title: Synthetically defined glycoprotein vaccines: current status and future directions.
abstract: Primary examples in vaccine design have shown good levels of carbohydrate-specific antibody generation when raised using extracted or fully synthetic capsular polysaccharide glycans covalently coupled to a protein carrier. Herein, we cover recent clinical developments of carbohydrate-based vaccines and describe how novel cutting-edge methodology for the total synthesis of oligosaccharides and for the precise placement of carbohydrates at pre-determined sites within a protein may be used to further improve the safety and efficacy of glycovaccines.
authors.affiliation: Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy . Email: Roberto.Adamo@novartis.com.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.affiliation: Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy . Email: Roberto.Adamo@novartis.com.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castagner
authors.affiliation: Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n , 43007 Tarragona , Spain.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boutureira
authors.affiliation: Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy . Email: Roberto.Adamo@novartis.com.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . Email: gb453@cam.ac.uk ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal . Email: gbernardes@fm.ul.pt.
authors.forename: Gonçalo J L
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bernardes