title: General anesthesia versus segmental thoracic or conventional lumbar spinal anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy became the standard surgery for gallstone disease because of causing less postoperative pain, respiratory compromise and early ambulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare spinal anesthesia, (segmental thoracic or conventional lumbar) vs the gold standard general anesthesia as three anesthetic techniques for healthy patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, evaluating intraoperative parameters, postoperative recovery and analgesia, complications as well as patient and surgeon satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, between January 2010 and May 2011, were randomized into three equal groups to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy with low-pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum under segmental thoracic (TSA group) or conventional lumbar (LSA group) spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia (GA group). To achieve a T3 sensory level we used (hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg, and fentanyl 25 mg at L2/L3) for LSAgroup, and (hyperbaric bupivacaine 7.5 mg, and fentanyl 25 mg at T10/T11) for TSAgroup. Propofol, fentanyl, atracurium, sevoflurane, and tracheal intubation were used for GA group. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative recovery and analgesia, complications as well as patient and surgeon satisfaction were compared between the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All procedures were completed laparoscopically by the allocated method of anesthesia with no anesthetic conversions. The time for the blockade to reach T3 level, intraoperative hypotensive and bradycardic events and vasopressor use were significantly lower in (TSA group) than in (LSA group). Postoperative pain scores as assessed throughout any time, postoperative right shoulder pain and hospital stay was lower for both (TSA group) and (LSA group) compared with (GA group). The higher degree of patients satisfaction scores were recorded in patients under segmental TSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study not only confirmed that both segmental TSA and conventional lumber spinal anesthesia (LSA) are safe and good alternatives to general anesthesia (GA) in healthy patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy but also showed better postoperative pain control of both spinal techniques when compared with general anesthesia. Segmental TSA provides better hemodynamic stability, lesser vasopressor use and early ambulation and discharge with higher degree of patient satisfaction making it excellent for day case surgery compared with conventional lumbar spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Gamal T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lasheen
keywords: General anesthesia; laparoscopic cholecystectomy; segmental thoracic spinal anesthesia