title: Prognostic value of continued smoking on survival and recurrence rates in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review.
abstract: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the prognostic value of continued smoking after diagnosis on survival and recurrence rates in head and neck cancer.
  
  
  
  A systematic search was performed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to screen and select the articles. The remaining articles were critically appraised.
  
  
  
  Six articles were used for data extraction. The survival rate of patients who continued to smoke was 21% to 35% lower compared with patients who quit smoking. The recurrence rate for continued smoking was 23% and 30% higher. In 1 study, there was no difference between continuation and cessation of smoking, and 1 study showed a higher recurrence rate for patients who continued to smoke, which was not statistically significant.
  
  
  
  There is consistent evidence that survival rates are lower and recurrence rates are higher for patients who continue to smoke after being diagnosed with head and neck cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2214-E2220, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lieke C R
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: van Imhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gabriëlle G J
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kranenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macco
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicoline L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Overbeeke
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilko
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grolman
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ajit J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pothen
mesh_terms: D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: head and neck cancer; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); recurrence; smoking; survival