title: Inhibitory effects of emodin, baicalin, schizandrin and berberine on hefA gene: treatment of Helicobacter pylori-induced multidrug resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the inhibitory effects of emodin, baicalin, etc. on the hefA gene of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
  
  
  METHODS
  The double dilution method was used to screen MDR H. pylori strains and determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of emodin, baicalin, schizandrin, berberine, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin and levofloxacin against H. pylori strains. After the screened MDR stains were treated with emodin, baicalin, schizandrin or berberine at a 1/2 MIC concentration for 48 h, changes in MICs of amoxicillin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, metronidazole and clarithromycin were determined. MDR strains with reduced MICs of amoxicillin were selected to detect the hefA mRNA expression by real-time quantitative PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of four MDR H. pylori strains were screened. Treatment with emodin, baicalin, schizandrin and berberine significantly decreased the MICs of amoxicillin and tetracycline against some strains, decreased by 1 to 2 times, but did not significantly change the MICs of clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole against MDR strains. In the majority of strains with reduced MICs of amoxicillin, hefA mRNA expression was decreased; one-way ANOVA (SPSS 12.0) used for comparative analysis, P < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emodin, baicalin, schizandrin and berberine significantly decreased the MICs of amoxicillin and tetracycline against some H. pylori strains, possibly by mechanisms associated with decreasing hefA mRNA expression.
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Gan-Rong
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Hua-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Zan-Song
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Han
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Qiang
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiang
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Bing-Pu
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Yan-Qiang Huang, Gan-Rong Huang, Hua-Ying Tang, Xiao-Qiang Mo, Bing-Pu Chen, Li-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Feng Huang, Hong-Yu Wei, Lian-Deng Wei, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
authors.forename: Lian-Deng
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001599:Berberine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034242:Cyclooctanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004642:Emodin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017705:Lignans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D034242:Cyclooctanes; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005419:Flavonoids; D017705:Lignans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001599:Berberine; C038044:baicalin; C011105:schizandrin; D004642:Emodin
keywords: Efflux pump; Helicobacter pylori; Multidrug resistance; Traditional Chinese medicine; hefA