title: Levels, indoor-outdoor relationships and exposure risks of airborne particle-associated perchlorate and chlorate in two urban areas in Eastern Asia.
abstract: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM2.5-associated perchlorate (ClO4(-)) and chlorate (ClO3(-)) were investigated in Jinan, China, and size-resolved perchlorate and chlorate were studied in Kumamoto, Japan. The average outdoor PM2.5-associated concentrations of perchlorate and chlorate were 4.18 ng m(-3) and 2.82 ng m(-3), respectively, in Jinan. Perchlorate and chlorate were mainly distributed in fine particles, and their approximate PM2.5-associated concentrations were 0.04 ng m(-3) and 4.14 ng m(-3), respectively, in Kumamoto. The ratios of ClO3(-)/ClO4(-) ranged from 18.72 to 360.22 in Kumamoto and from 0.03 to 7.45 in Jinan. The highest concentration of perchlorate (173.76 ng m(-3)) was observed on Spring Festival Eve. This finding and the significant correlation between perchlorate and fireworks-related components (Cl(-) and K(+)) indicated that the fireworks display was a significant source of perchlorate in Jinan. The indoor concentrations of perchlorate and chlorate in Jinan were 3.54 ng m(-3) (range, 0.14-125.14 ng m(-3)) and 0.94 ng m(-3) (range, 0.10-1.80 ng m(-3)), respectively. In the absence of an indoor source of perchlorate, the occurrence of indoor concentrations higher than those found outdoors was a common effect of individual fireworks displays near the sampling sites, coupled with meteorological influences and poor indoor diffusion conditions. The exposure risks of perchlorate and chlorate indoors indicated that the potential risk of perchlorate exposure to children during fireworks displays is deserving of concern.
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. Electronic address: yanglingxiao@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lingxiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Xinfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Longfei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Caihong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Wenxing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D002704:Chlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D012306:Risk; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002704:Chlorates; D010472:Perchlorates; C494474:perchlorate
keywords: Chlorate; Fireworks displays; Indoor–outdoor relationship; Perchlorate