title: Radiographic Evaluation During Treatment of Pediatric Forearm Fractures: Implications on Clinical Care and Cost.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As ≥30% of displaced pediatric forearm fractures demonstrate loss of reduction (LOR) following closed reduction (CR); radiographic follow-up is advocated at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks for detection of redisplacement. We hypothesized that there is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks after CR, and consequently, that radiographs at 4 weeks add cost but little value to clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 184 patients enrolled in a prospective study of pediatric forearm fractures including both distal and diaphyseal injuries were evaluated. All were treated with CR, casting, and radiographic evaluation at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postinjury. Primary endpoint was radiographic LOR. Secondary endpoint was need for any intervention. A modified number-needed to treat analysis estimated the utility of the week 4 x-ray in predicting intervention. Relative value unit (RVU) costing, time-derived activity-based costing (TDABC), and billing totals were used for cost analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy patients (38%) demonstrated radiographic LOR. Independent predictors of LOR were initial radius displacement >75% (OR=5.40; CI, 2.23-12.60), concomitant ulna fracture (OR=1.71; CI, 1.15-2.54), and dominant arm involvement (OR=2.87; CI, 1.40-5.87). Eighty percent of all LORs occurred within the first 2 weeks. There was no statistically significant change in radiographic alignment after week 2. Of 40 total interventions, all were performed within the first 2 weeks of follow-up. The 4-week x-ray did not influence decision to intervene, and at most, 1 in every 40 patients would require an intervention after week 2. Elimination of the 4-week x-ray would result in a savings of 4.8% (RVU method) to 11.9% (TDABC method) in the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is minimal change in fracture alignment 2 weeks following CR of pediatric forearm fractures, and all interventions are based on early radiographic follow-up. The week 4 x-ray adds little value to clinical decision making, and its elimination would result in savings up to 11.9% of the overall cost of nonoperative fracture care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II-prognostic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000359:Aftercare / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D000070628:Closed Fracture Reduction; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography / Q000191:economics; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*