title: Self-reported sitting time and physical activity: interactive associations with mental well-being and productivity in office employees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about how sitting time, alone or in combination with markers of physical activity (PA), influences mental well-being and work productivity. Given the need to develop workplace PA interventions that target employees' health related efficiency outcomes; this study examined the associations between self-reported sitting time, PA, mental well-being and work productivity in office employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cross-sectional study. Spanish university office employees (n = 557) completed a survey measuring socio-demographics, total and domain specific (work and travel) self-reported sitting time, PA (International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version), mental well-being (Warwick-Edinburg Mental Well-Being Scale) and work productivity (Work Limitations Questionnaire). Multivariate linear regression analyses determined associations between the main variables adjusted for gender, age, body mass index and occupation. PA levels (low, moderate and high) were introduced into the model to examine interactive associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher volumes of PA were related to higher mental well-being, work productivity and spending less time sitting at work, throughout the working day and travelling during the week, including the weekends (p < 0.05). Greater levels of sitting during weekends was associated with lower mental well-being (p < 0.05). Similarly, more sitting while travelling at weekends was linked to lower work productivity (p < 0.05). In highly active employees, higher sitting times on work days and occupational sitting were associated with decreased mental well-being (p < 0.05). Higher sitting times while travelling on weekend days was also linked to lower work productivity in the highly active (p < 0.05). No significant associations were observed in low active employees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employees' PA levels exerts different influences on the associations between sitting time, mental well-being and work productivity. The specific associations and the broad sweep of evidence in the current study suggest that workplace PA strategies to improve the mental well-being and productivity of all employees should focus on reducing sitting time alongside efforts to increase PA.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Universitat de Vic, Barcelona, Spain. annam.puig@uvic.cat.|Departament de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Universitat de Vic, Carrer de la Sagrada Família, 7, 08500, Vic (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain. annam.puig@uvic.cat.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puig-Ribera
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain. ivanmartinez@uvigo.es.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez-Lemos
authors.affiliation: Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain. mariagg@blanquerna.url.edu.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giné-Garriga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain. angelmanuel.gonzalez@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Ángel Manuel
authors.initials: ÁM
authors.lastname: González-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Departament de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Universitat de Vic, Barcelona, Spain. judit.bort@uvic.cat.
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bort-Roig
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, FCS Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull. Esport3 Association, Barcelona, Spain. jesusfg@blanquerna.url.edu.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fortuño
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain. lmunoz.bnm.ics@gencat.cat.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK. j.mckenna@leedsmet.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. ngilson@hms.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace