title: Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in central nervous system.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have found many practical applications in industry and daily life. A widespread application of TiO2 NPs rises the question about safety of their use in the context of potential occupational, environmental and intentional exposure of humans and biota. TiO2 NPs easily enter the body through inhalation, cross blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain, especially in the cortex and hippocampus. Toxicity of these NPs and the molecular mechanisms of their action have been studied extensively in recent years. Studies showed that TiO2 NPs exposure resulted in microglia activation, reactive oxygen species production, activation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, such action led to neuroinflammation, further brain injury. A spatial recognition memory and locomotor activity impairment has been also observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: czajka.magdalenaa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czajka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sikorska
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popek
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland.
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapka-Skrzypczak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014025:Titanium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Apoptosis; Brain; Neuroinflammation; Reactive oxygen species; Toxicity