title: Differential co-expression and regulation analyses reveal different mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder and subsyndromal symptomatic depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent depression research has revealed a growing awareness of how to best classify depression into depressive subtypes. Appropriately subtyping depression can lead to identification of subtypes that are more responsive to current pharmacological treatment and aid in separating out depressed patients in which current antidepressants are not particularly effective. Differential co-expression analysis (DCEA) and differential regulation analysis (DRA) were applied to compare the transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with two depressive subtypes: major depressive disorder (MDD) and subsyndromal symptomatic depression (SSD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six differentially regulated genes (DRGs) (FOSL1, SRF, JUN, TFAP4, SOX9, and HLF) and 16 transcription factor-to-target differentially co-expressed gene links or pairs (TF2target DCLs) appear to be the key differential factors in MDD; in contrast, one DRG (PATZ1) and eight TF2target DCLs appear to be the key differential factors in SSD. There was no overlap between the MDD target genes and SSD target genes. Venlafaxine (Efexor™, Effexor™) appears to have a significant effect on the gene expression profile of MDD patients but no significant effect on the gene expression profile of SSD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCEA and DRA revealed no apparent similarities between the differential regulatory processes underlying MDD and SSD. This bioinformatic analysis may provide novel insights that can support future antidepressant R&D efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. frank_cqmu@126.com.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. frank_cqmu@126.com.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. liuk8628@163.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. 570572292@qq.com.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. 570572292@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. zxn020@163.com.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. zxn020@163.com.
authors.forename: Qingyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. czs027@163.com.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. czs027@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. dyjianguo@163.com.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. dyjianguo@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. tyl0871@163.com.
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. ylx8623@163.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. bjj0550@163.com.
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. fzx023@163.com.
authors.forename: Yongtao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. zhiwei_li023@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.|Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.|Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China. xiepeng@cqmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D015415:Biomarkers; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride