title: Developmental genetic bases behind the independent origin of the tympanic membrane in mammals and diapsids.
abstract: The amniote middle ear is a classical example of the evolutionary novelty. Although paleontological evidence supports the view that mammals and diapsids (modern reptiles and birds) independently acquired the middle ear after divergence from their common ancestor, the developmental bases of these transformations remain unknown. Here we show that lower-to-upper jaw transformation induced by inactivation of the Endothelin1-Dlx5/6 cascade involving Goosecoid results in loss of the tympanic membrane in mouse, but causes duplication of the tympanic membrane in chicken. Detailed anatomical analysis indicates that the relative positions of the primary jaw joint and first pharyngeal pouch led to the coupling of tympanic membrane formation with the lower jaw in mammals, but with the upper jaw in diapsids. We propose that differences in connection and release by various pharyngeal skeletal elements resulted in structural diversity, leading to the acquisition of the tympanic membrane in two distinct manners during amniote evolution.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.affiliation: 1] Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takechi
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Noritaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: volution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National, d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narboux-Nême
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa-Tomita
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hitomi
authors.affiliation: volution des Régulations Endocriniennes, CNRS UMR 7221, Muséum National, d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Cedex 05 75231, France.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuratani
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan [3] Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8914, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurihara
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051956:Goosecoid Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008116:Lizards / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D008334:Mandible / Q000196:embryology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012754:Sharks / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: C501120:Dlx5 protein, mouse; C100597:Dlx6 protein, mouse; D019332:Endothelin-1; D051956:Goosecoid Protein; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C107965:Nkx3-2 protein, mouse; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D014157:Transcription Factors; C070835:PAX1 transcription factor