title: Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among veterans with and without HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to describe and compare the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between HIV-negative and HIV-infected veterans in the southern United States, and to determine risk factors for vitamin D deficiency for HIV infected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, retrospective study including all patients followed at the Atlanta VA Medical Center with the first 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level determined between January 2007 and August 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was higher prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative patients (53.2 vs. 38.5%, p <0.001). Independent risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in HIV + patients included black race (OR 3.24, 95% CI 2.28-4.60), winter season (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.84) and higher GFR (OR 1.01, CI 1.00-1.01); increasing age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-0.98), and tenofovir use (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.96) were associated with less vitamin D deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent problem that varies inversely with age and affects HIV-infected patients more than other veterans in care. In addition to age, tenofovir and kidney disease seem to confer a protective effect from vitamin D deficiency in HIV-positive patients.
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia; Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alicia I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hidron
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America; Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America; Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jodie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guest
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014728:Veterans; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult