title: Randomized phase 2 trial of NP001-a novel immune regulator: Safety and early efficacy in ALS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of NP001, a novel immune regulator of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages, for slowing progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of NP001 in 136 patients with ALS of <3 years' duration and forced vital capacity ≥70%. Participants received NP001 2 mg/kg, NP001 1 mg/kg, or placebo for 6 months. Safety, tolerability, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed throughout the study. Preliminary efficacy was evaluated using the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) slope and change from baseline, with and without matched historical placebo controls, after 6 months of treatment. A post hoc analysis of the percentage of patients ("responders") whose ALSFRS-R did not change from baseline was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP001 was generally safe and well-tolerated, except for infusion site pain and dizziness. No significant slowing of decline in the primary or secondary measures was observed. However, slowing of progression was observed in the high-dose group in patients with greater inflammation (wide range C-reactive protein). Moreover, NP001 may have dose dependently halted symptom progression in a subset of patients. More than 2 times as many patients on high-dose NP001 (25%) did not progress during 6 months of treatment compared with those on placebo (11%). Most "responders" had an elevated biomarker of inflammation, interleukin-18, and were positive for lipopolysaccharide at baseline, which decreased after treatment with NP001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The arresting of progression of ALS symptoms by NP001 in a subset of patients with marked neuroinflammation, as observed here, will represent a novel therapeutic approach for patients with ALS, if confirmed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provides Class I evidence that for patients with ALS, NP001 is safe and did not significantly slow progression of the disease (difference in slope of the ALSFRS-R/month 0.12 favoring NP001, p = 0.55). The study lacks the precision to exclude an important effect of NP001.
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Block
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barohn
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Vidhya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Merit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cudkowicz
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Jane R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ludington
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Stan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center (R.G.M., J.S.K.), San Francisco, CA; Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (G.B., V.G., M.S.M., A.A.), Palo Alto, CA; University of Kansas (R.J.B.), Kansas City; Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Boston; University of California, San Francisco (R.Z., M.S.M.); Agility Clinical, Inc. (E.L.), Carlsbad, CA; and The Methodist Hospital (S.H.A.), Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azhir