title: Food and Nutrient Intake in African American Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 16 Years in Baltimore City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to describe food and nutrient intake for low-income, urban African American children and adolescents, to highlight the need for further nutrition intervention programs and appropriate tools to address overweight and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered single 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants were low-income African American boys and girls aged 5-16 years or their caregivers in Baltimore City. Frequency of food consumption and dietary intakes were analyzed by gender and age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one participants were included for analysis. Mean daily energy intakes exceeded Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from 10% to 71% across all gender-age groups: 2304 kcal for children aged 5-8 years; 2429 kcal and 2732 kcal for boys and girls aged 9-13 years, respectively; and 3339 kcal and 2846 kcal for boys and girls aged 14-16 years, respectively. The most frequently reported consumed foods were sweetened drinks, chips, candies, and milk across all age groups. The majority of participants (79-100%) did not meet the DRIs for dietary fiber and vitamin E across all gender-age groups. Milk accounted for 14%, 17%, and 21% of energy, fat, and protein intake, respectively, among children 5-8 years of age, while pizza was the top source of energy, fat, and protein (11%, 13%, and 18%, respectively) among 14-to 16-year-old adolescents. Sweetened drinks and sweetened juices were major sources of sugar, contributing 33% for 5-8 year olds, 29% for 9-13 year olds, and 35% for 14-16 year olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean daily energy intake exceeded dietary recommendations across all gender-age groups. This study has provided previously unavailable information on diet and highlights foods to be targeted in nutrition intervention programs.
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Fariba
authors: F
authors: Kolahdooz
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Jennie L
authors: JL
authors: Butler
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Karina
authors: K
authors: Christiansen
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Gregory B
authors: GB
authors: Diette
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Patrick N
authors: PN
authors: Breysse
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Nadia N
authors: NN
authors: Hansel
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Meredith C
authors: MC
authors: McCormack
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Tony
authors: T
authors: Sheehy
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Gittelsohn
authors: a Department of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA (F.K., J.L.B., S.S.); Bloomberg School of Public Health (K.C., P.N.B., M.C.M., J.G.), School of Medicine (G.B.D., N.N.H.), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork , REPUBLIC OF IRELAND (T.S.).
authors: Sangita
authors: S
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D015142:Baltimore; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty
keywords: African American; children; dietary assessment; youth food frequency questionnaire