title: Application of 256-channel dense array electroencephalographic source imaging in presurgical workup of temporal lobe epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the localization precision of 256-channel dense array electroencephalographic source imaging (dESI) in comparison to conventional noninvasive tools. In addition, the study was designed to analyze the relationship between the 256-channel dESI source patterns and surgical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent one-stage resective surgeries were recruited in this study. We compared dESI with other noninvasive evaluation methods by comparing results with resections that eliminate or significantly reduced seizures according to sub-lobule and lobule criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of multiple evaluation methods were calculated. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between source patterns and surgical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  dESI showed the best sensitivity (sub-lobule, 91.4%; lobule, 97.1%) and specificity (75%) for both sub-lobule and lobule criteria. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that cases with "single source" had better prognosis than with "multiple sources" (p<0.05); cases of "sources within resection" showed better surgical prognosis than cases of "sources outside resection" (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, 256-channel dESI provided a higher clinical yield than the other most broadly used noninvasive presurgical workup tools. dESI results with "single source" correlated strongly to good prognosis, while cases with "multiple sources" may cautiously be considered as candidates for one-stage resective surgeries. The resection of the irritative zone identified by interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) was related to good surgical prognosis in TLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the presurgical workup of TLE, the clinical yield of 256-channel dESI is high. Patterns of dESI results are related to surgical prognosis, and they can be instructive for presurgical planning. The resection of the irritative zone can be related to good surgical prognosis in TLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: jiehu68@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: lipanmr@sina.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shize
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liangfu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D057234:Preoperative Period
keywords: 256-channel dense array electroencephalographic source imaging; Conventional electroencephalography; Epileptogenic zone; Finite difference model; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography; Temporal lobe epilepsy