title: Luminex and other multiplex high throughput technologies for the identification of, and host response to, environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Complex interactions between a series of environmental factors and genes result in progression to clinical type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite several decades of research in the area, these interactions remain poorly understood. Several studies have yielded associations of certain foods, infections, and immunizations with the onset and progression of diabetes autoimmunity, but most findings are still inconclusive. Environmental triggers are difficult to identify mainly due to (i) large number and complex nature of environmental exposures, including bacteria, viruses, dietary factors, and environmental pollutants, (ii) reliance on low throughput technology, (iii) less efforts in quantifying host response, (iv) long silent period between the exposure and clinical onset of T1D which may lead to loss of the exposure fingerprints, and (v) limited sample sets. Recent development in multiplex technologies has enabled systematic evaluation of different classes of molecules or macroparticles in a high throughput manner. However, the use of multiplex assays in type 1 diabetes research is limited to cytokine assays. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of multiplex high throughput technologies in identification of environmental triggers and host response in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (CBGM), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA ; Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0385-3829
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (CBGM), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA ; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5179-4005
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine (CBGM), Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA ; Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines