title: VKOR variant and sex are the main influencing factors on bromadiolone tolerance of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After reports of management problems in practice, a survey was conducted to determine the presence of bromadiolone-resistant animals in different house mouse (Mus musculus L.) populations in Serbia. A 21 day no-choice feeding test was carried out to examine the resistance of house mice to bromadiolone. Eighty house mice collected from four locations (ten males and ten females per location) were tested for bromadiolone tolerance. Surviving animals and their F1 offspring were screened for mutations. The influence of VKOR variant, zygosity and sex on bromadiolone tolerance was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bait intake and changes in body weight revealed different animal responses regarding susceptibility or resistance. Leu128Ser, Tyr139Cys and a new Ala21Thr polymorphism were detected in wild-born survivors and their F1 generation. However, not every individual with the polymorphisms Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys survived the feeding test. VKOR variants and sex caused variations in bromadiolone tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time it was shown that the VKOR variant, along with sex, is responsible for bromadiolone tolerance in house mice. Other factors influencing bromadiolone tolerance, including sex-specific factors, cannot be excluded. The tolerance levels of VKOR variants should be determined in further studies in order to evaluate the effectiveness of bromadiolone in sustainable management.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Šćepović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jokić
authors.affiliation: Vertebrate Research, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forestry, Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esther
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.|Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kataranovski
authors.affiliation: Institute for Phytopharmacy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vukša
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Đedović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukša
mesh_terms: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007192:Indenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D012375:Rodent Control; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055771:Serbia; D012737:Sex Factors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015110:4-Hydroxycoumarins; D000925:Anticoagulants; D007192:Indenes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012378:Rodenticides; C011664:antivitamins K; D014812:Vitamin K; C000597964:VKORC1 protein, mouse; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; C021636:bromadiolone
keywords: Mus musculus; bromadiolone; feeding test; polymorphism; resistance