title: The effect of toe trimming on behavior, mobility, toe length and other indicators of welfare in tom turkeys.
abstract: Society is increasingly concerned about the welfare of animals kept for food production, for this reason, invasive procedures such as toe trimming in turkeys must be studied to assess the corresponding welfare implications and to ensure such procedures are acceptable for continued use. To this end, research was conducted to evaluate the welfare effects of toe trimming on toms raised to 140 d. The study used 306 Hybrid Converter toms, half of which were toe trimmed using a Microwave Claw Processor (MCP) which group are denoted T, and half of which were sham treated but not trimmed, which group are denoted NT. Turkey behavior was observed on d 1, 3, 5, and 133. Toe cross sections were taken every second day for 14 d after treatment and were used to histologically examine the healing process. Toe length, gait score, and bird stance were assessed on d 55, 84, 119, and 139. For the first 5 d after treatment, T birds demonstrated less active behaviors such as feeding, standing, walking and running (P ≤ 0.05), indicative of pain with the effect diminishing with age. At d 133, T turkeys stood more and walked less than NT birds (P ≤ 0.05). Gait score and bird stance were not affected by treatment. Trimmed toes were on average 91.9% of the length of NT toes and toe length was more variable (P ≤ 0.05) as a result of the trimming process. Histological examination indicated T toes had complete epithelium closure over the healthy tissue by d 8 and were fully healed by d 14. Although bird mobility and stance were unaffected by treatment, turkey behavior both early and late in the production cycle were suggestive of pain and balance effects; both indicators of reduced welfare as a result of toe trimming.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwean-Lardner
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Knezacek
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomis
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8 Hank.Classen@usask.ca.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Classen
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005684:Gait; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D011897:Random Allocation; D014034:Toes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D014422:Turkeys / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking
keywords: Microwave Claw Processor; bacterial infection; gait; toe clipping