title: Improved functional assessment of osteoarthritic knee joint after chondrogenically induced cell treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies on osteoarthritis (OA) revealed positive outcome after chondrogenically induced cells treatment. Presently, the functional improvements of these treated OA knee joints were quantified followed by evaluation of the mechanical properties of the engineered cartilages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline electromyogram (EMGs) were conducted at week 0 (pre-OA), on the locomotory muscles of nine un-castrated male sheep (Siamese long tail cross) divided into controls, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), before OA inductions. Subsequent recordings were performed at week 7 and week 31 which were post-OA and post-treatments. Afterwards, the compression tests of the regenerated cartilage were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-treatment EMG analysis revealed that the control sheep retained significant reductions in amplitudes at the right medial gluteus, vastus lateralis and bicep femoris, whereas BMSCs and ADSCs samples had no further significant reductions (P < 0.05). Grossly and histologically, the treated knee joints demonstrated the presence of regenerated neo cartilages evidenced by the fluorescence of PKH26 tracker. Based on the International Cartilage Repair Society scores (ICRS), they had significantly lower grades than the controls (P < 0.05). The compression moduli of the native cartilages and the engineered cartilages differed significantly at the tibia plateau, patella femoral groove and the patella; whereas at the medial femoral condyle, they had similar moduli of 0.69 MPa and 0.40-0.64 MPa respectively. Their compression strengths at all four regions were within ±10 MPa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tissue engineered cartilages provided evidence of functional recoveries associated to the structural regenerations, and their mechanical properties were comparable with the native cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, K. L, Malaysia. Electronic address: nedutus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ude
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: angelaster@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. Electronic address: chen@vet.upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: htwe.om@gmail.com.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Htwe
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: amara@ppukm.ukm.my.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Amaramalar
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinics, Faculty of Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. Electronic address: shariful_hsn@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya, 50603 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: ivandjordjevich@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: Rizal@ppukm.UKM.edu.my.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: joahmad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia. Electronic address: nhmycj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Yahya
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 K.L, Malaysia; ENT Consultant Clinic, Ampang Putri Specialist Hospital, 68000 Ampang, Malaysia. Electronic address: aminuddin_saim@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, K. L, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia. Electronic address: ruszyidrus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R B Hj
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Idrus
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012038:Regeneration; D012756:Sheep; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013264:Stifle / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Cartilage; Cell therapy; Function; Osteoarthritis; Regeneration