title: Coupling of an enzymatic biofuel cell to an electrochemical cell for self-powered glucose sensing with optical readout.
abstract: A miniaturized biofuel cell (BFC) is powering an electrolyser invoking a glucose concentration dependent formation of a dye which can be determined spectrophotometrically. This strategy enables instrument free analyte detection using the analyte-dependent BFC current for triggering an optical read-out system. A screen-printed electrode (SPE) was used for the immobilization of the enzymes glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and bilirubin oxidase (BOD) for the biocatalytic oxidation of glucose and reduction of molecular oxygen, respectively. The miniaturized BFC was switched-on using small sample volumes (ca. 60 μL) leading to an open-circuit voltage of 567 mV and a maximal power density of (6.8±0.6) μW cm(-2). The BFC power was proportional to the glucose concentration in a range from 0.1 to 1.0 mM (R(2)=0.991). In order to verify the potential instrument-free analyte detection the BFC was directly connected to an electrochemical cell comprised of an optically-transparent SPE modified with methylene green (MG). The reduction of the electrochromic reporter compound invoked by the voltage and current flow applied by the BFC let to MG discoloration, thus allowing the detection of glucose.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Piyanut
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinyou
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conzuelo
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirill
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sliozberg
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeevanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vivekananthan
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Contin
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pöller
authors.affiliation: Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) - Molecular Nanostructures, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plumeré
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.schuhmann@rub.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000201:enzymology; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D042843:Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C042401:bilirubin oxidase; C028673:methylene green; D005947:Glucose; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: Biofuel cell; Glucose determination; Instrument-free analysis; Optical read-out; Screen-printed electrode; Self-powered device