title: Women doctors and their careers in a large university hospital in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The feminization of medicine has risen dramatically over the past decades. The aim of this article was to compare the advance of women with that of men and determine the differences between hierarchical status and professional recognition achieved by women in medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was carried out in the Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Spain, of the period from 1996 to 2008. Data relating to temporary and permanent positions, hierarchy and career promotion achieved, specialty, age and the sex of the participants were analysed with the ANOVA test and logistic regression using the generalized estimated equation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After completion of specialist training, fewer women than men doctors obtained permanent positions. The ratios between the proportions of women and men remained 1.2 for permanent non-hierarchal medical positions and below 0.2 for higher hierarchal levels. Fewer women than men with hierarchy and fewer women than men achieved the rank of consultant. Promotion to consultant and senior consultant was lower than that to senior specialist, being higher in specialties with gender parity and in masculinised specialties. On comparing the two genders using a statistical model, the probability of continuous promotion decreased with the year of the application and the age of the applicant, except in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the number of women training as specialists having increased to 50%, women remained in temporary positions twofold longer than men. Compared to women, men showed significant representation in hierarchal medical positions, and women showed a lower adjusted probability of internal professional promotion throughout the study period.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Transplant Department, ICNU, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. parriza@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Investigation Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. parriza@clinic.ub.es.|Servei de Nefrologia i Trasplantament Renal, Hospital Clinic, c/ Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. parriza@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arrizabalaga
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Investigation Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. rabellana@ub.edu.|Department of Public Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. rabellana@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abellana
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, CDB, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. ovinyas@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Odette
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Viñas
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Investigation Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. amerino@clinic.ub.es.|Hemotherapy-Hemostasis Department, CDB, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. amerino@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Investigation Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. carlosascaso@ub.edu.|Department of Public Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. carlosascaso@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ascaso
mesh_terms: D002322:Career Mobility; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000639:trends*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013030:Spain; D013038:Specialization; D014933:Women's Rights; D000078329:Workforce