title: The prospective association between obesity and major depression in the general population: does single or recurrent episode matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity and major depressive disorder (MDD) are important public health problems. MDD is a heterogeneous disorder and the direction of its association with obesity remains unclear. Evidence grows that recurrent MDD (MDD-R) differs in etiology and prognosis from single episode MDD (MDD-S), which could affect associations with obesity. However, evidence on this differential effect is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the direction of the association between obesity and MDD, single or recurrent episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study was performed in a cohort of 1094 participants of the PREVEND study, on whom data were collected at baseline and at an average 2-year follow-up. MDD-S and MDD-R were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.1). Obesity was defined as Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg/m(2). Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether obesity predicts MDD-S/MDD-R or vice versa, adjusted for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective analyses showed that BMI at baseline was associated with the onset of MDD-R (Odds ratio, OR = 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 1.11; 1.57) during 2-year follow-up, but not with the onset of MDD-S (OR = 0.98; 95%CI: 0.89; 1.07). Obesity at baseline was not associated with the onset of MDD-S during follow-up (OR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.25; 2.30), but associated with the onset of MDD-R during follow-up (OR = 11.63; 95%CI: 1.05; 128.60). Neither MDD-S nor MDD-R were associated with the development of obesity during 2-year follow-up (OR = 1.67, 95%CI: 0.64; 4.29 and OR = 2.32, 95%CI: 0.82; 6.58, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings add to the available evidence that obesity might specifically be associated with the onset of multiple episodes of major depression (MDD-R). Although the reverse association was not found, MDD-R tends to be also associated with subsequent development of obesity, but larger studies are needed to fully assess this issue. The heterogeneity of MDD should be considered when examining the effect of obesity on MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, HPC FA10, PO Box 196, Groningen, The Netherlands. y.t.nigatu@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Yeshambel T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Nigatu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, HPC FA10, PO Box 196, Groningen, The Netherlands. u.bultmann@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bültmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, HPC FA10, PO Box 196, Groningen, The Netherlands. s.a.reijneveld@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors