title: Simple multiplex PCR assays to detect common pathogens and associated genes encoding for acquired extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) or carbapenemases from surgical site specimens in Vietnam.
abstract: Surgical site infection (SSI) is common in Vietnamese post-operative patients. It contributes to increased morbidity, mortality, hospitalization time and health care expenditure. Bacterial culture is considered the gold standard procedure to identify SSI pathogens and antibiotic resistant properties; however, it can detect microbes that can readily grow and is time-consuming. We propose optimized multiplex PCR assays to diagnose the most relevant microbes and associated genes encoding for acquired extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) or carbapenemases from Vietnamese patients with SSI in a hospital setting in Hanoi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-one patients (n = 91) were collected in order to identify microbial pathogens and associated genes encoding for acquired extended spectrum betalactamases (ESBL) or carbapenemases by both conventional bacterial culture and in-house multiplex PCR assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel in-house multiplex PCR assays are comparable to the bacterial culture approach in screening for common pathogens causing SSI and for relevant genotypes conferring betalactam/carbapenem resistance for bacteria. This is the first report of Turkey-specific ESBL gene (PER-1) and two Oxacilinase families (Oxa23 and Oxa 58) in Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. tatrungngo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ngo Tat
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Trung
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. hiennguyen1810@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tran Thi Thu
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. tranthithanhhuyen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tran Thi Thanh
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Huyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. thanhflame@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dao Thanh
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Quyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. maibinhtieuhoa108@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mai Thanh
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Binh
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. phan_hoan2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Phan Quoc
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Hoan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. c.g.meyer@bni.uni-hamburg.de.
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. velavan@medizin.uni-tuebingen.de.|Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. velavan@medizin.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Thirumalaisamy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Velavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. lehuusong@108-icid.com.|Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam. lehuusong@108-icid.com.
authors.forename: Le Huu
authors.initials: le H
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase