title: Virulence genes in a probiotic E. coli product with a recorded long history of safe use.
abstract: The probiotic product Symbioflor2 (DSM 17252) is a bacterial concentrate of six different Escherichia coli genotypes, whose complete genome sequences are compared here, between each other as well as to other E. coli genomes. The genome sequences of Symbioflor2 E. coli components contained a number of virulence-associated genes. Their presence seems to be in conflict with a recorded history of safe use, and with the observed low frequency of adverse effects over a period of more than 6 years. The genome sequences were used to identify unique sequences for each component, for which strain-specific hybridization probes were designed. A colonization study was conducted whereby five volunteers were exposed to an exceptionally high single dose. The results showed that the probiotic E. coli could be detected for 3 months or longer in their stools, and this was in particular the case for those components containing higher numbers of virulence-associated genes. Adverse effects from this long-term colonization were absent. Thus, the presence of the identified virulence genes does not result in a pathogenic phenotype in the genetic background of these probiotic E. coli.
authors.forename: Trudy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wassenaar
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zschüttig
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beimfohr
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Geske
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auerbach
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gunzer
keywords: Escherichia coli; colonization fitness; genome sequence; probiotic; virulence