title: Intercontinental Spread of Asian-Origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds.
abstract: Phylogenetic network analysis and understanding of waterfowl migration patterns suggest that the Eurasian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus emerged in late 2013 in China, spread in early 2014 to South Korea and Japan, and reached Siberia and Beringia by summer 2014 via migratory birds. Three genetically distinct subgroups emerged and subsequently spread along different flyways during fall 2014 into Europe, North America, and East Asia, respectively. All three subgroups reappeared in Japan, a wintering site for waterfowl from Eurasia and parts of North America.
authors: Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors: Dong-Hun
authors: DH
authors: Lee
authors: National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors: Mia Kim
authors: MK
authors: Torchetti
authors: University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Winker
authors: National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors: Hon S
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533
authors: HS
authors: Ip
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Chang-Seon
authors: CS
authors: Song
authors: Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA David.Swayne@ars.usda.gov.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Swayne
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D001717:Birds; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009656:North America; D012800:Siberia