title: Evaluation of the impact of a psycho-educational intervention for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers in Jordan: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psycho-educational interventions for people diagnosed with schizophrenia (PDwS) and their primary caregivers appear promising, however, the majority of trials have significant methodological shortcomings. There is little known about the effects of these interventions delivered in a booklet format in resource-poor countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted from September, 2012 to July, 2013 with 121 dyads of PDwS and their primary caregivers. Participants aged 18 years or older with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and their primary caregivers, from four outpatient mental health clinics in Jordan, were randomly assigned to receive 12 weeks of a booklet form of psycho-education, with follow-up phone calls, and treatment as usual [TAU] (intervention, n = 58), or TAU (control, n = 63). Participants were assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention (post-treatment1) and at three months follow-up. The primary outcome measure was change in knowledge of schizophrenia. Secondary outcomes for PDwS were psychiatric symptoms and relapse rate, with hospitalization or medication (number of episodes of increasing antipsychotic dosage), and for primary caregivers were burden of care and quality of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDwS in the intervention group experienced greater improvement in knowledge scores (4.9 vs -0.5; p <0.001) at post-treatment and (6.5 vs -0.7; p <0.001) at three month-follow-up, greater reduction in symptom severity (-26.1 vs 2.5; p <0.001: -36.2 vs -4.9; p <0.001, at follow-up times respectively. Relapse rate with hospitalization was reduced significantly at both follow-up times in the intervention group (p <0.001), and relapse with medication increased in the intervention group at both follow-up times (p <0.001). Similarly there was a significant improvement in the primary caregivers knowledge score at post-treatment (6.3 vs -0.4; P < 0.001) and three month-follow-up (7.3 vs -0.7; p <0.001). Primary caregivers burden of care was significantly reduced in the intervention group (-6.4 vs 1.5; p <0.001; -9.4 vs 0.8; p <0.001), and their quality of life improved (9.2 vs -1.6; p = 0.01; 17.1 vs -5.3; p <0.001) at post-treatment and three month-follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psycho-education and TAU was more effective than TAU alone at improving participants' knowledge and psychological outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN78084871 .
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. ntxah3@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Abd Alhadi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. Patrick.callaghan@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Callaghan
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. joanne.lymn@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lymn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017028:Caregivers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D010174:Pamphlets; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents