title: Newly identified interfibrillar collagen crosslinking suppresses cell proliferation and remodelling.
abstract: Copper is becoming recognised as a key cation in a variety of biological processes. Copper chelation has been studied as a potential anti-angiogenic strategy for arresting tumour growth. Conversely the delivery of copper ions and complexes in vivo can elicit a pro-angiogenic effect. Previously we unexpectedly found that copper-stimulated intraperitoneal angiogenesis was accompanied by collagen deposition. Here, in hard tissue, not only was healing accelerated by copper, but again enhanced deposition of collagen was detected at 2 weeks. Experiments with reconstituted collagen showed that addition of copper ions post-fibrillogenesis rendered plastically-compressed gels resistant to collagenases, enhanced their mechanical properties and increased the denaturation temperature of the protein. Unexpectedly, this apparently interfibrillar crosslinking was not affected by addition of glucose or ascorbic acid, which are required for crosslinking by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Fibroblasts cultured on copper-crosslinked gels did not proliferate, whereas those cultured with an equivalent quantity of copper on either tissue culture plastic or collagen showed no effect compared with controls. Although non-proliferative, fibroblasts grown on copper-cross-linked collagen could migrate, remained metabolically active for at least 14 days and displayed a 6-fold increase in Mmps 1 and 3 mRNA expression compared with copper-free controls. The ability of copper ions to crosslink collagen fibrils during densification and independently of AGEs or Fenton type reactions is previously unreported. The effect on MMP susceptibility of collagen and the dramatic change in cell behaviour on this crosslinked ECM may contribute to shedding some light on unexplained phenomena as the apparent benefit of copper complexation in fibrotic disorders or the enhanced collagen deposition in response to localised copper delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Benedetto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marelli
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Nihouannen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: S Adam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hacking
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Monzur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murshed
authors.affiliation: CHUL's Research Center (T2-50), CHUQ, 2705, Boul. Laurier, and Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Doillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Chiara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ghezzi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Yu Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: Showan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nazhat
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, H3G 1A4, Canada. Electronic address: jake.barralet@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Jake E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Barralet
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D024022:Fibrillar Collagens; D003300:Copper; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Bone; Collagen; Copper; Crosslinking