title: Titanium Surface Roughing Treatments contribute to Higher Interaction with Salivary Proteins MG2 and Lactoferrin.
abstract: Some surface treatments performed on titanium can alter the composition of salivary pellicle formed on this abiotic surface. Such treatments modify the titanium's surface properties and can promote higher adsorption of proteins, which allow better integration of titanium to the biotic system.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between salivary proteins and titanium disks with different surface treatments.
  
  
  
  Machined titanium disks (n = 48) were divided into four experimental groups (n = 12), according to their surface treatments: surface polishing (SP); acid etching (A); spot-blasting plus acid etching (SB-A); spot-blasting followed by acid etching and nano-functionalization (SB-A-NF). Titanium surfaces were characterized by surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were incubated with human saliva extracted from submandibular and sublingual glands. Total salivary protein adsorbed to titanium was quantified and samples were submitted to western blotting for mucin glycoprotein 2 (MG2) and lactoferrin identification.
  
  
  
  Surface roughness was statistically higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed that titanium surface treatments increased surface roughness with higher number of porous and scratches for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups. Total protein adsorption was significantly higher for SB-A and SB-A-NF groups (p < 0.05), which also presented higher interactions with MG2 and lactoferrin proteins.
  
  
  
  The roughing of titanium surface by spot-blasting plus acid etching treatments contribute to higher interaction with salivary proteins, such as MG2 and lactoferrin.
  
  
  
  Titanium surface roughing increases the interactions of the substratum with salivary proteins, which can influence the integration of dental implants and their components to the oral environment. However, those treatments should be used carefully intraorally, avoiding increase biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: PhD Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, Phone: 551983909920, e-mail: yuri.wanderley@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Yuri Wanderley
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Villamarim
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Soare
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Araújo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leite Assis
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elton Gonçalves
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zenóbio
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Mauro da Silva
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Girundi
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000327:Adsorption; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000737:chemistry; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055262:Mucin-2 / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013361:Sublingual Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D055262:Mucin-2; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014025:Titanium; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: Dental implants; Salivary pellicle; Salivary proteins; Peptides.