title: Metagenomic analysis of the Rhinopithecus bieti fecal microbiome reveals a broad diversity of bacterial and glycoside hydrolase profiles related to lignocellulose degradation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The animal gastrointestinal tract contains a complex community of microbes, whose composition ultimately reflects the co-evolution of microorganisms with their animal host and the diet adopted by the host. Although the importance of gut microbiota of humans has been well demonstrated, there is a paucity of research regarding non-human primates (NHPs), especially herbivorous NHPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, an analysis of 97,942 pyrosequencing reads generated from Rhinopithecus bieti fecal DNA extracts was performed to help better understanding of the microbial diversity and functional capacity of the R. bieti gut microbiome. The taxonomic analysis of the metagenomic reads indicated that R. bieti fecal microbiomes were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. The comparative analysis of taxonomic classification revealed that the metagenome of R. bieti was characterized by an overrepresentation of bacteria of phylum Fibrobacteres and Spirochaetes as compared with other animals. Primary functional categories were associated mainly with protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, DNA and RNA metabolism, cofactors, cell wall and capsule and membrane transport. Comparing glycoside hydrolase profiles of R. bieti with those of other animal revealed that the R. bieti microbiome was most closely related to cow rumen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metagenomic and functional analysis demonstrated that R. bieti possesses a broad diversity of bacteria and numerous glycoside hydrolases responsible for lignocellulosic biomass degradation which might reflect the adaptations associated with a diet rich in fibrous matter. These results would contribute to the limited body of NHPs metagenome studies and provide a unique genetic resource of plant cell wall degrading microbial enzymes. However, future studies on the metagenome sequencing of R. bieti regarding the effects of age, genetics, diet and environment on the composition and activity of the metagenomes are required.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. xubo128028@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. xubo128028@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. xubo128028@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. xubo128028@163.com.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. sn-xwj@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. sn-xwj@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. sn-xwj@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. sn-xwj@163.com.
authors.forename: Weijiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. 1979ljsx@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. 1979ljsx@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. 1979ljsx@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. 1979ljsx@163.com.
authors.forename: Junjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. 690058128@qq.com.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. xiongcaiyun928@126.com.
authors.forename: Caiyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. txh13888381045@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. txh13888381045@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. txh13888381045@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. txh13888381045@163.com.
authors.forename: Xianghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. fcyangyunjuan@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. fcyangyunjuan@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. fcyangyunjuan@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. fcyangyunjuan@163.com.
authors.forename: Yunjuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. muyuelin@sohu.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. muyuelin@sohu.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. muyuelin@sohu.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. muyuelin@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Yuelin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. zhoujunpei_yn@126.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. zhoujunpei_yn@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. zhoujunpei_yn@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. zhoujunpei_yn@126.com.
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. djm3417@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. djm3417@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. djm3417@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. djm3417@163.com.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. qian99223@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. qian99223@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. qian99223@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. qian99223@163.com.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. huangzunxi@163.com.|Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China. huangzunxi@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, 650500, China. huangzunxi@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. huangzunxi@163.com.
authors.forename: Zunxi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D002417:Cattle; D016673:Colobinae / Q000382:microbiology*; D004285:Dogs; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008031:Lignin / Q000378:metabolism*; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota; D010802:Phylogeny; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: C036909:lignocellulose; D008031:Lignin; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases