title: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibits Apoptosis of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells During Acute Lung Injury Through Suppressing SMAD2 Phosphorylation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has an established role in suppressing the severity of acute lung injury (ALI), especially when it was applied together with transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs). Although the effects of ACE2 in ALI are believed to mainly result from its role in hydrolyzing angiotensin II (AngII), which subsequently reduces the vascular tension and subsequent pulmonary accumulation of inflammatory cells, we and others have recently reported a possible role of ACE2 in suppressing the ALI-induced apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we analyzed the alteration in lung injury severity in ALI after ACE2, by histology and inflammatory cytokine levels. We analyzed apoptosis-associated proteins in lung after ALI, as well as in cultured endothelial cells treated with nitric oxide (NO). We overexpressed SMAD7 to inhibit SMAD2 signaling in cultured endothelial cells and examined its effects on NO-induced cell apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACE2 alleviated severity of lung injury after ALI. ACE2 significantly decreased the ALI-induced apoptosis of pulmonary cells in vivo, and ACE2 protected endothelial cells against NO-induced apoptosis in vitro. NO induced phosphorylation of a key factor of transforming growth factor β (TGF β) receptor signaling, SMAD2, which could be dose-dependently inhibited by ACE2. Inhibition of SMAD2 phosphorylation through expression of its inhibitor SMAD7 significantly inhibited NO-induced cell apoptosis, without need for ACE2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that ACE2-mediated AngII degradation may inhibit AngII-mediated SMAD2-phophorylation, possibly through a TGFβ-independent manner, which subsequently suppresses the ALI-induced cell death. Our results thus reveal a novel molecular pathway that controls the pathogenesis of ALI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory medicine, First people's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Fengying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Zhenwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology*; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051906:Smad7 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051906:Smad7 Protein; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; C000705328:Ace2 protein, mouse; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2