title: Childhood overweight and obesity in a region of Italian immigration in Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main modifiable risk factors for obesity are related to lifestyle and significantly influenced by the family, environment and culture. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated lifestyle factors in children from Bento Gonçalves, a southern Brazil city with strong Italian immigration influence. Italian traditional foods were locally adapted since the immigrants' arrival in the XIX century, to include more fat and fewer vegetables, and physical activity levels have decreased.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of a population-based cluster sample with students aged 9-18 years. We assessed time spent in sedentary behaviors, hours of physical activity, food frequency and family history. All children underwent physical examination with anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Overweight and obesity were classified according to WHO percentile curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 590 students were evaluated. Mean age was 12.45 ± 1.49 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.3% and 8.3%, respectively. Boys were more frequently overweight and obese than girls (16.3% and 12.2% versus 16.2% and 5.5%, respectively). Vegetables and fruits were consumed less than 4 times per week in 49% and 36.8%, while soft drinks, fast food and sweets were consumed more than 4 times a week by 71%, 70.3% and 42.7%, respectively. The habit of omitting breakfast was associated with overweight (p = 0.007). The average screen time was 5.38 ± 2.88 hours/day. Overweight/obesity was present in 12.2% (n = 5), 24.8% (n = 122) and 36.8% (n = 14) children with low birth weight, normal birth weight and high birth weight respectively (p = 0.04). The prevalence of high blood pressure was higher in obese (30.6%) and overweight (21.2%) children, comparing to eutrophic children (6.8%; p < 0.001). Excess weight was more frequent among fathers (62.8%) than in mothers (46.3%), but excess weight in mothers was positively associated with excess weight in children (p 0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The city showed high prevalence of overweight and obesity. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing prevention strategies aimed at children and their families, considering that health habits are shared and transmitted along generations.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. regeremia@brturbo.com.br.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geremia
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. cimadon@feevale.br.|Centro Universitário Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil. cimadon@feevale.br.|CNEC, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil. cimadon@feevale.br.
authors.forename: Hosana Maria Speranza
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Cimadon
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil. wbrasil.souza@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William Brasil
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Cardiologia, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil. pellanda.pesquisa@gmail.com.|Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), IC/FUC, Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil. pellanda.pesquisa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucia Campos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pellanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence