title: Gibberellin-induced changes in the transcriptome of grapevine (Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera) cv. Kyoho flowers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gibberellins are well known for their growth control function in flower, fruit and seed development, and as such, exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) application plays an important role in viticulture. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which GA3 acts in the regulation of these complicated developmental processes in grape remains unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we demonstrated that application of GA3 to 'Kyoho' grapevine inflorescences at pre-bloom promoted flower opening, and induced fruit coloring as well as seed abortion. In an attempt to obtain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving these responses to GA3 treatment, we performed large-scale transcriptome sequencing of grape flowers following GA3 treatment using Illumina sequencing technology. Global expression profiles of GA3-treated and untreated grape flowers were compared and a large number of GA3-responsive genes were identified. Gene ontology (GO) term classification and biochemical pathway analyses indicated that GA3 treatment caused changes in the levels of transcripts involved in cellular processes, reproduction, hormone and secondary metabolism, as well as the scavenging and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings suggest that GA3-induced morphological alterations may be related to the control of hormone biosynthesis and signaling, regulation of transcription factors, alteration of secondary metabolites, and the stability of redox homeostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, this comprehensive inflorescence transcriptome data set provides novel insight into the response of grape flowers to GA3 treatment, and also provides possible candidate genes or markers that could be used to guide future efforts in this field.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. chengchenxia@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. chengchenxia@163.com.|Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. chengchenxia@163.com.
authors.forename: Chenxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. biochenj@gmail.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. biochenj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada. stacysinger@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Stacy D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. gaomin.001@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. gaomin.001@163.com.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. xxz@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaozhao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. 835578671@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. li1985zhi@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. li1985zhi@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. zf25@cornell.edu.|USDA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. zf25@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Zhangjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. wangyj@nwafu.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. wangyj@nwafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuejin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. wangxiping@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China. wangxiping@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D027843:Vitis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C007842:gibberellic acid