title: First report on seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs in Central Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widely prevalent cyst forming Apicomplexan parasites with significant impact on animal production particularly in sheep, goats and pigs. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the seroprevalence and to assess risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pigs. A systematic random sampling technique was used to collect 402 blood samples from pigs in Central Ethiopia. Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) was used to test sera. A questionnaire survey was made to assess potential risk factors and knowledge of farm attendants about toxoplasmosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall seroprevalence of 32.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.6%-36.9%] was found. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that extensively managed pigs (39.7%) are nearly twice (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:=1.91, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.63) at higher risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis than intensively managed pigs (30.5%). Pigs supplied with feed containing animal byproducts had nearly four times (OR = 3.84, 95% CI: 2.01, 7.36) higher risk of acquiring T. gondii infection. Most of the farm attendants had little knowledge of health risks due to cats, neither to human nor to animals. Absence of rodent control, high neonatal mortality and history of abortion were found among herds of the studied pig farms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T. gondii infections in pigs are wide spread. Extensive management systems and pig feed types containing animal byproducts are independent predictors of T. gondii seropositivity. The high seroprevalence suggests that pigs might serve as an important source of T. gondii infection for people. This is the first report of seroepidemiology of T. gondii infection in pigs in Ethiopia. Further studies are warranted for designing appropriate prevention and control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia. endrias.zewdu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Endrias Zewdu
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Gebremedhin
authors.affiliation: Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jijiga, Ethiopia. mulisam38@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mulisa Megerssa
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kebeta
authors.affiliation: Gondar University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia. assayemebratu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mebratu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Pathology, Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. hagos83@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hagos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashenafi
authors.affiliation: Italian National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis at Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Palermo, Italy. dimarco.vince@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Marco
authors.affiliation: Italian National Reference Centre for Toxoplasmosis at Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Palermo, Italy. marvitus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitale
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000818:Animals; D003298:Coombs Test / Q000662:veterinary; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine / Q000469:parasitology; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014122:Toxoplasma; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology