title: Mother-offspring and nest-mate resemblance but no heritability in early-life telomere length in white-throated dippers.
abstract: Telomeres are protective DNA-protein complexes located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, whose length has been shown to predict life-history parameters in various species. Although this suggests that telomere length is subject to natural selection, its evolutionary dynamics crucially depends on its heritability. Using pedigree data for a population of white-throated dippers (Cinclus cinclus), we test whether and how variation in early-life relative telomere length (RTL, measured as the number of telomeric repeats relative to a control gene using qPCR) is transmitted across generations. We disentangle the relative effects of genes and environment and test for sex-specific patterns of inheritance. There was strong and significant resemblance among offspring sharing the same nest and offspring of the same cohort. Furthermore, although offspring resemble their mother, and there is some indication for an effect of inbreeding, additive genetic variance and heritability are close to zero. We find no evidence for a role of either maternal imprinting or Z-linked inheritance in generating these patterns, suggesting they are due to non-genetic maternal and common environment effects instead. We conclude that in this wild bird population, environmental factors are the main drivers of variation in early-life RTL, which will severely bias estimates of heritability when not modelled explicitly.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg Cedex 67081, France Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg Cedex 67081, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hegelbach
authors.affiliation: Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg Cedex 67081, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Massemin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland erik.postma@ieu.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, 23 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67087, France University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg Cedex 67081, France francois.criscuolo@iphc.cnrs.fr.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Criscuolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: bird; heritability; inbreeding; maternal effect; relative telomere length; sex-linkage