title: Analysis of intracellular and extracellular microcystin variants in sediments and pore waters by accelerated solvent extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The fate and persistence of microcystin cyanotoxins in aquatic ecosystems remains poorly understood in part due to the lack of analytical methods for microcystins in sediments. Existing methods have been limited to the extraction of a few extracellular microcystins of similar chemistry. We developed a single analytical method, consisting of accelerated solvent extraction, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid phase extraction, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, suitable for the extraction and quantitation of both intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins in sediments as well as pore waters. Recoveries of nine microcystins, representing the chemical diversity of microcystins, and nodularin (a marine analogue) ranged between 75 and 98% with one, microcystin-RR (MC-RR), at 50%. Chromatographic separation of these analytes was achieved within 7.5 min and the method detection limits were between 1.1 and 2.5 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw). The robustness of the method was demonstrated on sediment cores collected from seven Canadian lakes of diverse geography and trophic states. Individual microcystin variants reached a maximum concentration of 829 ng g(-1) dw on sediment particles and 132 ng mL(-1) in pore waters and could be detected in sediments as deep as 41 cm (>100 years in age). MC-LR, -RR, and -LA were more often detected while MC-YR, -LY, -LF, and -LW were less common. The analytical method enabled us to estimate sediment-pore water distribution coefficients (K(d)), MC-RR had the highest affinity for sediment particles (log K(d)=1.3) while MC-LA had the lowest affinity (log K(d)=-0.4), partitioning mainly into pore waters. Our findings confirm that sediments serve as a reservoir for microcystins but suggest that some variants may diffuse into overlying water thereby constituting a new route of exposure following the dissipation of toxic blooms. The method is well suited to determine the fate and persistence of different microcystins in aquatic systems.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: arthur.zastepa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zastepa
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Frances R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pick
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jules M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ammar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleem
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052998:Microcystins; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C078588:microcystin
keywords: Accelerated solvent extraction; High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Intracellular cyanotoxins; Lake sediment; Microcystin variants; Sediment pore water