title: The relationship between rumination, PTSD, and depression symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly comorbid (Elhai et al., 2008. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 69, (4), 597-602). Rumination is a cognitive mechanism found to exacerbate and maintain both PTSD and MDD (Elwood et al., 2009. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 29, (1), 87-100; Olatunji et al., 2013. Clin. Psychol.: Sci. Pract. 20, (3), 225-257).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Assess whether four rumination subtypes moderate the relationship between comorbid PTSD and MDD symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We consecutively sampled patients (N=45) presenting to a mental health clinic using self-report measures of PTSD and MDD symptoms, and rumination in a cross-sectional design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Repetitive rumination moderates the relationship between PTSD and MDD symptoms at one standard deviation above the mean (β=.044, p=.016), while anticipatory rumination moderates the relationship between PTSD and MDD symptoms at mean levels and higher levels of anticipatory rumination (mean β=.030, p=.042; higher β=.060, p=.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repetitive and anticipatory rumination should be assessed in the context of comorbid PTSD and MDD and interventions should focus on reducing these rumination subtypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results should be replicated with other trauma populations because the number and complexity of traumatic events may impact the assessed symptoms. Constructs should also be assessed longitudinally, in order to establish causality. We are unable to confirm why rumination styles moderated the relationship between PTSD and depression or why counterfactual thinking and problem-focused thinking did not moderate the relationship between the two constructs.
authors.affiliation: University of Toledo, Department of Psychology, Toledo, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roley
authors.affiliation: University of Toledo, Department of Psychology, Toledo, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Claycomb
authors.affiliation: University of Toledo, Department of Psychology, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Ateka A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Contractor
authors.affiliation: Choices! Counseling Services, Porter, LaPorte and Lake County, Valparaiso, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dranger
authors.affiliation: Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cherie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armour
authors.affiliation: University of Toledo, Department of Psychology, Toledo, OH, USA. Electronic address: jon.elhai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Elhai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abuse/maltreatment/neglect; Cognition; Depression; PTSD; Trauma