title: Speciation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present during fog time collected submicron particles.
abstract: Airborne submicron particles (PM1) were collected using PM1 sampler during the fog-dominated days (December 2013-January 2014). PM1 values varied between 58.12 μg/m(3) and 198.75 μg/m(3), and average mass concentration was 162.33 ± 38.25 μg/m(3) while total average concentration of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) determined was 616.31 ± 30.31 ng/m(3). This is a signal for an alarming high pollution level at this site situated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). PAHs were extracted from filters using toluene and acetonitrile. Quantitative measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The extracts were analyzed for 16 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including carcinogenic compound benzo(a)pyrene (19.86 ± 38.98 ng/m(3)). Fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, anthracene, and fluorene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected during foggy days. Based on number of rings, four-ring PAH compounds had maximum contribution (43%) in this fog time collected submicron particles followed by three-ring (21%), five-ring (20%), six-ring (13%), and two-ring (3%), respectively. In winter and foggy days, wood and coal combustion and biomass burning also significantly contribute to the PAH levels. However, diagnostic ratio suggests diesel emissions as the prime source of PAHs at this sampling site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering & Atmospheric Particles Technology Laboratory at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
authors.forename: Dharmendra Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gazala
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000032:analysis; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000873:Anthracenes; D002273:Carcinogens; D003031:Coal; D005449:Fluorenes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; C041509:fluorene; C034020:anthracene