title: Hematotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluations in Swiss mice intraperitoneally exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (var kurstaki) spore crystals genetically modified to express individually Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, or Cry2Aa.
abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been widely used in foliar sprays as part of integrated pest management strategies against insect pests of agricultural crops. Since the advent of genetically modified plants expressing Bt δ-endotoxins, the bioavailability of Cry proteins has increased, and therefore for biosafety reasons their adverse effects should be studied, mainly for nontarget organisms. We evaluated, in Swiss mice, the hematotoxicity and genotoxicity of the genetically modified strains of Bt spore crystals Cry1Aa, 1Ab, 1Ac, or 2Aa at 27 mg/kg, and Cry1Aa, 1Ab and 2Aa also at 136 and 270 mg/kg, administered with a single intraperitoneal injection 24 h before euthanasia. Controls received filtered water or cyclophosphamide. Blood samples collected by cardiac puncture were used to perform hemogram, and bone marrow was extracted for the micronucleus test. Bt spore crystals presented toxicity for lymphocytes when in higher doses, which varied according to the type of spore crystal studied, besides promoting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects for the erythroid lineage of bone marrow, mainly at highest doses. Although the profile of such adverse side effects can be related to their high level of exposure, which is not commonly found in the environment, results indicated that these Bt spore crystals were not harmless to mice. This suggests that a more specific approach should be taken to increase knowledge about their toxicological properties and to establish the toxicological risks to nontarget organisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 970-978, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bélin Poletto
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Mezzomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.|Faculty of Medicine, Faciplac, Campus Gama/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Luisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miranda-Vilela
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian Carla Pereira
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa Lima
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Albernaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar Koppe
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Grisolia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000737:chemistry; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D010976:Platelet Count; D013170:Spores / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry toxins; biosafety; hematotoxicity; δ-endotoxins