title: What is the effect of physical activity level on food consumption, energy deficiency, and dietary diversity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Energy deficiency is observed to be at odds with other food security indicators. In wealthier urban areas, the prevalence of energy deficiency is often higher than in poorer rural areas, whereas other food security indicators, such as food diversity, perform much better in urban than in rural areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate to what extent differences in physical activity levels influence dietary quantity and quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central to this analysis is the construction of a household activity index, a single measure that aims to capture the collective workload of the household. This paper uses data from Nepal and Uganda expenditure surveys that contain information on food consumption, as well as detailed information on how individual household members spend their time. Energy deficiency numbers are adjusted by the activity index, and the results are compared with the standard approach for calculating energy deficiency assuming light activity levels. Regressions are estimated to discuss demand for calories and diversity given the activity level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accounting for differences in activity level has a large effect on energy deficiency figures, particularly in rural areas. The analysis shows that a higher household activity level significantly increases the calories consumed but lessens food diversity, suggesting that households with high activity levels sacrifice diversity for quantity in order to meet their energy requirements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity levels should be taken into account when interpreting empirical differences in food consumption levels for determining the prevalence of food insecurity and making allocation decisions for food security assistance.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathiassen
authors.forename: Siemon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011203:Poverty; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult