title: Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson's Disease - A Role for Gut Microbiota?
abstract: While the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still obscure, there is evidence for lifestyle factors influencing disease risk. Best established are the inverse associations with smoking and coffee consumption. In other contexts there is evidence that health effects of lifestyle factors may depend on gut microbiome composition. Considering the gastrointestinal involvement in PD, it was recently speculated, that the associations between smoking, coffee, and PD risk could be mediated by gut microbiota. Here we review such a possible mediatory role of gut microbiota taking into account recent findings on microbiome composition in PD and extending the scope also to urate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scheperjans
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pekkonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaakkola
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auvinen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Gut-brain axis; caffeine; constipation; dietary fiber; gut motility; gut permeability; inflammation; nicotine; non-motor symptoms; risk factors