title: Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether protective factors in the Protection for Adolescent Depression Study (PADS) moderate the impact of stressful events on depression and suicidal behaviour in the community and a clinical setting; and to study the influence of sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 283 adolescents from the community and 119 from a mood disorder clinic in Montreal. The participants were evaluated on 6 instruments measuring individual risk and protective factors. Descriptive analyses and univariate and multiple logistic regression models were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors predicted higher levels of depression and presence of suicidal behaviour, and protective factors predicted lower levels of depression and absence of suicidal behaviour, as expected under the vulnerability-resilience stress model. Several sex differences were observed in terms of the predictive power of risk factors (for example, hopelessness among girls and keep to themselves among boys) and protective factors (for example, focusing on the positive among girls and self-discovery among boys).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the PADS suggest that protective factors moderate the impact of stress on depression and suicidal behaviour. Developing protection appears important in the presence of chronic conditions, such as depressive disorders, to reduce the likelihood of further episodes. The influence of sex makes it all the more relevant to target different factors for boys and girls to increase protection and decrease risk in prevention and intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist and Researcher, Clinique des troubles de l'humeur and Centre de Recherche de l'institut universitaire en santé mentale de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montreal, Quebec; Associate Professor, Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Breton
authors.affiliation: Psychologist and Researcher, Clinique des troubles de l'humeur and Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montreal, Quebec; Full Professor, Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Associate Professor, Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Réal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Labelle
authors.affiliation: Statistician, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berthiaume
authors.affiliation: Full Professor, Département d'études en loisirs, culture et tourisme, Université du Québec à Montréal, Trois-Rivières, Québec.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.affiliation: Research Coordinator, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: St-Georges
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychologist, Centre locaux de services communautaires Lamater de Lanaudière et Centre de réadaptation physique le Bouclier, Repentigny, Québec.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ricard
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, Clinique des troubles de l'humeur, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montreal, Quebec; Associate Professor, Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Professor and Department Head, Département de pédiatrie médicale, Fédération hospitalo-universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Centre Hospitalier universitaire de Rouen et Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, France, Rouen et Rouvray, France; Researcher, Laboratoire Psy-NCA-EA-4700, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Priscille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gérardin
authors.affiliation: Professor and Department Head, Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Researcher, Centre national de recherche scientifique-Unité mixte recherche-7222, Institut des systèmes intelligents et robotiques, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Professor and Department Head, Service de psychopathologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent et Unité de médecine de l'adolescent, Centre hospitalier universitaire d'Amiens, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; Associate Professor, Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec; Assistant Professor, Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec; Researcher, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, Québec.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guilé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology*