title: Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of standardized brazilin-rich Caesalpinia sappan extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brazilin is a major active principle of Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). For industry aspects, brazilin-rich extract (BRE) has been prepared and standardized to contain 39% w/w brazilin. BRE may have more advantages than brazilin in term of a lower-cost production process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of BRE.
  
  
  METHODS
  BRE was prepared by a simple one-step purification of the crude ethanol extract of C. sappan heartwood (CSE) using a Diaion® HP-20 column. The antioxidant activities were determined using three methods, including DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assays, at concentration ranges of 1-10, 10-100, and 10-100 µg/mL, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of BRE (15.6-1000 µg/mL) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were determined by the broth microdilution method. Anti-inflammatory activity of BRE (0.1-5 µg/mL) was evaluated as anti-denaturation activity using bovine serum albumin as a substrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of β-carotene bleaching assay, BRE showed antioxidant activity with an EC50 value of 60.5 µg/mL, which was almost equal to that of pure brazilin (52.1 µg/mL). Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to all tested samples than Gram-negative bacteria. BRE possessed higher antibacterial activities than CSE, but lower than brazilin. MIC/MBC values of 62.5-125/125 and 250-500/250-500 µg/mL were obtained for BRE against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. A low concentration (0.1 µg/mL) of brazilin, BRE, and CSE showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting protein denaturation up to 46.8, 54.1, and 61.9%, respectively.
authors: Excellent Research Laboratory, Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla Univesity, Hat-Yai, Songkhla , Thailand .
authors: Nilesh Prakash
authors: NP
authors: Nirmal
authors: Pharkphoom
authors: P
authors: Panichayupakaranant
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006088:Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001578:Benzopyrans; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D019207:beta Carotene; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D000431:Ethanol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C044362:brazilin
keywords: Anti-denaturation; natural preservative; sappan wood