title: EEG based evaluation of stereoscopic 3D displays for viewer discomfort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumer preference is rapidly changing from 2D to 3D movies due to the sensational effects of 3D scenes, like those in Avatar and The Hobbit. Two 3D viewing technologies are available: active shutter glasses and passive polarized glasses. However, there are consistent reports of discomfort while viewing in 3D mode where the discomfort may refer to dizziness, headaches, nausea or simply not being able to see in 3D continuously.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we propose a theory that 3D technology which projects the two images (required for 3D perception) alternatively, cannot provide true 3D visual experience while the 3D technology projecting the two images simultaneously is closest to the human visual system for depth perception. Then we validate our theory by conducting experiments with 40 subjects and analyzing the EEG results of viewing 3D movie clips with passive polarized glasses while the images are projected simultaneously compared to 2D viewing. In addition, subjective feedback of the subjects was also collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher theta and alpha band absolute power is observed across various areas including the occipital lobe for 3D viewing. We also found that the complexity of the signal, e.g. variations in EEG samples over time, increases in 3D as compared to 2D. Various results conclude that working memory, as well as, attention is increased in 3D viewing because of the processing of more data in 3D as compared to 2D. From subjective feedback analysis, 75% of subjects felt comfortable with 3D passive polarized while 25% preferred 3D active shutter technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that 3D passive polarized technology provides more comfortable visualization than 3D active shutter technology. Overall, 3D viewing is more attractive than 2D due to stereopsis which may cause of high attention and involvement of working memory manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. aamir_saeed@petronas.com.my.
authors.forename: Aamir Saeed
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. rjhamizah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raja Nur Hamizah Raja
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Khairuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. hafeezullahamin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hafeez Ullah
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: BrainMaster Technologies, Inc., 195 Willis Street, Bedford, OH, 44146, USA. marksmith50@verizon.net.
authors.forename: Mark Llewellyn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. nidalkamel@petronas.com.my.
authors.forename: Nidal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. brainscience@gmail.com.|Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. brainscience@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jafri Malin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia. dystopia.city@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samar Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fawzy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, North Branch, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. seongo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seongo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004244:Dizziness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009040:Motion Pictures; D009325:Nausea / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013690:Television; D014717:Vertigo / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult