title: Validation of NINDS-CSN neuropsychological battery for vascular cognitive impairment in Chinese stroke patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The NINDS-Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS-CSN) recommended a neuropsychological battery of three protocols to diagnose vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), however, due to culture and language differences, the battery cannot be directly used in China. Validation of the battery in mandarin Chinese is lacking. Our study investigated the reliability and validity of the adapted Chinese versions of the battery in stroke patients with high probability of VCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty mild stroke patients (median of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score, 2) and 50 stroke-free normal controls were recruited. All subjects' demographics, clinical history, and stroke severity were recorded. The NINDS-CSN neuropsychological protocols were adapted into the Chinese versions. External validity, defined as the ability of the protocol summary scores to differentiate stroke patients from controls, was determined using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics curve. We also evaluated internal consistency and intra-rater reliability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke patients performed significantly poorer than controls on all three protocols (F statistics between 24.9 and 31.4, P < 0.001). External validity evaluated by AUCs was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.95), 0.88 (95% CI, 0.81-0.94), and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79-0.94) for the 60-min, 30-min and 5-min protocols, respectively. Cronbach's alpha of the cognitive tests was 0.87 for all subjects. Intra-rater reliability was acceptable with intraclass correlation coefficients 0.90, 0.83 and 0.75 for the 60-min, 30-min and 5-min protocols, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adapted Chinese versions of three NINDS-CSN neuropsychological protocols were valid and reliable for assessing VCI in Chinese patients with mild stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. cxl@smail.nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiangliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. adrianwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. yeruid@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruidong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. xiaolulu1107@126.com.
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. wangzhaojun1@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. Linying@163.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. yangfang021011@163.com.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. lihuady@yahoo.com.cn.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. Ting_F@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. dlh827@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lihui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. 15850518375@163.com.
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. daiql1989@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Qiliang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. dujuan_200988@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. gelinxu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gelin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China. vctmok@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. caloriey@163.com.
authors.forename: Yunyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, , Jiangsu, China. xfliu2@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Xinfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055825:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.); D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States