title: Investigation of Pathogenesis of H1N1 Influenza Virus and Swine Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Co-Infection in Pigs by Microarray Analysis.
abstract: Swine influenza virus and Streptococcus suis are two important contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex, and both have significant economic impacts. Clinically, influenza virus and Streptococcus suis co-infections in pigs are very common, which often contribute to severe pneumonia and can increase the mortality. However, the co-infection pathogenesis in pigs is unclear. In the present study, co-infection experiments were performed using swine H1N1 influenza virus and Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2). The H1N1-SS2 co-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical symptoms, serious pathological changes, and robust apoptosis of lungs at 6 days post-infection compared with separate H1N1 and SS2 infections. A comprehensive gene expression profiling using a microarray approach was performed to investigate the global host responses of swine lungs against the swine H1N1 infection, SS2 infection, co-infection, and phosphate-buffered saline control. Results showed 457, 411, and 844 differentially expressed genes in the H1N1, SS2, and H1N1-SS2 groups, respectively, compared with the control. Noticeably, genes associated with the immune, inflammatory, and apoptosis responses were highly overexpressed in the co-infected group. Pathway analysis indicated that the cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, MAPK, toll-like receptor, complement and coagulation cascades, antigen processing and presentation, and apoptosis pathway were significantly regulated in the co-infected group. However, the genes related to these were less regulated in the separate H1N1 and SS2 infection groups. This observation suggested that a certain level of synergy was induced by H1N1 and SS2 co-infection with significantly stronger inflammatory and apoptosis responses, which may lead to more serious respiratory disease syndrome and pulmonary pathological lesion.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Canhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ruifang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaokun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lianzhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meilin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D065288:Serogroup; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral