title: Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals carbohydrate and lipid metabolism blocks in Brassica napus L. male sterility induced by the chemical hybridization agent monosulfuron ester sodium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical hybridization agents (CHAs) are often used to induce male sterility for the production of hybrid seeds. We previously discovered that monosulfuron ester sodium (MES), an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor of the herbicide sulfonylurea family, can induce rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) male sterility at approximately 1% concentration required for its herbicidal activity. To find some clues to the mechanism of MES inducing male sterility, the ultrastructural cytology observations, comparative transcriptome analysis, and physiological analysis on carbohydrate content were carried out in leaves and anthers at different developmental stages between the MES-treated and mock-treated rapeseed plants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytological analysis revealed that the plastid ultrastructure was abnormal in pollen mother cells and tapetal cells in male sterility anthers induced by MES treatment, with less material accumulation in it. However, starch granules were observed in chloroplastids of the epidermis cells in male sterility anthers. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 1501 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in leaves and anthers at different developmental stages, most of these DETs being localized in plastid and mitochondrion. Transcripts involved in metabolism, especially in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and cellular transport were differentially expressed. Pathway visualization showed that the tightly regulated gene network for metabolism was reprogrammed to respond to MES treatment. The results of cytological observation and transcriptome analysis in the MES-treated rapeseed plants were mirrored by carbohydrate content analysis. MES treatment led to decrease in soluble sugars content in leaves and early stage buds, but increase in soluble sugars content and decrease in starch content in middle stage buds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our integrative results suggested that carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were influenced by CHA-MES treatment during rapeseed anther development, which might responsible for low concentration MES specifically inducing male sterility. A simple action model of CHA-MES inducing male sterility in B. napus was proposed. These results will help us to understand the mechanism of MES inducing male sterility at low concentration, and might provide some potential targets for developing new male sterility inducing CHAs and for genetic manipulation in rapeseed breeding.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. lzj8705@163.com.|College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. lzj8705@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhanjie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. cyf151@163.com.|College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. cyf151@163.com.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. sdjianmin@126.com.|College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. sdjianmin@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. freedom313514@163.com.|College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. freedom313514@163.com.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. hxzhao212@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. hxzhao212@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China. swhu83251@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China. swhu83251@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shengwu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051479:Plant Infertility / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018087:Plastids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D011743:Pyrimidines; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C495688:monosulfuron