title: Impact of socioeconomic deprivation on the development of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based, cross-sectional and longitudinal study over 12 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between socioeconomic deprivation and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional observational study and retrospective longitudinal analysis over 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care, East of Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcome data from DR screening examinations (digital retinal photography) were collected from the Scottish regional diabetes electronic record from inception of database to December 2012. The overall Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) 2012 score for each patient was obtained using their residential postcode. Multiple binary logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between overall SIMD score and prevalence of DR, adjusting for other variables: age, gender, glycated haemoglobin, cholesterol levels and duration of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Any retinopathy (R1 and above) in either eye.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1861 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and 18,197 patients with type 2 DM were included in the study. Prevalence of DR in type 1 and type 2 DM were 56.3% and 25.5%, respectively. Increased prevalence of DR in type 1 DM was associated with higher overall SIMD score (p=0.002), with an OR for the most deprived relative to the least deprived of 2.40 (95% CI 1.36 to 4.27). In type 2 DM, the overall SIMD score was not significantly associated with increased prevalence of DR, with an OR for the most deprived relative to the least deprived of 0.85 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.02, p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic deprivation is associated with increased prevalence of DR in patients with type 1 DM and this occurs earlier. This highlights the need for targeted interventions to address inequalities in eye healthcare.
authors: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK.
authors: Liying
authors: L
authors: Low
authors: Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors: Jonathan P
authors: JP
authors: Law
authors: University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Hodson
authors: Tayside Diabetes Managed Clinical Network (MCN), Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors: Ritchie
authors: R
authors: McAlpine
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors: Una
authors: U
authors: O'Colmain
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: MacEwen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012648:Self Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; SOCIAL MEDICINE