title: Type 2 cytokines: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.
abstract: Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
authors.affiliation: Immunopathogenesis Section, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wynn
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D001491:Basophils / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000276:immunology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000276:immunology; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000276:immunology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018793:Interleukin-13; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015848:Interleukin-5; D016906:Interleukin-9; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin