title: Spatial distribution and migration of nonylphenol in groundwater following long-term wastewater irrigation.
abstract: Seen as a solution to water shortages, wastewater reuse for crop irrigation does however poses a risk owing to the potential release of organic contaminants into soil and water. The frequency of detection (FOD), concentration, and migration of nonylphenol (NP) isomers in reclaimed water (FODRW), surface water (FODSW), and groundwater (FODGW) were investigated in a long-term wastewater irrigation area in Beijing. The FODRW, FODSW and FODGW of any or all of 12 NP isomers were 66.7% to 100%, 76.9% to 100% and 13.3% to 60%, respectively. The mean (±standard deviation) NP concentrations of the reclaimed water, surface water, and groundwater (NPRW, NPSW, NPGW, repectively) were 469.4±73.4 ng L(-1), 694.6±248.7 ng(-1) and 244.4±230.8 ng(-1), respectively. The existence of external pollution sources during water transmission and distribution resulted in NPSW exceeding NPRW. NP distribution in groundwater was related to the duration and quantity of wastewater irrigation, the sources of aquifer recharge, and was seen to decrease with increasing aquifer depth. Higher riverside infiltration rate nearby leads to higher FODGW values. The migration rate of NP isomers was classified as high, moderate or low.
authors.affiliation: China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Shiyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of the Water Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; Engineering Technique Research Center for the Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China. Electronic address: wenyongwu@126.com.
authors.forename: Wenyong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Technique Research Center for the Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China.
authors.forename: Shiyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Engineering Technique Research Center for the Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China.
authors.forename: Honglu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D000068476:Beijing; D060587:Groundwater; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol
keywords: Contamination risk; Groundwater; Irrigation; Migration; Nonylphenol; Wastewater