title: Methods for comparing nutrients in beebread made by Africanized and European honey bees and the effects on hemolymph protein titers.
abstract: Honey bees obtain nutrients from pollen they collect and store in the hive as beebread. We developed methods to control the pollen source that bees collect and convert to beebread by placing colonies in a specially constructed enclosed flight area. Methods were developed to analyze the protein and amino acid composition of the pollen and beebread. We also describe how consumption of the beebread was measured and methods used to determine adult worker bee hemolymph protein titers after feeding on beebread for 4, 7 and 11 days after emergence. Methods were applied to determine if genotype affects the conversion of pollen to beebread and the rate that bees consume and acquire protein from it. Two subspecies (European and Africanized honey bees; EHB and AHB respectively) were provided with the same pollen source. Based on the developed methods, beebread made by both subspecies had lower protein concentrations and pH values than the pollen. In general, amino acid concentrations in beebread made by either EHB or AHB were similar and occurred at higher levels in beebread than in pollen. Both AHB and EHB consumed significantly more of the beebread made by AHB than by EHB. Though EHB and AHB consumed similar amounts of each type of beebread, hemolymph protein concentrations in AHB were higher than in EHB. Differences in protein acquisition between AHB and EHB might reflect environmental adaptations related to the geographic region where each subspecies evolved. These differences could contribute to the successful establishment of AHB populations in the New World because of the effects on brood rearing and colony growth.
authors: Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, USDA-ARS; gloria.hoffman@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Gloria
authors: G
authors: Degrandi-Hoffman
authors: Coupeville, WA, USA.
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Eckholm
authors: Ecotoxicology Division, Eurofins Agroscience Services, Inc.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000145:classification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011429:Propolis / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011429:Propolis