title: Healthy life expectancy and the correlates of self-rated health in Bangladesh in 1996 and 2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Life expectancy (LE) at birth has increased steadily in Bangladesh since its independence. When people live longer, quality of life becomes a central issue. This study examines whether healthy life expectancy (HLE) at ages 15, 25, 35, and 45 is keeping pace with LE at those ages between 1996 and 2002. It also seeks to investigate the correlates of self-rated health (SRH) in 1996 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the World Values Survey conducted in 1996 and 2002 among individuals 15 years and older. The Sullivan method was used to compute HLE. Socio-demographic differences and their association with different states of health were examined by chi-square and Pearson's correlation tests. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to examine the correlates of SRH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that perceived health improved between 1996 and 2002. For males, statistically significant increases in the expected number of years lived in good SRH were found. Proportionally, in 2002, both males and females at ages 15, 25, 35 and 45 expected more life years in good health and fewer life years in fair and poor health than did their counterparts in 1996. Comparatively, males expected fewer life years spent in good health but a much larger proportion of expected life in good health than did females. Finally, in multivariate analyses, life satisfaction was the only factor found to be significantly and positively associated with SRH for males and females in both years, although in both years the association was much more pronounced for females than for males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study documented changes in HLE during 1996-2002. Women outlive men, but they have a lower quality of life and are more likely to live a greater part of their remaining life in poor SRH. Life satisfaction as well as other significant factors associated with SRH should be promoted, with special attention given to women, to improve healthy life expectancy and the quality of life of the Bangladeshi people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. tareque_pshd@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Ismail
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tareque
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Institute for the Sciences and Humanities, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan. saito.yasuhiko@nihon-u.ac.jp.|School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan. saito.yasuhiko@nihon-u.ac.jp.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. saito.yasuhiko@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Management and Planning, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. kk.hcm@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawahara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D057566:Self Report; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult