title: Analog electro-optical readout of SiPMs achieves fast timing required for time-of-flight PET/MR.
abstract: The design of combined positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) systems presents a number of challenges to engineers, as it forces the PET system to acquire data in a space constrained environment that is sensitive to electro-magnetic interference and contains high static, radio frequency and gradient fields. In this work we validate fast timing performance of a PET scintillation detector using a potentially very compact, very low power, and MR compatible readout method in which analog silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) signals are transmitted optically away from the MR bore with little or even no additional readout electronics. This analog 'electro-optial' method could reduce the entire PET readout in the MR bore to two compact, low power components (SiPMs and lasers). Our experiments show fast timing performance from analog electro-optical readout with and without pre-amplification. With 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals and Excelitas SiPMs the best two-sided fwhm coincident timing resolution achieved was 220 +/- 3 ps in electrical mode, 230 +/- 2 ps in electro-optical with preamp mode, and 253 +/- 2 ps in electro-optical without preamp mode. Timing measurements were also performed with Hamamatsu SiPMs and 3 mm × 3 mm × 5 mm crystals. In the future the timing degradation seen can be further reduced with lower laser noise or improvements SiPM rise time or gain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA. Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford CA 94305, USA. Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bieniosek
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D008187:Lutetium / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017640:Silicates; C477682:lutetium orthosilicate; D008187:Lutetium; D012825:Silicon