title: Feasibility of LMA Supreme for airway management in unconscious patients by ALS paramedics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Airway management to ensure sufficient gas exchange is of major importance in emergency care. The accepted basic technique is to maintain an open airway and perform artificial ventilation in emergency situations is bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation with manual airway management without airway adjuncts or with an oropharyngeal tube (OPA) only. Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is often referred to as the golden standard of airway management, but is associated with low success rates and significant insertion-related complications when performed by non-anaesthetists. Supraglottic devices (SADs) are one alternative to ETI in these situations, but there is limited evidence regarding the use of SAD in non-cardiac arrest situations. LMA Supreme (LMA-S) is a new SAD which theoretically has an advantage concerning the risk of aspiration due to an oesophageal inlet gastric tube port.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty paramedics were recruited to participate in the study. Adult (>18 years) patients, unconscious due to medical or traumatic cause with a GCS score corresponding to 3-5 and needed airway management were included in the study. Our aim was to study the feasibility of LMA-S as a primary airway method in unconscious patients by advanced life support (ALS) trained paramedics in prehospital care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three regional Emergency Medical Service (EMS) services participated and 21 patients were treated during the survey. The LMA-S was placed correctly on the first attempt in all instances 21/21 (100%), with a median time to first ventilation of 9.8 s. Paramedics evaluated the insertion to be easy in every case 21/21 (100%). Because of air leak later in the patient care, the LMA-S was exchanged to an LT-D in two cases and to ETI in three cases (23.81%) by the paramedics. Regurgitation occurred after insertion two times out of 21 (9.52%) and in one of these cases (4.76%), paramedics reported regurgitation inside the LMA-S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the LMA-S seems to be relatively easy and quick to insert in unconscious patients by paramedics. However, we found out that there were ventilation related problems with the LMA-S. Further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Area Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. sami.lankimaki@hus.fi.|Centre for Prehospital Emergency Care, Länsi-Pohja Healthcare District, Kauppakatu 25, FI-94100, Kemi, Finland. sami.lankimaki@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Länkimäki
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. seppo.alahuhta@oulu.fi.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alahuhta
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Area Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. tom.silfvast@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Silfvast
authors.affiliation: Centre for Prehospital Emergency Care, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland. jouni.kurola@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058109:Airway Management / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005387:Finland; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008348:Manikins; D011361:Professional Competence; D011446:Prospective Studies