title: Induction of omega 6 inflammatory pathway by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and its attenuation by ghrelin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used as preservative in foods but can oxidize to sulfite radicals initiating molecular oxidation. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the stomach and has anti-inflammatory effects in many organs. This study aimed to assess endogenous omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in rat peripheral organs following sodium metabisulfite treatment and determine the possible effect of ghrelin on changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats included in the study were allowed free access to standard rat chow. Sodium metabisulfite was given by gastric gavage and ghrelin was administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) in liver, heart and kidney tissues were determined by an optimized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method using ultra fast-liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in tissue samples to evaluate changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Omega-6 PUFA levels, AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratio were significantly increased in liver tissue following sodium metabisulfite treatment compared to controls. No significant change was observed in heart and kidney PUFA levels. Tissue activity of COX and PGE2 levels were also significantly increased in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats compared to controls. Ghrelin treatment decreased n-6 PUFA levels and reduced COX and PGE2 levels in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current results suggest that ghrelin exerts anti-inflammatory action through modulation of n-6 PUFA levels in hepatic tissue.
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. sevimercan@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Sevim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. cerenkencebay@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Ceren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kencebay
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. goksunbasaranlar@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Goksun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basaranlar
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. filizozcan@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. narinderin@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Narin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Derin
authors.affiliation: Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey. mutayaslan@akdeniz.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Mutay
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslan
mesh_terms: D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013447:Sulfites / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D054439:Ghrelin; D013447:Sulfites; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; C005200:sodium metabisulfite; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015126:8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; D015232:Dinoprostone