title: Formation of harmful compounds in biotransformation of lilial by microorganisms isolated from human skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The biotransformation of lilial results in an acid that is used in the dairy industry, in perfumery, as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and as a food additive for enhancing taste.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the biotransformation of lilial by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, two bacterial species isolated from human skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both species of Staphylococcus were isolated in samples taken from the skin of individuals living in a rural area of Iran. The pH of the culture medium was optimized, and after culturing the microorganisms, the bacteria were added to a flask containing a nutrient broth and incubated for several hours. The flasks of bacteria were combined with lilial, and various biochemical tests and diagnostics were performed, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The S. aureus produced isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) after 72 h (71% of the total products yielded during biotransformation), whereas the S. epidermidis produced terpenoid alcoholic media after 24 h (90% of total products obtained).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained indicate that biotransformation of lilial by S. aureus is more desirable than by S. epidermidis due to the highly efficient production of a single product. Bourgeonal and liliol were two toxic compounds produced during biotransformation, which indicates that the use of lilial in cosmetics can be harmful to the skin.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran and.
authors: Akbar
authors: A
authors: Esmaeili
authors: Shima
authors: S
authors: Afshari
authors: Davood
authors: D
authors: Esmaeili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010476:Perfume / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D010476:Perfume; C038018:lilial
keywords: Biotransformation; harmful compounds; lilial; microorganisms; skin