title: Uveitis Reactivation in Children Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate reactivation of pediatric uveitis during/following treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition (anti-TNFα).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the incidence of uveitis reactivation in children ≤18 years who had achieved uveitis quiescence under anti-TNFα. Survival analysis was used to calculate reactivation rates while still on (primary outcome), and following discontinuation of (secondary outcome), anti-TNFα. Potential predictive factors were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 50 children observed to develop quiescence of uveitis under anti-TNFα, 39 met criteria to be "at risk" of the primary (19 for the secondary) outcome. 60% were female, ∼half had juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and most were treated with infliximab. Overall, the estimated proportion relapsing within 12 months was 27.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.9%-45.8%); the estimated probability of reactivation was higher following (63.8% [95% CI: 38.9%-87.7%]) vs before (21.6% [95% CI: 10.8%-40.2%]) anti-TNFα discontinuation. Among those who discontinued anti-TNFα, the likelihood of reactivation was higher for those treated with adalimumab vs infliximab (hazard ratio [HR] 13.4, P = .01, 95% CI: 2.2-82.5) and those with older age at uveitis onset (HR 1.3, P = .09, 95% CI: 1.0-1.7). The duration of suppression, on medication, did not significantly affect the likelihood of reactivation when quiescence was maintained for ≥1.5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 75% of children remaining on anti-TNFα following achievement of uveitis quiescence remain quiescent at 1 year. However, most reactivate following anti-TNFα discontinuation. These results suggest that infliximab more often is followed by remission, off medication, than adalimumab. The data do not suggest that maintenance of suppression for more than 1.5 years decreases the reactivation risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: lermanm@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lewen
authors.affiliation: Ocular Inflammation Service, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kempen
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Scheie Eye Institute/Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Monte D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000293:Adolescent; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D000069285:Infliximab; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014605:Uveitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab