title: Routes of uptake of diclofenac, fluoxetine, and triclosan into sediment-dwelling worms.
abstract: The present study investigated the route and degree of uptake of 2 ionizable pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and fluoxetine) and 1 ionizable compound used in personal care products (triclosan) into the sediment-dwelling worm Lumbriculus variegatus. Studies were done on complete worms ("feeding") and worms where the head was absent ("nonfeeding") using (14) C-labeled ingredients. Biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), based on uptake of (14) C, for feeding worms increased in the order fluoxetine (0.3) < diclofenac (0.5) < triclosan (9), which is correlated with a corresponding increase in log octanol-water partition coefficient. Biota sediment accumulation factor estimates are representative of maximum values because the degree of biotransformation in the worms was not quantified. Although no significant differences were seen between the uptake of diclofenac and that of fluoxetine in feeding and nonfeeding worms, uptake of the more hydrophobic antimicrobial, triclosan, into the feeding worms was significantly greater than that in the nonfeeding worms, with the 48-h BSAF for feeding worms being 36% higher than that for the nonfeeding worms. The results imply that dietary uptake contributes to the uptake of triclosan, which may be a result of the high hydrophobicity of the compound. Models that estimate exposure of ionizable substances may need to consider uptake from both the water column and food, particularly when assessing risks from dynamic exposures to organic contaminants.
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maja V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research, Colworth, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research, Colworth, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gouin
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alistair B A
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D058448:Biota; D001711:Biotransformation; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005473:Fluoxetine; D014867:Water; D004008:Diclofenac; D014260:Triclosan
keywords: Benthic worm; Bioaccumulation; Personal care product; Pharmaceutical; Sediment-water accumulation