title: Dialysate with high dissolved hydrogen facilitates dissociation of indoxyl sulfate from albumin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein-bound toxins such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) are not efficiently removed by conventional hemodialysis (HD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve the removal of IS, we performed an in vitro study to evaluate the effects of high dissolved hydrogen on the dissociation of IS from albumin using simulated HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wasted dialysate from peritoneal dialysis was concentrated a hundred times using extracorporeal ultrafiltration method. Dialysate with high dissolved hydrogen was made by mixing concentrated dialysis solution and electrolyzed-reduced water. The amounts of free fractions of IS were determined by high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IS was significantly dissociated from albumin using dialysate with high dissolved hydrogen compared with conventional dialysate (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective removal of IS is expected using a dialysate with high dissolved hydrogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, School of Health Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tange
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, School of Health Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takesawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, School of Health Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigenori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
keywords: Albumins; Dialysis Solutions; Hydrogen; Indoxyl Sulfate