title: The Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale: Development and preliminary validation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to develop an instrument to measure "internalized racism" called appropriated racial oppression for people of Color.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generated items were reviewed by experts in the areas of multicultural psychology and scale construction. A total sample of 656 adults was collected in 2 phases: The first phase consisted of 341 adults (Age: M = 35, SD = 12.05). Of these, 99 were Black, 70 multiracial, 61 Asian, 61 Latino, 37 Native American, 10 identified as "other," and 3 participants did not answer. Most were female (n = 256), and heterosexual (n = 277). In the second phase, there were 315 adults (Age: M = 35; SD = 12.05). Eighty were Black, 68 Multiracial, 56 Asian, 54 Latino, 40 Native American, 16 were other and 1 participant did not answer. Two-thirds were female (n = 216) and heterosexual (n = 251).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 341 adult participants' responses were used to run exploratory factor analysis that revealed a 32-item, 4-factor structure for the construct of appropriated racial oppression. The 315 adult participants' data were used in a confirmatory factor analysis that resulted in a 4-factor, 24-item model fit. To test for both predictive and criterion-related validity, a path analysis was conducted. Results of the path analysis demonstrated significant relationships between appropriated racial oppression and anxiety and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been found that there is preliminary evidence for the validity of the newly developed Appropriated Racial Oppression Scale. Moreover, results of this study provide critical information in assisting clinicians treating individuals with appropriated racial oppression.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University.
authors.forename: Rebecca Rangel
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Campón
authors.affiliation: Columbia University.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult