title: Increased isolation frequency of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental monitoring sites in Haiti.
abstract: Since the identification of the first cholera case in 2010, the disease has spread in epidemic form throughout the island nation of Haiti; as of 2014, about 700,000 cholera cases have been reported, with over 8,000 deaths. While case numbers have declined, the more fundamental question of whether the causative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae has established an environmental reservoir in the surface waters of Haiti remains to be elucidated. In a previous study conducted between April 2012 and March 2013, we reported the isolation of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from surface waters in the Ouest Department. After a second year of surveillance (April 2013 to March 2014) using identical methodology, we observed a more than five-fold increase in the number of water samples containing culturable V. cholerae O1 compared to the previous year (1.7% vs 8.6%), with double the number of sites having at least one positive sample (58% vs 20%). Both seasonal water temperatures and precipitation were significantly related to the frequency of isolation. Our data suggest that toxigenic V. cholerae O1 are becoming more common in surface waters in Haiti; while the basis for this increase is uncertain, our findings raise concerns that environmental reservoirs are being established.
authors: Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Meer T
authors: MT
authors: Alam
authors: Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Weppelmann
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Ira
authors: I
authors: Longini
authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Health Services Research Management and Policy, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Valery Madsen Beau
authors: VM
authors: De Rochars
authors: Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: John Glenn
authors: JG
authors: Morris
authors: Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors: Afsar
authors: A
authors: Ali
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D006205:Haiti / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents