title: Total and Specific Bacterial Levels in the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Post-treatment Apical Periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of the microbiota in root canal-treated teeth focused only on the main canal, not distinguishing regions nor incorporating the intricate anatomy in the analysis. Moreover, most of them provided only prevalence data. This study was designed to evaluate the total bacterial counts and the presence, levels, and relative abundance of candidate endodontic pathogens exclusively in the apical root canal system associated with post-treatment apical periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apical root specimens obtained during periradicular surgery of 27 adequately treated teeth with persistent apical periodontitis were cryogenically ground. DNA was extracted from the powder, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the total bacteria and 7 bacterial taxa.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples from 21 teeth were positive for bacteria. Streptococcus species were the most prevalent (76%) followed by members of the Actinobacteria phylum (52%) and Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus (19%). The mean total bacterial load in the apical root segments was 5.7 × 10(4) cell equivalents per root apex (or 2.1 × 10(4)/100 mg root powder). Streptococci comprised from 0.02%-99.9% of the total bacterial counts, Actinobacteria from 0.02%-84.7%, and P. alactolyticus from 67.9%-99%. Although Enterococcus faecalis was found in only 3 (14%) cases, it was dominant in 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Streptococcus species, members of the Actinobacteria phylum, and P. alactolyticus were the most prevalent taxa in the apical canal system and dominated the bacterial populations in many cases of post-treatment apical periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rôças
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio R F
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: jf_siqueira@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058491:Bacterial Load; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: 16S ribosomal RNA gene; post-treatment apical periodontitis; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; root canal–treated teeth