title: Accessing external innovation in drug discovery and development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A decline in the productivity of the pharmaceutical industry research and development (R&D) pipeline has highlighted the need to reconsider the classical strategies of drug discovery and development, which are based on internal resources, and to identify new means to improve the drug discovery process. Accepting that the combination of internal and external ideas can improve innovation, ways to access external innovation, that is, opening projects to external contributions, have recently been sought.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the authors look at a number of external innovation opportunities. These include increased interactions with academia via academic centers of excellence/innovation centers, better communication on projects using crowdsourcing or social media and new models centered on external providers such as built-to-buy startups or virtual pharmaceutical companies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The buzz for accessing external innovation relies on the pharmaceutical industry's major challenge to improve R&D productivity, a conjuncture favorable to increase interactions with academia and new business models supporting access to external innovation. So far, access to external innovation has mostly been considered during early stages of drug development, and there is room for enhancement. First outcomes suggest that external innovation should become part of drug development in the long term. However, the balance between internal and external developments in drug discovery can vary largely depending on the company strategies.
authors.affiliation: University Paris-Diderot, INSERM UMR-S 973 , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France pierre.tuffery@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tufféry
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012106:Research / Q000458:organization & administration
keywords: drug development; external innovation; partnership; research and development productivity