title: Parecoxib for the prevention of shivering after general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shivering is the most common complication during the recovery period after general anesthesia, and there is no clear consensus about the best strategy for its prophylactic. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of parecoxib in prevention of postoperative shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II, who were scheduled for minor urological surgeries under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 40 in each group): group P received 40 mg of parecoxib by intravenous bolus injection and group S received the same volume of normal saline in the same way just after the induction of anesthesia. Hemodynamic parameters and body temperatures including tympanic and axillary temperature were monitored. The occurrence of shivering and pain intensity score were recorded during the recovery period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parecoxib significantly reduced the incidence and severity of shivering in comparison with the placebo. Postoperative shivering was observed in 22 patients in group S (55%), compared with nine in group P (22.5%) (P = 0.003). In addition, pain intensity scores were lower in group P during recovery period; consequently, less rescue analgesics were required in group P when compared with group S (P = 0.001). Regarding the body temperature, it was found that core temperature decreased but peripheral temperature increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant difference between groups in all time intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic administration of parecoxib produces dual effects on antishivering and postoperative analgesia. This implies that cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2 pathways may be involved in the regulation of shivering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chongqing Fifth Hospital, Chongqing, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
authors.forename: Kai-zhi
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China. Electronic address: cjandsh@tmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012768:Shivering / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; C409945:parecoxib
keywords: General anesthesia; Parecoxib; Postoperative shivering