title: Tests over time: Evaluating the currency of normative data in a complex multilingual environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of oral language skills is challenging in multilingual environments. With language policies promoting increased use of English and reduction of dialectal varieties of languages, rapid changes in language further confound assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explores the currency of normative data on an expressive language screening tool in English for English-Mandarin bilingual Singaporean children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spoken language samples in English from 101 pre-school children were compared with those from 481 children in the original data collection in 2002. Scores for expressive vocabulary and morphosyntax were compared for the two main language groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that the normative data for English-dominant children are still current. The data for younger Mandarin-dominant children showed improved test scores, indicating improvement in expressive morphosyntax in English.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  English language competency has changed over time for Mandarin-dominant children in Singapore, likely due to the influence of language policy on language use. This is a particular challenge in multilingual environments. Current literature emphasizes the need to develop language assessments specific to populations and language groups for standardized assessments to be valid and reliable. These results demonstrate the need to monitor normative data and characteristics of language over time and to update standardized language assessments accordingly.
authors.affiliation: a Speech Pathology and Audiology Department, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brebner
authors.affiliation: b Division of Graduate Medical Studies, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chandler Yeo
authors.affiliation: a Speech Pathology and Audiology Department, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.
authors.forename: Magdeline Meilin
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: a Speech Pathology and Audiology Department, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.
authors.forename: Karryn Wanlin
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.affiliation: a Speech Pathology and Audiology Department, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia.
authors.forename: Wendy Su Fen
authors.initials: WSF
authors.lastname: Yeo
keywords: Bilingualism; assessment; language development