title: Particle-induced cell migration assay (PICMA): A new in vitro assay for inflammatory particle effects based on permanent cell lines.
abstract: Inflammation is a decisive pathophysiologic mechanism of particle toxicity and accumulation of neutrophils in the lung is believed to be a crucial step in this process. This study describes an in vitro model for investigations of the chemotactic attraction of neutrophils in response to particles using permanent cell lines. We challenged NR8383 rat macrophages with particles that were characterized concerning chemical nature, crystallinity, and size distribution in the dry state and in the culture medium. The cell supernatants were used to investigate migration of differentiated human leukemia cells (dHL-60 cells). The dose range for the tests was determined using an impedance-based Real-Time Cell Analyzer. The challenge of NR8383 cells with 32-96 μg cm(-2) coarse and nanosized particles resulted in cell supernatants which induced strong and dose-dependent migration of dHL-60 cells. Quartz caused the strongest effects - exceeding the positive control "fetal calf serum" (FCS) several-fold, followed by silica, rutile, carbon black, and anatase. BaSO4 served as inert control and induced no cell migration. Particles caused NR8383 cells to secrete chemotactic compounds. The assay clearly distinguished between the particles of different inflammatory potential in a highly reproducible way. Specificity of the test is suggested by negative results with BaSO4.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: westphal@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Götz A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: schremmer@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Isabell
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schremmer
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.rostek@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostek
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: kateryna.loza@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Kateryna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loza
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: rosenkranz@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosenkranz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: Bruening@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.epple@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epple
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: buenger@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bünger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D054443:Cell Migration Assays; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D053260:Soot / Q000633:toxicity; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D053260:Soot; C009495:titanium dioxide; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Cell migration; NR8383 cells; Neutrophilic inflammation; Particles; dHL-60 cells