title: Frontoparietal Activation During Response Inhibition Predicts Remission to Antidepressants in Patients With Major Depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite cognitive function impairment in depression, its relationship to treatment outcome is not well understood. Here, we examined whether pretreatment activation of cortical circuitry during test of cognitive functions predicts outcomes for three commonly used antidepressants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty medication-free outpatients with major depression and 34 matched healthy controls were included as participants in the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D) trial. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants completed three tasks that assessed core domains of cognitive functions: response inhibition (Go/NoGo), selective attention (oddball), and selective working memory updating (1-back). Participants were randomized to 1 of 3 arms: escitalopram, sertraline (serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors [SSRI]), or venlafaxine-extended release (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [SNRI]) therapy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were repeated after 8 weeks of treatment, and remission was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory "no go" responses was a general predictor of remission, with remitters having the same pretreatment activation as control participants and nonremitters hypoactivating relative to controls. Posttreatment dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was reduced in both remitters and controls but not in nonremitters. By contrast, inferior parietal activation differentially predicted remission between SSRI and SNRI medications, with SSRI remitters showing greater pretreatment activation than SSRI nonremitters and the SNRI group showing the opposite pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intact activation in the frontoparietal network during response inhibition, a core cognitive function, predicts remission with antidepressant treatment, particularly for SSRIs, and may be a potential substrate of the clinical effect of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gyurak
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patenaude
authors.affiliation: The Brain Dynamics Center, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mayuresh S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Korgaonkar
authors.affiliation: The Brain Dynamics Center, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grieve
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Electronic address: amitetkin@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012074:Remission Induction; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015283:Citalopram; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D020280:Sertraline
keywords: Cognition; Continuous performance; Executive function; Go/NoGo; Major depressive disorder; Remission; Response inhibition; Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; Sustained attention; Treatment prediction antidepressant