title: Changes in corneal aesthesiometry and the sub-basal nerve plexus in benign essential blepharospasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aetiology of blepharospasm remains unclear. There is evidence that the afferent pathway is important, but this area remains under-researched.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the hypothesis that the afferent arm of the blink reflex is abnormal in blepharospasm by assessing a range of measures of corneal sensory function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective case-control study, 21 patients with blepharospasm and 21 age-matched and gender-matched controls completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and underwent the following assessments: tear osmolarity, Shirmer test, tear-film break up time, corneal and conjunctival vital staining, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal aesthesiometry and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corneal sensitivity was significantly lower in patients with blepharospasm than in controls (right eyes p=0.009; left eyes p=0.009, paired t test). The median number of main nerve trunks was lower for patients with blepharospasm than for controls, and this was statistically significant at the 5% level (p=0.04, paired t test). Mean nerve density, median number of nerve branches and median total number of nerves were lower for blepharospasm cases than controls, but this did not reach statistical significance. Tortuosity was greater for blepharospasm cases than controls, but this was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blepharospasm is associated with reduced corneal aesthesiometry and a tendency towards a reduced number of nerves in the sub-basal plexus, implying an impairment in corticosensory processing, possibly a defect of the sensorimotor gating mechanism resulting in a loss of inhibition of the blink reflex.
authors.affiliation: East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fayers
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephanie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hau
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ezra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003315:Cornea / Q000294:innervation*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000473:pathology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009882:Ophthalmic Nerve / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012021:Reflex, Abnormal; D012677:Sensation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry
keywords: Cornea; Imaging; Ocular surface