title: Mobility of coated and uncoated TiO2 nanomaterials in soil columns--Applicability of the tests methods of OECD TG 312 and 106 for nanomaterials.
abstract: Nanomaterials are commonly used in everyday life products and during their life cycle they can be released into the environment. Soils and sediments are estimated as significant sinks for those nanomaterials. To investigate and assess the behaviour of nanomaterials in soils and sediments standardized test methods are needed. In this study the applicability of two existing international standardized test guidelines for the testing of nanomaterials, OECD TG 106 "Adsorption/Desorption using a Bath Equilibrium Method" and the OECD TG 312 "Leaching in Soil Columns", were investigated. For the study one coated and two uncoated TiO2 nanomaterials were used, respectively. The results indicate that the OECD TG 106 is not applicable for nanomaterials. However, the test method according to OECD TG 312 was found to be applicable if nano-specific adaptations are applied. The mobility investigations of the OECD TG 312 indicated a material-dependent mobility of the nanomaterials, which in some cases may lead to an accumulation in the upper soil layers. Whereas no significant transport was observed for the uncoated materials for the double-coated material (coating with dimethicone and aluminiumoxide) a significant transport was detected and attributed to the coating.
authors.affiliation: IUTA e.V., Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, 47229 Duisburg, Germany. Electronic address: nickel@iuta.de.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nickel
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Mechanical Process Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabsch
authors.affiliation: IUTA e.V., Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hellack
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Mechanical Process Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nogowski
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Mechanical Process Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Babick
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Mechanical Process Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stintz
authors.affiliation: IUTA e.V., Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; CENIDE, Centre for NanoIntegration at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas A J
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuhlbusch
mesh_terms: D058735:Environmental Policy; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D066150:Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Applicability of OECD TG for nanomaterials; Coating stability; Mobility of nanomaterials in soil columns; OECD Testguideline 106; OECD Testguideline 312; TiO(2) nanomaterials