title: Stimulated myoblast differentiation on graphene oxide-impregnated PLGA-collagen hybrid fibre matrices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrospinning is a simple and effective method for fabricating micro- and nanofiber matrices. Electrospun fibre matrices have numerous advantages for use as tissue engineering scaffolds, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, mass production capability and structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, electrospun matrices, which are composed of biocompatible polymers and various biomaterials, have been developed as biomimetic scaffolds for the tissue engineering applications. In particular, graphene oxide (GO) has recently been considered as a novel biomaterial for skeletal muscle regeneration because it can promote the growth and differentiation of myoblasts. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to fabricate the hybrid fibre matrices that stimulate myoblasts differentiation for skeletal muscle regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hybrid fibre matrices composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA) and collagen (Col) impregnated with GO (GO-PLGA-Col) were successfully fabricated using an electrospinning process. Our results indicated that the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid matrices were comprised of randomly-oriented continuous fibres with a three-dimensional non-woven porous structure. Compositional analysis showed that GO was dispersed uniformly throughout the GO-PLGA-Col matrices. In addition, the hydrophilicity of the fabricated matrices was significantly increased by blending with a small amount of Col and GO. The attachment and proliferation of the C2C12 skeletal myoblasts were significantly enhanced on the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid matrices. Furthermore, the GO-PLGA-Col matrices stimulated the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts, which was enhanced further under the culture conditions of the differentiation media.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking our findings into consideration, it is suggested that the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid fibre matrices can be exploited as potential biomimetic scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration because these GO-impregnated hybrid matrices have potent effects on the induction of spontaneous myogenesis and exhibit superior bioactivity and biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. choel15@naver.com.
authors.forename: Yong Cheol
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. pignunssob@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jong Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. kimlimhwa@nate.com.
authors.forename: Linhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. kdh6253@naver.com.
authors.forename: Min Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea. babina@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong-Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea. rhhyun@dankook.ac.kr.|Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21PLUS NBM Global Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea. rhhyun@dankook.ac.kr.|Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea. rhhyun@dankook.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jung Keun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Medical Device Development Center, Cheongju, 363-951, South Korea. 2bygon@nate.com.
authors.forename: Tae-Gon
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. swhong@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Suck Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea. nanohan@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dong-Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D006108:Graphite; D003094:Collagen