title: Urethral orifice hyaluronic acid injections: a novel animal model of bladder outlet obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We produced a novel model of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) by periurethral injection of hyaluronic acid and compared the cystometric features, postoperative complications, and histopathological changes of that model with that of traditional open surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Fifteen rats were subcutaneously injected with 0.2 ml hyaluronic acid at 5, 7, and 12 o'clock around the urethral orifice. Another fifteen rats underwent traditional open partial proximal urethral obstruction surgery, and 10 normal rats used as controls. After 4 weeks, filling cystometry, postoperative complications, and histopathological features were evaluated in each group. Three rats were also observed for 12 weeks after hyaluronic acid injection to evaluate the long-term effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyaluronic acid periurethral injection caused increased maximum cystometric capacity, maximum bladder pressure, micturition interval, and post-void residual urine volume compared with control (p < 0.01). The injection group had significantly shorter operative time, less incidence of incision infection and bladder stone formation compared with the surgery group (p < 0.01). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed suburothelial and interstitial hyperemia edema and smooth muscle hypertrophy in both injection and surgery bladders; these were not observed in the control group. Bladder weight and thickness of smooth muscle in the injection and surgery groups were significantly greater than those in the control group (p < 0.01). Urethral epithelial hyperplasia and lamina propria inflammation were observed in the surgery group but not in the injection or control groups. Rats periurethrally injected hyaluronic acid were stable the compound was not fully absorbed in any rat after 12 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyaluronic acid periurethral injection generates a simple, effective, and persistent animal model of BOO with lower complications, compared with traditional surgery.
authors.affiliation: Center of Urology, Southwest Hospita, Third Militar, Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. wangyongquan315@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Urology, Southwest Hospita, Third Militar, Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. xiongzhiyong@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. gongwei0851@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Center of Urology, Southwest Hospita, Third Militar, Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. zhouzhansong@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhansong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Center of Urology, Southwest Hospita, Third Militar, Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. lugeng8@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gensheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000187:drug effects*; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014563:Urodynamics
chemical_list: D006820:Hyaluronic Acid