title: Comparative healthcare costs in patients with metastatic melanoma in the USA.
abstract: Recent advances have increased treatment options for, and improved clinical outcomes in, metastatic melanoma (mM). Using a large claims database, this retrospective study compared healthcare and adverse event (AE) costs in a US managed care population of mM patients initiating vemurafenib (VEM), ipilimumab (IPI), dacarbazine (DTIC), paclitaxel (PAC), or temozolomide (TMZ) from July 2009 to September 2012. Treatment episodes were identified from the start of study drugs (index date) to a switch to a different study drug, or a gap greater than 45 days (>112 days for IPI). Grade 3/4 adverse events occurring ≥5% from study drug package inserts were selected for this analysis. All-cause costs for treatment episodes and AEs were normalized as monthly costs. Generalized estimating equation models with log link and gamma distribution provided adjusted monthly treatment episode and AE costs. A total of 809 treatment episodes were identified in 541 mM patients, with a mean (SD) age of 57.5 (11.5) years. The total mean (SD) all-cause cost per treatment episode for VEM was $77 687 ($60 329), for IPI was $153 062 ($134 048), for DTIC was $35 243 ($33 641), for TMZ was $42 870 ($41 384), and for PAC was $58 991 ($81 306). The adjusted mean monthly treatment episode cost for VEM was significantly lower than that for IPI and comparable to that for other drugs. VEM had a significantly lower monthly AE cost than IPI, DTIC, and PAC. In combination with safety and efficacy findings, these results may assist clinicians, patients, policy makers, and payers in the treatment of mM.
authors.affiliation: aIMS Health Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania bGenentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Lan
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Vernon F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Schabert
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munakata
authors.forename: Prina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donga
authors.forename: Sarang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abhyankar
authors.forename: Carolina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Yeun Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Yim
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000191:economics*; D007211:Indoles / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics; D008545:Melanoma / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077204:Temozolomide; D014481:United States; D000077484:Vemurafenib
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077484:Vemurafenib; D003606:Dacarbazine; D017239:Paclitaxel; D000077204:Temozolomide