title: Major food sources contributing to energy intake--a nationwide survey of Brazilians aged 10 years and older.
abstract: Identification of major sources of energy in the diet helps to implement dietary recommendations to reduce obesity. To determine the food sources of energy consumed by Brazilians, we used the traditional method of ranking energy contribution of selected food groups and also compared days with and without consumption of specific food groups. Analysis was based on two non-consecutive days of dietary record from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey, conducted among 34,003 Brazilians (aged 10 years or more), taking into account the complex design of the survey. Comparison of days with and without consumption gave more consistent results, with sweets and cookies as the most important contributors to energy intake, increasing 992 kJ/d (95% CI 883, 1096) for those days when consumption of cakes, cookies and desserts was reported compared to days without their consumption. Savoury snacks, cheese and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) also increase energy intake by about 600 kJ. The only group associated with decreased energy intake was vegetable (-155 kJ; 95% CI -272, -37). Consumption of beans, milk and fruits increased the energy intake by about 210 kJ. In total, the mean energy intake of the group was 8000 kJ. Except for the consumption of vegetables, all of the other ten food groups analysed were associated with increased energy intake. Sweets and cookies may increase the energy intake by 12% and SSB by 7%, indicating that these two groups are major targets for improving healthy eating by reducing energy intake; whereas vegetable intake is associated with the reduction of energy content of the diet.
authors: Department of Epidemiology,Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 7° andar, Bloco E,Cep 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
authors: Rosely
authors: R
authors: Sichieri
authors: Graduate Program in Public Health, University of Fortaleza, Avenida Washington Soares,1321, Bloco S, Sala 01,Cep 60.811-905,Fortaleza,CE,Brazil.
authors: Ilana Nogueira
authors: IN
authors: Bezerra
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Community Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Horácio Macedo, S/N - Próximo a Prefeitura Universitária da UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão - Cidade Universitária,Cep 21941-598,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
authors: Marina Campos
authors: MC
authors: Araújo
authors: Department of Epidemiology,Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro,Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, 7° andar, Bloco E,Cep 20550-900,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: de Moura Souza
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Statistics,Institute of Community Health, Fluminense Federal University,Rua Marques de Paraná, 303, 3° andar, Predio Anexo, Centro,Cep 24030-210,Niteroi,RJ,Brazil.
authors: Edna Massae
authors: EM
authors: Yokoo
authors: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2° andar, Cidade Universitária,Cep 21941-590,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
authors: Rosangela Alves
authors: RA
authors: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brazil; Food intake; Healthy eating; Surveys