title: The mechanical interactions between an American football cleat and playing surfaces in-situ at loads and rates generated by elite athletes: a comparison of playing surfaces.
abstract: This study quantified the mechanical interactions between an American football cleat and eight surfaces used by professional American football teams. Loading conditions were applied with a custom-built testing apparatus designed to represent play-relevant maneuvers of elite athletes. Two natural grass and six infill artificial surfaces were tested with the cleated portion of a shoe intended for use on either surface type. In translation tests with a 2. 8-kN vertical load, the grass surfaces limited the horizontal force on the cleats by tearing. This tearing was not observed with the artificial surfaces, which allowed less motion and generated greater horizontal force (3.2 kN vs. 4.5 kN, p < 0.05). Similarly, rotation tests generated less angular displacement and greater torque on the artificial surfaces (145 N m vs. 197 N m, p < 0.05). Translation/drop tests, in which the foot-form was launched into the surfaces with both horizontal and vertical velocity components generated less peak horizontal force on the natural surfaces than on the artificial surfaces (2.4 kN vs. 3.0 kN, p < 0.05). These results suggest a force-limiting mechanism inherent to natural grass surfaces. Future work should consider implications of these findings for performance and injury risk and should evaluate the findings' sensitivity to cleat pattern and playing conditions.
authors.affiliation: a University of Virginia Center for Applied Biomechanics , Charlottesville , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lessley
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004777:Environment; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D012399:Rotation; D012775:Shoes; D019876:Sports Equipment; D019415:Torque; D014481:United States
keywords: Equipment; injury; performance