title: Biomarkers in bile-complementing advanced endoscopic imaging in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures.
abstract: Biliary strictures present a diagnostic challenge and a conundrum, particularly when an initial work up including abdominal imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography based sampling are non-diagnostic. Advances in endoscopic imaging have helped us diagnose these strictures better. However, even with modern technology, some strictures remain a diagnostic challenge. The proximity of bile fluid to the bile duct epithelia makes it an attractive option to investigate for bio-markers, which might be representative of the functions/abnormal changes taking place in the biliary system. A number of biomarkers in bile have been discovered recently in approaching biliary strictures with their potential future diagnostic utility, further supported by the immunohistochemical analysis of the resected tissue specimens. Novel biliary biomarkers especially carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 6 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin seem promising in differentiating malignant from benign biliary strictures. Recent developments in lipidomic profiling of bile are also very promising. Biliary biomarkers appear to complement endoscopic imaging in diagnosing malignant etiologies of biliary stricture. Future studies addressing these biomarkers need to be incorporated to the current endoscopic techniques to determine the best approach in determining the etiology of biliary strictures.
authors.affiliation: Vennisvasanth Lourdusamy, Benjamin Tharian, Udayakumar Navaneethan, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803, United States.
authors.forename: Vennisvasanth
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lourdusamy
authors.affiliation: Vennisvasanth Lourdusamy, Benjamin Tharian, Udayakumar Navaneethan, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tharian
authors.affiliation: Vennisvasanth Lourdusamy, Benjamin Tharian, Udayakumar Navaneethan, Center for Interventional Endoscopy, Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32803, United States.
authors.forename: Udayakumar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Navaneethan
keywords: Bile; Biliary strictures; Biomarkers; Cholangiocarcinoma; Pancreatic cancers; Pancreato-biliary malignancies