title: Predictors of time to recovery in infants with probable serious bacterial infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serious bacterial infections continue to be an important cause of death and illness among infants in developing countries. Time to recovery could be considered a surrogate marker of severity of the infection. We therefore aimed to identify clinical and laboratory predictors of time to recovery in infants with probable serious bacterial infection (PSBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the dataset of 700 infants (7-120 days) enrolled in a randomised controlled trial in India in which 10mg of oral zinc or placebo was given to infants with PSBI. PSBI was defined as signs/symptoms of possible serious bacterial infection along with baseline C-reactive protein(CRP) level >12mg/L. Time to recovery was defined as time from enrolment to the end of a 2-day period with no symptoms/signs of PSBI and daily weight gain of at least 10g over 2 succesive days on exclusive oral feeding. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to measure the associations between relevant variables and time to recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants who were formula fed prior to illness episode had 33% longer time to recovery (HR-0.67, 95%CI-0.52, 0.87) than those who were not. Being underweight (HR-0.84, 95%CI-0.70, 0.99), lethargic (HR-0.77, 95%CI-0.62, 0.96) and irritable (HR-0.81, 95%CI-0.66, 0.99) were independent predictors of time to recovery. Baseline CRP was significantly associated with time to recovery (P<0.001), higher CRP was associated with longer time to recovery and this association was nearly linear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple clinical and laboratory parameters such as formula feeding prior to the illness, being underweight, lethargic, irritable and having elevated CRP levels could be used for early identification of infants with PSBI at risk for protracted illness and could guide prompt referral to higher centers in resource limited settings. This also provides prognostic information to clinicians and family as longer recovery time has economic and social implications on the family in our setting.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00347386.
authors.affiliation: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nitya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lodha
authors.affiliation: Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Halvor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sommerfelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Satinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.affiliation: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Uma Chandra Mouli
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Natchu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Bimbadhar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vinod Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mohini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sushil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.affiliation: Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India; Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shinjini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Medical Services, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein