title: Effects of 10-year management regimes on the soil seed bank in saline-alkaline grassland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management regimes for vegetation restoration of degraded grasslands can significantly affect the process of ecological succession. However, few studies have focused on variation in the soil seed bank during vegetation restoration under different management regimes, especially in saline-alkaline grassland habitats. Our aim was to provide insights into the ecological effects of grassland management regimes on soil seed bank composition and vegetation establishment in mown, fenced, transplanted and natural grassland sites, all dominated by the perennial rhizomatous grass Leymus chinensis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied species composition and diversity in both the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in differently managed grasslands in Northeast China. An NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) was used to evaluate the relationship between species composition, soil seed banks, aboveground vegetation and soil properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fenced and mown grassland sites had high density and species richness in both the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation. The Transplanted treatment exhibited the highest vegetation growth and seed production of the target species L. chinensis. Seeds of L. chinensis in the soil occurred only in transplanted and natural grassland. Based on the NMDS analysis, the number of species in both the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation were significantly related to soil Na+, Cl-, RSC (residual sodium carbonate), alkalinity, ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) and AP (available phosphorus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soil seed bank composition and diversity in the saline-alkaline grassland were significantly affected by the management regimes implemented, and were also significantly related to the aboveground vegetation and several soil properties. Based on vegetative growth, reproductive output and maintenance of soil seed bank, the transplanting was identified as the most effective method for relatively rapid restoration of the target species L. chinensis. This approach could be beneficial for the restoration of dominant species in a wide range of degraded grassland ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; Da'anSodic Land Experiment Station of China, Da'an, China.
authors.forename: Hongyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; Da'anSodic Land Experiment Station of China, Da'an, China.
authors.forename: Haoyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China; Da'anSodic Land Experiment Station of China, Da'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark K J
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ooi
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D065948:Grassland; D006109:Poaceae / Q000145:classification*; D000068098:Seed Bank; D012639:Seeds; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil