title: Kawasaki disease: an evolving paradigm.
abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a self-limited childhood systemic vasculitis that exhibits a specific predilection for the coronary arteries. KD predominantly affects young children between the ages of 6months and 4years. Incidence rates in Asians are up to 20 times higher than Caucasians. The aetiology of KD is not known. One reasonable open hypothesis is that KD is caused by an infectious agent that produces an autoimmune disease only in genetically predisposed individuals. The typical presentation of KD is a young child who has exhibited a high swinging fever for five or more days that persists despite antibiotic and/or antipyretic treatment. The lips are dry and cracked. There is a characteristic strawberry tongue, and a diffuse erythema of oropharyngeal mucosal surfaces. Lymphadenopathy is usually unilateral and confined to the anterior cervical triangle. Coronary aneurysms generally appear during the convalescence phase (beginning during the second week). The absence of any laboratory tests for KD means that the diagnosis is made by the presence of a constellation of clinical features. The aim of echocardiography is to assess the presence of coronary artery dilatation or aneurysm formation. Effective therapies exist for most patients with acute KD, but the exact mechanisms of action are not clear. Treatment with aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) are first-line therapies. However, options are plentiful for the children who fail this treatment, but these treatments are not as beneficial. Some centres attempt to salvage resistant patients using intravenous pulsed doses of methylprednisolone. Other centres use infliximab or combinations of these approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy; Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy. Electronic address: armando.devirgilio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Virgilio
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy; Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Ida
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tombolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Otorhinolaryngology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina (LT), Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fusconi
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruoppolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Otorhinolaryngology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina (LT), Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagliuca
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Otorhinolaryngology Section, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina (LT), Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martellucci
authors.affiliation: Department Organs of Sense, ENT Section, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Vincentiis
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005334:Fever; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009080:Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D001241:Aspirin
keywords: Aneurysm; Children vasculitis; Coronary arteries; Intravenous immunoglobulins; Kawasaki disease