title: Extracellular ATP inhibits twitching motility-mediated biofilm expansion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that exploits damaged epithelia to cause infection. Type IV pili (tfp) are polarly located filamentous structures which are the major adhesins for attachment of P. aeruginosa to epithelial cells. The extension and retraction of tfp powers a mode of surface translocation termed twitching motility that is involved in biofilm development and also mediates the active expansion of biofilms across surfaces. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) is a key "danger" signalling molecule that is released by damaged epithelial cells to alert the immune system to the potential presence of pathogens. As P. aeruginosa has a propensity for infecting damaged epithelial tissues we have explored the influence of eATP on tfp biogenesis and twitching motility-mediated biofilm expansion by P. aeruginosa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we have found that eATP inhibits P. aeruginosa twitching motility-mediated expansion of interstitial biofilms at levels that are not inhibitory to growth. We have determined that eATP does not inhibit expression of the tfp major subunit, PilA, but reduces the levels of surface assembled tfp. We have also determined that the active twitching zone of expanding P. aeruginosa interstitial biofilms contain large quantities of eATP which may serve as a signalling molecule to co-ordinate cell movements in the expanding biofilm. The inhibition of twitching motility-mediated interstitial biofilm expansion requires eATP hydrolysis and does not appear to be mediated by the Chp chemosensory system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endogenous eATP produced by P. aeruginosa serves as a signalling molecule to co-ordinate complex multicellular behaviours of this pathogen. Given the propensity for P. aeruginosa to infect damaged epithelial tissues, our observations suggest that eATP released by damaged cells may provide a cue to reduce twitching motility of P. aeruginosa in order to establish infection at the site of damage. Furthermore, eATP produced by P. aeruginosa biofilms and by damaged epithelial cells may play a role in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis by inducing inflammatory damage and fibrosis. Our findings have significant implications in the development and pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.
authors: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. laura.nolan25@gmail.com.
authors: Laura M
authors: LM
authors: Nolan
authors: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. Rosalia.Cavaliere@uts.edu.au.
authors: Rosalia
authors: R
authors: Cavaliere
authors: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. Lynne.Turnbull@uts.edu.au.
authors: Lynne
authors: L
authors: Turnbull
authors: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. Cynthia.Whitchurch@uts.edu.au.
authors: Cynthia B
authors: CB
authors: Whitchurch
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate