title: Establishment and histological evaluation of a goat traumatic temporomandibular joint model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a goat model for traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and describe the gross appearance and histopathologic changes for the prognostic comparison of different types of TMJ trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to clinical traumatic types, 16 adult goats were randomly divided into 4 groups based on outcome of surgical induction: 1) disc displacement without reduction (DD), 2) condylar cartilage defect (CCD), 3) DD plus CCD, and 4) control. TMJs were removed and observed 2 weeks and 1 month after the operation. These specimens were compared and evaluated based on gross appearance and histopathologic observations with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue stains. The histopathologic score of condylar cartilage was observed and compared across the 4 groups using SPSS 17.0 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three traumatic TMJ goat models were successfully established. At 2 weeks and 1 month after surgical induction, the DD group showed slightly irregular cartilage compared with the C group, with disordered cartilage composition, little angiogenesis, and proteoglycan degradation. The CCD group showed fibrous adhesion between the condyle and the disc without reparative cartilage tissues; the remaining cartilage was normal in composition and proteoglycan content. The DD + CCD group showed fibrous adhesions and irregular condylar cartilage with disordered cartilage composition and decreased matrix proteoglycans. The scores of cartilage degeneration among the 4 groups showed significant differences at 2 weeks and 1 month (DD + CCD > DD > CCD; P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the 3 traumatic TMJ models, DD plus CCD can cause osteoarthritis (OA) and adhesions in the joint, DD can cause only OA, and CCD with the disc in normal position merely affects the remnant cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lingzhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Physician, Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuhuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: dongmeihe119@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006041:Goats; D013048:Specimen Handling; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000473:pathology*