title: Increased cardiometabolic dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with psychotic disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated prevalence of comorbid cardio-vascular and metabolic dysfunction (CMD) is consistently reported in patients with severe psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective (SZA) and bipolar disorder (BP-P). Since both psychosis and CMD are substantively heritable in nature, we attempted to investigate the occurrence of CMD disorders in first-degree relatives of probands with psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our sample included 861 probands with a diagnosis of SZ (n=354), SZA (n=212) and BP-P (n=295), 776 first-degree relatives of probands and 416 healthy controls. Logistic regression was used to compare prevalence of any CMD disorders (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease) across groups. Post hoc tests of independence checked for CMD prevalence across psychosis diagnosis (SZ, SZA and BP-P), both in relatives of probands and within probands themselves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for potential confounders, first-degree relatives with (p<0.001) and without (p=0.03) Axis I non-psychotic or Axis- II cluster disorders were at a significant risk for CMD compared to controls. No significant difference (p=0.42) was observed in prevalence of CMD between relatives of SZ, SZA and BP-P, or between psychosis diagnoses for probands (p=0.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of CMD was increased in the first-degree relatives of psychosis subjects. This finding suggests the possibility of overlapping genetic contributions to CMD and psychosis. Increased somatic disease burden in relatives of psychotic disorder probands points to need for early detection and preventive efforts in this population.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Suraj Sarvode
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mothi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jaya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clementz
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamminga
authors.affiliation: Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearlson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: mkeshava@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diabetes; Hypertension; Psychotic disorder; Relatives