title: Phenotypic flexibility as a measure of health: the optimal nutritional stress response test.
abstract: Nutrition research is struggling to demonstrate beneficial health effects, since nutritional effects are often subtle and long term. Health has been redefined as the ability of our body to cope with daily-life challenges. Physiology acts as a well-orchestrated machinery to adapt to the continuously changing environment. We term this adaptive capacity "phenotypic flexibility." The phenotypic flexibility concept implies that health can be measured by the ability to adapt to conditions of temporary stress, such as physical exercise, infections or mental stress, in a healthy manner. This may offer a more sensitive way to assess changes in health status of healthy subjects. Here, we performed a systematic review of 61 studies applying different nutritional stress tests to quantify health and nutritional health effects, with the objective to define an optimal nutritional stress test that has the potential to be adopted as the golden standard in nutrition research. To acknowledge the multi-target role of nutrition, a relevant subset of 50 processes that govern optimal health, with high relevance to diet, was used to define phenotypic flexibility. Subsequently, we assessed the response of biomarkers related to this subset of processes to the different challenge tests. Based on the obtained insights, we propose a nutritional stress test composed of a high-fat, high-caloric drink, containing 60 g palm olein, 75 g glucose and 20 g dairy protein in a total volume of 400 ml. The use of such a standardized nutritional challenge test in intervention studies is expected to demonstrate subtle improvements of phenotypic flexibility, thereby enabling substantiation of nutritional health effects.
authors.affiliation: TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna H M
authors.initials: JHM
authors.lastname: Stroeve
authors.affiliation: TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Wietmarschen
authors.affiliation: TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bas H A
authors.initials: BHA
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ommen
authors.affiliation: TNO, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wopereis