title: Non-fluorinated cosolvents: A potent amorphous aggregate inducer of metalloproteinase-conalbumin (ovotransferrin).
abstract: Here we have used five non-fluorinated cosolvents (acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, sec-butanol and ter-butanol) at increasing concentrations and analyzed their aggregation inducing behavior on interaction with conalbumin (CA). The aggregates were identified as amorphous by performing spectroscopic experiments like circular dichroism and dye binding assay. The amorphous aggregate contains rich β-sheet content, show insignificant increment in Thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence intensity but strong 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate (ANS) binding with enhanced fluorescence intensity. We also performed transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of the aggregates which made the result more informative. The morphology appeared on TEM imaging shows aggregates but there is no exhibition of fibril formation, as was observed in amyloid induced by 2,2,2-trifuoroethanol (TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propan-2-ol (HFIP). SEM imaging also gives the similar results indicating the formation of amorphous aggregates. Web based tools (Waltz and AGGRESCAN) predicted aggregation prone regions in CA which are accountable for the aggregation.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
authors.forename: Mohsin Vahid
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
authors.forename: Gulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishtikhar
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
authors.forename: Shariqua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
authors.forename: Gajender
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India. Electronic address: rizwanhkhan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Rizwan Hasan
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D003207:Conalbumin / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D066329:Protein Aggregates / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D066329:Protein Aggregates; D012997:Solvents; D013844:Thiazoles; D003207:Conalbumin; C009462:thioflavin T; D045726:Metalloproteases
keywords: Amorphous aggregates; Circular dichroism; Conalbumin; Transmission electron microscopy; β-Sheet