title: 3D vs 2D laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in organ-confined prostate cancer: comparison of operative data and pentafecta rates: a single cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, men are younger at the time of diagnosis of prostate cancer and more interested in less invasive surgical approaches (traditional laparoscopy, 3D-laparoscopy, robotics). Outcomes of continence, erectile function, cancer cure, positive surgical margins and complication are well collected in the pentafecta rate. However, no comparative studies between 4th generation 3D-HD vision system laparoscopy and standard bi-dimensional laparoscopy have been reported. This study aimed to compare the operative, perioperative data and pentafecta rates between 2D and 3D laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and to identify the actual role of 3D LRP in urology.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2012 to July 2013, 86 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer [PCa: age ≤ 70 years, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤ 10 ng/ml, biopsy Gleason score ≤ 7] underwent laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy (LERP) and were followed for approximately 14 months (range 12-25). Patients were selected for inclusion via hospital record data, and divided into two groups. Their patient records were then analyzed. Patients were randomized into two groups: the former 2D-LERP (43 pts) operated with the use of 2D-HD camera; the latter 3D-LERP (43 pts) operated with the use of a 3D-HD 4th generation view system. The operative and perioperative data and the pentafecta rates between 2D-LERP and 3D-LERP were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall pentafecta rates at 3 months were 47.4% and 49.6% in the 2D- and 3D-LERP group respectively. The pentafecta rate at 12 months was 62.7% and 67% for each group respectively. 4th generation 3D-HD vision system provides advantages over standard bi-dimensional view with regard to intraoperative steps. Our data suggest a trend of improvement in intraoperative blood loss and postoperative recovery of continence with the respect of the oncological safety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the 3D technology by a single surgeon significantly enhances the possibility of achieving better intraoperative results and pentafecta in all patients undergoing LERP. Potency was the most difficult outcome to reach after surgery, and it was the main factor leading to pentafecta failure. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to better comprehend the role of 3D-LERP in modern urology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. pierluigi.bove@uniroma2.it.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. illevocai@alice.it.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Iacovelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. frapichi@libero.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Celestino
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. francescodecarlo03@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Carlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. vespasiani@med.uniroma2.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vespasiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, V.le Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy. efinazzi@tin.it.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Finazzi Agrò
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D061646:Operative Time; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen