title: A behavioral smoking treatment based on perceived risks of quitting: A preliminary feasibility and acceptability study with female smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even treatments showing proven efficacy leave the majority of female smokers unable to quit. In response, there has been a special call for novel behavioral treatments, particularly those that target barriers to quitting faced by women. Significant barriers for women who smoke include perceived "risks" associated with cessation (e.g., managing stress and cravings). The purpose of this treatment development study is to test a novel, individualized smoking intervention for female smokers targeting risk perceptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty treatment-seeking female daily cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to receive either standard counseling based on the Mayo Clinic's "Smoke Free and Living It" manual or a new manualized treatment based on individual perceived risks of quitting. Primary outcomes were point prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of treatment and at a one month follow-up, and changes in smoking from baseline to one month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manualized perceived risk treatment demonstrated good acceptability and more participants receiving this treatment were abstinent at the end of the trial than participants in the standard counseling condition. Among participants who did not quit smoking, those receiving the perceived risk counseling reported a greater reduction in smoking at the one month follow up (Cohen's d=0.67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial study demonstrated that an intervention targeting perceived risks of quitting was feasible to administer, acceptable to female smokers, and showed promise with regard to smoking outcomes, thus warranting further testing through Stage II clinical trials. Reducing perceived risks of quitting may represent a critical target for smoking treatment development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA ; Women's Health Research at Yale, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ; Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
authors.forename: Andrea H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA ; Women's Health Research at Yale, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mazure
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519 USA ; Women's Health Research at Yale, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA ; Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McKee
keywords: Cessation; Perceived Risks; Smoking; Women