title: Histogram Analysis of Amide Proton Transfer Imaging to Identify Contrast-enhancing Low-Grade Brain Tumor That Mimics High-Grade Tumor: Increased Accuracy of MR Perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether histogram analysis of amide proton transfer (APT) imaging provides increased accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging for the identification of contrast material-enhancing low-grade tumor (World Health Organization grades 1 and 2) that mimics high-grade tumor (World Health Organization grades 3 and 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. Forty-five patients with pathologically proven, solitary, contrast-enhancing tumors were enrolled in this study. APT-derived signal intensity from the calculated APT asymmetry at the offset frequency of 3.5 ppm and normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV) were measured on solid portions of the tumor by using a 90% histogram cutoff (denoted as APT90 and nCBV90, respectively). The diagnostic performance of the imaging parameters was determined with leave-one-out cross validation. Interobserver agreement was assessed by using the intraclass correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  APT90 demonstrated a significant difference between contrast-enhancing low-grade and high-grade tumors for both readers (P < .001 for both readers). Compared with nCBV90, adding APT90 significantly improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the identification of contrast-enhancing low-grade tumor from 0.80 to 0.97 for reader 1 (P = .023) and from 0.82 to 0.97 for reader 2 (P = .035), respectively. By using leave-one-out cross-validation, the cross-validated AUC of the combination of nCBV90 and APT90 was 0.95 for reader 1 and 0.96 for reader 2. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the APT90 calculations was 0.89.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histogram analysis of APT imaging provided increased accuracy of MR perfusion imaging for the identification of contrast-enhancing low-grade tumor that mimics high-grade tumor.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kye Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Gon
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D000068598:Data Accuracy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011522:Protons; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D011522:Protons