title: Biosurfactant production from marine hydrocarbon-degrading consortia and pure bacterial strains using crude oil as carbon source.
abstract: Biosurfactants (BSs) are "green" amphiphilic molecules produced by microorganisms during biodegradation, increasing the bioavailability of organic pollutants. In this work, the BS production yield of marine hydrocarbon degraders isolated from Elefsina bay in Eastern Mediterranean Sea has been investigated. The drop collapse test was used as a preliminary screening test to confirm BS producing strains or mixed consortia. The community structure of the best consortia based on the drop collapse test was determined by 16S-rDNA pyrotag screening. Subsequently, the effect of incubation time, temperature, substrate and supplementation with inorganic nutrients, on BS production, was examined. Two types of BS - lipid mixtures were extracted from the culture broth; the low molecular weight BS Rhamnolipids and Sophorolipids. Crude extracts were purified by silica gel column chromatography and then identified by thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results indicate that BS production yield remains constant and low while it is independent of the total culture biomass, carbon source, and temperature. A constant BS concentration in a culture broth with continuous degradation of crude oil (CO) implies that the BS producing microbes generate no more than the required amount of BSs that enables biodegradation of the CO. Isolated pure strains were found to have higher specific production yields than the complex microbial marine community-consortia. The heavy oil fraction of CO has emerged as a promising substrate for BS production (by marine BS producers) with fewer impurities in the final product. Furthermore, a particular strain isolated from sediments, Paracoccus marcusii, may be an optimal choice for bioremediation purposes as its biomass remains trapped in the hydrocarbon phase, not suffering from potential dilution effects by sea currents.
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete Chania, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleftheria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete Chania, Greece.
authors.forename: Stilianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fodelianakis
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete Chania, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korkakaki
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Engineering and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete Chania, Greece.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalogerakis
keywords: Alcanivorax; Paracoccus marcusii; bioaugmentation; biosurfactant; crude oil; marine bacteria; rhamnolipid; sophorolipid