title: Most of the long-term genetic gain from optimum-contribution selection can be realised with restrictions imposed during optimisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that optimum-contribution selection (OCS) with restrictions imposed during optimisation realises most of the long-term genetic gain realised by OCS without restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used stochastic simulation to estimate long-term rates of genetic gain realised by breeding schemes that applied OCS without and with restrictions imposed during optimisation, where long-term refers to generations 23 to 25 (approximately). Six restrictions were imposed. Five of these removed solutions from the solution space. The sixth removed records of selection decisions made at earlier selection times. We also simulated a conventional breeding scheme with truncation selection as a reference point. Generations overlapped, selection was for a single trait, and the trait was observed for all selection candidates prior to selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OCS with restrictions realised 67 to 99% of the additional gain realised by OCS without restrictions, where additional gain was the difference in the long-term rates of genetic gain realised by OCS without restrictions and our reference point with truncation selection. The only exceptions were those restrictions that removed all solutions near the optimum solution from the solution space and the restriction that removed records of selection decisions made at earlier selection times. Imposing these restrictions realised only -12 to 46% of the additional gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the long-term genetic gain realised by OCS without restrictions can be realised by OCS with restrictions imposed during optimisation, provided the restrictions do not remove all solutions near the optimum from the solution space and do not remove records of earlier selection decisions. In breeding schemes where OCS cannot be applied optimally because of biological and logistical restrictions, OCS with restrictions provides a useful alternative. Not only does it realise most of the long-term genetic gain, OCS with restrictions enables OCS to be tailored to individual breeding schemes.
authors.affiliation: Seges, Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark. mahe@seges.dk.|School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. mahe@seges.dk.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henryon
authors.affiliation: Seges, Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark. tao@seges.dk.
authors.forename: Tage
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ostersen
authors.affiliation: Seges, Danish Pig Research Centre, Axeltorv 3, 1609, Copenhagen V, Denmark. bas@seges.dk.
authors.forename: Birgitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ask
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark. achristian.sorensen@mbg.au.dk.
authors.forename: Anders C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: NordGen, Nordic Genetic Resource Center, P.O. Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway. peer.berg@nordgen.org.
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic