title: Maxillofacial fractures and craniocerebral injuries - stress propagation from face to neurocranium in a finite element analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe facial trauma is often associated with intracerebral injuries. So it seemed to be of interest to study stress propagation from face to neurocranium after a fistlike impact on the facial skull in a finite element analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A finite element model of the human skull without mandible consisting of nearly 740,000 tetrahedrons was built. Fistlike impacts on the infraorbital rim, the nasoorbitoethmoid region, and the supraorbital arch were simulated and stress propagations were depicted in a time-dependent display.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Finite element simulation revealed von Mises stresses beyond the yield criterion of facial bone at the site of impacts and propagation of stresses in considerable amount towards skull base in the scenario of the fistlike impact on the infraorbital rim and on the nasoorbitoethmoid region. When impact was given on the supraorbital arch stresses seemed to be absorbed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As patients presenting with facial fractures have a risk for craniocerebral injuries attention should be paid to this and the indication for a CT-scan should be put widely. Efforts have to be made to generate more precise finite element models for a better comprehension of craniofacial and brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. heike.huempfner-hierl@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huempfner-Hierl
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. s.stuff@web.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. hiet@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hierl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical