title: Bleeding and thrombosis in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome using norethisterone: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiphospholipid syndrome is known to be associated with the occurrence of venous and/or arterial thrombosis. There are several factors that might trigger the risk of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome, including drugs, however bleeding is rare. Only a few cases of antiphospholipid syndrome have reported simultaneous bleeding and thrombosis, and only a few of these cases have reported thrombosis induced by norethisterone when used by patients with an underlying risk factor for thromboembolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the case of a 35-year-old Saudi woman diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome with a history of several spontaneous miscarriages and two previous lower limb deep vein thromboses. She had used norethisterone to postpone her menstruation and presented to our institution with severe menorrhagia. During admission, she developed thrombocytopenia, and at the same time she was found to have extensive inferior vena cava and bilateral common iliac thrombosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case report is of interest to rheumatologists, hematologists and radiologists because we have found that the presence of bleeding and thrombocytopenia do not preclude the concomitant occurrence of thrombotic complications of antiphospholipid syndrome. Norethisterone is normally safe to take, but it is not suitable for patients with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis. Also, the simultaneous management of thrombosis and heavy vaginal bleeding is a challenge for clinicians since there are no evidence-based guidelines regarding the management of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. sawabdhai3@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sawsan Abdullah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al Abdulhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. dralimw@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Wahid
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: El-Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. mhsen23@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohsen El-Sherbiny
authors.initials: Mel-S
authors.lastname: El-Dahshan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000139:chemically induced; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D009640:Norethindrone