title: Constitutive activity of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are class C G protein coupled receptors with widespread central nervous system expression. mGluR7 is a member of this family that has been implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes, but the very low potency of mGluR7 for glutamate, its natural ligand, raise questions about the nature of its physiological role.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, evidence is presented using heterologous expression in sympathetic neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and modulation of the native SCG calcium currents as an assay for receptor signaling, that mGluR7 exhibits constitutive activity. This activity is detectable as basal calcium channel modulation in the absence of ligand that is not observed in untransfected cells or those transfected with other members of the mGluR family. Further, this basal channel modulation was reversibly inhibited with the mGluR7 inverse agonist MMPIP. Surprisingly, MMPIP did not strongly inhibit agonist-induced mGluR7 activation. Finally, the selective mGluR8 agonist (R,S)-PPG was also able to act as an inverse agonist at mGluR7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings introduce a novel potential physiological role for mGluR7 in the nervous system, that of a constitutively active receptor, and thereby suggest a model in which mGluR7 signaling may be impactful without the need to invoke strong receptor activation by millimolar concentrations of extracellular glutamate. Constitutive activity of mGluR7 may be eliminated or reduced by the presence of other group III mGluRs, perhaps due to heterodimer formation. In addition, both MMPIP and PPG acted as inverse agonists at mGluR7, and agonists at mGluR8.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 711, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. paul_kammermeier@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kammermeier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C553164:6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-3-pyridin-4-ylisoxazonolo(4,5-c)pyridin-4(5H)-one; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C102719:metabotropic glutamate receptor 7; C111435:metabotropic glutamate receptor 8; D002118:Calcium