title: Use of Self-Expanding Metallic Ureteral Stents in the Secondary Treatment of Ureteral Stenosis Following Kidney Transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of self-expanding metal stents in the treatment of ureteral stenosis following kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven patients who developed benign stenosis after kidney transplantation were treated by a self-expanding metallic stent implantation from June 2007 to March 2014. All patients had undergone at least one open surgical procedure and one endourologic procedure for treatment of the stenosis. The extent of stenosis varied from 1.2 to 3.7 cm. Ultrasonography, urography, diuretic renography, and urine culture were performed every 3 months after stent insertion. Ureteroscopic examination was performed when needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stent placement was technically effective in all cases. The mean operative time was 37 minutes (range, 26-59 minutes). Lower urinary-tract symptoms and the ipsilateral flank pain were common early-stage complications and were greatly relieved after an average of 3 months. The mean follow-up duration was 38 months (range, 13-86 months), and no stent migration or fragmentation was observed. Urothelial hyperplasia occurred in only one patient and was effectively managed with a Double-J stent. Five patients had normal stable renal function; the remaining two had impaired renal function, including one patient with a preoperative renal failure who required dialysis at the end of the follow-up period (36 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As an alternative to open surgery, implantation of a self-expanding metal stent is a safe and effective treatment for ureteral stenosis in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation.
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Guibin
authors: G
authors: Xu
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Xun
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Yongzhong
authors: Y
authors: He
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Haibo
authors: H
authors: Zhao
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Weiqing
authors: W
authors: Yang
authors: 1 Department of Urology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .|2 Center for Minimally Invasive Technique Innovation and Translation, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China .
authors: Qingling
authors: Q
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D011866:Radioisotope Renography; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D014567:Urography / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008670:Metals