title: Diabetic foot syndrome as a possible cardiovascular marker in diabetic patients.
abstract: Diabetic foot ulcerations have been extensively reported as vascular complications of diabetes mellitus associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality; in fact, some authors showed a higher prevalence of major, previous and new-onset, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular events in diabetic patients with foot ulcers than in those without these complications. This is consistent with the fact that in diabetes there is a complex interplay of several variables with inflammatory metabolic disorders and their effect on the cardiovascular system that could explain previous reports of high morbidity and mortality rates in diabetic patients with amputations. Involvement of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 plasma levels and resistin in diabetic subjects confirmed the pathogenetic issue of the "adipovascular" axis that may contribute to cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with diabetic foot, this "adipovascular axis" expression in lower plasma levels of adiponectin and higher plasma levels of IL-6 could be linked to foot ulcers pathogenesis by microvascular and inflammatory mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to focus on the immune inflammatory features of DFS and its possible role as a marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes patients.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, U.O.C di Medicina Interna e Cardioangiologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, No. 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuttolomondo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, U.O.C di Medicina Interna e Cardioangiologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, No. 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maida
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, U.O.C di Medicina Interna e Cardioangiologia, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, No. 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007107:Immune System; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6