title: Ubiquitinated proteins enriched from tumor cells by a ubiquitin binding protein Vx3(A7) as a potent cancer vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies have demonstrated that autophagosome-enriched vaccine (named DRibbles: DRiPs-containing blebs) induce a potent anti-tumor efficacy in different murine tumor models, in which DRibble-containing ubiquitinated proteins are efficient tumor-specific antigen source for the cross-presentation after being loaded onto dendritic cells. In this study, we sought to detect whether ubiquitinated proteins enriched from tumor cells could be used directly as a novel cancer vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ubiquitin binding protein Vx3(A7) was used to isolate ubiquitinated proteins from EL4 and B16-F10 tumor cells after blocking their proteasomal degradation pathway. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with different doses of Ub-enriched proteins via inguinal lymph nodes or subcutaneous injection and with DRibbles, Ub-depleted proteins and whole cell lysate as comparison groups, respectively. The lymphocytes from the vaccinated mice were re-stimulated with inactivated tumor cells and the levels of IFN-γ in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. Anti-tumor efficacy of Ub-enriched proteins vaccine was evaluated by monitoring tumor growth in established tumor mice models. Graphpad Prism 5.0 was used for all statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that after stimulation with inactivated tumor cells, the lymphocytes from the Ub-enriched proteins-vaccinated mice secreted high level of IFN-γ in dose dependent manner, in which the priming vaccination via inguinal lymph nodes injection induced higher IFN-γ level than that via subcutaneous injection. Moreover, the level of secreted IFN-γ in the Ub-enriched proteins group was markedly higher than that in the whole cell lysate and Ub-depleted proteins. Interestingly, the lymphocytes from mice vaccinated with Ub-enriched proteins, but not Ub-depleted proteins and whole cell lysates, isolated from EL4 or B16-F10 tumor cells also produced an obvious level of IFN-γ when stimulated alternately with inactivated B16-F10 or EL4 tumor cells. Furthermore, Ub-enriched proteins vaccine showed a significant inhibitory effect on in vivo growth of homologous tumor, as well as allogeneic tumor, compared with Ub-depleted proteins and tumor cell lysate. Tumor growth was regressed after three times of vaccination with Ub-enriched proteins in contrast to other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicated that Ub-enriched proteins isolated from tumor cells may have a potential as a potent vaccine for immunotherapy against cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People's Republic of China. imm_moh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohanad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aldarouish
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People's Republic of China. luerduo@126.com.
authors.forename: Huzhan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People's Republic of China. zhou1989@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA. hong-ming.hu@providence.org.
authors.forename: Hong-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, People's Republic of China. lxwang@seu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D008223:Lymphoma; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D057149:Ubiquitinated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D057149:Ubiquitinated Proteins; D007371:Interferon-gamma