title: Measuring intensity of end of life care: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have measured the intensity of end of life care. However, no summary of the measures used in the field is currently available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarise features, characteristics of use and reported validity of measures used for evaluating intensity of end of life care.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines. We performed a comprehensive literature search in Ovid Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews and reference lists published between 1990-2014. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, full texts and extracted data. Studies were eligible if they used a measure of end of life care intensity, defined as all quantifiable measures describing the type and intensity of medical care administered during the last year of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 58 of 1590 potentially eligible studies met our inclusion criteria and were included. The most commonly reported measures were hospitalizations (n = 44), intensive care unit admissions (n = 39) and chemotherapy use (n = 27). Studies measured intensity of care in different timeframes ranging from 48 hours to 12 months. The majority of studies were conducted in cancer patients (n = 31). Only 4 studies included information on validation of the measures used. None evaluated construct validity, while 3 studies considered criterion and 1 study reported both content and criterion validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides a synthesis to aid in choosing intensity of end of life care measures based on their previous use but simultaneously highlights the crucial need for more validation studies and consensus in the field.
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Xhyljeta
authors: X
authors: Luta
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Maud
authors: M
authors: Maessen
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Egger
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Department of Geriatrics, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Andreas E
authors: AE
authors: Stuck
authors: The Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, United States of America.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Goodman
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Section of Geriatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America.
authors: Kerri M
authors: KM
authors: Clough-Gorr
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D013727:Terminal Care
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents