title: Efficacy of doxycycline and sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy in pediatric head and neck lymphatic malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lymphatic malformations are congenital vascular anomalies that occur from abnormal development of the lymphatic channels. Studies have shown that sclerotherapy can be a reliable alternative to surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous sclerotherapy with doxycycline and 3% Sotradecol as primary treatment for pediatric head and neck LMs, and to assess outcomes based on lesion classification, location and sclerosant used.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a single center, retrospective, case series study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 38 children who underwent percutaneous sclerotherapy of LMs in the head and neck region at our tertiary care center between 1/1/2006 and 1/31/2011 were reviewed. A mean average of 2.9 (range 1-10) sclerotherapy sessions per child were performed. LMs involved primarily the face (61.3%), posterior neck (48.4%), submental area (45.2%), and anterior neck (35.5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine subjects had adequate follow-up data, with 51.7% demonstrating complete resolution, 27.6% moderate improvement, and 20.7% no response. There was no significant difference in the outcome based on the sclerosant agent used or location of the lesion. Lesion type did affect outcome and macrocystic lesions were found to have a significantly higher resolution rate (95.2%) than microcystic or mixed lesions (p < 0.05). The total number of complications was similar between agents and all were minor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that percutaneous therapy with doxycycline and Sotradecol is safe and effective for children with LMs of the head and neck. Better outcomes were observed with macrocystic LMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. Electronic address: soroushf@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnoosh
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Los Angeles, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Don
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Los Angeles, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koempel
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Los Angeles, Department of Plastic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panossian
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Los Angeles, Department of Plastic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anselmo
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital at Los Angeles, Department of Radiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stanley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D004318:Doxycycline; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
keywords: Cystic hygroma; Lymphangioma; Lymphatic malformation; Sclerotherapy