title: Inactivation of non-enveloped virus by 1,5 iodonaphthyl azide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A photoactive hydrophobic agent 1,5-iodonaphthyl-azide (INA), has been previously shown to completely inactivate the enveloped viruses. INA sequesters into the lipid bilayer of the virus envelope and upon UV-irradiation bind to the hydrophobic domains of the envelope glycoproteins. In our earlier study, we have shown that the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) genomic RNA was also inactivated during the inactivation of the virus with INA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we evaluated if the RNA inactivation property of INA can be used to inactivate non-enveloped RNA viruses. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) was used as a model non-enveloped virus. Treatment with INA followed by UV-irradiation resulted in complete inactivation of EMCV. RNA isolated from INA-inactivated EMCV was non-infectious and INA was found to be associated with the viral RNA genome. INA-inactivated EMCV induced robust total antibody response. However binding capacity of INA-inactivated EMCV to neutralizing antibody was inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to show that INA can completely inactivate non-enveloped virus. Our results suggest that the amino acid composition of the neutralizing epitope may interfere with the protective antibody response generated by the INA-inactivated non-enveloped virus.
authors: Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. paridhi.gupta.ctr@usuhs.edu.
authors: Paridhi
authors: P
authors: Gupta
authors: Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. anuj.sharma.ctr@usuhs.edu.
authors: Anuj
authors: A
authors: Sharma
authors: Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA. viardm@mail.nih.gov.
authors: Viard
authors: V
authors: Mathias
authors: Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., NCI Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA. ravivyossi@gmail.com.
authors: Yossef
authors: Y
authors: Raviv
authors: Chemical Biology Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA. blumenthalr@mail.nih.gov.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Blumenthal
authors: Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. radha.maheshwari@usuhs.edu.
authors: Radha K
authors: RK
authors: Maheshwari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001386:Azides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D002460:Cell Line; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000276:immunology; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000821:virology; D007114:Immunization; D051379:Mice; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001386:Azides; D000939:Epitopes; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C015298:iodonaphthylazide