title: Fabrication and characterization of medical grade polyurethane composite catheters for near-infrared imaging.
abstract: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are hollow polymeric tubes that transport nutrients, blood and medications to neonates. To determine proper PICC placement, frequent X-ray imaging of neonates is performed. Because X-rays pose severe health risks to neonates, safer alternatives are needed. We hypothesize that near infrared (NIR) polymer composites can be fabricated into catheters by incorporating a fluorescent dye (IRDye 800CW) and visualized using NIR imaging. To fabricate catheters, polymer and dye are dry mixed and pressed, sectioned, and extruded to produce hollow tubes. We analyzed surface roughness, stiffness, dye retention, NIR contrast intensity, and biocompatibility. The extrusion process did not significantly alter the mechanical properties of the polymer composites. Over a period of 23 days, only 6.35 ± 5.08% dye leached out of catheters. The addition of 0.025 wt% dye resulted in a 14-fold contrast enhancement producing clear PICC images at 1 cm under a tissue equivalent. The addition of IRDye 800CW did not alter the biocompatibility of the polymer and did not increase adhesion of cells to the surface. We successfully demonstrated that catheters can be imaged without the use of harmful radiation and still maintain the same properties as the unaltered medical grade equivalent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Collegiate Square, Suite 302, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: André T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Tanner K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences and Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohs
authors.affiliation: Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Lissett R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bickford
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Collegiate Square, Suite 302, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Randolph Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: awhit@mse.vt.edu.
authors.forename: Abby R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Whittington
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D057785:Catheters; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; C562366:IRDye 800CW; D007211:Indoles; D011140:Polyurethanes
keywords: Catheter; Cell adhesion; Fluorescence; Mechanical testing; Polyurethane