title: Phytochemicals from Mangifera pajang Kosterm and their biological activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mangifera pajang Kosterm is a plant species from the mango family (Anacardiaceae). The fruits are edible and have been reported to have high antioxidant content. However, the detailed phytochemical studies of the plant have not been reported previously. This study investigates the phytochemicals and biological activities of different parts of Mangifera pajang.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plant samples were extracted with solvents of different polarity to obtain the crude extracts. The isolated compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods. The extracts and isolated compounds were subjected to cytotoxicity tests using human breast cancer (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa) and human colon cancer (HT-29) cells. The free radical scavenging activity test was conducted using the DPPH assay. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out by using the disc diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytochemical investigation on the kernel, stem bark and leaves of Mangifera pajang led to the isolation of methyl gallate (1), mixture of benzaldehyde (2) and benzyl alcohol (3), mangiferonic acid (4), 3β-hydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid (5), 3β,23-dihydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid (6), lupeol(7) lupenone(8), β-sitosterol(9), stigmasterol(10), trans-sobrerol(11) and quercitrin (12). Crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the kernel indicated strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL, while petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark showed strong to moderate activity against MCF-7, HeLa and HT-29 cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 30 μg/mL. As for the antimicrobial assays, only the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the kernel displayed some inhibition against the microbes in the antibacterial assays. The kernel extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL, while the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves displayed only weak activity in the DPPH assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phytochemical investigations on various parts of Mangifera pajang have identified terpenoids and a flavonol derivative as major constituents. Bioassay studies have indicated that the crude extracts and isolated compounds have potential as naturally-derived anticancer and antimicrobial agents, besides possess high free radical scavenging activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. sadikah_88@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sadikah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. aspollah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohd Aspollah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sukari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. nurussaadahismail@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nurussaadah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. safinar@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Intan Safinar
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. ahmadbstmm@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmad Bustamam
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abdul
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. fadzelly@uthm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohd Fadzelly
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
authors.affiliation: PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam. nurolaini.kifli@ubd.edu.bn.
authors.forename: Nurolaini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kifli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia. gwen@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Gwendoline C L
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ee
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D044948:Flavonols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D031022:Mangifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018514:Plant Structures / Q000737:chemistry; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D044948:Flavonols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl