title: The plant Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) existed in the ancestor of seed plants and has a complex duplication history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is an essential protein complex for plant development. It catalyzes ubiquitination of histone H2A that is an important part of the transcription repression machinery. Absence of PRC1 subunits in Arabidopsis thaliana plants causes severe developmental defects. Many aspects of the plant PRC1 are elusive, including its origin and phylogenetic distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We established the evolutionary history of the plant PRC1 subunits (LHP1, Ring1a-b, Bmi1a-c, EMF1, and VRN1), enabled by sensitive phylogenetic methods and newly sequenced plant genomes from previously unsampled taxonomic groups. We showed that all PRC1 core subunits exist in gymnosperms, earlier than previously thought, and that VRN1 is a recent addition, found exclusively in eudicots. The retention of individual subunits in chlorophytes, mosses, lycophytes and monilophytes indicates that they can moonlight as part of other complexes or processes. Moreover, we showed that most PRC1 subunits underwent a complex, duplication-rich history that differs significantly between Brassicaceae and other eudicots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRC1 existed in the last common ancestor of seed plants where it likely played an important regulatory role, aiding their radiation. The presence of LHP1, Ring1 and Bmi1 in mosses, lycophytes and monilophytes also suggests the presence of a primitive yet functional PRC1.
authors.affiliation: Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands. l.berke@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berke
authors.affiliation: Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, Netherlands. b.snel@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Snel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D054875:Ubiquitination
chemical_list: D063146:Polycomb-Group Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases