title: The RECITE Study: A Canadian Prospective, Multicenter Study of the Incidence and Severity of Residual Neuromuscular Blockade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade (NMB), defined as a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of <0.9, is an established risk factor for critical postoperative respiratory events and increased morbidity. At present, little is known about the occurrence of residual NMB in Canada. The RECITE (Residual Curarization and its Incidence at Tracheal Extubation) study was a prospective observational study at 8 hospitals in Canada investigating the incidence and severity of residual NMB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients undergoing open or laparoscopic abdominal surgery expected to last <4 hours, ASA physical status I-III, and scheduled for general anesthesia with at least 1 dose of a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent for endotracheal intubation or maintenance of neuromuscular relaxation were enrolled in the study. Neuromuscular function was assessed using acceleromyography with the TOF-Watch SX. All reported TOF ratios were normalized to the baseline values. The attending anesthesiologist and all other observers were blinded to the TOF ratio (T4/T1) results. The primary and secondary objectives were to determine the incidence and severity of residual NMB (TOF ratio <0.9) just before tracheal extubation and at arrival at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and two participants were enrolled. Data were available for 241 patients at tracheal extubation and for 207 patients at PACU arrival. Rocuronium was the NMB agent used in 99% of cases. Neostigmine was used for reversal of NMB in 73.9% and 72.0% of patients with TE and PACU data, respectively. The incidence of residual NMB was 63.5% (95% confidence interval, 57.4%-69.6%) at tracheal extubation and 56.5% (95% confidence interval, 49.8%-63.3%) at arrival at the PACU. In an exploratory analysis, no statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of residual NMB according to gender, age, body mass index, ASA physical status, type of surgery, or comorbidities (all P > 0.13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Residual paralysis is common at tracheal extubation and PACU arrival, despite qualitative neuromuscular monitoring and the use of neostigmine. More effective detection and management of NMB is needed to reduce the risks associated with residual NMB.
authors.affiliation: From the *Département d'Anesthésie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Centre Affilié Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; †Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of ‡Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care and §Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; ∥Départment d'Anesthésie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; ¶Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Departments of #Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and **Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; ††Department of Anesthesiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; and ‡‡Merck Canada, Kirkland, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis-Philippe
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fortier
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McKeen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Étienne
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: de Médicis
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warriner
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaput
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pouliot
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galarneau
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D060666:Airway Extubation; D000732:Androstanols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000931:Antidotes / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009388:Neostigmine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020511:Neuromuscular Junction Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D061886:Neuromuscular Monitoring; D010243:Paralysis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077123:Rocuronium; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000732:Androstanols; D000931:Antidotes; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D009466:Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; D009388:Neostigmine; D000077123:Rocuronium