title: Later emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in toddlers: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childhood sleep problems have been linked to a range of adverse health outcomes, but there is limited knowledge as to the temporal association between sleep problems and subsequent emotional and behavioral problems in young children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether sleep problems in toddlers aged 18 months are related to both concurrent and subsequent emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children aged 5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large population-based longitudinal study was conducted in September 2014 using data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health from June 1, 1999, to December 31, 2008. A total of 32 662 children or pregnancies were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep was assessed by mother-reported child sleep duration and nocturnal awakenings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emotional and behavioral problems were measured with items from the Child Behavior Checklist and operationalized according to recommended clinical cutoffs, corresponding to T scores of greater than 65 (93rd percentile). Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using negative binomial regression, controlling for emotional and behavioral problems at 18 months and other relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short sleep duration (≤10 hours) in 556 children (1.7%) and frequent nocturnal awakenings (≥3 times) in 1033 children (3.2%) at 18 months significantly predicted both concurrent and later incidence of emotional and behavioral problems at 5 years. The longitudinal RRs were generally larger for internalizing problems, with adjusted RRs of 1.59 (95% CI, 1.23-2.08) for both short sleep duration and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.28-1.93) for nocturnal awakenings; RRs for externalizing problems were 1.77 (95% CI, 1.37-2.30) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.00-1.58), respectively. Additional adjustment for emotional and behavioral problems at 18 months slightly reduced the strength of these associations, and all RRs remained significant in the fully adjusted models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early sleep problems predict later development of emotional and behavioral problems. Intervention studies are needed to examine whether sleep programs targeting early childhood may avert the onset of later adverse outcomes.
authors: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen2Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway 3Department of Psychiatry, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.
authors: Børge
authors: B
authors: Sivertsen
authors: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley.
authors: Allison G
authors: AG
authors: Harvey
authors: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen5Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Ted
authors: T
authors: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen.
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Torgersen
authors: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen6Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Eivind
authors: E
authors: Ystrom
authors: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Hysing
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic