title: Oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by ketorolac on the common carp Cyprinus carpio.
abstract: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac is extensively used in the treatment of acute postoperative pain. This pharmaceutical has been found at concentrations of 0.2-60 µg/L in diverse water bodies around the world; however, its effects on aquatic organisms remain unknown. The present study, evaluated the oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by sublethal concentrations of ketorolac (1 and 60 µg/L) on liver, brain, and blood of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. This toxicant induced oxidative damage (increased lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxide content, and protein carbonyl content) as well as changes in antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity) in liver and brain of carp. In blood, ketorolac increased the frequency of micronuclei and is therefore genotoxic for the test species. The effects observed were time and concentration dependent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1035-1043, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Unidad Analítica de la Unidad de Farmacología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina - UNAM, Nezahualcóyotl, Edo de México.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Olivan
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-Coyotl
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Monroy
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacia, Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Arrazola-Morgain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D020910:Ketorolac
keywords: Cyprinus carpio; DNA; antioxidant enzymes; genotoxicity; hydroperoxides; ketorolac; lipid peroxidation; micronucleus; oxidative stress; oxidized proteins