title: Novel biomarkers to predict response and prognosis in localized bladder cancer.
abstract: This review summarizes recent developments in diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although the number of new biomarkers increases continuously, none are included in practice guidelines. Most NMIBC biomarkers show a higher sensitivity than urinary cytology, but lower specificity. Some protein and chromosome markers have been approved for screening and follow-up of patients in combination with cystoscopy. The long interval required for validation, testing, and approval of the assays and the lack of standardization could explain present issues in biomarker research. To enhance the development of new biomarkers, a more structured approach is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne CH-1010, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lucca
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Martino
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klatte
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Electronic address: sfshariat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D019459:Urothelium
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: DNA; Diagnostic biomarkers; Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer; Prognostic biomarkers; Protein; RNA; Urine