title: Eating out is different from eating at home among individuals who occasionally eat out. A cross-sectional study among middle-aged adults from eleven European countries.
abstract: Eating out has been linked to the current obesity epidemic, but the evaluation of the extent to which out of home (OH) dietary intakes are different from those at home (AH) is limited. Data collected among 8849 men and 14,277 women aged 35-64 years from the general population of eleven European countries through 24-h dietary recalls or food diaries were analysed to: (1) compare food consumption OH to those AH; (2) describe the characteristics of substantial OH eaters, defined as those who consumed 25 % or more of their total daily energy intake at OH locations. Logistic regression models were fit to identify personal characteristics associated with eating out. In both sexes, beverages, sugar, desserts, sweet and savoury bakery products were consumed more OH than AH. In some countries, men reported higher intakes of fish OH than AH. Overall, substantial OH eating was more common among men, the younger and the more educated participants, but was weakly associated with total energy intake. The substantial OH eaters reported similar dietary intakes OH and AH. Individuals who were not identified as substantial OH eaters reported consuming proportionally higher quantities of sweet and savoury bakery products, soft drinks, juices and other non-alcoholic beverages OH than AH. The OH intakes were different from the AH ones, only among individuals who reported a relatively small contribution of OH eating to their daily intakes and this may partly explain the inconsistent findings relating eating out to the current obesity epidemic.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens,75 Mikras Asias Street,Goudi, Athens11527,Greece.
authors.forename: Androniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Health Foundation,Kaisareias 13 and Alexandroupoleos,Athens11527,Greece.
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsoulis
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens,75 Mikras Asias Street,Goudi, Athens11527,Greece.
authors.forename: Philippos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orfanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality,Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University,Coupure links 653,9000Gent,Belgium.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lachat
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Molecular Nutrition Unit,Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2,85354Freising,Germany.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gedrich
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias,4200-465Porto,Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara S P
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO),150, Cours Albert Thomas,69372Lyon Cedex 08,France.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freisling
authors.affiliation: Child Health and Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine,Nationalestraat 155,2000Antwerp,Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kolsteren
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø,N-9019Tromsø,Norway.
authors.forename: Dagrun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engeset
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernani Monteiro,4200-319Porto,Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences,University of Vienna,Althanstrasse 14 (Pharmaziezentrum),A-1090Vienna,Austria.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elmadfa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ),Im Neuenheimer Feld 280,69120Heidelberg,Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Epidemiology,Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116,14558Nuthetal,Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knüppel
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (CRA-ex INRAN),Via Ardeatina 546,00178Rome,Italy.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turrini
authors.affiliation: Ragusa Cancer Registry,Azienda Ospedaliera 'Civile M. P. Arezzo' Via Dante N° 109,97100Ragusa,Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,PO Box 1,3720BABilthoven,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marga C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ocké
authors.affiliation: National Food and Nutrition Institute,61/63 Powsinska Street,02-903Warsaw,Poland.
authors.forename: Wlodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sekula
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University,901 85Umeå,Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive,OxfordOX3 7LF,UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Key
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens,75 Mikras Asias Street,Goudi, Athens11527,Greece.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D012147:Restaurants; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: Eating at home; Eating out; HECTOR