title: Comparisons of urinary phthalate metabolites and daily phthalate intakes among Japanese families.
abstract: We measured urinary phthalate metabolites, including di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-isobutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from 178 school-aged children and their 284 family members using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and we calculated daily phthalate intakes. The highest median levels of phthalate metabolites were for mono-isobutyl phthalate in all participants except schoolchildren, where the highest levels were for mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP). Comparing the schoolchildren with their parents, the schoolchildren had significantly higher urinary metabolites for MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, and ΣDEHP. Regarding daily intakes, the schoolchildren had significantly higher daily intakes of DnBP, BBzP, and ΣDEHP. All phthalate metabolite and sums of metabolite levels in the schoolchildren were positively correlated with their mothers' levels, except for MEHP, whereas fathers were less correlated with their children. The DEHP intake in this study was higher than that of most other studies. Moreover, 10% of the children and 3% of the adults exceeded the Reference Dose (RfD) value (20μg/kg/day) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which indicates that it is important to focus on children's DEHP exposure because the children exceeded the RfD more than adults among the same families who shared similar exposure sources. Our results will contribute to considerations of the regulations for some phthalates and the actual phthalate exposure levels in the Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ait Bamai
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Osaka Occupational Health service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Osaka Occupational Health service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan.
authors.forename: Tazuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; Asahikawa Medical University for Department of Health Science, E2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan. Electronic address: rkishi@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Children; Father–child pairs; Mother–child pairs; Phthalate exposure; Phthalate metabolites