title: Transcriptomic analyses reveal species-specific light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The flower colour of agricultural products is very important for their commercial value, which is mainly attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Light is one of the key environmental factors that affect the anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, the deep molecular mechanism remains elusive, and many problems regarding the phenotypic change and the corresponding gene regulation are still unclear. In the present study, Chrysanthemum × morifolium 'Purple Reagan', a light-responding pigmentation cultivar, was selected to investigate the mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis using transcriptomic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only cyanidin derivatives were identified based on the analyses of the pigmentation in ray florets. Shading experiments revealed that the capitulum was the key organ and that its bud stage was the key phase responding to light. These results were used to design five libraries for transcriptomic analyses, including three capitulum developmental stages and two light conditions. RNA sequences were de novo assembled into 103,517 unigenes, of which 60,712 were annotated against four public protein databases. As many as 2,135 unigenes were differentially expressed between the light and dark libraries with 923 up-regulated and 1,212 down-regulated unigenes in response to shading. Next, interactive pathway analysis showed that the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway was the only complete metabolic pathway both modulated in response to light and related to capitulum development. Following the shading treatment, nearly all structural genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were down-regulated. Moreover, three CmMYB genes and one CmbHLH gene were identified as key transcription factors that might participate in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis under light conditions based on clustering analysis and validation by RT-qPCR. Finally, a light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in chrysanthemums was inferred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pigmentation of the ray florets of chrysanthemum cultivar 'Purple Reagan' is dependent on light. During the light-induced pigmentation process, the expression of seven structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (regulated by at least four transcription factors in response to light) are the main contributors to the pigmentation of chrysanthemums. This information will further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental plants.
authors.affiliation: College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China. henian126@126.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China. tangxingjiao@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xingjiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China. 101navy@163.com.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China. zhangyuan86313@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China. silandai@sina.com.
authors.forename: Silan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D003624:Darkness; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008027:Light; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D014157:Transcription Factors