title: Differential expression of miRNAs in enterovirus 71-infected cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major etiological pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and can cause severe cerebral and pulmonary complications and even fatality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and thereby influencing various physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs act as key effector molecules in the complicated pathogen-host interactions. However, the roles of miRNAs in EV71 infection and pathogenesis are not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify special miRNAs involved in EV71 infection, a microarray assay was performed to study the expression pattern of miRNAs in EV71-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) and uninfected RD cells. We further predicted the putative target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs using the online bioinformatic algorithms (TargetScan, miRanda and PicTar) and carried out functional annotation including GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis for miRNA predicted targets. Then, the results of microarray were further confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally, 45 differentially expressed miRNAs ware identified by microarray, among which 36 miRNAs were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. 7166 predicted target genes for the dysregulated miRNAs were revealed by using TargetScan in conjunction with miRanda and PicTar. The GO annotation suggested that predicted targets of miRNAs were enriched into the category of signal transduction, regulation of transcription, metabolic process, protein phosphorylation, apoptotic process and immune response. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that these predicted target genes were involved in many important pathways, mainly including endocytosis and focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, melanogenesis and ErbB signaling pathway. The expression levels of 8 most differentially up-regulated miRNAs and 3 most differentially down-regulated miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The expressions of hsa-miR-4530, hsa-miR-4492, hsa-miR-6125, hsa-miR-494-3p, hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-6743-5p, hsa-miR-4459 and hsa-miR-4443 detected by qRT-PCR were consistent with the microarray data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results might extend our understanding to the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs underlying the pathogenesis of EV71 infection, thus strengthening the preventative and therapeutic strategies of HFMD caused by EV71.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. xunmeng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China. mark7447@tom.com.
authors.forename: Chao-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China. 4270714@qq.com.
authors.forename: Quan-Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. jiyanhong@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. xujiru@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ji-Ru
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019295:Computational Biology; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000254:growth & development*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs