title: Risk factors for wound complications of closed calcaneal fractures after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To better clinical outcomes, open reduction and internal fixations (ORIFs) have been commonly performed in the case of closed displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (CDICFs). Nonetheless, postoperative wound complications remain a significant problem. Therefore, the aim of our study is to summarise relevant evidence investigating the risk factors for postoperative wound complications of CDICFs following ORIFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was conducted on relevant clinical studies to identify the risk factors for wound complications of CDICFs after ORIFs. Electronic databases were searched for all relevant studies up to October 2014. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality, and study-specific odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using the fixed-effects model or random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten observational studies involving 1559 patients with 1651 fractures were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that diabetes (OR, 9.76; p < 0.01), no drainage (OR, 5.86; p < 0.01), fracture severity (OR, 3.31; p < 0.01) and bone graft (OR, 1.74; p < 0.01) were the risk factors for wound complications of CDICFs after ORIFs. A trend of more wound complications in patients with a history of smoking was detected. However, female patients, ORIFs performed within 14 days of injury, smoking, hypertension and drinking did not significantly increase the risk of wound complications (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on available relevant evidence, bone graft, diabetes, no drainage and fracture severity were all associated with an increased risk of wound complications after ORIF for CDICFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. zhangweilook@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. 21318096@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Erman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. xuedeting@163.com.
authors.forename: Deting
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. yinhoufa@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Houfa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. panzhijunzw@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors