title: Competitive helping in online giving.
abstract: Unconditional generosity in humans is a puzzle. One possibility is that individuals benefit from being seen as generous if there is competition for access to partners and if generosity is a costly-and therefore reliable-signal of partner quality [1-3]. The "competitive helping" hypothesis predicts that people will compete to be the most generous, particularly in the presence of attractive potential partners [1]. However, this key prediction has not been directly tested. Using data from online fundraising pages, we demonstrate competitive helping in the real world. Donations to fundraising pages are public and made sequentially. Donors can therefore respond to the behavior of previous donors, creating a potential generosity tournament. Our test of the competitive helping hypothesis focuses on the response to large, visible donations. We show that male donors show significantly stronger responses (by donating more) when they are donating to an attractive female fundraiser and responding to a large donation made by another male donor. The responses for this condition are around four times greater than when males give to less-attractive female (or male) fundraisers or when they respond to a large donation made by a female donor. Unlike males, females do not compete in donations when giving to attractive male fundraisers. These data suggest that males use competitive helping displays in the presence of attractive females and suggest a role for sexual selection in explaining unconditional generosity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic address: nicholaraihani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nichola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Raihani
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D037921:Gift Giving; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012725:Sexual Behavior