title: Usability and knowledge testing of educational tools about infant vaccination pain management directed to postnatal nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adapting educational tools to meet user needs is a critical aspect of translating research evidence into best clinical practices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate usability and effectiveness of educational tools about infant vaccination pain management directed to postnatal nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed methods design. A template pamphlet and video included in a published clinical practice guideline were subjected to heuristic usability evaluation and then the revised tools were reviewed by postnatal hospital nurses in three rounds of interviews involving 8 to 12 nurses per round. Nurses' knowledge about evidence-based pain management interventions was evaluated at three time points: baseline, after pamphlet review, and after video review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 32 eligible postnatal nurses, 29 agreed to participation and data were available for 28. Three overarching themes were identified in the interviews: 1) utility of information, 2) access to information, and 3) process for infant procedures. Nurses' knowledge improved significantly (p < 0.05) from the baseline phase to the pamphlet review phase, and again from the pamphlet review phase to the video review phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated usability and knowledge uptake from a nurse-directed educational pamphlet and video about managing infant vaccination pain. Future studies are needed to determine the impact of implementing these educational tools in the postnatal hospital setting on parental utilization of analgesic interventions during infant hospitalization and future infant vaccinations.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. anna.taddio@utoronto.ca.|Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. anna.taddio@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taddio
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada. vshah@mtsinai.on.ca.
authors.forename: Vibhuti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate Pharmacy Division, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. jyx.wang@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144, College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. chaityaparikh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chaitya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.affiliation: Graduate Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144, College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada. sarah.smart@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. mm.ipp@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ipp
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. rpr@yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Rebecca Pillai
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N411F, Box 0606, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. Linda.Franck@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Franck
mesh_terms: D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000193:education*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000451:nursing*; D013664:Teaching Materials / Q000592:standards*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000451:nursing*