title: Stimulation frequency determines the distribution of language positive cortical regions during navigated transcranial magnetic brain stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although language mapping by repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) gains importance in neuropsychological research and clinical utility, neuroscientists still use different mapping protocols including different stimulation frequencies. To refine the existing language protocol, we tested two different repetition rates of 5 Hz/10 pulses and 7 Hz/10 pulses with a 0 ms delay in 19 healthy subjects. We furthermore investigated differences between both frequencies in case of performance of four different language tasks: object naming, pseudoword reading, verb generation, and action naming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even the small variance in frequencies revealed statistically significant differences concerning the number and type of language errors. Stimulation with 5 Hz evoked a higher number of all occurred language errors in all language tasks (error rate object naming 14% (5 Hz) vs. 12% (7 Hz); pseudoword reading 4% (5 Hz) vs. 3% (7 Hz); verb generation 13% (5 Hz) vs. 11% (7 Hz); action naming 11% (5 Hz) vs. 9% (7 Hz)), whereas 7 Hz evoked specifically more total speech arrests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the stimulation frequency has to be adapted to the aim of the rTMS language investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Theresa.Hauck@tum.de.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Linguistics, Philology, & Phonetics, University of Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford, OX1 2HG, UK. Noriko.Tanigawa@ling-phil.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Monika.Probst@tum.de.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Wohlschlaeger@tum.de.
authors.forename: Afra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wohlschlaeger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Ille.Sebastian@web.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ille
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Nico.Sollmann@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sollmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. S.Maurer@tum.de.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Claus.Zimmer@tum.de.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Florian.Ringel@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ringel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Bernhard.Meyer@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. Sandro.Krieg@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Sandro M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Krieg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult