title: Prognostic significance of cystoscopy findings following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the potential significance of cystoscopy findings following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) as prognostic indicator in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who received NAC prior to radical cystectomy for MIBC were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to cystoscopy performed after two cycles of NAC: responders and non-responders. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze associations between observed response to chemotherapy and pT stage, pN stage and tumor downstaging. Logistic regression modeling was fitted to evaluate predictors for extravesical disease and pathologic downstaging. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate disease specific survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 101 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy. According to the cystoscopy findings, 60 patients (59%) were identified as responders to NAC. Stage pT0 at cystectomy was confirmed in 22 patients (36.5%) in the responder group versus only 1 patient (2.5%) in the non-responder group. Univariate analysis showed statistically significant association between response to chemotherapy observed on cystoscopy and pT stage as well as tumor downstaging. Multivariate regression modeling revealed that cystoscopy findings were an independent predictor of extravesical disease and pathologic downstaging. There was a distinct survival benefit in NAC responder group (p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard model identified cystoscopy findings as an independent predictor of survival (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20-0.74, p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed response to NAC on follow up cystoscopy is associated with favorable pathological outcomes and is a significant predictor of survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for MIBC.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Soloway
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eldefrawy
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singal
authors.forename: Shivam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Murugesan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manoharan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*