title: Effect of exercise, heat stress and dehydration on myocardial performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial dysfunction is a well-documented outcome of extended periods of high cardiac output. Whether similar effects occur during firefighting, an occupation characterized by repeated periods of work compounded by dehydration and heat stress, is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the independent and combined effects of moderate heat stress and dehydration on indicators of myocardial performance following intermittent, submaximal treadmill exercise while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve aerobically fit young men (age 21.5±2.6 years; maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 60.3±4.4ml kg(-1) min(-1)) performed intermittent treadmill walking exercise consisting of three 20min bouts at an intensity of ~40% VO2max separated by two periods of rest in four different conditions in random order: (i) no heat stress-euhydrated, (ii) heat stress-euhydrated (heat stress created by wearing PPE, (iii) no heat stress-dehydrated and (iv) heat stress-dehydrated. We measured core temperature by a telemetric gastrointestinal pill. We determined cardiac variables by standard echocardiographic techniques immediately before and ~30min after exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recorded no significant changes in markers of systolic (ejection fraction, shortening fraction, tissue Doppler-S) or diastolic (mitral peak E velocity, tissue Doppler-E' and E/E') function following exercise in any of the four conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this model of exercise designed to mimic the work, heat stress and dehydration associated with firefighting activities, we observed no negative effects on myocardial inotropic or lusitropic function.
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Fehling
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Haller
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: W K
authors: WK
authors: Lefferts
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Hultquist
authors: Saratoga Hospital, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wharton
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
authors: T W
authors: TW
authors: Rowland
authors: First Responder Health and Safety Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA, dsmith@skidmore.edu.
authors: D L
authors: DL
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D061388:Firefighters; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000150:complications; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiac strain; diastolic function; firefighting; heat stress; systolic function.