title: A Randomized, Double-blinded Trial of a "Rule of Threes" Algorithm versus Continuous Infusion of Oxytocin during Elective Cesarean Delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The administration of uterotonic agents during cesarean delivery is highly variable. The authors hypothesized a "rule of threes" algorithm, featuring oxytocin 3 IU, timed uterine tone evaluations, and a systematic approach to alternative uterotonic agents, would reduce the oxytocin dose required to obtain adequate uterine tone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were randomized to receive a low-dose bolus or continuous infusion of oxytocin. To blind participants, the rule group simultaneously received intravenous oxytocin (3 IU/3 ml) and a "wide-open" infusion of 0.9% normal saline (500 ml); the standard care group received intravenous 0.9% normal saline (3 ml) and a "wide-open" infusion of oxytocin (30 IU in 0.9% normal saline/500 ml). Uterine tone was assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min, and if inadequate, additional uterotonic agents were administered. Uterine tone, total dose and timing of uterotonic agent use, maternal hemodynamics, side effects, and blood loss were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate uterine tone was achieved with lower oxytocin doses in the rule versus standard care group (mean, 4.0 vs. 8.4 IU; point estimate of the difference, 4.4 ± 1.0 IU; 95% CI, 2.60 to 6.15; P < 0.0001). No additional oxytocin or alternative uterotonic agents were needed in either group after 6 min. No differences in the uterine tone, maternal hemodynamics, side effects, or blood loss were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A "rule of threes" algorithm using oxytocin 3 IU results in lower oxytocin doses when compared with continuous-infusion oxytocin in women undergoing elective cesarean delivery.
authors.affiliation: From the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Vesela P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Kovacheva
authors.forename: Mieke A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soens
authors.forename: Lawrence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014590:Uterine Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin