title: Development of a standardized trauma-related lung injury model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of acute lung injury is multifactorial, and the mechanisms are difficult to prove. We have devised a study of two known and standardized animal models (hemorrhagic shock [HS] and oleic acid [OA]) to more closely reproduce the pathophysiology of posttraumatic acute lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure-controlled HS (group HS) was performed by withdrawing blood over 15-min until mean arterial pressure reached 35 mm Hg for 90 min. In an additional group, HS and standardized lung injury induced by OA were combined (group lung injury [HS + OA]). After the shock period, both groups were resuscitated over 15 min by transfusion of the removed blood and an equal volume of lactate Ringer solution. The end point was 6 h. Plasma interleukin (IL)-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and lung histology were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posttraumatic lung injury group demonstrated significantly higher IL-6 levels when compared with HS group (744.8 ± 104 versus 297.7 ± 134 pg/mL; P = 0.004). Histologic analysis confirmed diffuse alveolar congestion and moderate-to-severe lung edema in animals with HS + OA. Lung injury was mild in mice with isolated HS or OA injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established a posttraumatic lung injury model combining two different standardized protocols (HS and OA). This model leads to pronounced inflammation and lung injury. This model allows the analysis of the dynamics of sterile lung injury and associated organ dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery and Harald Tscherne Laboratory, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. Electronic address: rpfeifer@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia H K
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Andruszkow
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery and Harald Tscherne Laboratory, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Merle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoepken
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Salford Royal Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bilal M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barkatali
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery and Harald Tscherne Laboratory, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery and Harald Tscherne Laboratory, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pape
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery and Harald Tscherne Laboratory, Aachen University Medical Center, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009829:Oleic Acids; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009829:Oleic Acids
keywords: ARDS; Hemorrhagic shock; Inflammation; Oleic acid