title: Cuscuta chinensis Ameliorates Immunosuppression and Urotoxic Effect of Cyclophosphamide by Regulating Cytokines - GM-CSF and TNF-Alpha.
abstract: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is commonly used as anticancer drug which causes toxicity by its reactive metabolites such as acroline and phosphoramide mustard. In this study, Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) (family: Convolvulaceae) was assessed for ability to restore mice against CTX-induced toxicity. Coadministration of C. chinensis extract (10 mg/kg BW, IP, daily) for ten consecutive days reduced CTX-induced (25 mg/kg BW, IP, daily) toxicity. Treatment with C. chinensis extract significantly (p < 0.01) increased the relative organ weight and body weight. Moreover, administration of C. chinensis extract significantly increased bone marrow cellulatity and α-esterase activity in CTX-treated mice which suggested its protective role on the hematopoietic system. The GSH content was drastically reduced by CTX administration in urinary bladder which was enhanced by treatment with C. chinensis extract, indicating that preventing acroline-mediated tissue damage or cell toxicity and also the extract decreased the urinary bladder nitric oxide (NO) level which proves recovery over urinary tract injury associated with CTX treatment. The administration of C. chinensis extract decreased serum urea, creatinine, and bilirubin levels when compared to CTX-alone-treated group. Histopathological analysis of the urinary bladder of CTX-alone-treated group showed necrotic damage whereas the C. chinensis-treated group showed normal bladder architecture. The above data clearly demonstrates chemoprotective role of C. chinensis against CTX-induced toxicities by regulating antioxidant and inflammatory mediators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Kunnathur Murugesan
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sakthivel
authors.forename: Narayanan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Venugopal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vinod Prabhu
authors.forename: Chandrasekaran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guruvayoorappan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D034182:Cuscuta / Q000737:chemistry*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D004950:Esterases; D005978:Glutathione; D001663:Bilirubin; D000432:Methanol