title: Severe hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia accelerating renal injury: a novel model of type 1 diabetic hamsters induced by short-term high-fat / high-cholesterol diet and low-dose streptozotocin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperlipidemia is thought to be a major risk factor for the progression of renal diseases in diabetes. Recent studies have shown that lipid profiles are commonly abnormal early on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diabetic nephropathy. However, the early effects of triglyceride and cholesterol abnormalities on renal injury in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are not fully understood and require reliable animal models for exploration of the underlying mechanisms. Hamster models are important tools for studying lipid metabolism because of their similarity to humans in terms of lipid utilization and high susceptibility to dietary cholesterol and fat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four male Golden Syrian hamsters (100-110 g) were rendered diabetes by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ) on consecutive 3 days at dose of 30 mg/kg, Ten days after STZ injections, hamsters with a plasma Glu concentration more than 12 mmol/L were selected as insulin deficient ones and divided into four groups (D-C, D-HF, D-HC, and D-HFHC), and fed with commercially available standard rodent chow, high-fat diet, high-cholesterol diet, high-fat and cholesterol diet respectively, for a period of four weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an induction phase, a stable model of renal injury was established with the aspects of early T1DM kidney disease, These aspects were severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria with mesangial matrix accumulation, upgraded creatinine clearance, significant cholesterol and triglyceride deposition, and increasing glomerular surface area, thickness of basement membrane and mesangial expansion. The mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, transforming growth factors-β, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the D-HFHC group were significantly up-regulated compared with control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a novel, non-transgenic, non-surgical method for induction of renal injury in hamsters, which is an important complement to existing diabetic models for pathophysiological studies in early acute and chronic kidney disease, especially hyperlipidemia. These data suggest that both severe hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia can accelerate renal injury in the early development of T1DM.
authors.affiliation: National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China. lhe@ncdser.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Leelee_hao@126.com.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China. xfu@ncdser.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China. mshuang@ncdser.com.
authors.forename: Mingshu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, 310021, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. microvet@163.com.|Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. microvet@163.com.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D006224:Cricetinae; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics; D011507:Proteinuria; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003404:Creatinine