title: Bacteriological profile and drug susceptibility patterns in dacryocystitis patients attending Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial pathogens isolated from dacryocystitis patients are diverse and complex in terms of their distribution, prevalence, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The clinical importance of microbial causes of dacryocystitis and pattern of drug resistance has not been reported in northwest Ethiopia. Moreover, the management of dacryocystitis is based on only clinical observation Therefore, this study attempted to identify and define clinical and microbiological characteristics of microbial agents of dacryocystitis and its antibiotic susceptibility patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2011-January 2012 among dacryocystitis patients attending ophthalmology outpatient department of Gondar University teaching Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data collection, microbiological analysis and antibiotic susceptibility test patterns were done following standard procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the total of 51 dacryocystitis cases, bacterial origins were isolated among 31(60.8%) cases. The dominant isolates were Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) 9(29.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) 6(19.4%), and Pseudomonas species 3(9.7%). S. pneumoniae, Entrobacter species, K. pnemoniae and H. influenzae were each accounted 6.5% isolation rate. Among the commonly prescribed antimicrobials tested for susceptibility pattern; amoxicillin 38.7%, ciprofloxacin 25.8%, chloramphinicol 25.8%, co-trimoxazole 25.8%, and ampicillin 19.4% were resistant to the overall bacterial isolates identified. Only Citrobacter species were sensitive to all antibiotics tested but the rest bacterial isolates were resistant for at least to one, two, three, four and more antibiotics tested. Overall, 9(29.0%) of the bacterial isolates were resistant to only one antibiotics and resistance to two, three and four antibiotics each accounted 5(16.1%) rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though the information derived from this study was very meaningful, further studies encompassing viral, fungal, parasitic and anaerobic bacterial origin are important to better define the spectrum and relative incidence of pathogens causing dacryocystitis. Microbiological analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is mandatory for the selection of a specific antimicrobial therapy and to the control of further resistance development of bacterial strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. assefabi2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yared
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Assefa
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Mogesfeleke@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Feleke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moges
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. mengistu06@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mengistu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endris
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. bzeraye@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Banchamlak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zereay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. amarebem6@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bemnet
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Amare
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. damtish99@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Damtew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. solomontesfa02@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tesfaye
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. andargachewmulu@yahoo.com.|Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. andargachewmulu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andargachew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulu
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. yeshi4s@yahoo.com.|Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. yeshi4s@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yeshambel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Belyhun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003607:Dacryocystitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents