title: In vitro treatment of Candida albicans biofilms on denture base material with volume dielectric barrier discharge plasma (VDBD) compared with common chemical antiseptics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prevent oral candidiasis, it is crucial to inactivate Candida-based biofilms on dentures. Common denture cleansing solutions cannot sufficiently inactivate Candida albicans. Therefore, we investigated the anticandidal efficacy of a physical plasma against C. albicans biofilms in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Argon or argon plasma with 1 % oxygen admixture was applied on C. albicans biofilms grown for 2, 7, or 16 days on polymethylmethacrylate discs; 0.1 % chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) and 0.6 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions served as positive treatment controls. In addition, these two solutions were applied in combination with plasma for 30 min to assess potential synergistic effects. The anticandidal efficacy was determined by the number of colony forming units (CFU) in log(10) and expressed as reduction factor (RF, the difference between control and treated specimen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  On 2-day-biofilms, plasma treatment alone or combined with 30 min CHX treatment led to significant differences of means of CFU (RF = 4.2 and RF = 4.3), clearly superior to CHX treatment alone (RF = 0.6). Plasma treatment of 7-day-or 16-day-old biofilms revealed no significant CFU reduction. The treatment of 7-day-old (RF = 1.7) and 16-day-old (RF = 1.3) biofilms was slightly more effective with NaOCl alone than with the combined treatment of NaOCl and plasma (RF = 1.6/RF = 1.9). The combination of CHX and plasma increased the RF immaterially.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of plasma alone and in combination with antiseptics is promising anticandidal regimens for daily use on dentures when biofilms are not older than 2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma could help to reduce denture-associated candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany. rutger.matthes@uni-greifswald.de.|Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany. rutger.matthes@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matthes
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.|Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jablonowski
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koban
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quade
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils-Olaf
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Rabea
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schlueter
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus-Dieter
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Weltmann
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: von Woedtke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Greifswald, Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003819:Denture Bases / Q000382:microbiology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D058626:Plasma Gases; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Candida albicans; Chlorhexidine; Cold atmospheric pressure plasma; Denture; In vitro biofilms; Sodium hypochlorite; Volume dielectric barrier discharge (VDBD)