title: Rehabilitation and functional recovery after masseteric-facial nerve anastomosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After masseteric-facial nerve (V-VII) anastomosis, a new neurological circuit oversees the facial muscles and patients should learn to activate the facial movements using the masseteric function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To monitor the rehabilitative protocol of facial muscles activation through teeth clenching and to assess the clinical evolution after V-VII anastomosis in terms of facial symmetry and functional recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients undergone V-VII anastomosis for complete unilateral facial palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  After surgery, patients underwent a needle electromyography (EMG) and a rehabilitative training with mirror feedback to learn how to reach the symmetry at rest and during facial movements through teeth clenching. The rehabilitative protocol at the first clinical evaluation has been monitored through the Italian version of Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) and the Software Facial Assessment by Computer Evaluation (FACE). Functional limitations and quality of life have been evaluated using the Italian version of Facial Disability Index (FDI). The clinical evolution at 18 months was evaluated with EMG, SFGS, biting evaluation and FDI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the first clinical evaluation after reinnervation, through teeth clenching patients displayed an improvement of symmetry at rest, symmetry of voluntary movement, symmetry of smile and composite score of SFGS. Objective measurement of facial structures with FACE system demonstrated an improvement of symmetry at rest and during smile through teeth clenching. At 18 months patients displayed a good reinnervation with a further improvement of SFGS scores and reduction of functional disability. No biting deficit has been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After V-VII anastomosis, at the first rehabilitative visit, patients learn to activate the reinnervated facial muscles through teeth clenching. Eighteen months after the anastomosis, patients display a further improvement of voluntary control on facial symmetry and smile and a reduction of disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study illustrates the rehabilitative protocol after V-VII anastomosis and analyzes the clinical evolution after this intervention in terms of recovery of facial symmetry and reduction of disability. This will be instrumental to standardize the rehabilitative protocol among different centers and to choose the best patient-tailored surgical approach for subjects affected by complete facial palsy.
authors: Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy - elena.dallatoffola@unipv.it.
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Pavese
authors: Miriam
authors: M
authors: Cecini
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Lozza
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Biglioli
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Lisi
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Bejor
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Dalla Toffola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004576:Electromyography; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic