title: Neuroprotection in acute brain injury: an up-to-date review.
abstract: Neuroprotective strategies that limit secondary tissue loss and/or improve functional outcomes have been identified in multiple animal models of ischemic, hemorrhagic, traumatic and nontraumatic cerebral lesions. However, use of these potential interventions in human randomized controlled studies has generally given disappointing results. In this paper, we summarize the current status in terms of neuroprotective strategies, both in the immediate and later stages of acute brain injury in adults. We also review potential new strategies and highlight areas for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiopathology and Transplant, Milan University, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy. stocchet@policlinico.mi.it.|Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy. stocchet@policlinico.mi.it.
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stocchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium. ftaccone@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Fabio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Taccone
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, University of Milan-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy. g.citerio@hsgerardo.org.|NeuroIntensive Care, Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900, Monza, MB, Italy. g.citerio@hsgerardo.org.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Citerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-8579, USA. Paul.Pepe@UTSouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA. LeRouxP@MLHS.ORG.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Le Roux
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland. Mauro.Oddo@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oddo
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. poldermankh@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Kees H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Polderman
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, Division of Adult Critical Care, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. rstevens@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: NETT Clinical Coordinating Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-0381, USA. wbarsan@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barsan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp and University of Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium. andrew.maas@uza.be.
authors.forename: Andrew I R
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, UZ Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. geert.meyfroidt@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyfroidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine and the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. bellmj4@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: NETT Clinical Coordinating Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-0381, USA. robie@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silbergleit
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocritical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. PVespa@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Vespa
authors.affiliation: Center for Shock, Trauma & Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. afaden@anes.umm.edu.
authors.forename: Alan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Faden
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. raimund.helbok@uki.at.
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helbok
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. tishermansa@ccm.upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tisherman
authors.affiliation: IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience, 20156, Milan, Italy. elisa.zanier@marionegri.it.
authors.forename: Elisa R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Zanier
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5057, USA. hermanos.valenzuela@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK. julia.wendon@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wendon
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. dkm13@wbic.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1070, Brussels, Belgium. jlvincen@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vincent
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D000066829:Neuroprotection; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents