title: Compartment Pressures in Children With Normal and Fractured Forearms: A Preliminary Report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) can lead to irreversible damage if fasciotomy is not performed in a timely manner. Needle manometry is a tool to confirm suspected ACS. The threshold for compartment pressures that can be tolerated has been debated. The aim of this study is to assess the normal compartment pressures in noninjured forearms of children. Further, we sought to quantify the maximum tolerable compartment pressures in fractured forearms of children, thus establishing a baseline and providing guidance in evidence-based decision making to evaluate children with suspected ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included children up to the age of 16 years with forearm fractures that needed reduction with or without osteosynthesis. Between June 2009 and March 2013, 41 children were included. Mean age was 9.25 years (range, 4 to 15.4 y). We used needle manometry to measure the pressures in the superficial and deep volar as well as in the dorsal compartments (DCs) on both the forearms. The mean pressures between compartments in healthy versus injured arms were analyzed using a 1-sided, paired t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the injured side, the mean compartment pressure was 19.12 mm Hg (range, 3 to 49 mm Hg) in the deep volar compartment, 15.56 mm Hg (range, 5 to 37 mmHg) in the DC, and 14.8 mm Hg (range, 2 to 35 mm Hg) in the superficial volar compartment. On the noninjured side, the mean compartment pressure was 12.9 mm Hg (range, 6 to 31 mm Hg) in the DC, 10.22 mm Hg (range, 3 to 22 mm Hg) in the deep volar compartment, and 9.66 mm Hg (range, 3 to 21 mm Hg) in the superficial volar compartment. We measured an absolute compartment pressure of >30 mm Hg in 15 patients on the fractured side. Three of them had an absolute compartment pressure of >45 mm Hg. Only 1 had ACS. This patient underwent fasciotomy and was excluded for further analysis. On follow-up (mean, 24.84 mo), no patient was found to have any sequelae of ACS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to report normal compartment pressure measurements in noninjured forearms and in fractured forearms without clinical suspicion of ACS in children.The mean compartment pressure measured in the deep volar compartment (DVC) in healthy children was 10.22 mm Hg (range, 3 to 22 mm Hg) and therefore slightly higher than in adults. Some children with fractures tolerated absolute compartment pressures >30 mm Hg without clinical signs of ACS. Fasciotomy in children under close observation could eventually be delayed despite surpassing the accepted pressure limits for adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level I-prognostic.
authors: *Pediatric Hand Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich †Seminar for Statistics, ETH Zurich ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Sasha J
authors: SJ
authors: Tharakan
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Subotic
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Kalisch
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Staubli
authors: Daniel M
authors: DM
authors: Weber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000070628:Closed Fracture Reduction; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000071938:Fasciotomy; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic; D008365:Manometry; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values