title: Minimally invasive motor cortex stimulation for Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Extra/intradural strip electrode implantation on motor cortex may be possible minimally invasive neurosurgical method for therapeutic neuromodulation in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this review is to assess motor cortex stimulation (MCS) efficacy and safety in advanced PD. Sixteen published articles were included with a total of 130 PD patients treated. In almost all results are from prospective observational open labeled study, only in two studies blinded assessment was carried out. Negative results are reported in three studies. Significant improvement in motor symptoms with remarkable effect on axial symptoms, L-dopa-induced dyskinesia and quality of life are outlined in thirteen studies. Surgical technique involved implant of four-contact strip electrode over M1 in epidural space with exception of few cases in which implant was carried out in subdural space. Surgical procedure was performed contralateral to most affected side with exception of five patients in which it was carried at dominant hemisphere; in four patients electrode implant was bilateral but stimulation was carried out simultaneously on both sides only in two cases. Complications and adverse events occurred very rarely for extradural MCS whereas with higher rate for subdural MCS. Based on review of current literature extra/intradural MCS represents an alternative to deep brain stimulation (DBS) to surgically treat PD patients who are not candidate for DBS. MCS is a minimally invasive neuromodulation procedure with low morbidity-mortality that can relieve all three major symptoms of PD on both sides simultaneously and bilaterally; it has significant effectiveness on axial symptoms, gait disturbances and therapy complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy - lavano@unicz.it.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavano
authors.forename: Giusy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guzzi
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DE Rose
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Torre
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vescio
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deodato
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lavano
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpentesta
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000601:surgery*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome