title: Complete genome sequence and analysis of Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis LOOC260(T), a psychrotrophic lactic acid bacterium isolated from silage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lactobacillus hokkaidonensis is an obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium, which is isolated from Timothy grass silage in Hokkaido, a subarctic region of Japan. This bacterium is expected to be useful as a silage starter culture in cold regions because of its remarkable psychrotolerance; it can grow at temperatures as low as 4°C. To elucidate its genetic background, particularly in relation to the source of psychrotolerance, we constructed the complete genome sequence of L. hokkaidonensis LOOC260(T) using PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genome of LOOC260(T) comprises one circular chromosome (2.28 Mbp) and two circular plasmids: pLOOC260-1 (81.6 kbp) and pLOOC260-2 (41.0 kbp). We identified diverse mobile genetic elements, such as prophages, integrated and conjugative elements, and conjugative plasmids, which may reflect adaptation to plant-associated niches. Comparative genome analysis also detected unique genomic features, such as genes involved in pentose assimilation and NADPH generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first complete genome in the L. vaccinostercus group, which is poorly characterized, so the genomic information obtained in this study provides insight into the genetics and evolution of this group. We also found several factors that may contribute to the ability of L. hokkaidonensis to grow at cold temperatures. The results of this study will facilitate further investigation for the cold-tolerance mechanism of L. hokkaidonensis.
authors: Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan. ytanizaw@nig.ac.jp.|Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. ytanizaw@nig.ac.jp.
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Tanizawa
authors: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan. tohno@affrc.go.jp.
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Tohno
authors: Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. ekaminum@nig.ac.jp.
authors: Eli
authors: E
authors: Kaminuma
authors: Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. yn@nig.ac.jp.
authors: Yasukazu
authors: Y
authors: Nakamura
authors: Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. arita@nig.ac.jp.|RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. arita@nig.ac.jp.
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Arita
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009250:NADP Transhydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012820:Silage / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D009249:NADP; D009250:NADP Transhydrogenases