title: Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis are common pulmonary diseases that are caused or worsened by tobacco smoking. Growing observational evidence suggests that symptoms and prognosis of these conditions improve upon smoking cessation. Despite increasing numbers of (small) randomised controlled trials suggesting intensive smoking cessation treatments work in people with pulmonary diseases many patients are not given specific advice on the benefits or referred for intensive cessation treatments and, therefore, continue smoking.This is a qualitative review regarding smoking cessation in patients with COPD and other pulmonary disorders, written by a group of European Respiratory Society experts. We describe the epidemiological links between smoking and pulmonary disorders, the evidence for benefits of stopping smoking, how best to assess tobacco dependence and what interventions currently work best to help pulmonary patients quit. Finally, we describe characteristics and management of any "hardcore" smoker who finds it difficult to quit with standard approaches.
authors.affiliation: Smoking Cessation Service, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain victorina@ctv.es.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen and Pneumology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreas
authors.affiliation: Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Prince Philip Hospital and Swansea College of Medicine, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Keir E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Dept of Sleep Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tonnesen
authors.affiliation: Care and Public Health Research Institute (Caphri), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Schayck
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hajek
authors.affiliation: Section for Preventive Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonstad
authors.affiliation: Pulmonology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dautzenberg
authors.affiliation: Education for Health, Warwick, UK.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: European Lung Fundation, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masefield
authors.affiliation: European Lung Fundation, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Pippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Lungenarztpraxis Tegel, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hering
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and TB Unit, Ospedale Civile, Vittorio Veneto, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tonia
authors.affiliation: University Centre for Research and Smoking Cessation, Evgenidio Hospital, Medical School, Athens University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gratziou
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications; D015897:Comorbidity; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy