title: Determination and identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in different matrices by modern analytical techniques - a review.
abstract: Synthetic cannabinoids have gained popularity due to their easy accessibility and psychoactive effects. Furthermore, they cannot be detected in urine by routine drug monitoring. The wide range of active ingredients in analyzed matrices hinders the development of a standard analytical method for their determination. Moreover, their possible side effects are not well known which increases the danger. This review is focused on the sample preparation and the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in different matrices (serum, urine, herbal blends, oral fluid, hair) published since 2004. The review includes separation and identification techniques, such as thin layer chromatography, gas and liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, mostly coupled with mass spectrometry. The review also includes results by spectral methods like infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance or direct-injection mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Znaleziona
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavlína
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ginterová
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petr
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ondra
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Válka
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Juraj
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ševčík
authors.affiliation: Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University, Žižkovo náměsti 5, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chrastina
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vitezslav.maier@upol.cz.
authors.forename: Vítězslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs
keywords: Biological matrices; Herbal blends; Mass spectrometry; New designer drugs; Separation methods; Synthetic cannabinoids