title: Photobiological hydrogen production and artificial photosynthesis for clean energy: from bio to nanotechnologies.
abstract: Global energy demand is increasing rapidly and due to intensive consumption of different forms of fuels, there are increasing concerns over the reduction in readily available conventional energy resources. Because of the deleterious atmospheric effects of fossil fuels and the uncertainties of future energy supplies, there is a surge of interest to find environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. Hydrogen (H2) has attracted worldwide attention as a secondary energy carrier, since it is the lightest carbon-neutral fuel rich in energy per unit mass and easy to store. Several methods and technologies have been developed for H2 production, but none of them are able to replace the traditional combustion fuel used in automobiles so far. Extensively modified and renovated methods and technologies are required to introduce H2 as an alternative efficient, clean, and cost-effective future fuel. Among several emerging renewable energy technologies, photobiological H2 production by oxygenic photosynthetic microbes such as green algae and cyanobacteria or by artificial photosynthesis has attracted significant interest. In this short review, we summarize the recent progress and challenges in H2-based energy production by means of biological and artificial photosynthesis routes.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Next Generation (RING), Kalanki, Kathmandu-14, Kathmandu, Nepal.|Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49006, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran.|Center of Climate Change and Global Warming, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Najafpour
authors.affiliation: Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Voloshin
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Balaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry / Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tyystjärvi
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timilsina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Eaton-Rye
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.|PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomo
authors.affiliation: Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, and Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
authors.forename: J-R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia. suleyman.allakhverdiev@gmail.com.|Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. suleyman.allakhverdiev@gmail.com.|Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia. suleyman.allakhverdiev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Allakhverdiev
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000502:physiology*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018462:Photobiology; D010788:Photosynthesis
chemical_list: D006859:Hydrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Artificial photosynthesis; Cyanobacteria; Hydrogen as clean energy; Light-harvesting complexes; Nanotechnology; Photobiological hydrogen production