title: Effect of photodynamic therapy on local muscle treatment in a rat muscle injury model: a controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle injury is common and is thought to account for 10%-50% of all sports-related injuries. The use of rest, ice, compression, and elevation is common in clinical practice, but many treatments over a long period are required to produce a therapeutic effect. We evaluated the utility of photodynamic therapy as a new treatment option for the acute stage of muscle injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent experimental injury of the right gastrocnemius muscle with a drop-mass method. After muscle injury was induced, a liposomally formulated indocyanine green derivative (7 mg/kg) near-infrared laser irradiation was performed at 18 h after injury. Local time-dependent changes in the treatment (n = 14) and no treatment (n = 14) groups were evaluated with in vivo imaging, histologic examination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo imaging fluorescence values were significantly higher in the no treatment group, whereas interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were significantly higher in the treatment group at 18 h after injury. Histologic examination results revealed that the treatment group had less bleeding and more degeneration repair processes than the no treatment group at 24 h and 1 week after muscle injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that photodynamic therapy promotes a tissue-repairing effect during the early stage of muscle injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. kazuhideinage@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inage
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Chiba Medical Center, 4 Chome-1-2 Tsubakimori, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan. yshr.skm390.elg814@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. kyamauchi@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan. a.suganami@restaff.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suganami
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. sorita@chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Sumihisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orita
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. gogogo@par.odn.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan. y.oikawa-1979@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. sain3005@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sainoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. scottie6242000@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. s9082@nms.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yshiga1111@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. 19501114@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. sohtori@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohtori
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan. yutaka_tamura@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green