title: QuEChERS Adaptability for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Beehive Products Seeking the Development of an Agroecosystem Sustainability Monitor.
abstract: Beehive products could be powerful monitors of pesticide residues originating in agroecosystems during production cycles. Their ready availability provides enough samples to perform analytical determinations, but their chemical complexity makes residue analysis a real challenge. Taking advantage of the plasticity of QuEChERS coupled to LC-MS/MS, validated methodologies were developed for bees, honey, beeswax, and pollen and applied to real samples for the simultaneous determination of 19 of the most employed pesticides in intensive cropping fields. Beehives placed in Uruguayan agroecosystems accumulated the pesticides thiacloprid, imidacloprid, methomyl, carbaryl, hexythiazox, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and haloxyfop-methyl at 0.0001-0.01 mg/kg levels. The oscillations on the amount and occurrence of residue findings for specific apiaries were correlated statistically with the sampling season and the agroecosystem where the beehives were located, showing the potential of bees and bee products to record relevant information to survey the chemicals applied in their surroundings.
authors.affiliation: †Departamento de Quı́mica del Litoral, PAAP, CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, , Ruta 3 km 363, CP60000 Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niell
authors.affiliation: †Departamento de Quı́mica del Litoral, PAAP, CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, , Ruta 3 km 363, CP60000 Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Florencia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jesús
authors.affiliation: †Departamento de Quı́mica del Litoral, PAAP, CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, , Ruta 3 km 363, CP60000 Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: §INIA La Estanzuela, Apicultura, Colonia, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Yamandú
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: #Ministerio Ganaderı́a Agricultura y Pesca-DIGEGRA, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: ⊥Facultad de Agronomı́a, EEMAC, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 km 363, CP60000 Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: ΔFacultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, CP11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cesio
authors.affiliation: †Departamento de Quı́mica del Litoral, PAAP, CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, , Ruta 3 km 363, CP60000 Paysandú, Uruguay.|ΔFacultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, CP11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinzen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014885:Waxes; C038228:beeswax
keywords: QuEChERS; beehive matrices; environmental monitor; pesticide residues