title: Food preparation methods, drinking water source, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the high-risk area of Golestan, Northeast Iran.
abstract: Cooking practices and water sources have been associated with an increased risk of cancer, mainly through exposure to carcinogens such as heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrates. Using data from the Golestan case-control study, carried out between 2003 and 2007 in a high-risk region for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we sought to investigate the association between food preparation and drinking water sources and ESCC. Information on food preparation methods, sources of drinking water, and dietary habits was gathered from 300 cases and 571 controls matched individually for age, sex, and neighborhood using a structured questionnaire and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for potential confounders and other known risk factors including socioeconomic status and smoking. More than 95% of the participants reported eating meat, mostly red meat. Red meat consumption above the 75th percentile increased the odds of ESCC by 2.82-fold (95% CI: 1.21-6.57). Fish intake was associated with a significant 68% decrease in ESCC odds (26%, 86%). Among meat eaters, ORs (95% CI) for frying meat (red or white) and fish were 3.34 (1.32-8.45) and 2.62 (1.24-5.5). Drinking unpiped water increased ESCC odds by 4.25 times (2.23-8.11). The OR for each 10-year increase in the duration of drinking unpiped water was 1.47 (1.22-1.78). Our results suggest roles for red meat intake, drinking water source, and food preparation methods in ESCC, even after adjusting for a large number of potential confounders.
authors: aDigestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran bGolestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran cDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda dDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health eSchool of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland fThe Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA gMedical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden hGenetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors: Asieh
authors: A
authors: Golozar
authors: Arash
authors: A
authors: Etemadi
authors: Farin
authors: F
authors: Kamangar
authors: Akbar
authors: A
authors: Fazeltabar Malekshah
authors: Farhad
authors: F
authors: Islami
authors: Dariush
authors: D
authors: Nasrollahzadeh
authors: Behnoosh
authors: B
authors: Abedi-Ardekani
authors: Masoud
authors: M
authors: Khoshnia
authors: Akram
authors: A
authors: Pourshams
authors: Shahriar
authors: S
authors: Semnani
authors: Haji Amin
authors: HA
authors: Marjani
authors: Ramin
authors: R
authors: Shakeri
authors: Masoud
authors: M
authors: Sotoudeh
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Brennan
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Taylor
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffetta
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Abnet
authors: Sanford
authors: S
authors: Dawsey
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Malekzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water