title: Surgical anatomy relevant to the transpalpebral subperiosteal elevation of the midface.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The surgical anatomy of the midface relevant to its subperiosteal elevation and repositioning is assessed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to give more details on the anatomy relevant to the midface lift.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty hemifacial dissections were performed. The location of the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (ZBFN) and the terminal branches of the infraorbital nerve (ION) were dissected. The location of the masseteric and zygomatic ligaments and the elevation of midface following their release were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, there were 3 branches of the facial nerve innervating the zygomatic major muscle and 1.8 branches entering the muscle superior to the caudal origin of the zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture. The most superior ZBFN was found to lie at an average of 6.2 ± 1.6 mm cranial to ZM suture and 1.4 ± 0.4 mm superficial to the bone. The most inferior branch was at a mean of 4.8 ± 3.3 mm inferior to ZM suture. On average the ION had 5.2 branches that traveled for 10.2 mm above the periosteum before they passed into a superficial plane. Division of the zygomatico-masseteric retaining ligaments allowed for elevation of the midface by 4.8 ± 1.0 mm medially and 5.5 ± .9 mm laterally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Branches of the ZBFN and ION lie in close proximity to the subperiosteal plane in the midface. These branches are at risk for damage during release of the upper zygomatic ligaments and placement of the periosteal suspension sutures during midface elevation procedures.
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doumit
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Bahar Bassiri
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gharb
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rampazzo
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papay
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.affiliation: Dr Doumit is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery; Drs Bassiri Gharb and Rampazzo are Staff Surgeons, and Dr Zins is the Chairman of the Plastic Surgery Department; Dr McBride is the Director of Histology and Associate Professor of Surgery; and Dr Papay is the Chairman of the Dermatology and Plastic Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Dr Yaremchuk is the Director of Craniofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaremchuk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008442:Maxillary Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010521:Periosteum / Q000033:anatomy & histology