title: The differential diagnosis and interdisciplinary treatment of anal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anal carcinoma accounts for 2-4% of all cases of colorectal and anorectal carcinoma. Its peak incidence is from age 58 to age 64; women are affected somewhat more commonly than men. Its incidence has risen markedly in the past three decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article is based on a selective review of the literature, including the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the European Society of Medical Oncology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anal carcinoma is often an incidental finding. About 85% of newly diagnosed cases are associated with an HPV infection with strain 16, 18, or 33. Radiochemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C is the treatment of choice. The 5-year survival rate is 80-90%. Primary surgery with curative intent is indicated only for well-differentiated carcinoma of the anal margin (T1, N0). 10-30% of patients now undergo radical resection. The utility of endosonography and positron emission tomography for staging is debated and needs further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of patients with anal carcinoma requires a specialized multidisciplinary approach in accordance with the current evidence-based guidelines. The potential role of prophylactic vaccination against oncogenic types of HPV in the prevention of anal carcinoma merits further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raptis
authors.forename: Ignaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Klaus E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Matzel
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fietkau
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hohenberger
mesh_terms: D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010348:Patient Care Team; D016896:Treatment Outcome