title: Ocular manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can involve many parts of the eye, including the eyelid, ocular adnexa, sclera, cornea, uvea, retina and optic nerve. Ocular manifestations of SLE are common and may lead to permanent blindness from the underlying disease or therapeutic side effects. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the most common manifestation. However, vision loss may result from involvement of the retina, choroid and optic nerve. Ocular symptoms are correlated to systemic disease activity and can present as an initial manifestation of SLE. The established treatment includes prompt systemic corticosteroids, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs and biological agents. Local ocular therapies are options with promising efficacy. The early recognition of disease and treatment provides reduction of visual morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sukhum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silpa-archa
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Joan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institution, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Ocular Immunology & Uveitis Foundation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: C Stephen
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D001685:Biological Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Choroid; Immunology; Inflammation; Optic Nerve; Retina