title: Evidence for induction of a tumor metastasis-receptive microenvironment for ovarian cancer cells in bone marrow and other organs as an unwanted and underestimated side effect of chemotherapy/radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the induction of several factors in various tissues and organs that create a pro-metastatic microenvironment for cancer cells that survive initial treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we employed human ovarian cancer cell line A2780 and immunodeficient mice xenograft model to test effect of both ibuprofen and dexamethasone to ameliorate the therapy-induced pro-metastatic microenvironment in bone marrow, liver, and lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our studies, we found that total body irradiation or administration of cisplatin increases the metastatic spread of human ovarian cancer cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice compared with animals unexposed to irradiation or cisplatin. Moreover, conditioned media harvested from irradiated murine bone marrow, lung, and liver chemoattracted human ovarian cancer cells, and this chemotactic activity was inactivated by heat, suggesting a major involvement of peptide or peptide-bound chemoattractants. We also observed that human ovarian cancer cells proliferate better if exposed to cell debris harvested from irradiated murine bone marrow. Finally, the pro-metastatic microenvironment in mice induced by radio- or chemotherapy was significantly ameliorated if animals were treated at the time of radiotherapy administration with non-steroid (ibuprofen) or steroid (prednisone) anti-inflammatory drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, we propose that a radiochemotherapy-induced, pro-metastatic microenvironment plays an important role in the metastasis of cancer cells that are resistant to treatment. Such cells have characteristics of cancer stem cells and are highly migratory, and simple, intensive, anti-inflammatory treatment by non-steroid agents to suppress induction of pro-metastatic factors after radiochemotherapy would be an interesting anti-metastatic treatment alternative.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. praneshgunjal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pranesh M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gunjal
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. g0schn01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. a0isma02@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Ahmed Abdelbaset
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. sskaka01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Sham S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kakar
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. Mjkuci01@louisville.edu.|Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Mjkuci01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kucia
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. mzrata01@louisville.edu.|Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. mzrata01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Mariusz Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ratajczak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned