title: Auditory Feedback Differentially Modulates Behavioral and Neural Markers of Objective and Subjective Performance When Tapping to Your Heartbeat.
abstract: Interoception, the perception of our body internal signals, plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and guiding our behavior. Sometimes, we become aware of our body signals and use them in planning and strategic thinking. Here, we show behavioral and neural dissociations between learning to follow one's own heartbeat and metacognitive awareness of one's performance, in a heartbeat-tapping task performed before and after auditory feedback. The electroencephalography amplitude of the heartbeat-evoked potential in interoceptive learners, that is, participants whose accuracy of tapping to their heartbeat improved after auditory feedback, was higher compared with non-learners. However, an increase in gamma phase synchrony (30-45 Hz) after the heartbeat auditory feedback was present only in those participants showing agreement between objective interoceptive performance and metacognitive awareness. Source localization in a group of participants and direct cortical recordings in a single patient identified a network hub for interoceptive learning in the insular cortex. In summary, interoceptive learning may be mediated by the right insular response to the heartbeat, whereas metacognitive awareness of learning may be mediated by widespread cortical synchronization patterns.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canales-Johnson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huepe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Rivera-Rei
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Valdas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Noreika
authors.affiliation: Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: María del Carmen
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciraolo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Cirugía de Epilepsia, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaucheret
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sedeño
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina.
authors.forename: Blas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lucila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kargieman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fabricio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baglivo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Srivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chennu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Buenos Aires, Chile Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Argentina National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Psicología, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Tristan A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bekinschtein
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D065812:Interoception / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: heartbeat-evoked potential; interoception; learning; metacognitive awareness; phase synchrony