title: Incontinence care in nursing homes: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the quality of incontinence care in nursing homes. Main outcome measures were: (1) availability of structural quality indicators on ward and institutional levels; (2) use of nursing interventions as quality indicators on a process level; (3) prevalence of incontinence as an outcome indicator.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Incontinence in older people is a major problem in nursing care that presents a high workload for nurses, increases costs and places a high burden on affected individuals. The availability of structural indicators, and the use of nursing interventions, is recommended to improve the quality of care. Only limited amounts of reliable and valid data are available regarding the quality of incontinence care in nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional multicentre study in 16 nursing homes (N = 1302) in 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Each resident was assessed by two trained nurses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome of the study indicated that structural indicators, such as the availability of information brochures, are limited in nursing homes. On a process level, the provision of body worn pads or underlay pads to protect beds or chairs were most frequently used and training interventions were only delivered to a small proportion of residents with incontinence. The prevalence of all types of incontinence, particularly double incontinence, was high (69·2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the high prevalence of double incontinence and low rate of training interventions regarding this type of incontinence, ongoing efforts to improve the quality of incontinence care are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing Science, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandl
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruud J G
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Halfens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nursing Science, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lohrmann
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036262:Empirical Research; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing*; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes; D015995:Prevalence; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing*
keywords: continence; long-term care; practice nursing; quality of care