title: Interventional CMR: Clinical applications and future directions.
abstract: Interventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance (iCMR) promises to enable radiation-free catheterization procedures and to enhance contemporary image guidance for structural heart and electrophysiological interventions. However, clinical translation of exciting pre-clinical interventions has been limited by availability of devices that are safe to use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. We discuss challenges and solutions for clinical translation, including MR-conditional and MR-safe device design, and how to configure an interventional suite. We review the recent advances that have already enabled diagnostic MR right heart catheterization and simple electrophysiologic ablation to be performed in humans and explore future clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2c713, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1538, USA.
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lederman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional