title: Mineralocorticoid and apparent mineralocorticoid syndromes of secondary hypertension.
abstract: The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is a key hormone in the regulation of plasma volume and blood pressure in man. Excessive levels of this mineralocorticoid have been shown to mediate metabolic disorders and end-organ damage more than what can be attributed to its effects on blood pressure alone. Inappropriate excess levels of aldosterone contribute significantly to the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and target organ injury that include atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure, and kidney disease. The importance of understanding the role of excess mineralocorticoid hormones such as aldosterone in resistant hypertension and in those with secondary hypertension should be visited. Primary aldosteronism is one of the commonly identified causes of hypertension and is treatable and/or potentially curable. We intend to review the management of mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension in the adult population along with other disease entities that mimic primary aldosteronism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO. Electronic address: ardhanaris@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ardhanari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kannuswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lockette
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO; and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whaley-Connell
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018246:Adrenocortical Adenoma / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D000450:Aldosterone
keywords: Aldosteronism; Apparent mineralocorticoid excess; Resistant hypertension; Secondary hypertension