title: Animal model of acute gout reproduces the inflammatory and ultrasonographic joint changes of human gout.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gout is an inflammatory condition induced by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints and soft tissues that can produce acute or chronic arthritis. Several animal models of crystal-induced inflammation have been proposed that involve direct injection of MSU-crystals into different anatomical structures; however, only a few of these models reflect a true diarthrodial joint microenvironment in which an acute gouty attack takes place. The aim of this study was to assess the inflammatory and structural joint changes in a rabbit model of acute gout attack by ultrasound (US), synovial fluid (SF) and histopathological analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under US guidance, 42 rabbit knees were randomly injected with a suspension of 50 mg/ml of either MSU or allopurinol synthetic crystals. The control group received intra-articular vehicle of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). US evaluation, SF and histopathological analyses were performed at days 1, 3, and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 rabbit knees were assigned to the control group, 12 to the MSU-crystals group, and 9 to the allopurinol crystals group. By US, the MSU crystals group displayed the double contour sign and bright stippled aggregates in 67% and 75% of joints, respectively. Neither control knees nor allopurinol crystals group displayed these US signs. Power Doppler (PD) signal was moderate to intense in the MSU-crystals group and greater than both the allopurinol crystal and control groups at day 1 (P<0.001) and 3 (P<0.05), with its practical disappearance by day 7. SF leukocyte count was 40,312±6,369 cells/mm3 in the MSU-crystals group, higher than in controls (P=0.004) and allopurinol crystal group (P=0.006). At day 7, SF leukocyte count decreased in both MSU and allopurinol crystal groups reaching the non-inflammatory range. Histologically, at day 3 intense synovial polymorphonuclear cells infiltration and MSU aggregates were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rabbit model of MSU crystal-induced acute arthritis efficiently reproduces the inflammatory, US, SF and histopathological changes of the human acute gouty attack.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. carpineda@yahoo.com.|Biological and health sciences PhD program, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico. carpineda@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. arthur_5@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Arturo J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. cristy_hernandez@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. yesszamudio@gmail.com.|Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico. yesszamudio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yessica
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zamudio-Cuevas
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. javier_astrofan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernández-Torres
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. lopez_macay@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ambar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Macay
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. drismaelalba@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alba-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. jvrcamacho@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camacho-Galindo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. venturalucio@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico. legq@xanum.uam.mx.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gómez-Quiróz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico. mcgr@xanum.uam.mx.
authors.forename: María Concepción
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Ruíz
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, National Institute of Pediatrics, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Coyoacán, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico. huey_tlatoani@me.com.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, 02903, RI, USA. anthonyreginato@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reginato
authors.affiliation: Clinica Reumatologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via dei Colli 52-60035, Jesi, Ancona, Italy. dr.gmarwin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marwin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Molecular Synovioanalysis Laboratory, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Laboratory, Hip-Knee Joint Reconstruction Department, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289, Tlalpan, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico. allorey@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Reyes
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D015210:Arthritis, Gouty / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011817:Rabbits; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers