title: Distraction of clinicians by smartphones in hospitals: a concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report an analysis of the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In the healthcare literature, the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals has no consistent definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concept analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Journal articles published from 2003-2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rodgers' Evolutionary Concept Analysis Method was used to analyse the concept of distraction of clinicians by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This analysis led to a definition of distraction of clinicians by smartphones as the interruption of a hospital clinician's primary task by the internally or externally initiated use of their smartphone or other mobile device. There are six attributes of distraction by smartphones and other mobile devices in hospitals. These attributes are: (1) an experience by a clinician; (2) an intrusion into a primary clinical task; (3) discontinuity of the clinical task; (4) externally or internally initiated; (5) situated in a healthcare setting; and (6) mediated by a smartphone or other mobile device.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the definition and the defining attributes of distraction of clinicians by smartphones will increase the validity and reliability of future studies. It will be extended to form a classification system of distractions within a framework of clinical practice, which will be used to unify and standardize future research studies.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California, USA.|Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, California, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-6450
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McBride
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000068997:Smartphone
keywords: cellular phone; communication; concept analysis; distraction; interruption; medical staff and/or hospitals; nurses; smartphone; tablet computers