title: Scoping review to identify potential non-antimicrobial interventions to mitigate antimicrobial resistance in commensal enteric bacteria in North American cattle production systems.
abstract: A scoping review was conducted to identify modifiable non-antimicrobial factors to reduce the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in cattle populations. Searches were developed to retrieve peer-reviewed published studies in animal, human and in vitro microbial populations. Citations were retained when modifiable non-antimicrobial factors or interventions potentially associated with antimicrobial resistance were described. Studies described resistance in five bacterial genera, species or types, and 40 antimicrobials. Modifiable non-antimicrobial factors or interventions ranged widely in type, and the depth of evidence in animal populations was shallow. Specific associations between a factor or intervention with antimicrobial resistance in a population (e.g. associations between organic systems and tetracycline susceptibility in E. coli from cattle) were reported in a maximum of three studies. The identified non-antimicrobial factors or interventions were classified into 16 themes. Most reported associations between the non-antimicrobial modifiable factors or interventions and antimicrobial resistance were not statistically significant (P > 0·05 and a confidence interval including 1), but when significant, the results were not consistent in direction (increase or decrease in antimicrobial resistance) or magnitude. Research is needed to better understand the impacts of promising modifiable factors or interventions on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance before any recommendations can be offered or adopted.
authors.affiliation: Population Medicine,University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology,Texas A&M University,TX,USA.
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Fajt
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathobiology,Texas A&M University,TX,USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Medical Sciences Library,Texas A&M University,TX,USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine,University of Illinois,IL,USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wickwire
authors.affiliation: Population Medicine,University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: McEwen
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002170:Canada; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial resistance in agricultural settings; epidemiology; veterinary epidemiology