title: Turbulence triggers vigorous swimming but hinders motion strategy in planktonic copepods.
abstract: Calanoid copepods represent a major component of the plankton community. These small animals reside in constantly flowing environments. Given the fundamental role of behaviour in their ecology, it is especially relevant to know how copepods perform in turbulent flows. By means of three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry, we reconstructed the trajectories of hundreds of adult Eurytemora affinis swimming freely under realistic intensities of homogeneous turbulence. We demonstrate that swimming contributes substantially to the dynamics of copepods even when turbulence is significant. We show that the contribution of behaviour to the overall dynamics gradually reduces with turbulence intensity but regains significance at moderate intensity, allowing copepods to maintain a certain velocity relative to the flow. These results suggest that E. affinis has evolved an adaptive behavioural mechanism to retain swimming efficiency in turbulent flows. They suggest the ability of some copepods to respond to the hydrodynamic features of the surrounding flow. Such ability may improve survival and mating performance in complex and dynamic environments. However, moderate levels of turbulence cancelled gender-specific differences in the degree of space occupation and innate movement strategies. Our results suggest that the broadly accepted mate-searching strategies based on trajectory complexity and movement patterns are inefficient in energetic environments.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland michalec@ifu.baug.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: François-Gaël
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Michalec
authors.affiliation: Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, 62930 Wimereux, France.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Souissi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holzner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033342:Copepoda / Q000502:physiology*; D017276:Friction; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D010933:Plankton / Q000502:physiology; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods*; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: calanoid copepod; motion strategy; swimming behaviour; three-dimensional particle tracking; turbulence