title: Adiponectin/resistin levels and insulin resistance in children: a four country comparison study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few reports on the effects of ethnicity or gender in the association between adipocytokines and insulin resistance in children of different ages. This study assessed associations between serum concentrations of adiponectin/resistin and parameters of insulin resistance in children from 4 different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,290 children were analyzed in this study; each was from one of 4 different countries (Japan, Thailand, Italy and USA), and grouped according to age (8-11 years old in Group 1 and 12-15 years old in Group 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adioponectin was higher in female than in male children, and in Group 1 than in Group 2. Generally, adiponectin was lower in Asian as compared to Italian and American children. These tendencies remained even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) or waist circumstance (WC). Among older children (Group 2), resistin was higher in female than in male children. Significant correlations by non-parametric univariate correlation coefficients and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were found between adiponectin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting serum insulin levels in young Japanese, Italian, and American female children(p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). Correlations between serum adiponectin and HOMA-IR were also found among older male Italian, American, and Thai children (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). In multiple regression analysis by forced entry method, adiponectin correlated with HOMA-IR in Italian and American male children, and in all older female children regardless of country of origin. There was no correlation between resistin and markers of insulin resistance in children from any of the countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that serum adiponectin concentrations are lower in Asian as compared to Italian and American children, and that adiponectin but not resistin contributes to differences in markers for insulin resistance in children from different populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Deckelbaum
authors.affiliation: Basic Nursing and Health Science, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supawadee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Likitmaskul
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, U.L.S.S. 20 and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, U.L.S.S. 20 and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan.
authors.forename: Kaichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Marwah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdalla
keywords: Adiponectin; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Resistin