title: Contracting human skeletal muscle maintains the ability to blunt α1 -adrenergic vasoconstriction during KIR channel and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase inhibition.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  During exercise there is a balance between vasoactive factors that facilitate increases in blood flow and oxygen delivery to the active tissue and the sympathetic nervous system, which acts to limit muscle blood flow for the purpose of blood pressure regulation. Functional sympatholysis describes the ability of contracting skeletal muscle to blunt the stimulus for vasoconstriction, yet the underlying signalling of this response in humans is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that activation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels and the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, two potential vasodilator pathways within blood vessels, contributes to the ability to blunt α1 -adrenergic vasoconstriction. Our results show preserved blunting of α1 -adrenergic vasconstriction despite blockade of these vasoactive factors. Understanding this complex phenomenon is important as it is impaired in a variety of clinical populations.
  Sympathetic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle is blunted relative to that which occurs in resting tissue; however, the mechanisms underlying this 'functional sympatholysis' remain unclear in humans. We tested the hypothesis that α1 -adrenergic vasoconstriction is augmented during exercise following inhibition of inwardly rectifying potassium (KIR ) channels and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase (BaCl2  + ouabain). In young healthy humans, we measured forearm blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) and calculated forearm vascular conductance (FVC) at rest, during steady-state stimulus conditions (pre-phenylephrine), and after 2 min of phenylephrine (PE; an α1 -adrenoceptor agonist) infusion via brachial artery catheter in response to two different stimuli: moderate (15% maximal voluntary contraction) rhythmic handgrip exercise or adenosine infusion. In Protocol 1 (n = 11 subjects) a total of six trials were performed in three conditions: control (saline), combined enzymatic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis (l-NMMA + ketorolac) and combined inhibition of NO, PGs, KIR channels and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase (l-NMMA + ketorolac + BaCl2  + ouabain). In Protocol 2 (n = 6) a total of four trials were performed in two conditions: control (saline), and combined KIR channel and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase inhibition. All trials occurred after local β-adrenoceptor blockade (propranolol). PE-mediated vasoconstriction was calculated (%ΔFVC) in each condition. Contrary to our hypothesis, despite attenuated exercise hyperaemia of ∼30%, inhibition of KIR channels and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase, combined with inhibition of NO and PGs (Protocol 1) or alone (Protocol 2) did not enhance α1 -mediated vasoconstriction during exercise (Protocol 1: -27 ± 3%; P = 0.2 vs. control, P = 0.4 vs. l-NMMA + ketorolac; Protocol 2: -21 ± 7%; P = 0.9 vs. control). Thus, contracting human skeletal muscle maintains the ability to blunt α1 -adrenergic vasoconstriction during combined KIR channel and Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Crecelius
authors.affiliation: Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Brett S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hearon
authors.affiliation: Medical Centre of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Luckasen
authors.affiliation: Medical Centre of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.|Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Dinenno
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D017609:Barium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010042:Ouabain / Q000494:pharmacology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1; C024986:barium chloride; D019323:omega-N-Methylarginine; D010042:Ouabain; D011433:Propranolol; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D000241:Adenosine; D020910:Ketorolac