title: Female sex trafficking: conceptual issues, current debates, and future directions.
abstract: Female sex trafficking is a pressing concern. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of relevant issues regarding the concept of female sex trafficking and research in the field of human trafficking, drawing on a variety of disciplines, including economics, gender and sexuality studies, psychology, sociology, law, and social work. We discuss the debates surrounding the definition of human trafficking, compare and contrast it with human smuggling, and outline connections between female sex trafficking and the issue of sex work and prostitution. We further discuss the history and current estimations of female sex trafficking. We then outline the main actors in female sex trafficking, including trafficked persons, traffickers, clients, and service providers, and we overview the trafficking process from recruitment to identification, recovery, and (re)integration. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future research that tie together the concepts of vulnerability, exploitation, and long-term recovery and (re)integration.
authors.affiliation: a Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University.
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meshkovska
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Stutterheim
authors.forename: Arjan E R
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bos
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D064410:Human Trafficking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans