title: Repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assays with CI Solvent Yellow 14 (Sudan I) using young adult rats.
abstract: The in vivo genotoxicity of CI Solvent Yellow 14 (Sudan I) was examined using repeated-dose liver and gastrointestinal tract micronucleus (MN) assays in young adult rats. Sudan I is a mono-azo dye based on aniline and 1-amino-2-hydroxynaphthalene. This dye was demonstrated as a rat liver carcinogen in a National Toxicology Program (NTP) bioassay, and genotoxicity was noted in a rat bone marrow micronucleus (BMMN) assay. In the present study, Sudan I was administered orally to rats for 14-days, and the MN frequency in the liver, stomach, colon, and bone marrow were analyzed. The frequency of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) was not significantly increased by the administration of the Sudan I. Gastrointestinal tract MNs were also not induced. However, in the BMMN assay, a significant increase in micronucleated immature erythrocytes (MNIMEs) was observed in a dose-dependent manner. While Sudan I has been reported to lack hepatic genotoxicity, it has also exhibited tumor-promoting activities. These results are consistent with the lack of induction of MN in the hepatocytes. The lack of MN induction in cells of the gastrointestinal tract was also logical because azo-compounds are reported to be unlikely to induce DNA damage in the rat gut. The repeated-dose rat liver and gastrointestinal tract MN assays have the potential to be used in the evaluation of the genotoxicity of a chemical in each organ in accordance with its mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan. Electronic address: ikeda.naohiro@kao.co.jp.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Yakult Honsha Co. Ltd., 1796 Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan.
authors.forename: Wakako
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ohyama
authors.affiliation: LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wako
authors.affiliation: LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawasako
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kasamatsu
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009284:Naphthols / Q000633:toxicity*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012957:Societies, Pharmaceutical; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009284:Naphthols; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
keywords: CI Solvent Yellow 14; Gastrointestinal tract micronucleus assay; Liver micronucleus assay; Repeated dose toxicity study; Sudan I