title: Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil of Beilschmiedia pulverulenta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ethnopharmacological study of Beilschmiedia indicates that several species are used for the treatment of various ailments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This is the first study of the chemical composition of Beilschmiedia pulverulenta Kosterm (Lauraceae) essential oil and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antioxidant activities were evaluated by β-carotene, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phenolic content at different concentrations. The antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were revealed by disk diffusion and microdilution. The antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities were assayed against mushroom tyrosinase and lipoxygenase enzymes. The anticholinesterase activity was analyzed using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two components were detected in B. pulverulenta oil with eugenol (45.3%) being the major component. The oil phenolic content and the FRAP were 660.1 mg gallic acid/g and 604.0 mg ascorbic acid/g, respectively. The oil gave an IC50 value of 94.5 µg/mL and an inhibition of 93.9% in DPPH and β-carotene, respectively. The antimicrobial activity showed that the oil had strong activity against all Gram-positive bacteria with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value each of 62.5 µg/mL and moderate against all fungi with MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values each of 125 µg/mL. The oil showed significant antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities with 67.6 and 62.5% inhibition, respectively. In addition, the oil had moderate AChE (56.5%) and BChE (48.2%) activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the oil could potentially be used for nutraceutical industries, food manufactures, and therapeutic agents against various diseases such as inflammation and rheumatism.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Skudai , Johor , Malaysia .
authors.forename: Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Salleh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Skudai , Johor , Malaysia .
authors.forename: Farediah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: b School of Chemistry and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kota Samarahan , Sarawak , Malaysia , and.
authors.forename: Khong Heng
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biosciences and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Razauden Mohamed
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zulkifli
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005054:Eugenol / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D019770:Lauraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D005054:Eugenol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
keywords: Anticholinesterase; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial; antioxidant; antityrosinase