title: Influence of double application technique on the bonding effectiveness of self-etch adhesive systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the effect of double-application of single-step self-etch adhesives using microleakage study and to analyze the dentin-adhesive interfacial micromorphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 72 extracted human premolars were divided into three groups for different self-etch adhesives (G Bond, GC [GB], Optibond, Kerr [OB], and Xeno V Plus, Dentsply [XV]). Class V cavities were prepared. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 10) according to the placement technique of the adhesive, using the single-application [subgroup (a)] or double-application method [subgroup (b)]. Resin composite (Z 250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) was used to restore the cavities and light cured for 40 s. Twenty samples from each group were subjected to microleakage study. Two samples from both the subgroups of the three adhesives were used for scanning electron microscopic examination of the resin-dentin interfacial ultrastructure. Dye leakage scores were subjected to statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests at significance level of P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GB depicted significantly more microleakage which was significantly greater than OB and XV. The double application led to significant decrease in microleakage of GB with no significant effect on the microleakage scores of other two all-in-one adhesives, that is OB and XV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Double application of all-in-one self-etch adhesives improves the marginal sealing ability in dentin although it appears to be product dependent.
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Rajni
authors: R
authors: Nagpal
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Pallavi
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9337-7891
authors: P
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Naveen
authors: N
authors: Manuja
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Shashi Prabha
authors: SP
authors: Tyagi
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Udai Pratap
authors: UP
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Shipra
authors: S
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Kothiwal Denta L College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors: Payal
authors: P
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003738:Dental Cements; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements
keywords: double-application; microleakage; resin-dentin interfacial micromorphology; single-step self-etch adhesives