title: Microsatellite markers for Urochloa humidicola (Poaceae) and their transferability to other Urochloa species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urochloa humidicola is a warm-season grass commonly used as forage in the tropics and is recognized for its tolerance to seasonal flooding. This grass is an important forage species for the Cerrado and Amazon regions of Brazil. U. humidicola is a polyploid species with variable ploidy (6X-9X) and facultative apomixis with high phenotypic plasticity. However, this apomixis and ploidy, as well as the limited knowledge of the genetic basis of the germplasm collection, have constrained genetic breeding activities, yet microsatellite markers may enable a better understanding of the species' genetic composition. This study aimed to develop and characterize new polymorphic microsatellite molecular markers in U. humidicola and to evaluate their transferability to other Urochloa species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A set of microsatellite markers for U. humidicola was identified from two new enriched genomic DNA libraries: the first library was constructed from a single sexual genotype and the second from a pool of eight apomictic genotypes selected on the basis of previous results. Of the 114 loci developed, 72 primer pairs presented a good amplification product, and 64 were polymorphic among the 34 genotypes tested. The number of bands per simple sequence repeat (SSR) locus ranged from 1 to 29, with a mean of 9.6 bands per locus. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of all loci was 0.77, and the mean discrimination power (DP) was 0.87. STRUCTURE analysis revealed differences among U. humidicola accessions, hybrids, and other Urochloa accessions. The transferability of these microsatellites was evaluated in four species of the genus, U. brizantha, U. decumbens, U. ruziziensis, and U. dictyoneura, and the percentage of transferability ranged from 58.33% to 69.44% depending on the species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work reports new polymorphic microsatellite markers for U. humidicola that can be used for breeding programs of this and other Urochloa species, including genetic linkage mapping, quantitative trait loci identification, and marker-assisted selection.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CP 6010, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil. jsantos.agro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CP 6010, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil. maribiologista@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CP 6010, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil. f.ancelmo.o@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernanda A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: EMBRAPA Southeast Livestock, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, CP 339, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13560-970, Brazil. bianca.vigna@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: Bianca B Z
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Vigna
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CP 6010, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil. anete@unicamp.br.|Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CP 6109, CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil. anete@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Anete P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Souza
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers