title: Black-White differences in the relationship between alcohol drinking patterns and mortality among US men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated Black-White differences in the association between average alcohol drinking patterns and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled nationally representative samples of 152 180 adults in the National Health Interview Survey from 1997 to 2002 with mortality follow-up through 2006. Usual drinking days per week and level of alcohol consumed per day were based on self-report. We used race- and gender-specific Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to adjust for physical activity, smoking status, and other potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 9 years, 13 366 deaths occurred from all causes. For men, the lowest multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for total mortality among drinkers was 0.81 among White men who consumed 1 to 2 drinks 3 to 7 days per week (compared with abstainers) and Black men who abstained. For women, the lowest mortality risk was among White women (HR = 0.71) consuming 1 drink per day 3 to 7 days per week and Black women (HR = 0.72) consuming 1 drink on 2 or fewer days per week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risks and benefits of alcohol consumption in relation to mortality risk were dependent on race- and gender-specific drinking patterns.
authors.affiliation: Chandra L. Jackson is with the Clinical and Translational Science Center, Harvard Catalyst, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Frank B. Hu and Eric B. Rimm are with the Nutrition Department, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Ichiro Kawachi and David R. Williams are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Kenneth J. Mukamal is with the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Chandra L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People