title: Two-stage revision of prosthetic hip joint infections using antibiotic-loaded cement spacers: When is the best time to perform the second stage?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Managing periprosthetic joint infections remains a challenging task, and adequate treatment strategies seem to be mandatory to avoid irreversible damage of the affected joint and/or systemic complications. Two-stage revision arthroplasty includes removing all implants and subsequent implantation of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer, followed by revision arthroplasty as the second stage. Although this procedure is well described in the literature, results remain unpredictable due to various clinical findings and the absence of prospective randomised trials. We analysed (1) mortality and (2) reinfection rates in a series of patients who underwent two-stage revision surgery for periprosthetic hip joint infections with antibiotic-augmented joint spacers. We maintained a special focus on the spacer retention period and its influence on outcome in order to determine the best time for second-stage surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 76 patients with native and periprosthetic hip joint infections and who underwent two-stage revision surgery with antibiotic-loaded cement spacers were studied between 2005 and 2010. The second-stage operation was performed when it was assumed that infection was eradicated. The further operative procedure depended upon intra-operative findings (frozen section, local status).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean implant-free period with the antibiotic-loaded spacer in situ was 12.6 weeks. Spacer re-implantation was necessary in 13 cases due to positive signs of acute infection in the frozen section and suspect intra-operative findings. Eight patients were not operated for a second time in the investigated time period due to poor general condition. In 40 patients, the spacer retention period was four to 11 weeks: <four weeks for five and >11 weeks for 23. We observed a significantly higher proportion of women free from reinfection in the four to 11-week group than in patients with the shorter or longer period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our findings, the optimal timing for second-stage surgery as a second-stage procedure is between four and 11 weeks. A significantly optimal reinfection rate was seen in patients undergoing revision arthroplasty within that time frame, and 90% of those patients remained infection free until final follow-up.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria, ines.vielgut@gmx.at.
authors: Ines
authors: I
authors: Vielgut
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Sadoghi
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Wolf
authors: Lukas
authors: L
authors: Holzer
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Leithner
authors: Gerold
authors: G
authors: Schwantzer
authors: Rudolf
authors: R
authors: Poolman
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Frankl
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Glehr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents