title: Phytohormones enabled endophytic fungal symbiosis improve aluminum phytoextraction in tolerant Solanum lycopersicum: An examples of Penicillium janthinellum LK5 and comparison with exogenous GA3.
abstract: This work investigates the potentials of fungal-endophyte Penicillium janthinellum LK5 (PjLK5) and its inherent gibberellic acid (GA3) as reference to enhance aluminum (Al) induced toxicity in tolerant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Initial screening showed significantly higher uptake of Al by PjLK5. Aluminum stress (100 μM) significantly retarted plant growth in control plants. Conversely PjLK5 and GA3 application significantly increased morphological attributes of Al-tolerant tomato plants with or without Al-stress. PjLK5 inoculation with and without Al-stress maintained the plant growth whilst extracting and translocating higher Al in shoot (∼ 1 92 mg/kg) and root (∼ 296 mg/kg). This was almost similar in GA3 treatments as well. In addition, PjLK5 inoculation extended protective effects to tomato plants by maintaining reduced cellular superoxide anions in Al stress. Al-induced oxidative stress was further reduced due to significantly higher activity of metal-responsive reduced glutathione. The functional membrane was less damaged in PjLK5 and GA3 treatments because the plants synthesized reduced levels of malondialdhyde, lenolenic and linoleic acids. Defense-related endogenous phytohormone salicylic acid was significantly up-regulated to counteract the adverse effects of Al-stress. In conclusion, the PjLK5 possess a similar bio-prospective potential as of GA3. Application of such biochemically active endophyte could increase metal phytoextraction whilst maintaining crop physiological homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa-616, Oman; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
authors.forename: Abdul Latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea(d) Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waqas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
authors.forename: Javid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa-616, Oman; Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa 616, Oman. Electronic address: aharrasi@unizwa.edu.om.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Harrasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamayun
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea(d) Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan Pakistan. Electronic address: ijlee@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: In-Jung
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D060026:Endophytes / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000502:physiology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010407:Penicillium / Q000502:physiology*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005875:Gibberellins; D019216:Metals, Heavy; C007842:gibberellic acid; D000535:Aluminum; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: Aluminum stress; Endophytism; Gibberellins; Phytoextraction