week increased weight gain giving a 110.7 (95% confidence interval 76.6-144.9) g heavier neonate, and with 0.72 (0.38-1.06) mm larger sum of skinfolds. The effect size of mother's early pregnancy BMI on birth weight was higher in non-Europeans than in Europeans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal fasting glucose and HDL-cholesterol were predictors of offspring's birth weight, and fasting and 2-hour glucose were predictors of neonatal sum of skinfolds, independently of weight gain. Mid-gestational weight gain was a stronger predictor of both birth weight and neonatal sum of skinfolds than early pregnancy BMI, maternal glucose and lipid levels.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. christine.sommer@medisin.uio.no.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. christine.sommer@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Sommer
authors: Department of Child and Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway. line.sletner@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Line
authors: L
authors: Sletner
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. Kjersti.Morkrid@fhi.no.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Kjersti.Morkrid@fhi.no.
authors: Kjersti
authors: K
authors: Mørkrid
authors: Institute of Health and Society, Department of General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. a.k.jenum@medisin.uio.no.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway. a.k.jenum@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Anne Karen
authors: AK
authors: Jenum
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. k.i.birkeland@medisin.uio.no.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. k.i.birkeland@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Kåre Inge
authors: KI
authors: Birkeland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001724:Birth Weight; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides