title: Utility of Assessing Nerve Morphology in Central Cornea Versus Whorl Area for Diagnosing Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare small nerve fiber damage in the central cornea and whorl area in participants with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and to examine the accuracy of evaluating these 2 anatomical sites for the diagnosis of DPN.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 187 participants (107 with type 1 diabetes and 80 controls) was enrolled. The neuropathy disability score (NDS) was used for the identification of DPN. The corneal nerve fiber length at the central cornea (CNFLcenter) and whorl (CNFLwhorl) was quantified using corneal confocal microscopy and a fully automated morphometric technique and compared according to the DPN status. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to compare the accuracy of the 2 corneal locations for the diagnosis of DPN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CNFLcenter and CNFLwhorl were able to differentiate all 3 groups (diabetic participants with and without DPN and controls) (P < 0.001). There was a weak but significant linear relationship for CNFLcenter and CNFLwhorl versus NDS (P < 0.001); however, the corneal location × NDS interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.17). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was similar for CNFLcenter and CNFLwhorl (0.76 and 0.77, respectively, P = 0.98). The sensitivity and specificity of the cutoff points were 0.9 and 0.5 for CNFLcenter and 0.8 and 0.6 for CNFLwhorl.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small nerve fiber pathology is comparable at the central and whorl anatomical sites of the cornea. Quantification of CNFL from the corneal center is as accurate as CNFL quantification of the whorl area for the diagnosis of DPN.
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia; †School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; ‡Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia; §Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and ¶Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Cirous
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burgin
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cheang
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Merna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikhaiel
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Rayaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Efron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003315:Cornea / Q000294:innervation*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult