title: Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) replicates in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) erythrocytes ex vivo.
abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a reovirus that has predominantly been detected in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PRV is associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon, and recently erythrocytes were identified as major target cells. The study of PRV replication and pathogenesis of the infection has been impeded by the inability to propagate PRV in vitro. In this study we developed an ex vivo cultivation system for PRV in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes. PRV was successfully passaged to naïve erythrocytes using lysates of blood cells from infected salmon. During cultivation a significant increase in viral load was observed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry, which coincided with the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions. The inclusions resembled viral factories and contained both PRV protein and dsRNA. In addition, the erythrocytes generated an antiviral immune gene activation after PRV infection, with significant up-regulation of IFN-α, RIG-I, Mx and PKR transcripts. Supernatants from the first passage successfully transmitted virus to naïve erythrocytes. This study demonstrates that PRV replicates in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes ex vivo. The ex vivo infection model closely reflects the situation in vivo and can be used to study the infection and replication mechanisms of PRV, as well as the antiviral immune responses of salmonid erythrocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway. oyfi@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Wessel
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway. christel.moraeus.olsen@miljodir.no.
authors.forename: Christel Moræus
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway. espen.rimstad@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rimstad
authors.affiliation: Section of Immunology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway. maria.dahle@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Maria Krudtaa
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Dahle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018165:Orthoreovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D020317:Salmo salar; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019562:Viral Load / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins