title: Ketamine-Induced Modulation of the Thalamo-Cortical Network in Healthy Volunteers As a Model for Schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia has been associated with disturbances of thalamic functioning. In light of recent evidence suggesting a significant impact of the glutamatergic system on key symptoms of schizophrenia, we assessed whether modulation of the glutamatergic system via blockage of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor might lead to changes of thalamic functional connectivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the ketamine model of psychosis, we investigated changes in cortico-thalamic functional connectivity by intravenous ketamine challenge during a 55-minute resting-state scan. Thirty healthy volunteers were measured with pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional connectivity analysis revealed significant ketamine-specific changes within the thalamus hub network, more precisely, an increase of cortico-thalamic connectivity of the somatosensory and temporal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that changes of thalamic functioning as described for schizophrenia can be partly mimicked by NMDA-receptor blockage. This adds substantial knowledge about the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the profound changes of perception and behavior during the application of NMDA-receptor antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Höflich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Küblböck
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Georg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanicek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Windischberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saria
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria).
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Drs Höflich, Hahn, Kranz, Vanicek, Kasper, Winkler, and Lanzenberger), and MR Center of Excellence and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics (Mr Küblböck and Dr Windischberger), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Experimental Psychiatry Unit, Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (Dr Saria). rupert.lanzenberger@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanzenberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: functional MRI; glutamate; ketamine; schizophrenia; thalamus