title: Rapid Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes from a Subtype H5N1 Hemagglutinin Variant.
abstract: In 2014, novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and North America. The H5 genes of these viruses form a monophyletic group that evolved from a clade 2.3.4 H5N1 variant. This rapid emergence of new H5Nx combinations is unprecedented in the H5N1 evolutionary history.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Hongbo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Peter J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rottier
authors.forename: Frank J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Kuppeveld
authors.forename: Cornelis A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins
keywords: H5N1; HPAI; avian influenza; clade 2.3.4; evolution; hemagglutinin; highly pathogenic; influenza; monophyletic group; rapid emergence; reassortant; reassortment events; subtype; variant; virulent; viruses