title: Predictor variables for forward scapular posture including posterior shoulder tightness.
abstract: The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the relationships between the degree of forward scapular posture and the pectoralis minor index, the strength of the serratus anterior, the thoracic spine angle, and posterior shoulder tightness, and (2) to identify predictors of forward scapular posture, including posterior shoulder tightness. The study recruited eighteen subjects with forward scapular posture and objectively measured the acromion distance, the pectoralis minor index, and the strength of the serratus anterior muscle of each participant. The amount of glenohumeral horizontal adduction and internal rotation were evaluated to measure posterior shoulder tightness. There were high intra-rater reliabilities in all measurements. The measurement results showed a statistically strong negative correlation between the degree of forward scapular posture and the pectoralis minor index. They also revealed a moderate positive correlation between the degree of forward scapular posture and the thoracic spine angle and a moderate negative relationship between the degree of forward scapular posture and the amount of the glenohumeral horizontal adduction. A multiple regression analysis indicated that a total multiple regression model explained 93% of the amount of forward scapular posture. All predictor variables, including posterior shoulder tightness, should be considered while assessing, managing, and preventing forward scapular posture.
authors.affiliation: Applied Kinesiology and Ergonomic Technology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of South Korea. Electronic address: jihyun.lee@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Applied Kinesiology and Ergonomic Technology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of South Korea. Electronic address: cynn@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Heon-seock
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cynn
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Republic of South Korea. Electronic address: pteagle@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chung-Hwi
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Republic of South Korea. Electronic address: kwonoy@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Oh-yun
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Applied Kinesiology and Ergonomic Technology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Won-ju, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of South Korea. Electronic address: free0829@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tae-Lim
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Forward scapular posture; Posterior shoulder tightness; Predictor