title: Effects of Stereoscopic Depth on Vigilance Performance and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the possibility that monitoring a display wherein critical signals for detection were defined by a stereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) image might be more resistant to the vigilance decrement, and to temporal declines in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), than monitoring a display featuring a customary two-dimensional (2-D) image.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Hancock has asserted that vigilance studies typically employ stimuli for detection that do not exemplify those that occur in the natural world. As a result, human performance is suboptimal. From this perspective, tasks that better approximate perception in natural environments should enhance performance efficiency. To test that possibility, we made use of stereopsis, an important means by which observers interact with their everyday surroundings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observers monitored a circular display in which a vertical line was embedded. Critical signals for detection in a 2-D condition were instances in which the line was rotated clockwise from vertical. In a 3-D condition, critical signals were cases in which the line appeared to move outward toward the observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall level of signal detection and the stability of detection over time were greater when observers monitored for 3-D changes in target depth compared to 2-D changes in target orientation. However, the 3-D display did not retard the temporal decline in CBFV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the initial demonstration that 3-D displays can enhance performance in vigilance tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of 3-D displays may be productive in augmenting system reliability when operator vigilance is vital.
authors: University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.
authors: Eric T
authors: ET
authors: Greenlee
authors: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Gregory.Funke.1@us.af.mil.
authors: Gregory J
authors: GJ
authors: Funke
authors: University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio.
authors: Joel S
authors: JS
authors: Warm
authors: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors: Victor S
authors: VS
authors: Finomore
authors: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Patterson
authors: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors: Laura E
authors: LE
authors: Barnes
authors: Naval Medical Research Unit, Dayton, Ohio.
authors: Matthew E
authors: ME
authors: Funke
authors: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Vidulich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: depth perception; neuroimaging; simulator sickness; stereopsis; stress; vigilance