title: Cognitive deterioration among bipolar disorder patients infected by Toxoplasma gondii is correlated to interleukin 6 levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive deficits are present in a large majority of Bipolar Disorder (BD) patients and known to be a marker of bad prognosis. Because, these deficits encompass several domains and no specific medical treatment seems to be effective, it is important to better understand the mechanisms underlying cognitive deterioration. As Toxoplasma gondii is known to induce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, we will explore here the possible role of T. gondii in the cognitive decline observed in BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 euthymic BD patients and 36 controls were assessed for episodic verbal memory using the CVLT and for working memory and verbal ability using the WAIS III. Patients and controls were also screened for seropositivity to T. gondii and evaluated for the levels of IL-6 transcripts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seropositivity for T. gondii was significantly higher in BD patients as compared to controls (p=0.005). The cognitive deterioration index (DI) was higher in BD patients (p=5.10(-6)) and correlated to high IL-6 mRNA expression only among those infected by T. gondii (rho=0.43, p=0.01). Among deteriorated patients (defined by scores above 0.10 according to Weschler׳s definition), the IL-6 mRNA expression was twice greater (p=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are to be interpreted with caution because of our small sample size and the cross-sectional design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A long-term exposure to inflammation, measured here with IL-6 mRNA expression in T. gondii infected BD may alter cognitive functioning. IL-6 could thus be a useful predictive marker of cognitive deterioration in BD and may help to design personalized treatment.
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France. Electronic address: nora.hamdani@ach.aphp.fr.
authors: Nora
authors: N
authors: Hamdani
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France.
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Daban-Huard
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Lajnef
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France.
authors: Rémi
authors: R
authors: Gadel
authors: CIC 006Henri Mondor INSERM & Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Université Paris Est Créteil, AP-HP, France.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Le Corvoisier
authors: Neurospin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Lariboisiere Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France.
authors: Marine
authors: M
authors: Delavest
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; Neurospin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, France.
authors: Soufiane
authors: S
authors: Carde
authors: Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Lariboisiere Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France.
authors: Jean-Pierre
authors: JP
authors: Lépine
authors: Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Lariboisiere Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France.
authors: Stéphane
authors: S
authors: Jamain
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; Neurospin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, France.
authors: Josselin
authors: J
authors: Houenou
authors: CIC 006Henri Mondor INSERM & Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Université Paris Est Créteil, AP-HP, France.
authors: Bijan
authors: B
authors: Galeh
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France.
authors: Jean-Romain
authors: JR
authors: Richard
authors: Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; Jean Dausset Dept & INSERM, UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris F75010, France.
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Aoki
authors: Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; Jean Dausset Dept & INSERM, UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris F75010, France.
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Charron
authors: INSERM, UMRS 665, INTS, Paris, France.
authors: Rajagopal
authors: R
authors: Krishnamoorthy
authors: Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, USA.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Yolken
authors: Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, USA.
authors: Faith
authors: F
authors: Dickerson
authors: Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France; Stanley Research Program, Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Ryad
authors: R
authors: Tamouza
authors: Inserm U955, Equipe 15 « Psychiatrie Génétique », Créteil F-94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Université Paris Est Créteil, Groupe Henri Mondor - Albert Chenevier, Pôle de psychiatrie et d׳Addictologie, Créteil F-94000, France; Fondation Fondamental, Fondation de coopération scientifique, Créteil F94000, France.
authors: Marion
authors: M
authors: Leboyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognitive deterioration; IL-6; T. gondii