title: Prediction During Natural Language Comprehension.
abstract: The notion of prediction is studied in cognitive neuroscience with increasing intensity. We investigated the neural basis of 2 distinct aspects of word prediction, derived from information theory, during story comprehension. We assessed the effect of entropy of next-word probability distributions as well as surprisal A computational model determined entropy and surprisal for each word in 3 literary stories. Twenty-four healthy participants listened to the same 3 stories while their brain activation was measured using fMRI. Reversed speech fragments were presented as a control condition. Brain areas sensitive to entropy were left ventral premotor cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and left supplementary motor area. Areas sensitive to surprisal were left inferior temporal sulcus ("visual word form area"), bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right amygdala, bilateral anterior temporal poles, and right inferior frontal sulcus. We conclude that prediction during language comprehension can occur at several levels of processing, including at the level of word form. Our study exemplifies the power of combining computational linguistics with cognitive neuroscience, and additionally underlines the feasibility of studying continuous spoken language materials with fMRI.
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour.|Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour.
authors.forename: Annabel D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Nijhof
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour.|Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hagoort
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour.|Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Bosch
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D032882:Comprehension / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: entropy; fMRI; language; prediction; word surprisal