title: Mindfulness training for smokers via web-based video instruction with phone support: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many smokers are unable to access effective behavioral smoking cessation therapies due to location, financial limitations, schedule, transportation issues or other reasons. We report results from a prospective observational study in which a promising novel behavioral intervention, Mindfulness Training for Smokers was provided via web-based video instruction with telephone-based counseling support.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 26 low socioeconomic status smokers. Participants were asked to watch eight video-based classes describing mindfulness skills and how to use these skills to overcome various core challenges in tobacco dependence. Participants received eight weekly phone calls from a smoking cessation coach who provided general support and answered questions about the videos. On the quit day, participants received two weeks of nicotine patches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were a mean of 40.5 years of age, smoked 16.31 cigarettes per day for 21.88 years, with a mean of 6.81 prior failed quit attempts. Participants completed a mean of 5.55 of 8 online video classes with a mean of 23.33 minutes per login, completed a mean of 3.19 of 8 phone coach calls, and reported a mean meditation practice time of 12.17 minutes per day. Smoking abstinence was defined as self-reported abstinence on a smoking calendar with biochemical confirmation via carbon monoxide breath-test under 7 parts per million. Intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 4 and 6-months post-quit of 23.1% and 15.4% respectively. Participants showed a significant pre- to post-intervention increase in mindfulness as measured by the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, and a significant pre- to post-intervention decrease in the Anxiety Sub-scale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that Mindfulness Training for Smokers can be provided via web-based video instruction with phone support and yield reasonable participant engagement on intervention practices and that intervention efficacy and mechanism of effect deserve further study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02164656 , Registration Date June 13, 2014.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, USA. james.m.davis@duke.edu.|Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA. james.m.davis@duke.edu.|Duke Center for Smoking Cessation, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Durham, NC, 27705, USA. james.m.davis@duke.edu.|Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA. james.m.davis@duke.edu.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, USA. amanley@uwalumni.com.|Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Medicine, Wisconsin, Madison, USA. amanley@uwalumni.com.
authors.forename: Alison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Manley
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Medicine, Wisconsin, Madison, USA. simonshome@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Simon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, USA. kastankevitz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Stankevitz
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, USA. sss@ctri.wisc.com.|Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA. sss@ctri.wisc.com.
authors.forename: Stevens S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003376:Counseling; D020407:Internet; D019122:Meditation; D064866:Mindfulness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D017216:Telemedicine; D013689:Telephone; D014026:Nicotiana; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide