title: A multifaceted intervention designed to improve medical management of moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected patients: a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequent in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Progression to end-stage renal disease can be slowed by appropriate medical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess whether active promotion of guidelines improves CKD management, we conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial within the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH-ANRS CO4). We randomized 46 centers participating in the FHDH to either simple information on guideline availability or active promotion with a multifaceted and repeated intervention comprising reminders and audit feedback and targeting of local opinion leaders carried out between April 2009 and April 2010. Outcome measure was CKD management adequacy assessed before and 2 years after the beginning of the intervention in HIV-infected patients with moderate to severe CKD. CKD management was considered adequate in case of referral to a nephrologist or if proteinuria, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glycemia had been measured during the previous year and medications had been prescribed when necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred six patients were enrolled, of whom 238 (78%) completed the 2 years of follow-up. During the study period, the percentage of patients receiving adequate CKD management improved from 64.1% to 70.4% (+6.3%) in the active arm and from 68.3% to 75.6% (+7.3%) in the control arm (adjusted mean difference, -0.7 percentage points [95% confidence interval: -9.2 to 7.9]; P = .95). The biggest impact of active promotion was on the management of proteinuria and blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate compliance with CKD management guidelines improved slightly between 2009 and 2011, with no difference between the simple information and active promotion arms.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CCTIRS 10.150 and CNIL DR-2010-379.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Médecine Interne, Clamart Paris-Sud 11 University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abgrall
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou INSERM UMRS 872 eq22.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rachas
authors.affiliation: Urology, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital UPMC Paris Université 06.
authors.forename: Jérome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tourret
authors.affiliation: Urology, Nephrology and Transplantation Department, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital UPMC Paris Université 06 Chaire de recherche en éducation thérapeutique CNAM-EHESS, Paris.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isnard-Bagnis
authors.affiliation: Hôtel-Dieu Universitary Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Nantes.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Billaud
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tattevin
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costagliola
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris.
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guiguet
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou INSERM UMRS 872 eq22.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durieux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: HIV infection; chronic kidney disease; clinical practice; cluster randomized trial