title: Manganese-induced Neurotoxicity: FromC. elegansto Humans.
abstract: Manganese (Mn) is one of the most abundant metals on the earth. It is required for normal cellular activities, but overexposure leads to toxicity. Neurons are more susceptible to Mn-induced toxicity than other cells, and accumulation of Mn in the brain results in Manganism that presents with Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms. In the last decade, a number of Mn transporters have been identified, which improves our understanding of Mn transport in and out of cells. However, the mechanism of Mn-induced neurotoxicity is only partially uncovered, with further research needed to explore the whole picture of Mn-induced toxicity. In this review, we will address recent progress in Mn-induced neurotoxicity fromC. elegansto humans, and explore future directions that will help understand the mechanisms of its neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA ; Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tanara V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aschner
keywords: Parkinson's disease; manganese; manganism; neurodegeneration; neurotoxicity