title: Antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section at a Ugandan hospital: a randomised clinical trial evaluating the effect of administration time on the incidence of postoperative infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prophylactic antibiotics are used to prevent postoperative infections after caesarean section. Studies have suggested that the timing of prophylaxis plays an important role. Over the years, the role of the anaesthesiologist in the administration of prophylactic antibiotics has become prominent. Therefore, there is an increasing need for anaesthesia providers to understand the rationale of antibiotic prophylaxis. We therefore sought to compare the effect of antibiotics prophylaxis within 1 hour before skin incision and after skin incision on the incidence of postoperative infections in patients undergoing caesarean section at Mulago Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a single-blind randomised clinical trial conducted at Mulago Hospital evaluating 464 patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. Patients were randomly assigned a group number that allocated them to either arm of the study. They received the same prophylactic antibiotic according to their allotment, that is, either within 1 hour before skin incision or after skin incision as per current standards of practice in Mulago Hospital. They were followed up to detect infection up to 10 days postoperatively. The primary outcome was postoperative infection. The data collected were analysed with STATA version 12 using univariate and bivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of overall postoperative infection was significantly lower when prophylaxis was given within an hour before incision (RR O.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.97). We also found endometritis to be significantly reduced in the pre-incision group (RR 0.62; 95% CI 0.39-0.99; P value 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Giving prophylactic antibiotics before skin incision reduces risk of postoperative infection, in particular of endometritis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201311000610495. Date of trial registration: 12(th) August 2013.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. ngisi2@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Lomangisi D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Dlamini
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. msekikubo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekikubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. janattumukunde@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Janat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tumukunde
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. charleskojjo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kojjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. d4davidson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Davidson
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ocen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. aggiewabule2000@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wabule
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. akwizera@chs.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwizera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D004716:Endometritis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002443:Ceftriaxone