title: Non-classical azoreductase secretion in Clostridium perfringens in response to sulfonated azo dye exposure.
abstract: Clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic microorganism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce an azoreductase enzyme (AzoC), an NADH-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. This enzyme reduces azo dyes into aromatic amines, which can be carcinogenic. A significant amount of work has been completed on the activity of AzoC. Despite this, much is still unknown, including whether azoreduction of these dyes occurs intracellularly or extracellulary. A physiological study of C. perfringens involving the effect of azo dye exposure was completed to answer this question. Through exposure studies, azo dyes were found to cause cytoplasmic protein release, including AzoC, from C. perfringens in dividing and non-dividing cells. Sulfonation (negative charge) of azo dyes proved to be the key to facilitating protein release of AzoC and was found to be azo-dye-concentration-dependent. Additionally, AzoC was found to localize to the Gram-positive periplasmic region. Using a ΔazoC knockout mutant, the presence of additional azoreductases in C. perfringens was suggested. These results support the notion that the azoreduction of these dyes may occur extracellularly for the commensal C. perfringens in the intestine.
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Science East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Electronic address: jessica.morrison@okstate.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Oklahoma State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Science East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Gilbert H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009601:Nitroreductases; D033903:Periplasmic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D033903:Periplasmic Proteins; D013450:Sulfones; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase
keywords: AzoC; Azoreductase; Clostridium perfringens; Gram-positive periplasm; Protein secretion; TargeTron gene knockout