title: Optimal husbandry of hatchling Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) during a captive head-start program.
abstract: Optimal husbandry techniques are desirable for any headstart program, but frequently are unknown for rare species. Here we describe key reproductive variables and determine optimal incubation temperature and diet diversity for Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) grown in laboratory settings. Optimal incubation temperature was estimated from two variables dependent on temperature, shell dimpling, a surrogate for death from fungal infection, and deviation of an egg from an ovoid shape, a surrogate for death from developmental anomalies. Based on these relationships and size at hatching we determined optimal incubation temperature to be 26°C. Additionally, we used incubation data to assess the effect of temperature on duration of incubation and size of hatchlings. We also examined hatchling diets necessary to achieve optimal growth over a 21-month period. These snakes exhibited a positive linear relationship between total mass eaten and growth rate, when individuals were fed less than 1711 g of prey, and displayed constant growth for individuals exceeding 1711 g of prey. Similarly, growth rate increased linearly with increasing diet diversity up to a moderately diverse diet, followed by constant growth for higher levels of diet diversity. Of the two components of diet diversity, diet evenness played a stronger role than diet richness in explaining variance in hatchling growth. These patterns document that our goal of satiating snakes was achieved for some individuals but not others and that diets in which total grams consumed over the first 21 months of life is distributed equivalently among at least three prey genera yielded the fastest growth rates for hatchling snakes.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Wines
authors: 1100 Sunset #5, Stevens Point, Wisconsin.
authors: Valerie M
authors: VM
authors: Johnson
authors: Curator of Herpetology, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue, SE, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Brad
authors: B
authors: Lock
authors: Director, Central Florida Zoo's Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation, 3755 NW 17/92, Sanford, Florida.
authors: Fred
authors: F
authors: Antonio
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Godwin
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Rush
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Guyer
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012911:Snakes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: diet diversity; husbandry; incubation temperature; optimal growth; repatriation