title: Targeted genome modifications in soybean with CRISPR/Cas9.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to selectively alter genomic DNA sequences in vivo is a powerful tool for basic and applied research. The CRISPR/Cas9 system precisely mutates DNA sequences in a number of organisms. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is shown to be effective in soybean by knocking-out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene and modifying nine endogenous loci.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Targeted DNA mutations were detected in 95% of 88 hairy-root transgenic events analyzed. Bi-allelic mutations were detected in events transformed with eight of the nine targeting vectors. Small deletions were the most common type of mutation produced, although SNPs and short insertions were also observed. Homoeologous genes were successfully targeted singly and together, demonstrating that CRISPR/Cas9 can both selectively, and generally, target members of gene families. Somatic embryo cultures were also modified to enable the production of plants with heritable mutations, with the frequency of DNA modifications increasing with culture time. A novel cloning strategy and vector system based on In-Fusion® cloning was developed to simplify the production of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vectors, which should be applicable for targeting any gene in any organism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and highly specific genome editing tool in soybean. Although some vectors are more efficient than others, it is possible to edit duplicated genes relatively easily. The vectors and methods developed here will be useful for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to soybean and other plant species.
authors: Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA. tom.b.jacobs@gmail.com.|Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. tom.b.jacobs@gmail.com.|Present address: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. tom.b.jacobs@gmail.com.
authors: Thomas B
authors: TB
authors: Jacobs
authors: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. plaf@uga.edu.|Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. plaf@uga.edu.
authors: Peter R
authors: PR
authors: LaFayette
authors: Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. schmitz@uga.edu.
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Schmitz
authors: Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA. wparrott@uga.edu.|Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. wparrott@uga.edu.|Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. wparrott@uga.edu.
authors: Wayne A
authors: WA
authors: Parrott
mesh_terms: D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems / Q000235:genetics*; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics*