title: U.S. and International In-Hospital Costs of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: a Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The in-hospital costs of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have not been well established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the in-hospital costs of ECMO technology in both US and non-US settings for all patient types.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of English-language articles, using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and EconLit databases. Searches consisted of the terms 'ECMO' AND 'health expenditures' or 'resource use' or 'costs' or 'cost analysis' or 'cost(-)effectiveness' or 'cost(-)benefit' or 'cost(-)utility' or 'economic(-)evaluation' or 'economic' or 'QALY' or 'cost per quality-adjusted life year'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only full scientific research articles were included. The exclusion criteria included papers that focused on pumpless ECMO, simulation training or decision support systems; papers that did not include human subjects or were not written in English; papers that did not mention ECMO, costs, economics or resource utilization; and papers that included only outside-hospital, infrastructure capital or device capital costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data extraction was completed by one author, using predefined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the database searches, 1371 results were returned, 226 records underwent a full review and 18 studies were included in the final review. Three papers studied adult populations, two studied adult and paediatric populations, five studied only paediatric populations, one studied a paediatric and neonatal population, and the remaining seven exclusively examined ECMO in neonatal populations. The sample sizes ranged from 8 to 8753 patients. ECMO for respiratory conditions was the most common diagnosis category, followed by congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and then cardiac conditions. Most papers (n = 14) used retrospective cost collection. Only eight papers stated the perspective of the cost analysis. The results show a large variation in the cost of ECMO over multiple cost categories (e.g., range of total in-hospital costs of treatment: USD 42,554-537,554 [in 2013 values]). In the U.S.A., the reported costs of ECMO were highest for CDH repair, followed by cardiac conditions, and lowest for respiratory conditions. The US charges were highest for cardiac conditions. Outside the U.S.A., the ECMO cost was highest for cardiac conditions, followed by respiratory conditions, and lowest for CDH repair. No non-US studies reported charges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current literature shows that a large variation exists in the in-hospital cost estimates for ECMO. Further research is needed to understand how the diagnosis, setting and other factors relate to this variation in the cost of this technology. Reliable costing methodologies and cost information will be critical to inform policymakers and stakeholders wishing to maximize the value of advanced medical technologies such as ECMO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA, harveymj@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gaies
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Prosser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000191:economics*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D038622:Internationality; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States