title: Effects of probucol on restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a remained clinical problem which limits long-term success of PCI. Although there was recognition that probucol in treating restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, the efficacy of probucol on restenosis after stent-implantation is controversial. So this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between probucol and late restenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were assessed by four trained investigators, with divergences resolved by consensus. PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of clinical trials were searched for pertinent studies. Inclusion criteria were random allocated to treatment and a comparison of probucol-treated patients and control patients (not treated with lipid-lowering drug) undergoing PCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies with 859 subjects were analyzed. Major outcome, binary angiographic restenosis defined as >50% stenosis upon follow-up angiography, was significantly decreased with probucol treatment (RR = 0.59 [0.43, 0.80] among vessels, P = 0.0007; and RR = 0.52 [0.40, 0.68] among patients, P<0.00001). Probucol also increased the minimal luminal diameter (SMD = 0.45 [0.30, 0.61], P<0.00001) and decreased late loss upon follow-up after 6 months (SMD = -0.41 [-0.60, -0.22], P<0.0001). Moreover, there was a significantly lower incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the probucol group than control group (RR = 0.69 [0.51, 0.93], P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Probucol is more than a lipid-lowering drug. It is also effective in reducing the risk of restenosis and incidence of MACE after PCI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jichen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Menghao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Weiguang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: TianTian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haowei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011341:Probucol / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D011341:Probucol