title: histoneHMM: Differential analysis of histone modifications with broad genomic footprints.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ChIP-seq has become a routine method for interrogating the genome-wide distribution of various histone modifications. An important experimental goal is to compare the ChIP-seq profiles between an experimental sample and a reference sample, and to identify regions that show differential enrichment. However, comparative analysis of samples remains challenging for histone modifications with broad domains, such as heterochromatin-associated H3K27me3, as most ChIP-seq algorithms are designed to detect well defined peak-like features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this limitation we introduce histoneHMM, a powerful bivariate Hidden Markov Model for the differential analysis of histone modifications with broad genomic footprints. histoneHMM aggregates short-reads over larger regions and takes the resulting bivariate read counts as inputs for an unsupervised classification procedure, requiring no further tuning parameters. histoneHMM outputs probabilistic classifications of genomic regions as being either modified in both samples, unmodified in both samples or differentially modified between samples. We extensively tested histoneHMM in the context of two broad repressive marks, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3, and evaluated region calls with follow up qPCR as well as RNA-seq data. Our results show that histoneHMM outperforms competing methods in detecting functionally relevant differentially modified regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  histoneHMM is a fast algorithm written in C++ and compiled as an R package. It runs in the popular R computing environment and thus seamlessly integrates with the extensive bioinformatic tool sets available through Bioconductor. This makeshistoneHMM an attractive choice for the differential analysis of ChIP-seq data. Software is available from http://histonehmm.molgen.mpg.de .
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnesstrasse 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany. heinig@molgen.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heinig
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Epigenetics, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, AV, Groningen, 9713, The Netherlands. m.colome.tatche@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colomé-Tatché
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Epigenetics, European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, AV, Groningen, 9713, The Netherlands. a.s.taudt@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taudt
authors.affiliation: Experimental Genetics Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13092Berlin, Germany. carola.rintisch@mdc-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rintisch
authors.affiliation: Experimental Genetics Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13092Berlin, Germany. sebastian.schaefer@mdc-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czeck Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic. pravenec@biomed.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pravenec
authors.affiliation: Experimental Genetics Group, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13092Berlin, Germany. nhuebner@mdc-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hubner
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnesstrasse 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany. vingron@molgen.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vingron
authors.affiliation: Groningen Bioinformatics Center, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, AG, Groningen, 9747, The Netherlands. frank@johanneslab.org.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johannes
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D051379:Mice; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D051381:Rats; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D006657:Histones