title: Patterns and predictors of workplace health promotion: cross-sectional findings from a company survey in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the popularity of workplace health promotion (WHP) has considerably increased over the years, there are still concerns about the way this concept is being implemented by the companies. There is, however, a seeming lack of empirical knowledge about variations in WHP practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different patterns (and related quality levels) of WHP activity and the effect of organisational predictors on the chances of these WHP activity levels being implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from an establishment survey (N = 6,500) were used to calculate the prevalences of four configurations of WHP among German companies. Furthermore, multinominal logistic regressions were performed to determine odds ratios for these WHP activity levels according to several organisational characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  9% of companies exhibited the most comprehensive type of WHP including analysis, individual-directed prevention measures and participatory groups concerned with working conditions improvement (level A), 18% featured a combination of analysis and individual-directed prevention (level B), 29% had reported measures from only one of these categories (level C), and 44% showed no WHP activity at all (level D). In the multivariate analysis company size turned out to be the strongest predictor of WHP at all levels. WHP was also predicted by a good economic situation of the company, the availability of safety specialist assistance, the availability of specialist assistance in occupational health and the presence of an employee representative body. These effects usually became stronger when moving up in the hierarchy of WHP levels. For the two sector-level variables (private vs. public, production vs. services) no statistically significant associations with WHP were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WHP still shows great potential for improvement both in quantitative and qualitative terms. Especially required are additional efforts in developing and implementing WHP practice models and dissemination strategies which are tailored to the particular conditions and needs of small companies. However, findings suggest that the chances for achieving progress in WHP also depend on developments in adjacent policy areas such as labour relations or occupational safety and health.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany. beck.david@baua.bund.de.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany. lenhardt.uwe@baua.bund.de.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lenhardt
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany. schmitt.britta@baua.bund.de.
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Nöldnerstraße 40-42, 10317, Berlin, Germany. sommer.sabine@baua.bund.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*