title: A small-fish model for behavioral-toxicological screening of new antimalarial drugs: a comparison between erythro- and threo-mefloquine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New antimalarial drugs need to be developed because over time resistance against the existing drugs develops. Furthermore, some of the drugs have severe side effects. Here we describe a behavioral small-fish model for early detection of neurotoxic effects of new drugs. As case example we compare the effects of two mefloquine diastereomers on the behavior of goldfish using an automated 3D tracking system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a preliminary experiment, the overall toxic effects in terms of motor and respiratory impairments were determined during a 3-hour exposure to the drugs at relatively high doses (21.5 and 43 mgL). In the second experiment, behavioral testing was performed 24 h after a 3.5-h drug exposure to a low dose (14.25 mgL) of either drug. For the two high doses, erythro-mefloquine resulted in severe motor problems and respiratory problems occurred. In goldfish treated with threo-mefloquine, at 43 mgL the motor/respiratory impairments were less severe and at 21.5 mgL no such problems were observed. For the lower dose (14.25 mgL), erythro-mefloquine reduced locomotion. There was also a tendency for increased freezing, and the preference for quadrant two of the observation container was increased. No behavioral effects of threo-mefloquine were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that in goldfish exposed to the drugs dissolved in the water, threo-mefloquine has less severe toxic effects as compared to erythro-mefloquine. These findings are consistent with other studies and support the usefulness of the small-fish model for predicting adverse effects of new antimalarial drugs during the initial phases of drug development.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, xyZfish, 2200 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779-7329, USA. hmaaswinkel@xyzfish.com.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maaswinkel
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, xyZfish, 2200 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779-7329, USA. lzhu@xyzfish.com.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, xyZfish, 2200 Smithtown Ave, Ronkonkoma, NY, 11779-7329, USA. wweng@xyzfish.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000633:toxicity*; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006054:Goldfish; D015767:Mefloquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009420:Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D015767:Mefloquine