title: Prospective study of breast cancer in relation to coffee, tea and caffeine in Sweden.
abstract: Studies of coffee and tea consumption and caffeine intake as risk factors for breast cancer are inconclusive. We assessed coffee and tea consumption, caffeine intake, and possible confounding factors among 42,099 women from the Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health study, the participants of which were aged 30-49 years at enrollment in 1991-1992. Complete follow-up for breast cancer incidence was performed through 2012 via linkage to national registries. Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer. During follow-up 1,395 breast cancers were diagnosed. The RR was 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.99) for a 1-unit increase in cups of coffee/day, 1.14 (95% CI 1.05-1.24) for a 1-unit increase in cups of tea/day, and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-1.00) for a 100 mg/day increase in caffeine intake. Although the RR for no consumption (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.69-1.08), a group with a relatively small number of women, was not statistically significant, women with higher consumption had a decreased breast cancer risk (3-4 cups/day: RR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76-1.00; ≥5 cups/day: RR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.94) compared to women consuming 1-2 cups of coffee/day. Compared to no consumption, women consuming >1 cups tea/day showed an increased breast cancer risk (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.00-1.42). Similar patterns of estimates were observed for breast cancer risk overall, during pre- and postmenopausal years, and for ER+ or PR+ breast cancer, but not for ER- and PR- breast cancer. Our findings suggest that coffee consumption and caffeine intake is negatively associated with the risk of overall and ER+/PR- breast cancer, and tea consumption is positively associated with the risk of overall and ER+/PR+ breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Cancer Control Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, and National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Kyoung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ström
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Löf
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Research, The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013662:Tea / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D013662:Tea; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Sweden; breast cancer; caffeine; coffee; cohort; tea