title: Impaired renal function and associated risk factors in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Gulu Hospital, Northern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening for renal diseases should be performed at the time of diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Northern Uganda, little is known about the status of renal function and its correlates in the newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals in this resource limited region. We aimed to determine the status of renal function and factors associated with impaired renal function in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Northern Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a seven month cross-sectional hospital-based study, involving newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients, 18 years and older. Patients with history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal disease were excluded. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula (Table one). Factors associated with impaired renal function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) were thus sought.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 361 participants (230, 63.7% female) with Mean ± standard deviation age of 31.4 ± 9.5 years. 52, (14.4%) had impaired renal function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and of this 37 (71.2%) moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30-59.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) while 15 (28.8%) had severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Proteinuria was recorded in 189 (52.4%) participants. Of these, 154 (81.5%) had mild (1+) while 8 (4.2%) had severe (3+) proteinuria. Using logistic regression, age, CD4 cell count, and proteinuria were significantly associated with impaired renal function; age >34 years (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.9; P =0.009), CD4 count <350 cells/μL (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-4.7; P =0.039) and proteinuria (OR 9.6, 95% CI 5.2-17.9; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of impaired renal function was high in new HIV-infected individuals in this region with limited resources. So, screening for renal disease in HIV is recommended at the time of HIV diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda. odongopancras@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pancras
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Odongo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda. rwanyama@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanyama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda. obolh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: James Henry
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Obol
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Clinic, Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 160, Gulu, Uganda. apiyopaska2004@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Paska
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apiyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. pbyakika@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Byakika-Kibwika
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult