title: Integrator: surprisingly diverse functions in gene expression.
abstract: The discovery of the metazoan-specific Integrator (INT) complex represented a breakthrough in our understanding of noncoding U-rich small nuclear RNA (UsnRNA) maturation and has triggered a reevaluation of their biosynthesis mechanism. In the decade since, significant progress has been made in understanding the details of its recruitment, specificity, and assembly. While some discrepancies remain on how it interacts with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and the details of its recruitment to UsnRNA genes, preliminary models have emerged. Recent provocative studies now implicate INT in the regulation of protein-coding gene transcription initiation and RNAPII pause-release, thereby broadening the scope of INT functions in gene expression regulation. We discuss the implications of these findings while putting them into the context of what is understood about INT function at UsnRNA genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: David.Baillat@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baillat
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: Eric.J.Wagner@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012342:RNA, Small Nuclear; D012319:RNA Polymerase II
keywords: Integrator; RNAPII CTD; UsnRNA processing; pause-release; transcriptional activation