title: Equitable Prices of Single-Source Drugs in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Thailand, total drug expenditure has grown rapidly. Recently, the Thai government has addressed the issue of drug pricing, but the prices of single-source drugs remain a major challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine equitable prices of single-source drugs in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 98 single-source and high-expenditure drugs were examined. Unit prices from the Drug and Medical Supplies Information Center (DMSIC) and National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) were used to represent drug prices at the provider level in Thailand and the U.S., respectively. Data for measuring drug affordability, e.g., dose and poverty line, were obtained from Micromedex online and the National Statistical Office (NSO). The U.S. drug prices were adjusted by the Human Development Index (HDI) to be equitable prices for Thailand. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) was used to convert US currency into Thai baht. All prices in this study were based on the year 2012. Catastrophic, Impoverishment, and WHO/Health Action International (HAI) approaches were used to determine Thai citizens' ability to afford the study drugs. Finally, uncertainty analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From all study drugs, 55 single-source drugs were priced higher than their equitable prices, ranging from 0.38 to 422.36% higher. Among these, 28 items were antineoplastic drugs. The prices of drugs outside the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM), as well as the country's newer drugs, tended to be higher than their calculated equitable prices. The majority of drugs in Thailand priced higher than equitable prices were unaffordable for most Thai citizens. The uncertainty analyses revealed that almost all results were relatively robust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most single-source drug prices in Thailand were higher than their equitable prices, and were likely to be unaffordable to Thai citizens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: Surachat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ngorsuraches
authors.forename: Kanokkan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaiyakan
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D018954:Drugs, Essential / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D011306:Prescription Fees; D013785:Thailand; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D018954:Drugs, Essential