title: Efficacy of intravenous midazolam versus clonidine as premedicants on bispectral index guided propofol induction of anesthesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized control trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Midazolam and clonidine are preferred premedicants whose effects are not restricted to the preoperative period. In addition, these premedicants significantly modulate not only the intraoperative requirements of the anesthetic agents, but also the postoperative outcome. We aim to compare the efficacy of both the agents in view of premedication, induction characteristics, hemodynamic changes and postoperative complications utilizing bispectral index (BIS) using propofol anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The type of this study was randomized control trial conducted on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Study included 105 patients of either sex aged 20-60 years. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups: Intravenous midazolam (Group 1), clonidine (Group 2), and normal saline (Group 3) (control). The initial value of BIS and Ramsay Sedation Score, dose of propofol required for induction were noted in each group and monitored for pulse rate, electrocardiograph, noninvasive blood pressure, and BIS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The requirement of propofol ranged from 40 to 150 mg. Mean requirement was maximum in Group 3 (109.43 ± 20.14 mg) and it was minimum in Group 1 (78.57 ± 22.15 mg). A significant reduction in consumption of propofol with the use of midazolam (P < 0.001) and clonidine (P < 0.001) was observed. Both premedicants partially attenuates laryngoscoy and intubation response along with reduction in the incidence of postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both clonidine and midazolam contributed equally in lowering propofol consumption. Reduction in the induction dosage of propofol and hemodynamic variations were also observed to be similar with the use of midazolam or clonidine as premedicants. Both provide a beneficial effect in relation to recovery and less postoperative complications. However clonidine premedication was found to be more effective in preventing post operative shivering and can be recommended in routine practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Asthana
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Jagdish P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: Bispectral index; clonidine; dosage; midazolam; premedication