title: Anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the bactericidal effects of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (CAL) against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vitro experiments, the inhibitory activity of CAL was tested using an agar dilution method; H. pylori strain NCTC11637 was incubated on Columbia blood agar plates containing serial concentrations of CAL. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the absence of H. pylori colonies on the agar plate. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate bactericidal activity; the average number of colonies was calculated at 0, 2, 8 and 24 h after liquid incubation with concentrations of CAL at 0.5, 1, and 2 × MIC. For in vivo experiments, H. pylori-infected mice were randomly divided into CAL, triple therapy (lansoprazole, metronidazole, and clarithromycin), blank control, or H. pylori control groups. The eradication ratios were determined by positive findings from rapid urease tests (RUTs) and by histopathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the MIC of CAL against H. pylori was 16 mg/L. The time-kill curves showed a stable and persistent decreasing tendency with increasing CAL concentration, and the intensity of the bactericidal effect was proportional to dose; the 1 and 2 × MIC completely inhibited the growth of H. pylori at 24 h. In vivo, the eradication ratios in the CAL group were 60% (6/10) by RUT and 50% (5/10) by histopathology. Ratios in the triple therapy group were both 70% (7/10), and there was no difference between the CAL and triple therapy groups. Histopathologic evaluation revealed massive bacterial colonization on the surface of gastric mucosa and slight infiltration of mononuclear cells after inoculation with H. pylori, but no obvious inflammation or other pathologic changes in gastric mucosa of mice from CAL and triple therapy groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAL demonstrates effective bactericidal activity against H. pylori both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hui Ye, Ning Li, Jing Yu, Xue-Zhi Zhang, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D027464:Chenopodium ambrosioides; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005756:Gastritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: Bactericidal activity; Chenopodium ambrosioides L.; Helicobacter pylori; Phytotherapy