title: Establishing a common metric for self-reported pain: linking BPI Pain Interference and SF-36 Bodily Pain Subscale scores to the PROMIS Pain Interference metric.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study purposes were to mathematically link scores of the Brief Pain Inventory Pain Interference Subscale and the Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Subscale (legacy pain interference measures) to the NIH Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS(®)) Pain Interference (PROMIS-PI) metric and evaluate results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linking was accomplished using both equipercentile and item response theory (IRT) methods. Item parameters for legacy items were estimated on the PROMIS-PI metric to allow for pattern scoring. Crosswalk tables also were developed that associated raw scores (summed or average) on legacy measures to PROMIS-PI scores. For each linking strategy, participants' actual PROMIS-PI scores were compared to those predicted based on their legacy scores. To assess the impact of different sample sizes, we conducted random resampling with replacement across 10,000 replications with sample sizes of n = 25, 50, and 75.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses supported the assumption that all three scales were measuring similar constructs. IRT methods produced marginally better results than equipercentile linking. Accuracy of the links was substantially affected by sample size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The linking tools (crosswalks and item parameter estimates) developed in this study are robust methods for estimating the PROMIS-PI scores of samples based on legacy measures. We recommend using pattern scoring for users who have the necessary software and score crosswalks for those who do not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 Michigan Ave, 27th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA. karon.cook@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Karon F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 Michigan Ave, 27th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Schalet
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 Michigan Ave, 27th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kallen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 Michigan Ave, 27th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rutsohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 Michigan Ave, 27th Floor, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D018401:Sample Size; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Instrument calibration/equivalency among scales; Item response theory; Pain; Pain measurement; Patient outcome assessment; Psychometric methods/scaling