title: Quality of Antimicrobial Products Used in Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Aquaculture in Vietnam.
abstract: Antimicrobial usage is common in Asian aquaculture. This study aimed to determine the quality of antimicrobial products used by Vietnamese striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farmers. Twenty one antimicrobial products (11 products contained a single antimicrobial and 10 products contained a mixture of two different antimicrobials) commonly used by catfish farmers were obtained from so-called chemical shops located in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry was used to analyze concentration of sulfonamides, trimethoprim, amoxicillin, cefalexin and ciprofloxacin whereas concentrations of florfenicol and doxycycline were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV detection. Results revealed that only 4/11 products with a single antimicrobial and 2/10 products with a mixture of antimicrobials contained active substances within ±10% of the concentration declared on the product label. Two products with antimicrobial mixtures did not contain any of the declared antimicrobials. Comparing two batches, analysis of 11 products revealed that only one product contained a concentration of active compound that varied with less than 10% in both batches. Several product labels provided inadequate information on how to calculate therapeutic dosage and further stated withdrawal time despite lack of pharmacokinetic data on the antimicrobials in catfish. There is an urgent need to strengthen approval procedures and in particular regularly to monitor the quality of antimicrobials used in Vietnamese aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam; Department of Veterinary Disease Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tran Minh
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Phu
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Nutrition and Products Processing, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thanh
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Phuong
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Scippo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D017756:Aquaculture; D002397:Catfishes; D002506:Cephalexin / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D000658:Amoxicillin; C035534:florfenicol; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013839:Thiamphenicol; D004318:Doxycycline; D002506:Cephalexin