title: Insulin resistance change and antiretroviral therapy exposure in HIV-infected and uninfected Rwandan women: a longitudinal analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We longitudinally assessed predictors of insulin resistance (IR) change among HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected (ART-initiators and ART-non-initiators) Rwandan women.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV-) women provided demographic and clinical measures: age, body mass index (BMI) in Kg/(height in meters)2, Fat-Mass (FMI) and Fat-Free-Mass (FFMI) index, fasting serum glucose and insulin. Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) was calculated to estimate IR change over time in log10 transformed HOMA measured at study enrollment or prior to ART initiation in 3 groups: HIV- (n = 194), HIV+ ART-non-initiators (n=95) and HIV+ ART-initiators (n=371). ANCOVA linear regression models of change in log10-HOMA were fit with all models included the first log10 HOMA as a predictor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean±SD log10-HOMA was -0.18±0.39 at the 1st and -0.21±0.41 at the 2nd measure, with mean change of 0.03±0.44. In the final model (all women) BMI at 1st HOMA measure (0.014; 95% CI=0.006-0.021 per kg/m2; p<0.001) and change in BMI from 1st to 2nd measure (0.024; 95% CI=0.013-0.035 per kg/m2; p<0.001) predicted HOMA change. When restricted to subjects with FMI measures, FMI at 1st HOMA measure (0.020; 95% CI=0.010-0.030 per kg/m2; p<0.001) and change in FMI from 1st to 2nd measure (0.032; 95% CI=0.020-0.043 per kg/m2; p<0.0001) predicted change in HOMA. While ART use did not predict change in log10-HOMA, untreated HIV+ women had a significant decline in IR over time. Use or duration of AZT, d4T and EFV was not associated with HOMA change in HIV+ women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline BMI and change in BMI, and in particular fat mass and change in fat mass predicted insulin resistance change over ~3 years in HIV-infected and uninfected Rwandan women. Exposure to specific ART (d4T, AZT, EFV) did not predict insulin resistance change in ART-treated HIV-infected Rwandan women.
authors.affiliation: Regional Alliance for Sustainable Development (RASD Rwanda) Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutimura
authors.affiliation: The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences and Practice, New York Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qiuhu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Regional Alliance for Sustainable Development (RASD Rwanda) Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Jean Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dusingize
authors.affiliation: Regional Alliance for Sustainable Development (RASD Rwanda) Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Jean D'Amour
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sinayobye
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mardge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012432:Rwanda
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D007328:Insulin