title: Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era is still a challenging disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is an unusual inflammatory process of the gallbladder which is difficult to diagnose and manage and may be confused with gallbladder cancer. Many surgeons and pathologists are not familiar with this condition. We aim to highlight this condition and to review the role of laparoscopy in its management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the records of 4406 patients who underwent cholecystectomy in 8 years at two teaching hospitals in North Jordan. Forty-two cases of Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis were identified. The details of these patients were analyzed. The findings were compared with results of a previous study in all cholecystectomy patients conducted in the same centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis was 0.95 %. Twenty-five patients (59.5 %) presented as acute emergencies. Nine patients (21.4 %) had jaundice. Ultrasound showed marked gallbladder wall thickening in 36 patients (85.7 %). Compared with all cholecystectomy patients, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis patients showed higher conversion rate from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy (31.4 vs. 3.2 %, p < 0.001) and higher morbidity (33.3 vs. 6.4 % p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is rare. Acute presentation, associated jaundice, and gallbladder wall thickening should raise the suspicion of the condition. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with high conversion rate.
authors.affiliation: Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Irbid, Jordan, ghaziq@just.edu.jo.
authors.forename: Ghazi Raji
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Qasaimeh
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matalqah
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakkar
authors.forename: Abdulkarim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Omari
authors.forename: Motaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qasaimeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014973:Xanthomatosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*