title: Retention prediction of highly polar ionizable solutes under gradient conditions on a mixed-mode reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange stationary phase.
abstract: In the present work the retention of three highly polar and ionizable solutes - uric acid, nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid - was investigated on a mixed-mode reversed-phase and weak anion-exchange (RP/WAX) stationary phase in buffered aqueous acetonitrile (ACN) mobile phases. A U-shaped retention behavior was observed for all solutes with respect to the eluent organic modifier content studied in a range of 5-95% (v/v). This retention behavior clearly demonstrates the presence of a HILIC-type retention mechanism at ACN-rich hydro-organic eluents and an RP-like retention at aqueous-rich hydro-organic eluents. Hence, this column should be promising for application under both RP and HILIC gradient elution modes. For this reason, a series of programmed elution runs were carried out with increasing (RP) and decreasing (HILIC) organic solvent concentration in the mobile phase. This dual gradient process was successfully modeled by two retention models exhibiting a quadratic or a cubic dependence of the logarithm of the solute retention factor (lnk) upon the organic modifier volume fraction (φ). It was found that both models produced by gradient retention data allow the prediction of solute retention times for both types of programmed elution on the mixed-mode column. Four, in the case of the quadratic model, or five, in the case of the cubic model, initial HILIC- and RP-type gradient runs gave satisfactory retention predictions of any similar kind elution program, even with different flow rate, with an overall error of only 2.5 or 1.7%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balkatzopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fasoula
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gika
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nikitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece. Electronic address: apappa@chem.auth.gr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pappa-Louisi
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D002021:Buffers; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000379:methods; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods; D009525:Niacin / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D002021:Buffers; D012997:Solvents; D009525:Niacin; D014527:Uric Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C032159:acetonitrile
keywords: Mixed-mode stationary phase; Modeling dual gradient elution; RP and HILIC gradients