title: Tuning the production of variable length, fluorescent polyisoprenoids using surfactant-controlled enzymatic synthesis.
abstract: Bactoprenyl diphosphate (BPP), a two-E eight-Z configuration C55 isoprenoid, serves as a critical anchor for the biosynthesis of complex glycans central to bacterial survival and pathogenesis. BPP is formed by the polymerase undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS), which catalyzes the elongation of a single farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) with eight Z-configuration isoprene units from eight isopentenyl diphosphates. In vitro analysis of UppS and other polyprenyl diphosphate synthases requires the addition of a surfactant such as Triton X-100 to stimulate the release of the hydrophobic product from the enzyme for effective and efficient turnover. Here using a fluorescent 2-nitrileanilinogeranyl diphosphate analogue of FPP, we have found that a wide range of surfactants can stimulate release of product from UppS and that the structure of the surfactant has a major impact on the lengths of products produced by the protein. Of particular importance, shorter chain surfactants promote the release of isoprenoids with four to six Z-configuration isoprene additions, while larger chain surfactants promote the formation of natural isoprenoid lengths (8Z) and larger. We have found that the product chain lengths can be readily controlled and coarsely tuned by adjusting surfactant identity, concentration, and reaction time. We have also found that binary mixtures of just two surfactants can be used to fine-tune isoprenoid lengths. The surfactant effects discovered do not appear to be significantly altered with an alternative isoprenoid substrate. However, the surfactant effects do appear to be dependent on differences in UppS between bacterial species. This work provides new insights into surfactant effects in enzymology and highlights how these effects can be leveraged for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of otherwise difficult to obtain glycan biosynthesis probes. This work also provides key reagents for the systematic analysis of structure-activity relationships between glycan biosynthesis enzymes and isoprenoid structure.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Jerry M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Troutman
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Katelyn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hazel
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Christina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, ‡Nanoscale Science Program, and §The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodbele
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000737:chemistry*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001441:Bacteroides fragilis / Q000201:enzymology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D013729:Terpenes; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C023266:undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase