title: Prospective study of pregnancy outcomes after parental cell phone exposure: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research about prenatal exposure to electromagnetic fields from cell phones among expectant parents and reproductive outcome is limited. The aim of this article is to investigate the association between pregnancy outcome and parental cell phone exposure in a large prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted during the decade 1999-2009. In that study, pregnant women were recruited before a routine ultrasound examination during gestational week 15; they answered a questionnaire at that time and again around gestational week 30. The expectant father was invited to answer a questionnaire during gestational week 15 (2001-2009). The forms contained questions regarding cell phone use. The response rate was 38.7% and the cohort comprised 100,730 singleton births. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained by linkage to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of preeclampsia was slightly lower among women with medium and high cell phone exposure compared with low exposure after adjusting for potential confounders. Fathers with testis exposure when using cell phones had a borderline increased risk of perinatal mortality among offspring and a slightly decreased risk of partner developing preeclampsia during pregnancy compared with no cell phone exposure of head or testis. None of the other pregnancy outcomes was associated with cell phone exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no association between maternal prenatal or paternal preconceptional cell phone exposure and any of the studied pregnancy outcomes. The only risk estimate suggesting a potential increased risk was not consistent with other findings.
authors.affiliation: From the aOccupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; bNorwegian Arthroplasty Register, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; cFaculty of Technology, Sør-Trøndelag University College (HiST), Trondheim, Norway; dDepartment of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and eCentre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Valborg
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baste
authors.forename: Gunnhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oftedal
authors.forename: Ole Jacob
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Møllerløkken
authors.forename: Kjell Hansson
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mild
authors.forename: Bente E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Moen
mesh_terms: D000037:Abruptio Placentae / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013737:Testis; D055815:Young Adult