title: Method for Assessing Contrast Performance under Lighting Conditions such as Entering a Tunnel on Sunny Day.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical assessment of dark adaptation is time consuming and requires a specialised instrumentation such as a nyktometer. It is therefore not surprising that dark adaptation is rarely tested in practice. As for the case of testing fitness of a driver, demands on adaptation in daily driving tasks mostly depart from settings in a nyktometer. In daily driving, adaptation is stressed by high and fast transitions of light levels, and the period of time which is relevant to safe driving starts right after a transition and ends several seconds later. In the nyktometer dark adaptation is tested after completion of the adaptation process. RESULTS of a nyktometer test may therefore deliver little information about adaptation shortly after light transitions. In an attempt to develop a clinical test aiming to fulfill both a short measurement time and offering test conditions comparable to conditions in driving, we conducted a preliminary study in which contrast sensitivity thresholds were recorded for light transitions as found in daily driving tasks and for various times after transition onsets. Contrast sensitivity performance is compared to dark adaptation performance as assessed by a myktometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast sensitivity thresholds were recorded in 17 participants by means of a twin projection apparatus. The apparatus enabled the projection of an adapting field and of a Landolt ring both with a variable luminance. Five different stepwise transitions in levels of adapting luminance were tested. All transitions occurred from bright to dark. The Landolt ring was flashed 100 or 500 ms after the transition had occurred. Participants were instructed to report the orientation of the Landolt ring. A Rodenstock Nyktometer, Plate 501, was used to record dark adaptation threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental data from the proposed test revealed a noticeably increasing contrast detection threshold measured in dark adaptation in the stronger transition from 14 000 to 8 cd/m2 than in the weaker transition from 2000 to 8 cd/m2. By raising the dark adaption luminance level from 8 to 60 cd/m2 in the stronger transition case, the contrast detection threshold was then improved by a factor of four. Another main finding showed that for the adaptation process from strong glare stimuli to the dark adaptation, a peak deterioration in contrast sensitivity occurred at the light adaptation level of 6000 cd/m2. Comparing the contrast performance assessed by the proposed test with that of the nyktometer test, there was no clear correlation between the two methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our suggested method to assess dark adaptation performance proved to be practical in use and, since the patient does not have to spend a long time to attain complete dark adaptation, the method required a short time for measurement. Our negative experience in the use of the myktometer was in agreement with reported experience in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Human Factors Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Chairman: Prof. Dr. Michael Siegrist, Chair of Consumer , Behaviour).
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Human Factors Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (Chairman: Prof. Dr. Michael Siegrist, Chair of Consumer , Behaviour).
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menozzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001333:Automobile Driver Examination; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055254:Night Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods*