title: Uvular malformation in the presence of deformational plagiocephaly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deformational plagiocephaly is cranial asymmetry caused by external forces on the skull. Deformational plagiocephaly is seen in 5% to 48% of healthy newborns. Incomplete uvular fusion, in contrast, is one of many uvular malformations. The incidence of all degrees of incomplete uvular fusion is approximately 1% in healthy children. Bifid uvula is a malformation that is often considered a microform cleft palate or a marker for submucous cleft palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of patients with deformational plagiocephaly seen at the Upstate Cleft and Craniofacial Center between January 1, 2006, and September 30, 2011. Patients were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for plagiocephaly. Seventy-nine patients were excluded with craniosynostosis and syndromic diagnoses. One hundred forty-six patients with deformational plagiocephaly were included in the study. Data were collected for sex, age at presentation, parity, multiple births, delivery, oligohydramnios, cephalohematoma, uterine abnormalities, fetal position, and intrauterine growth restriction. Clinical findings were collected including location of cranial flattening and uvular malformations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four of 146 patients with deformational plagiocephaly had incomplete fusion of the uvula ranging from complete bifid uvula to a notched uvular tip (16.4%). This association was statistically significant (odds ratio, 18; 95% confidence interval, 11.1-28.9). Most patients (62.3%) were male. We recorded primiparity (44.5%), multiple births (17.1%), vacuum-assisted delivery (6.2%), cesarean section (36.3%), oligohydramnios (4.1%), uterine abnormalities (2.1%), abnormal fetal position (3.4%), and intrauterine growth restriction (1.4%). Ten of the 24 patients with plagiocephaly and uvular malformation were seen for an initial consultation only in our chart system. Of the remaining 14 patients with follow-up, none had recorded signs or symptoms of velopharyngeal insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of incomplete uvular fusion in infants with deformational plagiocephaly is 16.4%, which is significantly higher than the approximate 1% incidence reported in the general population. This is the first report of uvular malformation in the presence of deformational plagiocephaly.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences †Department of Cell and Development Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY.
authors.forename: Kaete
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marrinan
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stearns
authors.forename: Sherard
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tatum
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014609:Uvula / Q000002:abnormalities*