title: Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in ethnic enclaves in California.
abstract: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence varies with migration and nativity, suggesting an influence of acculturation on risk. In population-based California data including 1483 Hispanic and 348 Asian/Pacific Islander (API) HL cases, we examined HL rates in residential neighborhoods classified by ethnic enclave status (measuring degree of acculturation) and socioeconomic status (SES). Rates were inversely associated with enclave intensity, although associations varied by gender and race. In females, the enclave effect was stronger in low-SES settings, but rates were higher in less-ethnic/high-SES than more-ethnic/low-SES neighborhoods--diminishing enclave intensity affected rates more than higher SES. In Hispanics, associations were modest, and only females experienced SES modification of rates; in APIs, the enclave effect was much stronger. Thus, acculturation measured by residence in ethnic enclaves affects HL rates independently of neighborhood SES but in complex patterns. Living in less-ethnic neighborhoods may increase HL rates by facilitating social isolation and other gender-specific exposures implicated in risk.
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont , CA , USA.|b Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.affiliation: b Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.|c Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc. , Menlo Park , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Ellen T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont , CA , USA.|b Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont , CA , USA.|b Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Theresa H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Fremont , CA , USA.|b Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Scarlett Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006689:Hodgkin Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012042:Registries; D018426:SEER Program; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acculturation; Hodgkin lymphoma; epidemiology; ethnic enclave; immigration