title: Results of a pediatric vision screening program in western South Dakota.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  South Dakota is one of eight states that do not require any vision screening for children. This study describes the results of the first children's vision screening program in the state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children ages 6 months to 12 years were screened using the SPOT photoscreener by lay volunteers as part of the Northern Plains Eye Foundation's Western South Dakota Children's Vision Screening Initiative (CVSI). Referral criteria were based on the recommendations of the manufacturer. Data was stratified by age group, sex, and percentage of children referred for hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, anisocoria, anisometropia, and ocular misalignment. The cost benefit of amblyopia treatment in South Dakota was also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screenings were completed on 4,784 children from August 2012 to May 2014 with 62 excluded due to age. Mean age of the 4,722 (2,373 females) subjects was 6 years 7 months. Overall, the SPOT device referred 563 (11.9 percent) children. There was no significant difference in referral rate based on sex (p = 0.598). Children aged 73-144 months had the highest referral rate (12.2 percent) and children aged 12-30 months had the lowest referral rate (7.9 percent). The suspected reasons for referral based upon the screenings were as follows: 371 (7.9 percent) astigmatism, 24 (0.5 percent) ocular misalignment, 101 (2.1 percent) anisometropia, 135 (2.9 percent) myopia, 36 (0.8 percent) hyperopia, and 16 (0.3 percent) anisocoria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SPOT photoscreener yielded an acceptable referral rate of 11.9 percent. This study represents an effective model for pediatric vision screening in South Dakota.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Terveen
authors.forename: Jess M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Terrence S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D015875:Anisocoria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015858:Anisometropia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001251:Astigmatism / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013023:South Dakota; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*