title: Temporal and spatial temperature distributions on glabrous skin irradiated by a 1940 nm continuous-wave laser stimulator.
abstract: For predicting pain stimulation effects and avoiding damage in 1940nm laser evoked potentials (LEPs) experiments, a 2-layer finite element model (FEM-2) was constructed. A series of experiments were conducted on ex-vivo pig skin pieces to verify temperature distribution predicted by this model. Various laser powers and beam radii were employed. Experimental data of time-dependent temperature responses in different sub-skin depths and space-dependent surface temperature was recorded by thermocouple instrument. By comparing with the experimental data and model results, FEM-2 model was proved to predict temperature distributions accurately. A logarithmic relationship between laser power density and temperature increment was revealed by the results. It is concluded that power density is an effective parameter to estimate pain and damage effect. The obtained results also indicated that the proposed FEM-2 model can be extended to predict pain and damage thresholds of human skin samples and thus contribute to LEPs study.
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: Ji-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China ; Xiao-xi Dong and Ji-chun Yang contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xi
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China ; Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Electronic Engineering College, No.1310, Dagu South Road, Tianjin, 300222, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: Zhu-Ying
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Science &Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Laser Medicine, No.236, Baidi Road, Tianjin, 300192, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics; (140.3330) Laser damage; (140.3580) Lasers, solid-state; (140.6810) Thermal effects; (170.0170) Medical optics and biotechnology; (170.3660) Light propagation in tissues