title: Digital diffraction analysis enables low-cost molecular diagnostics on a smartphone.
abstract: The widespread distribution of smartphones, with their integrated sensors and communication capabilities, makes them an ideal platform for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis, especially in resource-limited settings. Molecular diagnostics, however, have been difficult to implement in smartphones. We herein report a diffraction-based approach that enables molecular and cellular diagnostics. The D3 (digital diffraction diagnosis) system uses microbeads to generate unique diffraction patterns which can be acquired by smartphones and processed by a remote server. We applied the D3 platform to screen for precancerous or cancerous cells in cervical specimens and to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. The D3 assay generated readouts within 45 min and showed excellent agreement with gold-standard pathology or HPV testing, respectively. This approach could have favorable global health applications where medical access is limited or when pathology bottlenecks challenge prompt diagnostic readouts.
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Hyungsoon
authors: H
authors: Im
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Cesar M
authors: CM
authors: Castro
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Huilin
authors: H
authors: Shao
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Monty
authors: M
authors: Liong
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Song
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Divya
authors: D
authors: Pathania
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Lioubov
authors: L
authors: Fexon
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Changwook
authors: C
authors: Min
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Avila-Wallace
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Zurkiya
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Junsung
authors: J
authors: Rho
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Brady
authors: B
authors: Magaoay
authors: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and.
authors: Rosemary H
authors: RH
authors: Tambouret
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114;
authors: Misha
authors: M
authors: Pivovarov
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 rweissleder@mgh.harvard.edu hlee@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Weissleder
authors: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; rweissleder@mgh.harvard.edu hlee@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Hakho
authors: H
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D040421:Cell Phone; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology
keywords: cancer diagnostics; cervical cancer; molecular sensing; point-of-care diagnostics; smartphone