title: Cognitive reserve and appraisal in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive appraisal processes underlying self-report affect the interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. These processes are relevant to resilience and adaptability, and may relate to how cognitive reserve protects against disability in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe how passive and active indicators of cognitive reserve relate to QOL appraisal processes in MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data (n=860) were drawn from the North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) Registry, from whom additional survey data were collected. Cognitive reserve was measured using the Stern and Sole-Padulles measures. Using the quality of life appraisal profile (QOLAP), we assessed how MS patients conceptualize their experiences and how that impacts how they report their quality of life. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare groups within sets of appraisal parameters, and t-tests or chi-square tests were used to compare mean item responses within appraisal parameters for continuous or dichotomous variables, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People high in passive or active reserve report different conceptualizations of QOL, different types of goals, and considering different types of experiences and standards of comparison in responding to QOL questionnaires, as compared to low-reserve individuals. Although item response patterns were slightly different between passive and active indicators, they generally reflect a tendency in high-reserve individuals to emphasize the positive, focus on aspects of their life that are more controllable, and less based in fantasy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MS patients high in cognitive reserve differ in their cognitive appraisals from their low reserve counterparts. These appraisal metrics may predict disease course and other important clinical outcomes in MS patients.
authors: DeltaQuest Foundation, Inc., Concord, MA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: carolyn.schwartz@deltaquest.org.
authors: Carolyn E
authors: CE
authors: Schwartz
authors: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Snook
authors: DeltaQuest Foundation, Inc., Concord, MA, USA.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Quaranto
authors: Department of Neurology, The Jacobs Neurological Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors: Ralph H B
authors: RH
authors: Benedict
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Division of Community Collaboration & Implementation Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors: Bruce D
authors: BD
authors: Rapkin
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Vollmer
keywords: Appraisal; Cognitive processes; Cognitive reserve; Multiple sclerosis; Quality of life