title: Prenatally diagnosed neck masses: long-term outcomes and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine long-term outcomes of fetuses with neck masses (NM), including functional and cosmetic results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of all fetuses evaluated for NM from November 2001 to March 2014. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated using the validated PedsQL™ questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 35 fetuses evaluated, 9 died perinatally and 1 died late from tracheostomy complications. NM ranged from 4 to 20cm (mean, 9.1cm); 18 were delivered by EXIT. Of 25 surviving patients, 22 had mass resection, 7 requiring more than one procedure. Surviving patients with lymphatic malformations (LM) had the highest incidence of moderate and severe disfigurement and a higher rate of persistent/recurrent disease (100% vs. 31%, p=0.002) and cranial nerve dysfunction (50% vs. 0%, p=0.005) compared to those with non-LM diagnoses. Of 9 children attending school, 78% achieve grades of A/B's. QOL for 13 patients revealed a mean score of 83/100 for physical and 78/100 for psychosocial functioning. Median follow-up was 6 years (7 months-17 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike those with teratoma or other lesions, children with congenital cervicofacial LM are at high-risk for persistent disease, nerve dysfunction and moderate-severe disfigurement. There is substantial perinatal morbidity for fetuses with neck masses, but for those surviving, the long-term functional and cognitive outcomes are good.
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Fariha
authors: F
authors: Sheikh
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Adesola
authors: A
authors: Akinkuotu
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Oluyinka O
authors: OO
authors: Olutoye
authors: Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Sheena
authors: S
authors: Pimpalwar
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Christopher I
authors: CI
authors: Cassady
authors: Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Caraciolo J
authors: CJ
authors: Fernandes
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Rodrigo
authors: R
authors: Ruano
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors: Timothy C
authors: TC
authors: Lee
authors: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Electronic address: dcass@bcm.edu.
authors: Darrell L
authors: DL
authors: Cass
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013724:Teratoma / Q000601:surgery; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Cervical lymphatic malformation; Cervical teratoma; Cervical thyroid cyst; Cervical vascular malformation; Fetal neck mass