title: A Factorial Survey on Safety Behavior Providing Opportunities to Improve Safety.
abstract: To realize safe, high-quality treatment, employees should behave according to patient safety standards. Periodic measurement of safety behavior could provide management-relevant information to adjust the implementation of interventions and maximize improvement. Therefore, we constructed a factorial survey measuring safety awareness and intentions for behavior.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional results of the factorial survey were compared with results from the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, distributed in MAASTRO radiotherapy in 2010 to 2011. Respondents were presented 20 scenarios about incidents, randomly varying on work pressure, person causing incident, whether patient level was reached, severity of harm, notification by patient, and management support. After each scenario, questions were asked about safety awareness and behavior. χ and multilevel regression analyses were used.
  
  
  
  Response rates were 64% (n = 54) for the culture survey and 62% (n = 52) for the factorial survey on intentions. The culture survey reflected positive opinions regarding nonpunitive response and incident reporting, in accordance with high scores (factorial survey) on safety awareness (9.0; scale, 1-10) and reporting intentions (8.7). Whether an incident reached the patient level predicted safety awareness and intentions for safety behavior (β = -1.3/-3.08) most strongly. Severity of harm showed minimal additional effects (β = -0.24/-0.42).
  
  
  
  The factorial survey presented practical information on safety awareness and intentions for behavior. Therefore, it created additional opportunities for improving safety interventions. Because behavior is expected to change before values, one could hypothesize that factorial surveys would be more sensitive to change than culture surveys. Longitudinal research should further study the surveys' sensitivity to measure changes.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reijnders
authors.forename: Madelon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pijls-Johannesma
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marneffe
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vlayen
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vandijck
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires