title: Anti-inflammatory effects of Juncus effusus extract (JEE) on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and edema models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens BUCHEN. f. leschenaultii GAY has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extract from the pith of Juncus effusus (JEE) on anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The production of inflammatory mediators and the underlying mechanisms using 3.1, 6.3, and 12.5 μg/mL concentrations of JEE were investigated. In addition, the topical anti-inflammatory effects of JEE (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorobol-13 acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema and oral administration of JEE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) on carrageenan-induced paw-edema were studied in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  JEE reduced the release of nitric oxide (NO, IC50 value = 1.98 μg/mL), prostaglandin E2 (IC50 value = 5.5 μg/mL), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β (IC50 value = 4.74 μg/mL) and IL-6 (IC50 value = 20.48 μg/mL). JEE also suppressed the protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanism studies showed attenuation of LPS-induced activation of NF-κB by JEE via abrogation of IκBα degradation and a subsequent decrease in nuclear p65 level. Phosphorylation of all three MAP kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was also suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. In acute inflammation models of mice, topical application (1 and 2 mg) and oral administration (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of JEE ameliorated TPA-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema, respectively, in dose-dependent manners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that JEE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and by attenuating edema in mice.
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea and.
authors.forename: Na-Young
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea and.
authors.forename: Sun-Gun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea and.
authors.forename: Hyo-Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea and.
authors.forename: Kyu-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: b School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu , Daegu , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Division, Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry , Gyeongsan , Republic of Korea and.
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Carrageenan-induced paw edema; MAP kinases; NF-κB; TPA-induced ear edema; inflammatory mediators