title: Premedication with clonidine versus fentanyl for intraoperative hemodynamic stability and recovery outcome during laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia induced intraoperative hemodynamic responses which should be attenuated by appropriate premedication. The present study was aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of clonidine and fentanyl premedication during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for attenuation of hemodynamic responses with postoperative recovery outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective randomized double blind study 64 adult consented patients of either sex with ASA I and II, scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia and met the inclusion criteria, were allocated into two groups of 32 patients. Group C patients have received intravenous clonidine 1μg kg(-1) and Group F patients have received intravenous fentanyl 2μg kg(-1) 5 min before induction. Anesthetic and surgical techniques were standardized. All patients were assessed for intraoperative hemodynamic changes at specific time and postoperative recovery outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premedication with clonidine or fentanyl has attenuated the hemodynamic responses of laryngoscopy and laparoscopy. Clonidine was superior to fentanyl for intraoperative hemodynamic stability. No significant differences in the postoperative recovery outcome were observed between the groups. Nausea, vomiting, shivering and respiratory depression were comparable between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Premedication with clonidine or fentanyl has effectively attenuated the intraoperative hemodynamic responses of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kumkum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mahima
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lakhanpal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio diagnosis, Imaging and Interventional Radiology, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prashant K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bhawna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, N.S.C.B. Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekananda Subharti University, Subhartipuram, NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiwari
keywords: Clonidine; fentanyl; hemodynamic response; laparoscopic cholecystectomy; laryngoscopy; pneumoperitoneum