title: Upregulation of the zebrafish Nogo-A homologue, Rtn4b, in retinal ganglion cells is functionally involved in axon regeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to mammals, zebrafish successfully regenerate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons after optic nerve section (ONS). This difference is explained on the one hand by neurite growth inhibitors in mammals (including Nogo-A), as opposed to growth-promoting glial cells in the fish visual pathway, and on the other hand by the neuron-intrinsic properties allowing the upregulation of growth-associated proteins in fish RGCs but not in mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report that Rtn4b, the zebrafish homologue of mammalian Nogo-A/RTN4-A, is upregulated in axotomized zebrafish RGCs and is primarily associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Rtn4b functions as a neuron-intrinsic determinant for axon regeneration, as was shown by downregulating Rtn4b through retrogradely transported morpholinos (MOs), applied to the optic nerve at the time of ONS. MO1 and MO2 reduced the number of axons from retina explants in a concentration-dependent manner. With MO1, the reduction was 55% (70 μM MO1) and 74% (140 μM MO1), respectively, with MO2: 59% (70 μM MO2) and 73% (140 μM MO2), respectively (compared to the control MO-treated side). Moreover, regenerating axons 7d after ONS and MO1 or MO2 application were labeled by Alexa488, applied distal to the first lesion. The number of Alexa488 labeled RGCs, containing the Rtn4b MO1 or MO2, was reduced by 54% and 62%, respectively, over control MO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, Rtn4b is an important neuron-intrinsic component and required for the success of axon regeneration in the zebrafish visual system. The spontaneous lesion-induced upregulation of Rtn4b in fish correlates with an increase in ER, soma size, biosynthetic activity, and thus growth and predicts that mammalian neurons require the same upregulation in order to successfully regenerate RGC axons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. Cornelia.welte@uni-konstanz.de.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Welte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. Sarah.T.Engel@uni-konstanz.de.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. Claudia.Stuermer@uni-konstanz.de.
authors.forename: Claudia A O
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stuermer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001370:Axonal Transport; D019771:Axotomy; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000494:pharmacology; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D015027:Zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D060172:Morpholinos; D009185:Myelin Proteins; C000592545:Rtn4b protein, zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins