title: Do split paediatric forearm POP casts need to be completed? A biomechanical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Displaced paediatric forearm fractures are most often treated by manipulation under anaesthetic, followed by the application of a circumferential Plaster of Paris (POP) splint. Some surgeons choose to split the cast in order to facilitate immediate "spreading" with minimal distress to the patient, should the distal limb become compromised. Usually however, this does not occur, and the cast is completed at a later visit to the plaster room. Time, money and inconvenience could be saved if this modification was not necessary, and the final plaster would be lighter.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether the mechanical properties of a split POP are sufficient to stabilise a forearm fracture, and protect the patient from further injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The repeatability of all tests was established on control samples before undertaking the trial. 42 standardised 8 layer POP cylinders of appropriate dimensions were fabricated, of which 21 were split longitudinally. The splints were subjected to non-destructive tests in 4-point bending (Bending), 3-Point Kinking (kinking) and torsion modes, and the load at clinically relevant end-points was recorded. These simulated the deformity at which the splint no longer provided adequate stability and alignment, or at which the wearer was no longer protected. The splints were then loaded to destruction to establish the mode of ultimate failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean loads at the clinical end points for split POP splints were: 1375N in Bending, 544N in Kinking and 12 Nm in Torsion (equalling 67.3%, 70.4% and 47.4% of the equivalent values for a circumferential splints). Loads were in excess of body weight for most paediatric patients. After ultimate failure, the proportion of casts that became unstable was similar (44% of full casts and 50% of split casts).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Split POP splints which have not been spread, provide adequate stabilisation and protection of paediatric forearm fractures, and do not routinely require completion.
authors.affiliation: Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK. Electronic address: dr.nimeshpatel1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nimesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Lance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK; Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wansbrough
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D002133:Calcium Sulfate
keywords: Paediatric forearm fracture; Plaster of Paris; mechanical failure; split plaster