title: Delinquency and association with behavioral disorders and substance abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to determine the incidence and associations of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and substance abuse disorder (SAD) in adolescents in conflict with the law in a Brazilian cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  the Brazilian version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged-Children (K-SADS-PL) was administered to 69 adolescent boys who were incarcerated for 45 days in the city of Curitiba, Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mean age was 15.5 years (range, 12-16.9 years) and most adolescents originated from disadvantaged social classes (87%). They resided in neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city or towns in the greater metropolitan area. Truancy and low educational achievement were common, with 73.9% not currently attending school and 43.4% not having finished the 5th grade. The great majority lived in single-parent families and many had relatives who themselves had problems with the law. Psychiatric disorders were apparent in 81.1% of the subjects, with the most common disorders being CD (59.4%), SAD (53.6%), and ADHD (43.5%). Both ADHD (p <0.001) and CD (p <0.01) had significant associations with substance abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  in male adolescents in conflict with the law, ADHD, CD, and SAD were all found to be associated with delinquency.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Manoel Schier
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dória
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio Antonio
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Antoniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Baptista
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Assumpção Junior
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Health Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniele Nascimento
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Fajardo
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric clinic of Childhood and Adolescence, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício Nasser
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ehlke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*