title: The effects of observation of walking in a living room environment, on physical, cognitive, and quality of life related outcomes in older adults with dementia: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of older adults with dementia is expected to increase. Dementia is not only characterized by a decline in cognition, also other functions, for example, physical functioning change. A possible means to decrease the decline in these functions, or even improve them, could be increasing the amount of physical activity. A feasible way hereto may be activation of the mirror neuron system through action observation. This method has already been shown beneficial for the performance of actions in, for example, stroke patients. The primary aim of this study is to examine the effect of observing videos of walking people on physical activity and physical performance, in older adults with dementia. Secondary, effects on cognition and quality of life related factors will be examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized controlled trial is being performed, in which videos are shown to older adults with dementia (also additional eligibility criteria apply) in shared living rooms of residential care facilities. Due to the study design, living rooms instead of individual participants are randomly assigned to the experimental (videos of walking people) or control (videos of nature) condition, by means of drawing pieces of paper. The intervention has a duration of three months, and takes place on weekdays, during the day. There are four measurement occasions, in which physical activity, physical functioning, activities of daily living, cognition, the rest-activity rhythm, quality of life, and depression are assessed. Tests for participants are administered by a test administrator who is blind to the group the participant is in.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study examines the effect of the observation of walking people on multiple daily life functions and quality of life related factors in older adults with dementia. A strength of this study is that the intervention does not require much time and attention from caregivers or researchers. A challenge of the study is therefore to get to know for how long residents watch the videos. However, the design implies a high feasibility of the study, as well as a high applicability of the intervention into daily care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NTR4708. Date of registration: 31 July 2014.
authors.affiliation: VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. j.g.douma@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Johanna G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Douma
authors.affiliation: VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. k.m.volkers@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Volkers
authors.affiliation: VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. p.j.vuijk@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Jelle Pieter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vuijk
authors.affiliation: TU Delft, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Landbergstraat 15, 2628, CE, Delft, the Netherlands. M.H.Sonneveld@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Marieke H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sonneveld
authors.affiliation: TU Delft, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Landbergstraat 15, 2628, CE, Delft, the Netherlands. R.H.M.Goossens@tudelft.nl.|Erasmus MC, Department of Neuroscience, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015, GE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. R.H.M.Goossens@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Richard H M
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. eja.scherder@vu.nl.|University of Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, the Netherlands. eja.scherder@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Erik J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scherder
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012112:Residential Facilities; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014743:Videotape Recording / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000523:psychology*