title: Capripox disease in Ethiopia: Genetic differences between field isolates and vaccine strain, and implications for vaccination failure.
abstract: Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) cause capripox disease in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These viruses are not strictly host-specific and their geographical distribution is complex. In Ethiopia, where sheep, goats and cattle are all affected, a live attenuated vaccine strain (KS1-O180) is used for immunization of both small ruminants and cattle. Although occurrences of the disease in vaccinated cattle are frequently reported, information on the circulating isolates and their relation to the vaccine strain in use are still missing. The present study addressed the parameters associated with vaccination failure in Ethiopia. Retrospective outbreak data were compiled and isolates collected from thirteen outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle at various geographical locations and years were analyzed and compared to the vaccine strain. Isolates of GTPV and LSDV genotypes were responsible for the capripox outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle, respectively, while SPPV was absent. Pathogenic isolates collected from vaccinated cattle were identical to those from the non-vaccinated ones. The vaccine strain, genetically distinct from the outbreak isolates, was not responsible for these outbreaks. This study shows capripox to be highly significant in Ethiopia due to low performance of the local vaccine and insufficient vaccination coverage. The development of new, more efficient vaccine strains, a GTPV strain for small ruminants and a LSDV for cattle, is needed to promote the acceptance by farmers, thus contribute to better control of CaPVs in Ethiopia.
authors.affiliation: Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Esayas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gelaye
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Alebachew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belay
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Gelagay
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ayelet
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Shiferaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jenberie
authors.affiliation: Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yami
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loitsch
authors.affiliation: Capripoxvirus Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tuppurainen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Reingard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabherr
authors.affiliation: Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Adama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: C.Lamien@iaea.org.
authors.forename: Charles Euloge
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lamien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018151:Capripoxvirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005838:Genotype; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006041:Goats; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011213:Poxviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Capripoxvirus; Goatpox virus; Kenya O-180; Lumpy skin disease virus; Vaccine