title: Long-term risk of pulmonary embolism in solid-organ transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Solid-organ transplant recipients can develop chronic hypercoagulation that increases the incidence of pulmonary embolism. Here, we evaluate the frequency of pulmonary embolism in solid-organ transplant recipients during the first 10 years after transplantation and evaluate the risk factors for its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of solid-organ transplant recipients who were treated between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The reviewed data included demographics, type of transplant, comorbidities, procoagulation factors, thromboembolism prophylaxis, and the timing and extent of pulmonary embolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 999 solid-organ transplant recipients are included in this study (661 renal and 338 liver transplant recipients) (male: female ratio = 665:334). Twelve renal (1.2%) and 1 liver transplant recipient (0.3%) were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism developed 1 year after transplantation in 10 patients: 1 patient developed pulmonary embolism < 3 months after transplantation, and the other 9 patients developed pulmonary embolism within 3 to 6 months. No patients had a prior history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Five patients received tacrolimus, 7 patients received sirolimus, and 1 patient received cyclosporine. Ten patients received prednisolone, and 8 patients received mycophenolate mofetil. All patients were homozygous normal for factor V Leiden and prothrombin genes. One patient was homozygous abnormal, and 1 patient had a heterozygous mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. Two patients were treated with low-molecular-weight heparin, while the remaining patients received warfarin. Eight patients were treated for 6 months, and the remainder received longer treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, the incidence of pulmonary embolism in solid-organ transplant recipients is 1.2%. Renal transplant recipients are at higher risk of developing pulmonary embolism than liver transplant recipients. The factors that increase the risk of pulmonary embolism in solid-organ transplant recipients appear to be multifactorial and include genetic predisposition.
authors.affiliation: From the Pulmonary Department, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Küpeli
authors.forename: Gaye
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ulubay
authors.forename: Ilgaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Doğrul
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Birben
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seyfettin
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Özsancak Uğurlu
authors.forename: Füsun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Öner Eyüboğlu
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014859:Warfarin