title: Sacral neuromodulation and female sexuality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An up-to-date review of the impact of a permanent sacral neuromodulation (SNM) implant (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) on female sexual function (FSF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical studies published from January 2001 to February 2014 evaluating the impact and/or safety of permanent SNM on FSF were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies were selected that investigated the impact on sexual response when the aim of the SNM was to resolve urinary symptoms mainly due to overactive bladder (seven studies) or faecal incontinence. Most women included were of menopausal age. Three studies included sexually inactive women. Post-SNM follow-up varied from 3 to 36 months. Meta-analysis of efficacy results was not possible primarily due to the heterogeneity of the sexual and pelvic dysfunctions. The most specific questionnaire assessing FSF was the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) used in six studies. During follow-up all women showed statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in at least one FSFI domain compared to baseline. In one study statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the FSFI pain domain was exclusively detected in women with neurological disease. Two studies, however, using the questionnaire to screen for sexual dysfunction did not find any statistically significant differences after SNM. The most severe problems associated with FSF concern loss of libido and reduction in vaginal lubrication which were resolved in one woman following removal of the SNM implant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actual data are still insufficient to definitely assert the positive effect of SNM on FSF.
authors: Neuro-Urology Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Palagi 1, 50127, Florence, Italy. giuseppelombard63@libero.it.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Lombardi
authors: Experimental Medicine and Surgery Depatment, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Finazzi Agrò
authors: Neuro-Urology Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Palagi 1, 50127, Florence, Italy.
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Del Popolo
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: FSFI questionnaire; Female sexual dysfunction; Female sexuality; Pelvic floor dysfunction; Sacral neuromodulation