title: Concerns expressed by parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders for different time periods of the day: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Questionnaire: Children with Difficulties (QCD) is a parent-assessed questionnaire designed to evaluate child's difficulties in functioning during specific periods of the day. This study aimed to evaluate difficulties in daily functioning of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) using the QCD. Results were compared with those for a community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control design was used. The cases comprised elementary school students (182 males, 51 females) and junior high school students (100 males, 39 females) with PDD, whereas a community sample of elementary school students (568 males, 579 females) and junior high school students (180 males, 183 females) was enrolled as controls. Their behavior was assessed using the QCD, the Tokyo Autistic Behavior Scale (TABS), the ADHD-rating scale (ADHD-RS), and the Oppositional Defiant Behavior Inventory (ODBI) for elementary and junior high school students, respectively. Effects of gender and diagnosis on the QCD scores were analyzed. Correlation coefficients between QCD and TABS, ADHD-RS, and ODBI scores were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The QCD scores for the children with PDD were significantly lower compared with those from the community sample (P < 0.001). Significantly strong correlations were observed in more areas of the ADHD-RS and ODBI scores compared with the TABS scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with PDD experienced greater difficulties in completing basic daily activities; moreover, their QCD scores revealed stronger associations with their ADHD-RS and ODBI scores in comparison with their TABS scores. The difficulties of PDD, ADHD and OBDI symptoms combined in children makes it necessary to assess all diagnoses before any therapy for PDD is initiated in order to be able to evaluate its results properly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usami
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Daimei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sasayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwadare
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokage
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Imperial Gift Foundation, Aiiku Maternal and Child Health Center, Aiiku Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodaira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Imperial Gift Foundation, Aiiku Maternal and Child Health Center, Aiiku Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D017440:Photoperiod; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires