title: Substrate recognition and modification by the nosiheptide resistance methyltransferase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proliferation of antibiotic resistant pathogens is an increasing threat to the general public. Resistance may be conferred by a number of mechanisms including covalent or mutational modification of the antibiotic binding site, covalent modification of the drug, or the over-expression of efflux pumps. The nosiheptide resistance methyltransferase (NHR) confers resistance to the thiazole antibiotic nosiheptide in the nosiheptide producer organism Streptomyces actuosus through 2'O-methylation of 23S rRNA at the nucleotide A1067. Although the crystal structures of NHR and the closely related thiostrepton-resistance methyltransferase (TSR) in complex with the cofactor S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) are available, the principles behind NHR substrate recognition and catalysis remain unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have analyzed the binding interactions between NHR and model 58 and 29 nucleotide substrate RNAs by gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) and fluorescence anisotropy. We show that the enzyme binds to RNA as a dimer. By constructing a hetero-dimer complex composed of one wild-type subunit and one inactive mutant NHR-R135A subunit, we show that only one functional subunit of the NHR homodimer is required for its enzymatic activity. Mutational analysis suggests that the interactions between neighbouring bases (G1068 and U1066) and A1067 have an important role in methyltransfer activity, such that the substitution of a deoxy sugar spacer (5') to the target nucleotide achieved near wild-type levels of methylation. A series of atomic substitutions at specific positions on the substrate adenine show that local base-base interactions between neighbouring bases are important for methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together these data suggest that local base-base interactions play an important role in aligning the substrate 2' hydroxyl group of A1067 for methyl group transfer. Methylation of nucleic acids is playing an increasingly important role in fundamental biological processes and we anticipate that the approach outlined in this manuscript may be useful for investigating other classes of nucleic acid methyltransferases.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Sitao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Hengyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Dongrong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Alastair I H
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Murchie
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D008745:Methylation; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D011485:Protein Binding; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013844:Thiazoles; D012313:RNA; D008780:Methyltransferases; C014134:nosiheptide