title: Antifungal activity of amphotericin B and voriconazole against the biofilms and biofilm-dispersed cells of Candida albicans employing a newly developed in vitro pharmacokinetic model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida albicans is a common cause of a variety of superficial and invasive disseminated infections the majority of which are associated with biofilm growth on implanted devices. The aim of the study is to evaluate the activity of amphotericin B and voriconazole against the biofilm and the biofilm-dispersed cells of Candida albicans using a newly developed in vitro pharmacokinetic model which simulates the clinical situation when the antifungal agents are administered intermittently.
  
  
  METHODS
  RPMI medium containing 1-5 X 10(6) CFU/ml of C. albicans was continuously delivered to the device at 30 ml/h for 2 hours. The planktonic cells were removed and biofilms on the catheter were kept under continuous flow of RPMI medium at 10 ml/h. Five doses of amphotericin B or voriconazole were delivered to 2, 5 and 10 day-old biofilms at initial concentrations (2 and 3 μg/ml respectively) that were exponentially diluted. Dispersed cells in effluents from the device were counted and the adherent cells on the catheter were evaluated after 48 h of the last dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentration of voriconazole and amphotericin B against the tested isolate was 0.0325 and 0.25 μg/ml respectively. Amphotericin B significantly reduced the dispersion of C. albicans cells from the biofilm. The log10 reduction in the dispersed cells was 2.54-3.54, 2.30-3.55, and 1.94-2.50 following addition of 5 doses of amphotericin B to 2-, 5- and 10-day old biofilms respectively. The number of the viable cells within the biofilm was reduced by 18 (±7.63), 5 and 4% following addition of the 5 doses of amphotericin B to the biofilms respectively. Voriconazole showed no significant effect on the viability of C. albicans within the biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both antifungal agents failed to eradicate C. albicans biofilm or stop cell dispersion from them and the resistance progressed with maturation of the biofilm. These findings go along with the need for removal of devices in spite of antifungal therapy in patients with device-related infection. This is the first study which investigates the effects of antifungal agents on the biofilm and biofilm-dispersion of C. albicans in an in vitro pharmacokinetic biofilm model.
authors.affiliation: German University in Cairo, GUC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Al-Tagmoa Al-Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt. mohamed.el-azizi@guc.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Azizi
authors.affiliation: German University in Cairo, GUC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Al-Tagmoa Al-Khamis, New Cairo City, Egypt. noha.samir@guc.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Noha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.affiliation: East Virginia Medical School, Virginia, USA. Nkhardori@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khardori
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D065819:Voriconazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000666:Amphotericin B; D065819:Voriconazole