title: Post-craniotomy headache: a clinical view with a focus on the persistent form.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Post-craniotomy headache is a frequent complication of neurosurgical procedures and is often a challenge for neurosurgeons, neurologists, and headache specialists.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a narrative review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical trauma, adherence of the musculature to the dura mater, peripheral nerve injury, development of neurinomas in the surgical scar, and central sensitization may be involved in the genesis of such headaches. Performing smaller craniotomies, replacement of the bone (craniotomy), performing cranioplasty, and infiltration of the surgical site with local anesthesia at the end of the surgical procedure are strategies used to prevent such headaches. Among the most frequent characteristics of post-craniotomy headaches are that they start on the first days after the operation, are located on the same side as and at the site of the surgical scar, and improve with the passage of time. Depression, anxiety, and temporomandibular disorders are frequently associated with these headaches. Abortive treatment such as opioids, ordinary analgesics, non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs, and triptans can be administered. There have been reports of improvements using sodium divalproex, verapamil, and local anesthetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-craniotomy headaches can have significant repercussions on patients' quality of life. There is a need for clinical trials evaluating therapeutic options for treatment of this type of headache.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.|Headache Clinic, Hospital Universitário Osvaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Augusto Sampaio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Filho
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: craniotomy; headache; neurosurgical procedure; pain