title: An explanation and analysis of how world religions formulate their ethical decisions on withdrawing treatment and determining death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper explores definitions of death from the perspectives of several world and indigenous religions, with practical application for health care providers in relation to end of life decisions and organ and tissue donation after death. It provides background material on several traditions and explains how different religions derive their conclusions for end of life decisions from the ethical guidelines they proffer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research took several forms beginning with a review of books and articles written by ethicists and observers of Bön, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Indigenous Traditions, Islam, Judaism, Shinto and Taoism. It then examined sources to which these authors referred in footnotes and bibliographies. In addition, material was gathered through searches of data bases in religious studies, general humanities, social sciences and medicine along with web-based key word searches for current policies in various traditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Religious traditions provide their adherents with explanations for the meaning and purpose of life and include ethical analysis for the situations in which their followers find themselves. This paper aims to increase cultural competency in practitioners by demonstrating the reasoning process religions use to determine what they believe to be the correct decision in the face of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns emerge in the comparative study of religious perspectives on death. Western traditions show their rootedness in Judaism in their understanding of the human individual as a finite, singular creation. Although the many branches of Western religions do not agree on precisely how to determine death, they are all able to locate a moment of death in the body. In Eastern traditions personhood is not defined in physical terms. From prescribing the location of death, to resisting medical intervention and definitions of death, Eastern religions, in their many forms, incorporate the beliefs and practices that preceded them. Adding to the complexity for these traditions is the idea that death is a process that continues after the body has met most empirical criteria for determining death. For Hinduism and Buddhism, the cessation of heart, brain and lung function is the beginning of the process of dying--not the end.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy and Religion, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, 02115, MA, USA. s.setta@neu.edu.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Setta
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Critical Care, and Medical Director, Extracorporeal Life Support Program at Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 2300 Rue Tupper, Montréal, QC, H3H 1P3, Canada. sam.shemie@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Sam D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Shemie
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D028761:Withholding Treatment