title: The validity of three neo-classical facial canons in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding facial harmony and proportions is essential for facial reconstructive procedures and orthognathic surgery planning. In the literature, the neoclassical facial canons have been revisited in populations including North American whites and African Americans. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline for selected facial anthropometric measurements and test the validity of 3 neoclassical facial canons in a cohort of young Saudi adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 168 healthy, esthetically pleasing Saudi Arabian dental students originating from the Arabian Peninsula (93 males and 75 females, age 20-24 years). Using a caliper, three neoclassical facial canons were measured; the vertical thirds of the face, the orbital canon (intercanthal distance = eye fissure length), and the orbito-nasal canon (intercanthal distance = nasal width) and analyzed using Student's t-test, general linear modeling, and pairwise comparison of means.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper, middle, and lower thirds were not equal in measurement to each other (p < 0.0001). Sex dimorphism was observed in the lower facial third and nasal width measurements, with both larger in men (both p < 0.0001). The majority of subjects had longer upper and lower thirds than middle thirds, with 91.4% of males and 88% of females demonstrating a larger lower third than middle third. The most frequent variation in the orbital canon was a wider intercanthal distance than eye fissure length (55.9% of males and 74.7% of females). The most frequent variation in the orbito-nasal canon was a wider nasal width than intercanthal distance (92% of males and 56% of females).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these individuals are esthetically pleasing, they do not exhibit equal facial thirds or conform to orbital or orbito-nasal canons. The three neoclassical canons studied could not be validated in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, the esthetic goals in reconstructive and orthognathic surgery should respect this ethnic variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King AbdulAziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Moalsebaei@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Maisa O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Al-Sebaei
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D018912:Arabs / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult