title: Clinical enamel surface changes following an intra-oral acidic challenge.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigation of early enamel erosion using replica impressions to compare changes in enamel surface topography in vivo prior to and over a 24 h period following acid challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single treatment, blinded, enamel replica clinical study was undertaken in 20 healthy subjects. Replica tooth impressions were taken at baseline, following acid challenge and 2, 4, 7 and 24 h post challenge. Subjects consumed 500 ml of acidic soft drink over 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy of surface tomography was characterised with a descriptive 5 point scale by four judges. Duplicate impressions were taken to assess reproducibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18 subjects had scorable sequences. Descriptive analyses showed erosive changes following acid consumption and reparative changes in the subsequent 24 h period. Comparing baseline replica to the 24 h replica, there were no significant differences (p=0.26) in tooth surface characteristics. Comparing the replica taken immediately following acidic challenge with the subsequent replicas at 2, 4, 7 and 24 h, showed clear reduction of erosive effects on the enamel surface at 2 h (p=0.02) and a highly significant reduction at 4, 7 and 24 h (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This methodology demonstrated the ability to follow the progression and recovery of early erosive enamel lesions over 24 h being accurate and reproducible. This study suggests enamel repair commences within 2 h following a substantial acidic challenge and is completed 4-24 h later. After 24 h, the tooth surface appeared visibly indistinguishable from the original tooth surface, suggestive of a recovery process occurring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy erosive lifestyles often culminate in tooth wear. The time taken for enamel remineralisation following acidic challenge is unknown however, this study suggests the repair process is relatively slow following a substantial acidic challenge, and at least 4-24 h should elapse prior to further acidic consumption to allow for recovery.
authors: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Seong
authors: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Virani
authors: Oral Care Medical Affairs Consumer Healthcare R&D, GlaxoSmithKine, Weybridge, UK.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Parkinson
authors: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Claydon
authors: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Hellin
authors: Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors: R G
authors: RG
authors: Newcombe
authors: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: n.x.west@bristol.ac.uk.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: West
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D003761:Dental Impression Technique; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000143:Acids
keywords: Acidic soft drink; Clinical study; Enamel; Erosion; Replica impression