title: Sensory Flask Cells in Sponge Larvae Regulate Metamorphosis via Calcium Signaling.
abstract: The Porifera (sponges) is one of the earliest phyletic lineages to branch off the metazoan tree. Although the body-plan of sponges is among the simplest in the animal kingdom and sponges lack nervous systems that communicate environmental signals to other cells, their larvae have sensory systems that generate coordinated responses to environmental cues. In eumetazoans (Cnidaria and Bilateria), the nervous systems of larvae often regulate metamorphosis through Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction. In sponges, neither the identity of the receptor system that detects an inductive environmental cue (hereafter "metamorphic cues") nor the signaling system that mediates settlement and metamorphosis are known. Using a combination of behavioral assays and surgical manipulations, we show here that specialized epithelial cells-referred to as flask cells-enriched in the anterior third of the Amphimedon queenslandica larva are most likely to be the sensory cells that detect the metamorphic cues. Surgical removal of the region enriched in flask cells in a larva inhibits the initiation of metamorphosis. The flask cell has an apical sensory apparatus with a cilium surrounded by an apical F-actin-rich protrusion, and numerous vesicles, hallmarks of eumetazoan sensory-neurosecretory cells. We demonstrate that these flask cells respond to metamorphic cues by elevating intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and that this elevation is necessary for the initiation of metamorphosis. Taken together, these analyses suggest that sponge larvae have sensory-secretory epithelial cells capable of converting exogenous cues into internal signals via Ca(2+)-mediated signaling, which is necessary for the initiation of metamorphosis. Similarities in the morphology, physiology, and function of the sensory flask cells in sponge larvae with the sensory/neurosecretory cells in eumetazoan larvae suggest this sensory system predates the divergence of Porifera and Eumetazoa.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Nagayasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoupin
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Degnan
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia b.degnan@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Bernard M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Degnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011161:Porifera / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester; D004533:Egtazic Acid