title: Quantitative analysis of relationships between irradiation parameters and the reproducibility of cyclotron-produced (99m)Tc yields.
abstract: Cyclotron production of (99m)Tc through the (100)Mo(p,2n) (99m)Tc reaction channel is actively being investigated as an alternative to reactor-based (99)Mo generation by nuclear fission of (235)U. An exciting aspect of this approach is that it can be implemented using currently-existing cyclotron infrastructure to supplement, or potentially replace, conventional (99m)Tc production methods that are based on aging and increasingly unreliable nuclear reactors. Successful implementation will require consistent production of large quantities of high-radionuclidic-purity (99m)Tc. However, variations in proton beam currents and the thickness and isotopic composition of enriched (100)Mo targets, in addition to other irradiation parameters, may degrade reproducibility of both radionuclidic purity and absolute (99m)Tc yields. The purpose of this article is to present a method for quantifying relationships between random variations in production parameters, including (100)Mo target thicknesses and proton beam currents, and reproducibility of absolute (99m)Tc yields (defined as the end of bombardment (EOB) (99m)Tc activity). Using the concepts of linear error propagation and the theory of stochastic point processes, we derive a mathematical expression that quantifies the influence of variations in various irradiation parameters on yield reproducibility, quantified in terms of the coefficient of variation of the EOB (99m)Tc activity. The utility of the developed formalism is demonstrated with an example. We show that achieving less than 20% variability in (99m)Tc yields will require highly-reproducible target thicknesses and proton currents. These results are related to the service rate which is defined as the percentage of (99m)Tc production runs that meet the minimum daily requirement of one (or many) nuclear medicine departments. For example, we show that achieving service rates of 84.0%, 97.5% and 99.9% with 20% variations in target thicknesses requires producing on average 1.2, 1.5 and 1.9 times the minimum daily activity requirement. The irradiation parameters that would be required to achieve these service rates are described. We believe the developed formalism will aid in the development of quality-control criteria required to ensure consistent supply of large quantities of high-radionuclidic-purity cyclotron-produced (99m)Tc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanguay
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bénard
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Ruth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celler
mesh_terms: D017357:Cyclotrons; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry*; D011522:Protons; D011786:Quality Control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013667:Technetium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D013667:Technetium; D008982:Molybdenum