title: On the horizon: Optical imaging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: Surgical resection with negative margins remains the standard of care for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, surgical management is often limited by poor intraoperative tumor visualization and inability to detect occult nodal metastasis. The inability to intraoperatively detect microscopic disease can lead to additional surgery, tumor recurrence, and decreased survival.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies incorporating optical imaging technology in the management of cutaneous SCC (January 1, 2000-December 1, 2014).
  
  
  
  Several innovative optical imaging techniques, Raman spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence imaging, have been developed for intraoperative surgical guidance. Fifty-seven studies review the ability of these techniques to improve cutaneous SCC localization at the gross and microscopic level.
  
  
  
  Significant advances have been achieved with real-time optical imaging strategies for intraoperative cutaneous SCC margin assessment and tumor detection. Optical imaging holds promise in improving the percentage of negative surgical margins and in the early detection of micrometastatic disease. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2204-E2213, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.|Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Lindsay S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warram
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Conway C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brandwein-Gensler
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Eben L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Cecelia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schmalbach
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D000072662:Margins of Excision; D061206:Neoplasm Micrometastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D061848:Optical Imaging
keywords: cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; intraoperative margin assessment; lymph node mapping; nonmelanoma skin cancer; optical imaging