title: Dual-energy contrast-enhanced digital mammography: Glandular dose estimation using a Monte Carlo code and voxel phantom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the mean glandular dose of contrast enhanced digital mammography, using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code and female adult voxel phantom.
  
  
  METHODS
  Automatic exposure control of full field digital mammography system was used for the selection of the X-ray spectrum and the exposure settings for dual energy imaging. Measurements of the air-kerma and of the half value layers were performed and a Monte Carlo simulation of the digital mammography system was used to compute the mean glandular dose, for breast phantoms of various thicknesses, glandularities and for different X-ray spectra (low and high energy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For breast phantoms of 2.0-8.0 cm thick and 0.1-100% glandular fraction, CC view acquisition, from AEC settings, can result in a mean glandular dose of 0.450 ± 0.022 mGy -2.575 ± 0.033 mGy for low energy images and 0.061 ± 0.021 mGy - 0.232 ± 0.033 mGy for high energy images. In MLO view acquisition mean glandular dose values ranged between 0.488 ± 0.007 mGy - 2.080 ± 0.021 mGy for low energy images and 0.065 ± 0.012 mGy - 0.215 ± 0.010 mGy for high energy images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low kV part of contrast enhanced digital mammography is the main contributor to total mean glandular breast dose. The results of this study can be used to provide an estimated mean glandular dose for individual cases.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Dpt., University of Athens, Greece. Electronic address: elsa-tzami@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tzamicha
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Dpt., University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yakoumakis
authors.affiliation: Athens General Anticancer-Oncology Hospital "Agios Savvas", Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Tsalafoutas
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Dpt., University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Dpt., University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Dpt., Konstantopoulio General Hospital of Nea Ionia, Attiki, Greece.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsapaki
authors.affiliation: Radiology Dpt., Alexandra General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalazonitis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Breast; CEDM; Dosimetry; Mammography; Monte Carlo; Voxel phantom