title: Junior doctors' views on reporting concerns about patient safety: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enabling healthcare staff to report concerns is critical for improving patient safety. Junior doctors are one of the groups least likely to engage in incident reporting. This matters both for the present and for the future, as many will eventually be in leadership positions. Little is known about junior doctors' attitudes towards formally reporting concerns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the attitudes and barriers to junior doctors formally reporting concerns about patient safety to the organisations in which they are training.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study comprising three focus groups with 10 junior doctors at an Acute Teaching Hospital Trust in the Midlands, UK, conducted in 2013. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic approach, facilitated by NVivo 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were supportive of the idea of playing a role in helping healthcare organisations become more aware of risks to patient safety, but identified that existing incident reporting systems could frustrate efforts to report concerns. They described barriers to reporting, including a lack of role modelling and senior leadership, a culture within medicine that was not conducive to reporting concerns, and a lack of feedback providing evidence that formal reporting was worthwhile. They reported a tendency to rely on informal ways of dealing with concerns as an alternative to engaging with formal reporting systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If healthcare organisations are to be able to gather and learn from intelligence about risks to patient safety from junior doctors, this will require attention to the features of reporting systems, as well as the implications of hierarchies and the wider cultural context in which junior doctors work.
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.affiliation: SAPPHIRE, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kocman
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: SAPPHIRE, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7356-5342
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tarrant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061214:Patient Safety; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012308:Risk Management; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: MEDICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH