title: Ultrasound-assisted brace casting for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, IRSSD Best research paper 2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brace treatment is the most effective non-surgical treatment for AIS. High initial in-brace correction increases successful brace treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate if real-time ultrasound (US) can aid orthotists in selecting the pad pressure level and location resulting in optimal in-brace correction of the spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty six AIS subjects participated in this pilot study with 17 (2 M, 15 F) in the control group and 9 (2 M, 7 F) in the intervention group. For the control group, the standard method was used to design their braces. In addition to the standard of care, a medical 3D ultrasound (US) system, a custom pressure measurement system and in-house software were used to select pad placement and pressure levels for the intervention group. The orthotist used a custom standing Providence brace design system to apply pressures against the patient's torso. The applied pad pressures were recorded. A real-time US spinal image was displayed. Cobb angle measurements from the baseline and the assessment scan were performed. The orthotist then decided if an adjustment was needed in terms of altering the pad locations and pressure levels. The procedures may be repeated until the orthotist attained the best simulated in-brace correction configuration to cast the brace.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group, 8 of 17 (47%) subjects needed a total of 16 brace adjustments after initial fabrication requiring a total of 33 in-brace radiographs. For the intervention group, the orthotist tried additional configurations in 7 out of 9 cases (78%). Among these 7 revised cases, 5 showed better stimulated in-brace corrections and were subsequently used to cast the brace. As a result, only 1 subject required a minor adjustment after initial fabrication. The total number of in-brace radiographs in the intervention group was 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the 3D ultrasound system provided a radiation-free method to determine the optimum pressure level and location to obtain the best stimulated in-brace correction during brace casting. The average number of radiographs per subject taken prior to final brace implementation with the interventional group was significantly lower than the control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada.|Department of Research and Technology Development, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7 Canada.
authors.forename: Edmond H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada.
authors.forename: Amanda Cy
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7 Canada.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7 Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tilburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Canada.|Department of Research and Technology Development, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7 Canada.
authors.forename: Doug L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hill
keywords: 3D ultrasound imaging; Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Brace design; Brace treatment; Optimum brace pressure