title: Surgical management and outcome of rectal carcinoids in a university hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rectal carcinoids are an uncommon entity comprising only 1%-2% of all rectal tumors. Rectal carcinoids are frequently diagnosed during colonoscopy, but management after polypectomy is still controversial. The aims of this study were to review the surgical procedures for rectal carcinoids and to compare the outcomes of patients after different treatment modalities in a university hospital in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  All rectal carcinoids diagnosed between January 2003 and September 2012 were reviewed retrospectively, including clinicopathological characteristics, their management, and surgical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 54 patients with a median age of 60 years, and 32 were males (59.3%). All patients underwent colonoscopy, and the most had rectal bleeding (53.7%). Two patients were diagnosed incidentally in the surgical specimens of rectal tissues. Eighteen patients were diagnosed to have rectal carcinoids after snaring polypectomy, and no further intervention was required. Twenty-five patients had local resection either by means of transanal resection or transanal endoscopic operation. Radical resection was performed in seven patients in which one had T3N1 disease and the others did not have any lymph node metastasis. In the median follow-up of 30 months (10-108 months), there was no recurrence in the "incidental" or post-polypectomy group. However, two patients with transanal resection and two patients with radical resection developed hepatic metastases after 13-24 months post-treatment. The 5-year overall survival was 100% in patients having snaring polypectomy only, 83% for those with local resection, and 63% in patients who underwent radical surgery (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggested that that local resection was an effective treatment for small rectal carcinoids and generally brought about good oncological and surgical outcomes. For larger tumors, radical resection seemed to provide acceptable oncological outcomes. Regular surveillance with colonoscopy and endorectal ultrasound is highly recommended for high-risk patients for long-term management. By sharing our experience, we hope to provide more evidence on the management on rectal carcinoids which, together with evidence from further studies, may guide us in the long-term management of these patients in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. rockson24@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rockson
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. oswenslo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oswens S H
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. lawwl@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Wai Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D003113:Colonoscopy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate