title: Dietary antioxidant capacity of the patients with cardiovascular disease in a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to establish sources and patterns of antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid intakes in men and women with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects with CVD and healthy controls (HC) were participants of the Polish National Multicenter Health Survey (WOBASZ). Food intakes were measured with the 1-day 24-hour recall method. A self-developed database was used to calculate dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC), dietary total polyphenol content (DTPC) and dietary total flavonoid content (DTFC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DTAC did not differ between the men with CVD and HC men (6442 vs. 6066 μmol trolox equivalents - TE), but in the women with CVD it was significantly higher than in the HC women (6182 vs. 5500 μmol TE). The main sources of antioxidants in the males with CVD were: tea, coffee, apples, and nuts and seeds, and tea, coffee and apples in HC. In the females they were: tea, coffee, apples and strawberries, both in the women with CVD and HC. DTPC in the men with CVD did not differ from HC (1198 vs. 1114 mg gallic acid equivalents, GAE). In the females, DTPC was significantly higher in the subjects with CVD as compared to HC (1075 vs. 981 mg GAE). Predominant sources of polyphenols were: tea, coffee, cabbage, potatoes, apples and white bread in the men with CVD, and tea, coffee, potatoes, white bread and apples in HC, while in the women (both with CVD and HC): tea, coffee, apples, potatoes and cabbage. No differences in DTFC have been found between the males with CVD and HC (212 vs. 202 mg quercetine equivalents, QE). In the women with CVD, DTFC was significantly higher than in HC (200 vs. 177 mg QE). Main sources of flavonoids in all participants (men and women, CVD and HC) were tea, apples, cabbage and coffee.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polish men and women faced with CVD beneficially modify their dietary practices by enhancing intakes of foods that are sources of antioxidants, polyphenols and flavonoids. Different sources and patterns of antioxidant, polyphenol and flavonoid intakes, however, between male and female patients with CVD were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Szpitalna 37, Bialystok, 15-295, Poland. malgorzata.zujko@umb.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zujko
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Szpitalna 37, Bialystok, 15-295, Poland. witam@umb.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Witkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Niemodlińska 33, Warsaw, 04-635, Poland. awaskiewicz@ikard.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waśkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Niemodlińska 33, Warsaw, 04-635, Poland. walekpio@ikard.pl.
authors.forename: Walerian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Szpitalna 37, Bialystok, 15-295, Poland. katarzyna.terlikowska@umb.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Terlikowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols