title: Intermediate hosts of Protostrongylus pulmonalis (Frölich, 1802) and P. oryctolagi Baboš, 1955 under natural conditions in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protostrongylus oryctolagi and P. pulmonalis are causative agents of pulmonary protostrongyliasis in Lagomorphs in France. These nematodes need usually one intermediate host for its life cycle, a terrestrial snail. However, some studies, mainly in experimental conditions, have identified the species of snails acting as intermediate hosts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 3315 terrestrial snails and 307 slugs were collected in the field in South-Eastern France and analyzed to detect the presence of parasites. Identification of nematode parasites and snails were performed according to morphological and molecular approaches (D2 domain of the 28S rDNA for parasites; 18S and ITS-1 rDNA, COI and 16S mtDNA for snails).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen snails were found positive for Protostrongylids larvae. Haplotypes of the larvae corresponding to sequences of P. oryctolagi and P. pulmonalis were detected. Morphological identification of molluscs based on shell characters revealed 4 different morphotypes, and molecular results confirm the membership of these gastropods to the Hygromiidae and revealed 4 different species: Candidula gigaxii, 2 species of Cernuella sp. and Xeropicta derbentina. All infested snails were collected in wine cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study displays the first description of intermediate hosts of P. oryctolagi and the first report of X. derbentina as natural intermediate host of P. pulmonalis.
authors.affiliation: EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France. lesage.celia@gmail.com.|Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 5 rue de Saint Thibaud, 78610, Auffargis, France. lesage.celia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.affiliation: EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France. cecile.patrelle@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patrelle
authors.affiliation: USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-Université Perpignan, Perpignan, France. vrignaud.sylvain@free.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vrignaud
authors.affiliation: Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Direction des études et de la recherche, 5 rue de Saint Thibaud, 78610, Auffargis, France. anouk.decors@oncfs.gouv.fr.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decors
authors.affiliation: EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France. hubert.ferte@univ-reims.fr.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ferté
authors.affiliation: EA 4688 (VECPAR), UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096, Reims, France. damien.jouet@univ-reims.fr.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jouet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005602:France; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000469:parasitology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008681:Metastrongyloidea / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008853:Microscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012908:Snails / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S