title: The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions.
abstract: Human beings are the most social and the most violent creatures on Earth. The combination of cooperation and aggression enabled us to dominate our ecosystem. However, the existence of violent impulses would have made it difficult or impossible for humans to live in close-knit families and clans without destroying each other. Nature's answer was the development of guilt, shame and anxiety-internal emotional inhibitions or restraints specifically against aggressive self-assertion within the family and other close relationships. The theory of negative legacy emotions proposes the first unitary concept for the biopsychosocial function of guilt, shame and anxiety, and seeks their origin in biological evolution and natural selection. Natural selection favored individuals with built-in emotional restraints that reduced conflicts within their family and tribal unit, optimizing their capacity to survive and reproduce within the protection of their small, intimate societies, while maintaining their capacity for violence against outsiders. Unfortunately, these negative legacy emotions are rudimentary and often ineffective in their psychosocial and developmental function. As a result, they produce many unintended untoward effects, including the frequent breakdown of restraints in the family and the uninhibited unleashing of violence against outsiders.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Empathic Therapy, 101 East State Street, No. 112, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States. Electronic address: empathictherapy@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Breggin
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004644:Emotions; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D012752:Shame