title: Some of the experimental and clinical aspects of the effects of the maternal diabetes on developing hippocampus.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of multiple congenital anomalies in progeny. There are sufficient evidence suggesting that the children of diabetic women exhibit intellectual and behavioral abnormalities accompanied by modification of hippocampus structure and function. Although, the exact mechanism by which maternal diabetes affects the developing hippocampus remains to be defined. Multiple biological alterations, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and iron deficiency occur in pregnancies with diabetes and affect the development of central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus. The conclusion from several studies is that disturbance in glucose and insulin homeostasis in mothers and infants are major teratogenic factor in the development of CNS. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two key regulators of CNS function and development. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors (IR and IGF1R, respectively) are distributed in a highly specific pattern with the high density in some brain regions such as hippocampus. Recent researches have clearly established that maternal diabetes disrupts the regulation of both IR and IGF1R in the hippocampus of rat newborn. Dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for maternal diabetes-related changes in the development of hippocampus is helping to prevent from impaired cognitive and memory functions in offspring.
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hami
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shojae
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vafaee-Nezhad
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lotfi
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kheradmand
authors.affiliation: Javad Hami, Fatemeh Shojae, Saeed Vafaee-Nezhad, Nasim Lotfi, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 97178, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haghir
keywords: Cognition complications; Hippocampus; Maternal diabetes; Teratogenic factor