title: Identification of new members of the MAPK gene family in plants shows diverse conserved domains and novel activation loop variants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling is of critical importance in plants and other eukaryotic organisms. The MAPK cascade plays an indispensible role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. The MAPKs are constitute the most downstream module of the three tier MAPK cascade and are phosphorylated by upstream MAP kinase kinases (MAPKK), which are in turn are phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). The MAPKs play pivotal roles in regulation of many cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, thus regulating several biological processes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 589 MAPKs genes were identified from the genome wide analysis of 40 species. The sequence analysis has revealed the presence of several N- and C-terminal conserved domains. The MAPKs were previously believed to be characterized by the presence of TEY/TDY activation loop motifs. The present study showed that, in addition to presence of activation loop TEY/TDY motifs, MAPKs are also contain MEY, TEM, TQM, TRM, TVY, TSY, TEC and TQY activation loop motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of all predicted MAPKs were clustered into six different groups (group A, B, C, D, E and F), and all predicted MAPKs were assigned with specific names based on their orthology based evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis or Oryza MAPKs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conducted global analysis of the MAPK gene family of plants from lower eukaryotes to higher eukaryotes and analyzed their genomic and evolutionary aspects. Our study showed the presence of several new activation loop motifs and diverse conserved domains in MAPKs. Advance study of newly identified activation loop motifs can provide further information regarding the downstream signaling cascade activated in response to a wide array of stress conditions, as well as plant growth and development.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea. nostoc.tapan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tapan Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Mohanta
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea. arora484@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pankaj Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sri Ramchandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Orissa, 757003, India. nibu.biotech@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nibedita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohanta
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies in Biotechnology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India. pratapparida2007yahoo.com@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pratap
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parida
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Daehak Gyeongsan, Gyeonsangbook, 712749, Republic of Korea. hanhongbae@ynu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hanhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary
chemical_list: D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases