title: Effects of calcium ions on titanium surfaces for bone regeneration.
abstract: The chemistry and topography of implant surfaces are of paramount importance for the successful tissue integration of load-bearing dental and orthopedic implants. Here we evaluate in vitro and in vivo titanium implant surfaces modified with calcium ions (Ca(2+) surfaces). Calcium ions produce a durable chemical and nano-topographical modification of the titanium oxide interface. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry examination of the outermost surface composition, shows that calcium ions in Ca(2+) surfaces effectively prevent adventitious hydrocarbon passivation of the oxide layer. In aqueous solutions Ca(2+) surfaces release within the first minute, 2/3 of the total measured Ca(2+), the rest is released over the following 85 days. Additionally, Ca(2+) surfaces significantly increase human fetal osteoblasts-like cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, as measured by the autocrine synthesis of osteopontin. Relevant for clinical application, after 12 weeks of healing in sheep tibia, microcomputer tomography and histomorphometric analysis show that Ca(2+) surfaces develop significantly more bone contacts and higher bone density in the 1mm region around the implant. Consequently, titanium implants modified with calcium ions represent a valuable tool to improve endosseous integration in the clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, C/ José María Cagigal, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biotechnology Institute BTI ImasD, C/ Jacinto Quincoces, 39, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anitua
authors.affiliation: Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, C/ José María Cagigal, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piñas
authors.affiliation: Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation, C/ José María Cagigal, 19, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murias
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Institute BTI ImasD, C/ Jacinto Quincoces, 39, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Institute BTI ImasD, C/ Leonardo da Vinci, 14B, 01510 Miñano, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain. Electronic address: ricardo@minin.es.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tejero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D012756:Sheep; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D053495:Osteopontin; D014025:Titanium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium; Implants; Osseointegration; Surfaces; Titanium