title: Antiglycation therapy: Discovery of promising antiglycation agents for the management of diabetic complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During diabetes mellitus, non-enzymatic reaction between amino groups of protein and carbonyl of reducing sugars (Millard reaction) is responsible for the major diabetic complications. Various efforts have been made to influence the process of protein glycation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review article provides an extensive survey of various studies published in scientific literature to understand the process of protein glycation and its measurement. Moreover, evaluation and identification of potential inhibitors (antiglycation agents) of protein glycation from natural and synthetic sources and their mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo are also addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review article, the mechanism involved in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is discussed, while in second and third parts, promising antiglycation agents of natural and synthetic sources have been reviewed, respectively. Finally, in vivo studies have been addressed. This review is mainly compiled from important databases such as Science, Direct, Chemical Abstracts, SciFinder, and PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last two decades, various attempts have been made to inhibit the process of protein glycation. New potent inhibitors of protein glycation belonging to different classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, benzenediol Schiff bases, substituted indol, and thio compounds have been identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antiglycation therapy will be an effective strategy in future to prevent the formation of AGEs for the management of late diabetic complications Current review article highlighted various compounds of natural and synthetic origins identified previously to inhibit the protein glycation and formation of AGEs in vitro and in vivo.
authors: a Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman .|b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman .
authors: Ghulam
authors: G
authors: Abbas
authors: b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman .
authors: Ahmed Sulaiman
authors: AS
authors: Al-Harrasi
authors: b UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman .
authors: Hidayat
authors: H
authors: Hussain
authors: a Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry , University of Nizwa , Nizwa , Sultanate of Oman .
authors: Javid
authors: J
authors: Hussain
authors: c Department of Chemistry , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad , Pakistan , and.
authors: Rehana
authors: R
authors: Rashid
authors: d HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors: M Iqbal
authors: MI
authors: Choudhary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D055808:Drug Discovery; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006031:Glycosylation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; antiglycation activity; hyperglycemia; protein glycation; reducing sugars