title: Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the insula in young adults with Internet gaming disorder.
abstract: The insula has been implicated in salience processing, craving, and interoception, all of which are critical to the clinical manifestations of drug and behavioral addiction. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we examined resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the insula and its association with Internet gaming characteristics in 74 young adults with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects (HCs). In comparison with HCs, IGD subjects (IGDs) exhibited enhanced rsFC between the anterior insula and a network of regions including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), putamen, angular gyrus, and precuneous, which are involved in salience, craving, self-monitoring, and attention. IGDs also demonstrated significantly stronger rsFC between the posterior insula and postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, supplemental motor area, and superior temporal gyrus (STG), which are involved in interoception, movement control, and auditory processing. Furthermore, IGD severity was positively associated with connectivity between the anterior insula and angular gyrus, and STG, and with connectivity between the posterior insula and STG. Duration of Internet gaming was positively associated with connectivity between the anterior insula and ACC. These findings highlight a key role of the insula in manifestation of the core symptoms of IGD and the importance to examine functional abnormalities of the anterior and posterior insula separately in IGDs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China.|Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Chiang-Shan R
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Jiao
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Jiao
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China.|Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D018910:Video Games; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Internet gaming disorder; fMRI; functional connectivity; insula; resting-state