title: Relationship between sickness presenteeism (WHO-HPQ) with depression and sickness absence due to mental disease in a cohort of Japanese workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Absence due to mental disease in the workplace has become a global public health problem. We aimed to evaluate the influence of presenteeism on depression and absence due to mental disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 1831 Japanese employees from all areas of Japan was conducted. Presenteeism and depression were measured by the validated Japanese version of the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (WHO-HPQ) and the K6 scale, respectively. Absence due to mental disease across a 2-year follow up was surveyed through medical certificates obtained for work absence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age and gender, participants with higher rates of sickness absolute and relative presenteeism (the lowest tertile of the scores) were significantly more likely to be absent due to mental disease (OR=4.40, 95% CI: 1.65-11.73, and OR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.50-7.27). Subsequently, higher rates of sickness absolute or relative presenteeism were significantly associated with higher rates of depression (K6≥13) one year later (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 2.48-5.81, and OR=2.89, 95% CI: 1.98-4.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of females in the sample was relatively small. However, the rates of absence for females with and without mental illness did not significantly differ from those of men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More sickness presenteeism scores were found to be related to higher rates of depression and absence due to mental disease in this large-scale cohort of Japanese workers. Measurement of presenteeism could be used to evaluate the risk for depression and absenteeism. Furthermore, our findings suggest that intervention to improve presenteeism would be effective in preventing depression and absence due to mental illness.
authors: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research and Informatics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan. Electronic address: tsuzuki-nii@umin.net.
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Suzuki
authors: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research and Informatics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. Electronic address: miyaki-keio@umin.net.
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Miyaki
authors: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research and Informatics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. Electronic address: songyixuan1021@yahoo.co.jp.
authors: Yixuan
authors: Y
authors: Song
authors: Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan. Electronic address: akizumi@kitasato-u.ac.jp.
authors: Akizumi
authors: A
authors: Tsutsumi
authors: Department of Mental Health, Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: norito@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors: Norito
authors: N
authors: Kawakami
authors: Department of Mental Health, Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. Electronic address: ashimazu@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors: Akihito
authors: A
authors: Shimazu
authors: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Tama-ku, Nagao 6-21-1, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8585, Japan. Electronic address: takaham@h.jniosh.go.jp.
authors: Masaya
authors: M
authors: Takahashi
authors: Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka 1-1, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan. Electronic address: akiomi-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors: Akiomi
authors: A
authors: Inoue
authors: Graduate School of Business, Osaka City University, Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, 3-3-138, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Japan. Electronic address: kurioka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors: Sumiko
authors: S
authors: Kurioka
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Depression; Presenteeism; Sickness absence; WHO–HPQ; Workers