title: The influence of biological rhythms on host-parasite interactions.
abstract: Biological rhythms, from circadian control of cellular processes to annual cycles in life history, are a main structural element of biology. Biological rhythms are considered adaptive because they enable organisms to partition activities to cope with, and take advantage of, predictable fluctuations in environmental conditions. A flourishing area of immunology is uncovering rhythms in the immune system of animals, including humans. Given the temporal structure of immunity, and rhythms in parasite activity and disease incidence, we propose that the intersection of chronobiology, disease ecology, and evolutionary biology holds the key to understanding host-parasite interactions. Here, we review host-parasite interactions while explicitly considering biological rhythms, and propose that rhythms: influence within-host infection dynamics and transmission between hosts, might account for diel and annual periodicity in host-parasite systems, and can lead to a host-parasite arms race in the temporal domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: bakkerma@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Micaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Bakker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Helm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology; D010507:Periodicity
keywords: biological rhythm; circadian; circannual; infection; parasite; season; temporal niche