title: Increased vertical impact forces and altered running mechanics with softer midsole shoes.
abstract: To date it has been thought that shoe midsole hardness does not affect vertical impact peak forces during running. This conclusion is based partially on results from experimental data using homogeneous samples of participants that found no difference in vertical impact peaks when running in shoes with different midsole properties. However, it is currently unknown how apparent joint stiffness is affected by shoe midsole hardness. An increase in apparent joint stiffness could result in a harder landing, which should result in increased vertical impact peaks during running. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of shoe midsole hardness on apparent ankle and knee joint stiffness and the associated vertical ground reaction force for age and sex subgroups during heel-toe running. 93 runners (male and female) aged 16-75 years ran at 3.33 ± 0.15 m/s on a 30 m-long runway with soft, medium and hard midsole shoes. The vertical impact peak increased as the shoe midsole hardness decreased (mean(SE); soft: 1.70BW(0.03), medium: 1.64BW(0.03), hard: 1.54BW(0.03)). Similar results were found for the apparent ankle joint stiffness where apparent stiffness increased as the shoe midsole hardness decreased (soft: 2.08BWm/º x 100 (0.05), medium: 1.92 BWm/º x 100 (0.05), hard: 1.85 BWm/º x 100 (0.05)). Apparent knee joint stiffness increased for soft (1.06BWm/º x 100 (0.04)) midsole compared to the medium (0.95BWm/º x 100 (0.04)) and hard (0.96BWm/º x 100 (0.04)) midsoles for female participants. The results from this study confirm that shoe midsole hardness can have an effect on vertical impact force peaks and that this may be connected to the hardness of the landing. The results from this study may provide useful information regarding the development of cushioning guidelines for running shoes.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory (HPL), Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baltich
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory (HPL), Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory (HPL), Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Benno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nigg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D019876:Sports Equipment