title: Protective effects of Hammada scoparia flavonoid-enriched fraction on liver injury induced by warm ischemia/reperfusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of liver damage during liver surgery and transplantation. Plants have historically been used in treating liver damage, and Hammada scoparia (Pomel) (Chenopodiaceae) has been reported to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, a flavonoid-enriched fraction was used before the warm ischemia (WI) process as pharmacological preconditioning and in combination with technical postconditioning to evaluate their protective effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into five groups: a sham group; a control group (Control-IR) that was submitted to 60 min WI; a Pharmacological Preconditioning group (PreC-IR) that received flavonoid-enriched fraction (200 mg/kg body weight); a Postconditioning group (PostC) and a PreC + PostC group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of the flavonoid-enriched fraction was noted to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce liver injury, as evidenced by the decrease in liver transaminase activities (AST and ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), levels as well as the enhancement of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) responses. The results also indicated that, compared with the separate application of pharmacological preconditioning and postconditioning, the combination of both treatments was more effective in reducing tissue oxidative stress levels through modulating SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT activities. Furthermore, the combined protocol further decreased the liver morphological score compared with solo treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the results indicate that the H. scoparia flavonoid-enriched fraction could be a promising candidate for future application as a pharmacological preconditioning agent against hepatic IRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax , Sfax , Tunisia .
authors.forename: Saber Abdelkader
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saidi
authors.forename: Ezzeddine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bourogâa
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouaziz
authors.forename: Saaoudi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mongi
authors.forename: Rim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaaben
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamoussi
authors.forename: Raoudha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mezghani-Jarraya
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Pelt
authors.forename: Abdelfattah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Feki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D036721:Scoparia; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Hepatic; postconditioning; preconditioning