title: Surface modification and local orientations of surface molecules in nanotherapeutics.
abstract: Nanotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool for various therapeutic applications, solving many difficulties in both diagnosis and treatment. However, many obstacles in complex biological systems have impeded the successful application of therapeutic nanoparticles, and fine-tuning nanoparticle properties have become extremely important in developing highly effective nanomedicines. To this end, particles have been engineered in various ways, with a special emphasis on surface modifications. The nanoparticle surface contacts the biological environment, and is a crucial determinant of the response. Thus, surface coating, surface charge, conjugated molecules, shape, and topography have enormous impacts on the total behavior of nanoparticles, including their biodistribution, stability, target localization, cellular interaction, uptake, drug release, and toxicity. Hence, engineering of the particle surface would provide wider dimensions of control for the specific and precise functions in the development of smart nanomedicines. Moreover, local orientation of nanoparticles in vivo and orientations of surface molecules are critical for their efficacy. Herein, we analyze surface functionalities, focusing on their mechanisms and respective advantages, and summarize results of surface engineering and renovating applications of nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Lutful
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy and Biotechnology, Myongji University, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dongkeeyi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dong Kee
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: seong.an@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seong Soo A
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004798:Enzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D004798:Enzymes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011108:Polymers
keywords: Drug delivery; Nanotoxicity; Surface engineering; Surface orientation; Surface topography; Targeting strategy