title: Workplace Stress and Working from Home Influence Depressive Symptoms Among Employed Women with Young Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor balance between work and family can be a major stressor for women with young children and have a negative impact on emotional well-being. Family-friendly workplace attributes may reduce stress and depressive symptoms among this population. However, few studies have analyzed the role of specific workplace attributes on mental health outcomes among women with young children because available data are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the impact of workplace attributes on changes in depressive symptoms among working women with young children between 6 and 24 months of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study uses data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) collected between 1991 and 1993 to examine the effects of work intensity, work schedule (night/day/variable), schedule flexibility, working from home, and work stress on changes in depressive symptoms among a national US sample of 570 women who returned to work within 6 months after childbirth. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the CES-D score. Treatment effects were estimated using fixed effects regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Working from home and work stress predicted within-individual changes in depressive symptoms between 6 and 24 months postchildbirth. Women who worked from home reported a statistically significant decrease in depression scores over time (β = -1.36, SE = 0.51, p = 0.002). Women who reported a one-unit increase in job concerns experienced, on average, a 2-point increase in depression scores over time (β = 1.73, SE = 0.37, p < 0.01). Work intensity, work schedule, and schedule flexibility were not associated with changes in depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is one of the few to use longitudinal data and causal-inference techniques to examine whether specific workplace attributes influence depressive symptoms among women with young children. Reducing stress in the workplace and allowing women to work from home may improve mental health among women who transition back to work soon after childbirth.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Department, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, Box 357660, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. msb23@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepherd-Banigan
authors.affiliation: Health Services Department, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, Box 357660, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.|Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Janice F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Health Services Department, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, Box 357660, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.|Department of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.|Department of Economics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: Family and Child Nursing Department, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Cathryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Booth-LaForce
authors.affiliation: Health Services Department, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Magnuson Health Sciences Center, Box 357660, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Maternal depressive symptoms; Maternal employment; Workplace policies; Workplace stressors