title: Adaptive training with full-body movements to reduce bradykinesia in persons with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bradykinesia (slow movements) is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and results in reduced mobility and postural instability. The objective of this study is to develop and demonstrate a technology-assisted exercise protocol that is specifically aimed at reducing bradykinesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven persons with PD participated in this study. They were required to perform whole body reaching movements toward targets placed in different directions and at different elevations. Movements were recorded by a Microsoft Kinect movement sensor and used to control a human-like avatar, which was continuously displayed on a screen placed in front of the subjects. After completion of each movement, subjects received a 0-100 score that was inversely proportional to movement time. Target distance in the next movements was automatically adjusted in order to keep the score around a pre-specified target value. In this way, subjects always exercised with the largest movement amplitude they could sustain. The training protocol was organised into blocks of 45 movements toward targets placed in three different directions and at three different elevations (a total of nine targets). Each training session included a finite number of blocks, fitted within a fixed 40 minutes duration. The whole protocol included a total of 10 sessions (approximately two sessions/week). As primary outcome measure we took the absolute average acceleration. Various aspects of movement performance were taken as secondary outcome measures, namely accuracy (undershoot error), path curvature, movement time, and average speed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Throughout sessions, we observed an increase of the absolute average acceleration and speed and decreased undershoot error and movement time. Exercise also significantly affected the relationship between target elevation and both speed and acceleration - the improvement was greater at higher elevations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The device and the protocol were well accepted by subjects and appeared safe and easy to use. Our preliminary results point at a training-induced reduction of bradykinesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. susanna.summa@unige.it.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Summa
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. angelobasteris@gmail.com.|School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. angelobasteris@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basteris
authors.affiliation: Functional Recovery and Rehabilitation Service, Hospital 'La Colletta', Arenzano, Italy. enrico.betti@asl3.liguria.it.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Betti
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. vittorio.sanguineti@unige.it.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanguineti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010865:Pilot Projects