title: Sleeping problems in Chinese illicit drug dependent subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Illicit drug use/dependence has been recognized as a major problem. Clinical studies demonstrate that poor sleep quality is associated with increased frequency of drug use and relapse. However, few studies have addressed the issue of sleep quality among illicit drug dependent subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study explored sleep quality in drug dependent subjects in China. We studied 2178 illicit drug dependent subjects from drug rehabilitation centres in Changsha and 2236 non-drug-using subjects, all of whom completed the self-report Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the prevalence of sleep disturbance was much higher in drug users (68.5%, PSQI >5; specifically, 80.24% in heroin users, 54.16% in methamphetamine users and 81.98% in ketamine users with PSQI >5) than non-users (26.4%, PSQI >5). Drug users had approximately twice the sleep latency than nondrug users (37.7 minutes V.S 18.4 minutes). Although drug users and non-users reported similar sleep duration (about 7.4 hours), drug users showed poorer subjective sleep quality and habitual sleep efficiency. They reported more sleep disturbance and need for sleep medications, more daytime dysfunction and poorer subjective sleep quality compared with nondrug users. The total PSQI score positively correlated with the duration of drug use (rp = 0.164, p < 0.001). We also found a link between sleep problems and cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and duration of drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor sleep quality is common among illicit drug dependent subjects. Long-term substance users had more sleep problems. Future research aiming at quantifying the benefits of treatment interventions should not neglect the influence of sleep problems. Gaining more insight into the impact of sleep quality on the addiction treatment could also help to target future intervention measures more effectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. tangjinsonghn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. tangliaoyanhui@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yanhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. hhyangel@163.com.
authors.forename: Haoyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. dengqijian2008@163.com.
authors.forename: Qijian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. zgb73@yahoo.com.cn.|Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, Kunming, Yunnan, China. zgb73@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Guanbai
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. qichang106@163.com.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. cuihanghai@163.com.|Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China. cuihanghai@163.com.
authors.forename: Hangtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. jbin0911@163.com.|Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. jbin0911@163.com.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. ym8342@163.com.|School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. ym8342@163.com.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. fengzhijuan007@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhijuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. chenxghn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. weihao57@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin (M) Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, P. R. China. liutieq@gmail.com.|National Technology of Institute of Psychiatry, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. liutieq@gmail.com.|The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. liutieq@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tieqiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs