title: High-density linkage mapping aided by transcriptomics documents ZW sex determination system in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis.
abstract: The sex determination system in crabs is believed to be XY-XX from karyotypy, but centromeres could not be identified in some chromosomes and their morphology is not completely clear. Using quantitative trait locus mapping of the gender phenotype, we revealed a ZW-ZZ sex determination system in Eriocheir sinensis and presented a high-density linkage map covering ~98.5% of the genome, with 73 linkage groups corresponding to the haploid chromosome number. All sex-linked markers in the family we used were located on a single linkage group, LG60, and sex linkage was confirmed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Forty-six markers detected by GWAS were heterozygous and segregated only in the female parent. The female LG60 was thus the putative W chromosome, with the homologous male LG60 as the Z chromosome. The putative Z and W sex chromosomes were identical in size and carried many homologous loci. Sex ratio (5:1) skewing towards females in induced triploids using unrelated animals also supported a ZW-ZZ system. Transcriptome data were used to search for candidate sex-determining loci, but only one LG60 gene was identified as an ankyrin-2 gene. Double sex- and mab3-related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1), a Z-linked gene in birds, was located on a putative autosome. With complete genome sequencing and transcriptomic data, more genes on putative sex chromosomes will be characterised, thus leading towards a comprehensive understanding of the sex determination and differentiation mechanisms of E. sinensis, and decapod crustaceans in general.
authors: 1] Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China [2] National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Cui
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hui
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: 1] Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Song
authors: 1] Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: 1] Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors: G
authors: 0000000295719864
authors: G
authors: Shi
authors: Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Xiang
authors: Simon FS Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors: K H
authors: KH
authors: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D008297:Male; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics*; D059467:Transcriptome; D057885:Triploidy
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers