title: Malibatol A regulates microglia M1/M2 polarization in experimental stroke in a PPARγ-dependent manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of microglia plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke. Microglia is reported with two opposing activated phenotypes, namely, classic phenotype (M1) and the alternative phenotype (M2). Inhibiting M1 while stimulating M2 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we indicated that a novel natural anti-oxidant extracted from the Chinese plant Hopea hainanensis, malibatol A (MA), decreased the infarct size and alleviated the brain injury after mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MA inhibited expression inflammatory cytokines in not only MCAO mice but also lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Moreover, treatment of MA decreased M1 markers (CD16, CD32, and CD86) and increased M2 markers (CD206, YM-1) while promoting the activation of nuclear receptor PPARγ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MA has anti-inflammatory effects in MCAO mice in a PPARγ-dependent manner, making it a potential candidate for stroke treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. panjie1000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. jjllily@126.com.|State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. jjllily@126.com.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. jjllily@126.com.
authors.forename: Jia-li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. hmge@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hui-ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. kailinyin@126.com.
authors.forename: Kai-lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. wuliancx@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. hanwen0408@sina.com.
authors.forename: Li-juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. chenyan20140528@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. qianlai88@163.com.|State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. qianlai88@163.com.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. qianlai88@163.com.
authors.forename: Lai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. Lixiaoxi0313@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-xi
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China. xuyun20042001@aliyun.com.|State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. xuyun20042001@aliyun.com.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. xuyun20042001@aliyun.com.|Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Stroke in Jiangsu Province, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China. xuyun20042001@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; D001549:Benzamides; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011725:Pyridines; D013267:Stilbenes; C458508:T 0070907; C111734:malibatol A; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II