title: Strain echocardiography in septic shock - a comparison with systolic and diastolic function parameters, cardiac biomarkers and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial dysfunction is a well-known complication in septic shock but its characteristics and frequency remains elusive. Here, we evaluate global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) of the left ventricle as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in septic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult patients with septic shock admitted to a general intensive care unit were included. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on the first day, and repeated during and after ICU stay. Laboratory and clinical data and data on outcome were collected daily from admission and up to 7 days, shorter in cases of death or ICU discharge. The correlation of GLPS to left ventricular systolic and diastolic function parameters, cardiac biomarkers and clinical data were compared using Spearman's correlation test and linear regression analysis, and the ability of GLPS to predict outcome was evaluated using a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the day of admission, there was a strong correlation and co-linearity of GLPS to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mitral annular motion velocity (é) and to amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (Spearman's ρ -0.70, -0.53 and 0.54, and R(2) 0.49, 0.20 and 0.24, respectively). In LVEF and NT-proBNP there was a significant improvement during the study period (analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, p = 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), but not in GLPS, which remained unchanged over time (p = 0.10). GLPS did not correlate to the improvement in clinical characteristics over time, did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors (-17.4 (-20.5-(-13.7)) vs. -14.7 (-19.0 - (-10.6)), p = 0.11), and could not predict mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLPS is frequently reduced in septic shock patients, alone or in combination with reduced LVEF and/or é. It correlates with LVEF, é and NT-proBNP, and remains affected over time. GLPS may provide further understanding on the character of myocardial dysfunction in septic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. lina.de.geer@regionostergotland.se.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Geer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. jan.engvall@regionostergotland.se.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engvall
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. anna.oscarsson.tibblin@regionostergotland.se.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oscarsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments