title: Gypenosides attenuate the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gypenosides (GPS) and ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX) show anxiolytic effects on affective disorders in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Long-term administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) leads to the development of severe motor side effects such as L-DOPA-induced-dyskinesia (LID) in PD. The present study investigated the effects of GPS and GP-EX on LID in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily administration of L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD for 22 days induced expression of LID, which was determined by the body and locomotive AIMs scores and contralateral rotational behaviors. However, co-treatments of GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg) with L-DOPA significantly attenuated the development of LID without compromising the anti-parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA. In addition, the increases in ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats induced by L-DOPA administration were significantly reduced by co-treatment with GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) and GP-EX (50 mg/kg) effectively attenuate the development of LID by modulating the biomarker activities of ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. GPS and GP-EX will be useful adjuvant therapeutics for LID in PD.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. wannaks@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Keon Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. t-t-zhao@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. kenzo9725@hanmai.net.
authors.forename: Keun Hong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. bwind77@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hyun Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. byhwang@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bang Yeon
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. cklee@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chong Kil
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea. myklee@chungbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Myung Koo
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D029774:Gynostemma / Q000737:chemistry; D007980:Levodopa / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D016627:Oxidopamine; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; C483820:Fosb protein, rat; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012997:Solvents; C474918:gypenoside; D000431:Ethanol; D007980:Levodopa; D016627:Oxidopamine