title: Risk and Prognosis of Bloodstream Infections among Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infections are common complications among patients on chronic hemodialysis. This population-based cohort study aims to estimate risk and case fatality of bloodstream infection among chronic hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based cohort study we identified residents with end-stage renal disease in Central and North Jutland, Denmark who had hemodialysis as first renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis patients) during 1995-2010. For each hemodialysis patient, we sampled 19 persons from the general population matched on age, gender, and municipality. Information on positive blood cultures was obtained from regional microbiology databases. All persons were observed from cohort entry until first episode of bloodstream infection, emigration, death, or end of hemodialysis treatment, whichever came first. Incidence-rates and incidence-rate ratios were computed and risk factors for bloodstream infection assessed by Poisson regression. Case fatality was compared by Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1792 hemodialysis patients and 33 618 matched population controls, we identified 461 and 1126 first episodes of bloodstream infection, respectively. Incidence rates of first episode of bloodstream infection were 13.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), 12.5-15.0) per 100 person-years among hemodialysis patients and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.50-0.56) per 100 person-years among population controls. In hemodialysis patients, the most common causative microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus (43.8%) and Escherichia coli (12.6%). The 30-day case fatality was similar among hemodialysis patients and population controls 16% (95% CI, 13%-20%) vs. 18% (95% CI, 15%-20%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis patients have extraordinary high risk of bloodstream infection while short-term case fatality following is similar to that of population controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skov Dalgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jensen-Fangel
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars Jørgen
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik Carl
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schønheyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole Schmeltz
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Søgaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012306:Risk; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult