title: Neural substrates of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a resting FMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been considered crucial factors in determining a patient's quality of life and have been proposed as the predominant features of the premotor phase. Researchers have investigated the relationship between non-motor symptoms and the motor laterality; however, this relationship remains disputed. This study investigated the neural connectivity correlates of non-motor and motor symptoms of PD with respect to motor laterality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-seven patients with PD were recruited and classified into left-more-affected PD (n = 44) and right-more affected PD (n = 37) based on their MDS-UPDRS (Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) motor examination scores. The patients underwent MRI scanning, which included resting fMRI. Brain regions were labeled as ipsilateral and contralateral to the more-affected body side. Correlation analysis between the functional connectivity across brain regions and the scores of various symptoms was performed to identify the neural connectivity correlates of each symptom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resting functional connectivity centered on the ipsilateral inferior orbito-frontal area was negatively correlated with the severity of non-motor symptoms, and the connectivity of the contralateral inferior parietal area was positively correlated with the severity of motor symptoms (p < 0.001, |r| > 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the inferior orbito-frontal area may play a crucial role in non-motor dysfunctions, and that the connectivity information may be utilized as a neuroimaging biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroImaging, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwangsun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroImaging, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Oh-Hyeon
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Choung
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroImaging, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Beom
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sooyeoun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience and NeuroImaging, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016472:Motor Neuron Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index