title: Development of abamectin loaded plant virus nanoparticles for efficacious plant parasitic nematode control.
abstract: Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the world's major agricultural pests, causing in excess of $157 billion in worldwide crop damage annually. Abamectin (Abm) is a biological pesticide with a strong activity against a wide variety of plant parasitic nematodes. However, Abm's poor mobility in the soil compromises its nematicide performance because of the limited zone of protection surrounding the growing root system of the plant. In this study, we manipulated Abm's soil physical chemistry by encapsulating Abm within the Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) to produce a plant virus nanoparticle (PVN) delivery system for Abm. The transmission electron microscopic and dynamic light scattering characterization of Abm-loaded PVN (PVN(Abm)) indicated the resultant viral capsid integrity and morphology comparable to native RCNMV. In addition, the PVN(Abm) significantly increased Abm's soil mobility while enabling a controlled release strategy for Abm's bioavailability to nematodes. As a result, PVN(Abm) enlarged the zone of protection from Meloidogyne hapla root knot nematodes in the soil as compared to treating with free Abm molecules. Tomato seedlings treated with PVN(Abm) had healthier root growth and a reduction in root galling demonstrating the success of this delivery system for the increased efficacy of Abm to control nematode damage in crops.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, 2401 Research Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guenther
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Tim L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sit
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lommel
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Opperman
authors.affiliation: †Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, 2401 Research Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Willoughby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects; D002213:Capsid / Q000737:chemistry; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil; D013535:Suspensions; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D013535:Suspensions; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: abamectin; crop protection; plant virus nanoparticle (PVN); red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV); soil mobility