title: Current advances related to Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can trigger various responses, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant colitis. Hard-to-cure CDI, such as severe CDI, multiple recurrences of CDI, refractory CDI, and hypervirulent strains of C. difficile, require new treatments, although antibiotics such as metronidazole and vancomycin are the treatment of choice for initial and first relapsing CDI. Active immunization with C. difficile toxins and faecal microbiota transplantation deserve special attention. Here we describe these strategies for difficult-to-treat CDI.
authors.forename: Yong Gil
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Ik
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D008795:Metronidazole; D014640:Vancomycin