title: Differential Gene Expression Profile in the Rat Caudal Vestibular Nucleus is Associated with Individual Differences in Motion Sickness Susceptibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify differentially expressed genes associated with motion sickness (MS) susceptibility in the rat caudal vestibular nucleus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified MS susceptible (MSS) and insusceptible (inMSS) rats by quantifying rotation-induced MS symptoms: defecation and spontaneous locomotion activity. Microarray analysis was used to screen differentially expressed genes in the caudal vestibular nucleus (CVN) after rotation. Plasma stress hormones were identified by radioimmunoassay. Candidate genes were selected by bioinformatics analysis and the microarray results were verified by real-time quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) methods. By using Elvax implantation, receptor antagonists or recombinant adenovirus targeting the candidate genes were applied to the CVN to evaluate their contribution to MS susceptibility variability. Validity of gene expression manipulation was verified by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 304 transcripts were differentially expressed in the MSS group compared with the inMSS group. RT-qPCR analysis verified the expression pattern of candidate genes, including nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAchR) α3 subunit, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R), tachykinin neurokinin-1 (NK1R), γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR) α6 subunit, olfactory receptor 81 (Olr81) and homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein 1 (Shc1). In MSS animals, the nAchR antagonist mecamylamine significantly alleviated rotation-induced MS symptoms and the plasma β-endorphin response. The NK1R antagonist CP99994 and Olr81 knock-down were effective for the defecation response, while the 5-HT4R antagonist RS39604 and Shc1 over-expression showed no therapeutic effect. In inMSS animals, rotation-induced changes in spontaneous locomotion activity and the plasma β-endorphin level occurred in the presence of the GABAAR antagonist gabazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that the variability of the CVN gene expression profile after motion stimulation might be a putative molecular basis for individual differences in MS susceptibility and provide information for the development of new therapeutic strategies for MSS individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Qin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Rui
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei-Lei
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059467:Transcriptome; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones