title: Cannabis withdrawal and sleep: A systematic review of human studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep problems during withdrawal from cannabis use are a common experience. The details regarding how abstinence from cannabis impacts sleep are not well described. This article reviews the literature including a measure of cannabis withdrawal and sleep in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search using a set of cannabinoid and sleep-related terms was conducted across 8 electronic databases. Human studies that involved the administration of cannabinoids and at least 1 quantitative sleep-related measure were included. Review articles, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies (final N < 8), published abstracts, posters, and non-English articles were excluded. Thirty-six publications were included in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep was frequently interrupted during cannabis withdrawal, although the specific mechanisms of disruption remain unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methodological issues in the majority of studies to date preclude any definitive conclusion on the specific aspects of sleep that are affected.
authors.affiliation: a National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre , UNSW Medicine , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.affiliation: a National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre , UNSW Medicine , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albertella
authors.affiliation: a National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre , UNSW Medicine , Randwick , New South Wales , Australia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Copeland
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Cannabis; insomnia; marijuana; sleep; withdrawal