title: Design and evaluation of a unique SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assay for quantification of five major cytokines in cattle, sheep and goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today, when more than 60% of animal diseases are zoonotic, understanding their origin and development and identifying protective immune responses in ruminants are major challenges. Robust, efficient and cost-effective tools are preconditions to solve these challenges. Cytokines play a key role in the main mechanisms by which the immune system is balanced in response to infectious pathogens. The cytokine balance has thus become the focus of research to characterize immune response in ruminants. Currently, SYBR Green reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most widely method used to investigate cytokine gene expression in ruminants, but the conditions in which the many assays are carried out vary considerably and need to be properly evaluated. Accordingly, the quantification of gene expression by RT-qPCR requires normalization by multiple reference genes. The objective of the present study was thus to develop an RT-qPCR assay to simultaneously quantify the expression of several cytokines and reference genes in three ruminant species. In this paper, we detail each stage of the experimental protocol, check validation parameters and report assay performances, following MIQE guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten novel primer sets were designed to quantify five cytokine genes (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12B, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and five reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, H3F3A, PPIA and YWHAZ) in cattle, sheep, and goats. All the primer sets were designed to span exon-exon boundaries and use the same hybridization temperature. Each stage of the RT-qPCR method was detailed; their specificity and efficiency checked, proved and are reported here, demonstrating the reproducibility of our method, which is capable of detecting low levels of cytokine mRNA up to one copy whatever the species. Finally, we checked the stability of candidate reference gene expression, performed absolute quantification of cytokine and reference gene mRNA in whole blood samples and relative expression of cytokine mRNA in stimulated PBMC samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a novel RT-qPCR assay for the simultaneous relative quantification of five major cytokines in cattle, sheep and goats, and their accurate normalization by five reference genes. This accurate and easily reproducible tool can be used to investigate ruminant immune responses and is widely accessible to the veterinary research community.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, F-34398, France. carinne.puech@cirad.fr.|CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, F-34398, France. carinne.puech@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Carinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puech
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, DGD-RS-Dist, Montpellier, F-34398, France. laurence.dedieu@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dedieu
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR Intertryp, Montpellier, F-34398, France. isabelle.chantal@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chantal
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, F-34398, France. valerie.rodrigues@cirad.fr.|CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, F-34398, France. valerie.rodrigues@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood; D003959:Diamines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000097:blood*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D011804:Quinolines; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D003959:Diamines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C098022:SYBR Green I; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma