title: Relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between food intake and nutritional status has been clearly established. Yet, there are only limited studies on food intake among family members and their nutritional status. The study examined the relationship between intra-household food distribution and coexistence of dual forms of malnutrition (DFM) in the same household.
  
  
  METHODS
  Households with a malnourished child and overweight mother were categorized as DFM. Intra-household food distribution among family members was reported using ratios, which are a measure of individual intakes as compared to all household member intakes adjusted to RDA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 1,899 families were included in the study. The prevalence of DFM was 29.8% (95%CI 26.5-31.2). Children consumed lower amounts of energy (OR 1.34; 95%CI 1.06-1.69, P = 0.011), carbohydrates (OR 1.2; 95%CI1.03-1.61, P = 0.022), protein (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.03-1.64, P = 0.026), and fat (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.05-1.66, P = 0.016) than their mothers and other family members. In contrast, mothers consumed more carbohydrates than children and other family members (OR1.24; 95%CI 1.02-1.51, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to report on the food distribution among family members and its relationship with occurrence of DFM in Indonesia. The results confirm the occurrence of an unequal food distribution between children and mothers, which increases risk of DFM in the household. The results also demonstrate that nutritional education at the household level is important to increase awareness of the impact of DFM.
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Yulianti
authors: Y
authors: Wibowo
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Bambang
authors: B
authors: Sutrisna
authors: Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agricultural Institute FEMA Building IPB, w1-2 fl Jl. Kamper, Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor, Indonesia.
authors: Hardinsyah
authors: H
authors: Hardinsyah
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Ratna
authors: R
authors: Djuwita
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Mondastri
authors: M
authors: Korib M
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Syafiq
authors: National Institute of Health Research and Development/NIHRD Ministry of Health, Jl. Percetakan Negara 29, 10560 Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Atmarita
authors: A
authors: Tilden
authors: Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Building A, 1 floor Kampus Baru UI Depok 16424, Indonesia.
authors: Mardiati
authors: M
authors: Najib
keywords: Food distribution; Indonesia; malnutrition