title: Participatory health councils and good governance: healthy democracy in Brazil?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Brazilian Government created Participatory Health Councils (PHCs) to allow citizen participation in the public health policy process. PHCs are advisory bodies that operate at all levels of government and that bring together different societal groups to monitor Brazil's health system. Today they are present in 98% of Brazilian cities, demonstrating their popularity and thus their potential to help ensure that health policies are in line with citizen preferences. Despite their expansive reach, their real impact on health policies and health outcomes for citizens is uncertain. We thus ask the following question: Do PHCs offer meaningful opportunities for open participation and influence in the public health policy process?
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight semi-structured interviews with health council members were conducted. Data from these interviews were analyzed using a qualitative interpretive content analysis approach. A quantitative analysis of PHC data from the Sistema de Acompanhamento dos Conselhos de Saude (SIACS) database was also conducted to corroborate findings from the interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We learned that PHCs fall short in many of the categories of good governance. Government manipulation of the agenda and leadership of the PHCs, delays in the implementation of PHC decision making, a lack of training of council members on relevant technical issues, the largely narrow interests of council members, the lack of transparency and monitoring guidelines, a lack of government support, and a lack of inclusiveness are a few examples that highlight why PHCs are not as effective as they could be.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although PHCs are intended to be inclusive and participatory, in practice they seem to have little impact on the health policymaking process in Brazil. PHCs will only be able to fulfil their mandate when we see good governance largely present. This will require a rethinking of their governance structures, processes, membership, and oversight. If change is resisted, the PHCs will remain largely limited to a good idea in theory that is disappointing in practice.
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Munk School of Global Affairs and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. jillian.kohler@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Jillian Clare
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. g.martinezmalagon@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Martha Gabriela
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D003709:Democracy; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods; D011640:Public Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*