title: uPAR-targeted multimodal tracer for pre- and intraoperative imaging in cancer surgery.
abstract: Pre- and intraoperative diagnostic techniques facilitating tumor staging are of paramount importance in colorectal cancer surgery. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) plays an important role in the development of cancer, tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis and over-expression is found in the majority of carcinomas. This study aims to develop the first clinically relevant anti-uPAR antibody-based imaging agent that combines nuclear (111In) and real-time near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging (ZW800-1). Conjugation and binding capacities were investigated and validated in vitro using spectrophotometry and cell-based assays. In vivo, three human colorectal xenograft models were used including an orthotopic peritoneal carcinomatosis model to image small tumors. Nuclear and NIR fluorescent signals showed clear tumor delineation between 24h and 72h post-injection, with highest tumor-to-background ratios of 5.0 ± 1.3 at 72h using fluorescence and 4.2 ± 0.1 at 24h with radioactivity. 1-2 mm sized tumors could be clearly recognized by their fluorescent rim. This study showed the feasibility of an uPAR-recognizing multimodal agent to visualize tumors during image-guided resections using NIR fluorescence, whereas its nuclear component assisted in the pre-operative non-invasive recognition of tumors using SPECT imaging. This strategy can assist in surgical planning and subsequent precision surgery to reduce the number of incomplete resections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|Percuros BV, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter B A A
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: van Driel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danny M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: van Willigen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|Percuros BV, Enschede, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stammes
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrica A J M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Prevoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Quirijn R J G
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Tummers
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.|Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mazar
authors.affiliation: MILabs, Utrecht, Netherlands.|Section Radiation, Detection and Medical Imaging, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Freek J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J K
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kuppen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clemens W G M
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Löwik
authors.affiliation: Curadel, LLC, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fijs W B
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.|Antibodies for Research Applications BV, Gouda, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis F M
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sier
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011300:Preoperative Care; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C562069:ZW800-1 compound
keywords: SPECT; colorectal; dual labeling; image-guided surgery; near-infrared