title: Determinants of serum 25(OH)D concentration in young and middle-aged adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We studied prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, its determinants, and whether achievement of recommended dietary vitamin D intake (10 μg/d) is associated with absence of hypovitaminosis D in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. We collected serum samples of 25-hydroxyvitamin D as part of the 27-year follow-up (994 men and 1,210 women aged 30-45 years). Hypovitaminosis was defined as vitamin D concentration ≤ 50 nmol/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypovitaminosis D was found in 38% of men and 34% of women. Dietary vitamin D intake (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.86-0.93), use of vitamin-mineral supplements (0.66, 0.51-0.85), sunny holiday (0.55, 0.41-0.75), and oral contraceptive use in women (0.45, 0.27-0.75) were independently associated with reduced odds of hypovitaminosis. Increase in body mass index (1.06, 1.03-1.09), being a smoker (1.36, 0.97-1.92), investigation month (December versus other) (1.35, 1.12-1.61), and risk alleles in genotypes rs12785878 (1.31, 1.00-1.70) and rs2282679 (2.08, 1.66-2.60) increased odds of hypovitaminosis. Hypovitaminosis D was common also when recommended dietary intake was obtained (men 29%, women 24%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several factors were associated with hypovitaminosis D. The condition was common even when recommended vitamin D intake was reported. The results support the importance of vitamin D fortification and nutrient supplement use.
authors.affiliation: The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Atte J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Voipio
authors.forename: Katja A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pahkala
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mikkilä
authors.forename: Costan G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Magnussen
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutri-Kähönen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jula
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marniemi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D; Young Finns Study; fortification; hypovitaminosis D; single nucleotide polymorphism; vitamin D