title: Secular trends, race, and geographic disparity of early-stage breast cancer incidence: 25 years of surveillance in Connecticut.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We considered changes in the geographic distribution of early stage breast cancer among White and non-White women while secular trends in lifestyle and health care were under way.
  
  
  METHODS
  We aggregated tumor registry and census data by age, race, place of residence, and year of diagnosis to evaluate rate variation across Connecticut census tracts between 1985 and 2009. Global and local cluster detection tests were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-adjusted incidence rates increased by 2.71% and 0.44% per year for White and non-White women, respectively. Significant global clustering was identified during surveillance of these populations, but the elements of clustering differed between groups. Among White women, fewer local clusters were detected after 1985 to 1989, whereas clustering increased over time among non-White women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small-area variation of breast cancer incidence rates across time periods proved to be dynamic and race-specific. Incidence rates might have been affected by secular trends in lifestyle or health care. Single cross-sectional analyses might have confused our understanding of disease occurrence by not accounting for the social context in which patient preferences or provider capacity influence the numbers and locations of diagnosed cases. Serial analyses are recommended to identify "hot spots" where persistent geographic disparities in incidence occur.
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, J. Christopher F. Crabbe, David I. Gregorio, Holly Samociuk, and Helen Swede were with the Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington.
authors.forename: J Christopher F
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Crabbe
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Samociuk
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Swede
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008327:Mammography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D044469:Racial Groups; D012042:Registries; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis