title: A tracer liquid image velocimetry for multi-layer radial flow in bioreactors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents a Tracer Liquid Image Velocimetry (TLIV) for multi-layer radial flow in bioreactors used for cells cultivation of tissue engineering. The goal of this approach is to use simple devices to get good measuring precision, specialized for the case in which the uniform level of fluid shear stress was required while fluid velocity varied smoothly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compared to the widely used Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV), this method adopted a bit of liquid as tracer, without the need of laser source. Sub-pixel positioning algorithm was used to overcome the adverse effects of the tracer liquid deformation. In addition, a neighborhood smoothing algorithm was used to restrict the measurement perturbation caused by diffusion. Experiments were carried out in a parallel plates flow chamber. And mathematical models of the flow chamber and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation were separately employed to validate the measurement precision of TLIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean relative error between the simulated and measured data can be less than 2%, while in similar validations using PIV, the error was around 8.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLIV avoided the contradiction between the particles' visibility and following performance with tested fluid, which is difficult to overcome in PIV. And TLIV is easier to popularize for its simple experimental condition and low cost.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China. gaoyb3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu-Bao
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China. ljxokay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jiu-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China. luoyuc@163.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Xi
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China. yanj1003@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019149:Bioreactors; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003470:Culture Media; D004058:Diffusion; D004867:Equipment Design; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007281:Ink; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water