title: Can Quantitative CT Texture Analysis be Used to Differentiate Fat-poor Renal Angiomyolipoma from Renal Cell Carcinoma on Unenhanced CT Images?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of texture analysis to differentiate fat-poor angiomyolipoma (fp-AML) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this institutional review board-approved retrospective case-control study, patients with AML and RCC were identified from the pathology database: there were 16 patients with fp-AML (no visible fat at unenhanced CT) and 84 patients with RCC. Axial unenhanced CT images were contoured manually by two independent analysts. Texture analysis was performed for each lesion, and reproducibility was assessed. Texture features related to the gray-level histogram, gray-level co-occurrence, and run-length matrix statistics were evaluated. The most discriminative features were used to generate support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. Diagnostic accuracy of textural features was assessed and 10-fold cross validation was performed. Unenhanced CT images for each patient were independently reviewed by two blinded radiologists who subjectively graded lesion heterogeneity on a five-point scale. Differences in area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) between subjective heterogeneity ratings and textural features were evaluated by using the DeLong method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was lower lesion homogeneity and higher lesion entropy in RCCs (P ≤ .01). A model incorporating several texture features resulted in an AUC of 0.89 ± 0.04. The average SVM accuracy of textural features ranged from 83% to 91% (after 10-fold cross validation). An optimal subjective heterogeneity rating of 2 or higher was identified as a predictor of RCC for both readers, with no significant difference in AUC between readers (P = .06). Each of the three textural-based classifiers was more accurate than either radiologists' subjective heterogeneity ratings for the models incorporating a subset of the top three textural features (difference in AUC between textural features and subjective visual heterogeneity, 0.25; 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.47; P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT texture analysis can be used to accurately differentiate fp-AML from RCC on unenhanced CT images.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Taryn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hodgdon
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Matthew D F
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schieda
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5; Departments of Medical Imaging (T.H., M.D.F.M., N.S., L.L., R.E.T.) and Anatomical Pathology (T.A.F.), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (M.D.F.M., N.S., R.E.T.).
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Thornhill
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D018207:Angiomyolipoma / Q000473:pathology*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*