title: Mineral nitrogen sources differently affect root glutamine synthetase isoforms and amino acid balance among organs in maize.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the first step of nitrogen assimilation in plant cell. The main GS are classified as cytosolic GS1 and plastidial GS2, of which the functionality is variable according to the nitrogen sources, organs and developmental stages. In maize (Zea mays L.) one gene for GS2 and five genes for GS1 subunits are known, but their roles in root metabolism are not yet well defined. In this work, proteomic and biochemical approaches have been used to study root GS enzymes and nitrogen assimilation in maize plants re-supplied with nitrate, ammonium or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plant metabolic status highlighted the relevance of root system in maize nitrogen assimilation during both nitrate and ammonium nutrition. The analysis of root proteomes allowed a study to be made of the accumulation and phosphorylation of six GS proteins. Three forms of GS2 were identified, among which only the phosphorylated one showed an accumulation trend consistent with plastidial GS activity. Nitrogen availabilities enabled increments in root total GS synthetase activity, associated with different GS1 isoforms according to the nitrogen sources. Nitrate nutrition induced the specific accumulation of GS1-5 while ammonium led to up-accumulation of both GS1-1 and GS1-5, highlighting co-participation. Moreover, the changes in thermal sensitivity of root GS transferase activity suggested differential rearrangements of the native enzyme. The amino acid accumulation and composition in roots, xylem sap and leaves deeply changed in response to mineral sources. Glutamine showed the prevalent changes in all nitrogen nutritions. Besides, the ammonium nutrition was associated with an accumulation of asparagine and reducing sugars and a drop in glutamic acid level, significantly alleviated by the co-provision with nitrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides new information about the multifaceted regulation of the GS enzyme in maize roots, indicating the involvement of specific isoenzymes/isoforms, post-translational events and biochemical factors. For the first time, the proteomic approach allowed to discriminate the individual contribution of the GS1 isoforms, highlighting the participation of GS1-5 in nitrate metabolism. Moreover, the results give new insights about the influence of amino acid metabolism in plant C/N balance.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milano, Italy. bhakti.prinsi@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Bhakti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prinsi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milano, Italy. luca.espen@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Espen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase