title: Pilot Randomized Trial Comparing Intersession Scheduling of Biofeedback Results to Individuals with Chronic Pain: Influence on Psychologic Function and Pain Intensity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two biofeedback schedules on long-term improvement in physical and psychologic reactivity to chronic nonmalignant pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a prospective, randomized pilot trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adults with chronic pain engaged in heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback training for nine sessions with HRV presented visually. Two groups, formed by random assignment, were compared: The faded feedback group received concurrent visual HRV biofeedback in session 1, with the amount of biofeedback systematically reduced for ensuing sessions so that, by session 9, the participants were controlling HRV without external feedback. The full feedback group received visual HRV biofeedback continuously across all sessions. Outcome measures assessed at baseline, immediately after the program, and 3 mos after the program included pain intensity, fear-avoidance beliefs, and self-report physical functioning. Use of biofeedback skills was also assessed 3 mos after the program. Nominal variables were analyzed with χ. Continuous measures were analyzed with repeated-measures analyses of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The faded feedback schedule resulted in greater use of biofeedback skills at 3 mos and improved pain intensity and fear-avoidance beliefs after the program and at 3 mos. Physical functioning did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematically reducing the frequency of external visual feedback during HRV biofeedback training was associated with reduced reactivity to chronic pain. Results of this pilot study should be confirmed with a larger randomized study.
authors.affiliation: From the Rehabilitation Research Department (DLW), Rehabilitation Psychology Clinic (AAW, AGT), and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department (GTC), St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute, Spokane, Washington.
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: Angelique G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tindall
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome