title: Subprosthetic Pannus after Aortic Valve Replacement Surgery: Cardiac CT Findings and Clinical Features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cardiac computed tomographic (CT) findings and clinical implications of subprosthetic pannus in patients who have undergone aortic valve replacement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this retrospective study, and the need to obtain written informed consent was waived. From April 2011 to March 2012, 88 patients (mean age, 63 years; 45 men) with a prosthetic aortic valve who underwent cardiac CT were retrospectively selected. Dynamic cardiac CT images were analyzed by using a multiplanar reformatted technique. The presence or absence of subprosthetic pannus and its extent were evaluated at cardiac CT. The geometric orifice area and the effective orifice area of each prosthetic valve were measured to enable analysis of the pannus encroachment ratio in the systolic phase. Hemodynamic parameters at echocardiography, including mean transprosthetic pressure gradient (MTPG), were compared between patients with and those without pannus. The encroachment ratio and the MTPG were correlated by using the Spearman test to evaluate the relationship between the two variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients (19%) had subprosthetic pannus at cardiac CT. In patients with subprosthetic pannus, MTPG, peak pressure gradient, transvalvular peak velocity, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were significantly higher than in patients without pannus (MTPG: 28.1 mm Hg ± 19.8 [standard deviation] vs 14.0 mm Hg ± 6.5, P = .004; peak pressure gradient: 53.1 mm Hg ± 38.4 vs 26.1 mm Hg ± 11.4, P = .004; transvalvular peak velocity: 3.3 m/sec ± 1.3 vs 2.5 m/sec ± 0.5; and LVEF: 64.7% ± 7.4 vs 56.8% ± 10.5, P = .004). A high MTPG (≥40 mm Hg) was observed in four patients at echocardiography, and subprosthetic panni were identified at CT in all four patients. In patients with increased MTPGs, the encroachment ratio by subprosthetic pannus at CT was significantly higher than that in patients with MTPGs of less than 40 mm Hg (42.7 ± 13.3 vs 7.6 ± 3, P = .012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac CT revealed subprosthetic pannus to be a cause of the hemodynamic changes in patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement. By helping quantify the encroachment ratio by pannus, cardiac CT may help differentiate which subprosthetic panni might lead to substantial flow limitation over the prosthetic aortic valve.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Kichang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Dong Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: So Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Namkug
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Joon-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Dae-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Jong-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Duk-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Jae-Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Joon Bum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Sung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Suk Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Cheol Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (K.H., D.H.Y., S.Y.S., N.K., J.W.K., T.H.L.), Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Center (D. H. Kim, J.M.S., D. H. Kang, J.K.S.), and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.B.K., S.H.J., S.J.C., C.H.C., J.W.L.), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asanbyeongwon-gil 86, Seoul 138-736, South Korea; and the Department of Radiology, KyungHee University Medical Center, KyungHee University, Seoul, Korea (S.Y.S).
authors.forename: Tae-Hwan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed