title: Microbiological and chemical safety concerns regarding frozen fillets obtained from Pangasius sutchi and Nile tilapia exported to European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microbiological and chemical safety concerns regarding frozen fillets from pangasius catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) exported to Poland, Germany and Ukraine and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exported to Poland and Germany were investigated by analyzing heavy metal residues, microbiological hazards, biogenic amines, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heavy metal residues from all studied samples were far lower than the limits established by authorities. The most abundant biogenic amine found was histamine, with a maximum content of 9.6 mg 100 g(-1) , found in pangasius exported to Poland. The total viable counts were from 2.8 log cfu g(-1) in pangasius exported to Ukraine to 4.3 log cfu g(-1) in pangasius exported to Germany. Vibrio spp. were present in 70-80% of all studied pangasius groups, whereas there no Vibrio spp. were found in the studied tilapia samples. 30% of Pangasius fillets exported to Poland were contaminated with coagulase-positive staphylococci. No E. coli was found in any of the studied samples. Although the results of TBA analysis differed significantly between studied groups, the malonic aldehyde content in all studied groups was still very low. The TVB-N content in frozen fillets from pangasius was significantly lower than in frozen tilapia fillets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We reported that pangasius catfish frozen fillets were widely contaminated with Vibrio spp., which could prove hazardous for the final consumer if the fish is eaten raw or undercooked. The rest of the analysis showed no other reason for concern associated with Nile tilapia and Pangasius catfish frozen fillet consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulawik
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Władysław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Migdał
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economies, University of Agriculture, 30-120, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gambuś
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Technology and Consumption, Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, University of Agriculture, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cieślik
authors.affiliation: Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Özoğul
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tkaczewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Economies, University of Agriculture, 30-120, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczurowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Technology and Consumption, Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, University of Agriculture, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wałkowska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000032:analysis; D002397:Catfishes; D023681:Cichlids; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D059022:Food Safety; D005628:Frozen Foods; D005858:Germany; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011044:Poland; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000032:analysis; D014455:Ukraine; D014733:Vibrio / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: biogenic amines; heavy metals; microbiological analysis; pangasius, tilapia