title: Vitamin D-binding protein and pancreatic cancer: a nested case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is the primary carrier of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the circulation. One prospective study in male smokers found a protective association between DBP and pancreatic cancer, particularly among men with higher 25(OH)D concentrations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the association between DBP and pancreatic cancer risk in an American population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a nested case-control study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer screening trial cohort of men and women aged 55-74 y at baseline. Between 1993 and 2010, 295 incident pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases were reported (follow-up to 15.1 y). Two controls (n = 590) were matched to each case by age, race, sex, and month of blood draw. We calculated smoking- and diabetes-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs with the use of conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DBP concentration was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer overall [highest (≥7149.4 nmol/L) vs. lowest (<3670.4 nmol/L) quintile; OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 0.91, 3.37; P-trend = 0.25]. For serum 25(OH)D compared with the referent (50 to <75 nmol/L), individuals in the highest group had a significantly higher risk (≥100 nmol/L; OR: 3.23; 95% CI: 1.24, 8.44), whereas those in the lowest group had no significant association (<25 nmol/L; OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 0.92, 6.81). Further adjustment for DBP did not alter this association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that serum DBP or 25(OH)D plays a protective role in pancreatic cancer. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00339495.
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: Marina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: D Michal
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robien
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rager
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH).
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: From the Nutritional Epidemiology Branch (MRP and RZS-S) and the Radiation Epidemiology Branch (DMF), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC (KR); the Clinical Support Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (WK and HR); and Heartland Assays Inc., Iowa State University, Ames, IA (RLH). rs221z@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Rachael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Stolzenberg-Solomon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; nested case-control; pancreatic cancer; prediagnostic status; prospective study; vitamin D-binding protein