title: Quercus infectoria Gall Extract Enhanced the Proliferation and Activity of Human Fetal Osteoblast Cell Line (hFOB 1.19).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study investigated the effects of Quercus infectoria (QI) gall extract on the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, and the morphology of a human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB 1.19).
  
  
  METHODS
  The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium F12 supplemented with a 10% fetal bovine serum, a 1% penicillin/streptomycin and were treated with QI at various concentrations (0.1 to 99.0 μg/mL) for 72 hours. The levels of ALP and osteocalcin were measured at day 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 and were compared among the negative control, pamidronate and QI groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median effective concentration (EC50) of hFOB 1.19 treated with QI was 10.30 μg/mL. This concentration was more effective compared to the control drug, pamidronate (EC50 at 16.09 μg/mL). The ALP and osteocalcin levels of hFOB 1.19 treated with QI from day 7 and onwards were significantly increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, from day 7 until day 14, the ALP and osteocalcin levels were highest in the cells treated with QI compared to the other two groups. The morphology of cells treated with QI was uniformly elongated, higher in number and over-confluent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After treatment with QI, cell proliferation enhanced and ALP and osteocalcin levels increased.
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hermizi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hapidin
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Dalila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rozelan
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hasmah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Biomedicine Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wan Nurhidayah
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Wan Hanaffi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ima Nirwana
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Soelaiman
keywords: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP); MTT assay; Quercus infectoria; hFOB 1.19 cell line; osteocalcin