title: Sagittal and vertical effects of transverse sagittal maxillary expander (TSME) in three different malocclusion groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this retrospective study was to cephalometrically evaluate the skeletal and dental effects of the transverse sagittal maxillary expander (TSME), for the correction of sagittal and transverse maxillary deficiency in class I, II, and III malocclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample for this retrospective study included 45 patients (mean age, 8.4 years; 26 females, 19 males; 15 skeletal class I subjects, 15 skeletal class II subjects, and 15 skeletal class III subjects) with maxillary bilateral cross-bite. For each patient, a lateral cephalogram was obtained before treatment and at the end of the retention period. Changes in the groups during the observation period were calculated, compared, and statistically analyzed with a t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cephalometric values before T0 and T1 showed significant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TSME can produce skeletal changes due to the transverse force and sagittal effects on the maxillary alveolar process. These modifications have benefic effects in classes I, II, and III. The data obtained in this study permit us to underline the fact that TSME can be used in all of the skeletal classes, with good vertical and sagittal results.
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale ed Odontostomatologia (dir: AB. Giannì) Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. cinzia.maspero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maspero
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale ed Odontostomatologia (dir: AB. Giannì) Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. guido.galbi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galbiati
authors.affiliation: U.O.C. Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale ed Odontostomatologia (dir: AB. Giannì) Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. luciamariachiaragiannini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.affiliation: Maxillo-Facial and Odontostomatology Unit Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. giampietro.farronato@unimi.it.|UOC Chirurgia Maxillofacciale e Odontostomatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Commenda 10, Milano, 20122, Italy. giampietro.farronato@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Farronato
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010159:Palate / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies