title: N2O production, a widespread trait in fungi.
abstract: N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas contributing both to global warming and ozone depletion. While fungi have been identified as a putative source of N2O, little is known about their production of this greenhouse gas. Here we investigated the N2O-producing ability of a collection of 207 fungal isolates. Seventy strains producing N2O in pure culture were identified. They were mostly species from the order Hypocreales order-particularly Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma spp.-and to a lesser extent species from the orders Eurotiales, Sordariales, and Chaetosphaeriales. The N2O (15)N site preference (SP) values of the fungal strains ranged from 15.8‰ to 36.7‰, and we observed a significant taxa effect, with Penicillium strains displaying lower SP values than the other fungal genera. Inoculation of 15 N2O-producing strains into pre-sterilized arable, forest and grassland soils confirmed the ability of the strains to produce N2O in soil with a significant strain-by-soil effect. The copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) was amplified from 45 N2O-producing strains, and its genetic variability showed a strong congruence with the ITS phylogeny, indicating vertical inheritance of this trait. Taken together, this comprehensive set of findings should enhance our knowledge of fungi as a source of N2O in the environment.
authors.affiliation: 1] NARO, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Dairy Research Division, 1 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan [2] INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Aymé
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spor
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Edel-Hermann
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heraud
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Breuil
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bizouard
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Sakae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan [2] Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan [3] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Philippot
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D018533:Biomass; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009572:Nitrite Reductases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D004247:DNA; D009572:Nitrite Reductases; C052695:nitrite reductase, copper-containing