title: Socioeconomic status and environmental noise exposure in Montreal, Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study's objective was to determine whether socioeconomically deprived populations are exposed to greater levels of environmental noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indicators of socioeconomic status were correlated with LAeq24h noise levels estimated with a land-use regression model at a small geographic scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that noise exposure was associated with all socioeconomic indicators, with the strongest correlations found for median household income, proportion of people who spend over 30% of their income on housing, proportion of people below the low income boundary and with a social deprivation index combining several socio-economic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results were inconsistent with a number of studies performed elsewhere, indicating that locally conducted studies are imperative to assessing whether this double burden of noise exposure and low socioeconomic status exists in other contexts. The primary implication of our study is that noise exposure represents an environmental injustice in Montreal, which is an issue that merits both investigation and concern.
authors.affiliation: McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. laura.dale@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Direction de santé publique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. sgoudrea@santepub-mtl.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goudreau
authors.affiliation: Direction de santé publique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. sperron@santepub-mtl.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perron
authors.affiliation: Direction de santé publique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada. martina.ragettli@umontreal.ca.|Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Canada. martina.ragettli@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Martina S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ragettli
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. marianne.hatzopoulou@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatzopoulou
authors.affiliation: Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Canada. audrey.smargiassi@umontreal.ca.|Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Canada. audrey.smargiassi@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smargiassi
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D009622:Noise; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D012923:Social Class