title: Tomato juice intake increases resting energy expenditure and improves hypertriglyceridemia in middle-aged women: an open-label, single-arm study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tomato-based food products have health-promoting and disease-preventing effects. Some tomato juice ingredients may have health benefits for middle-aged women, including women with menopausal symptoms and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the net effect of tomato juice intake on several health parameters in women in this age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, single-arm study was conducted, involving 95 women (40-60-years-old) who had at least one menopausal symptom. The participants refrained from foods and drinks rich in tomato and tomato-based products for 2 weeks prior to the study and during the 8 weeks of tomato juice consumption. After the run-in period, the women were asked to consume 200 mL of unsalted tomato juice, twice daily for 8 weeks. Their menopausal symptoms were evaluated using the Menopausal Symptom Scale (MSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) before the study, and at 4 and 8 weeks after study commencement. At the same times, body composition; blood pressure; heart rate; resting energy expenditures (REEs); and serum levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three women (98%) completed the study. The following parameters showed significant changes, compared with baseline, at study weeks 4 and 8 (mean ± standard deviation at baseline, week 4, and week 8): (1) the MSS score improved (9.9 ± 5.2, 8.5 ± 5.0, 8.3 ± 5.0; P < 0.0001, repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA)), (2) the HADS-anxiety subscale score improved (5.3 ± 2.7, 4.8 ± 2.4, 4.9 ± 2.9; P = 0.041, Friedman test), (3) heart rate increased (62.6 ± 9.4 bpm, 64.4 ± 8.6 bpm, 63.8 ± 8.2 bpm; P = 0.028, Friedman test), (4) REE increased (1980 ± 368 kcal/day, 2108 ± 440 kcal/day, 2149 ± 470 kcal/day; P = 0.0030, repeated measures ANOVA), (5) serum TG level decreased in the subgroup of women (n = 22) who had high TG (150 mg/dL or higher) at baseline (237.8 ± 88.9 mg/dL, 166.7 ± 86.1 mg/dL, 170.9 ± 109.7 mg/dL; P = 0.0002, Friedman test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tomato juice intake alleviated menopausal symptoms, including anxiety, increased REEs and heart rate, and lowered high baseline serum TG levels in middle-aged women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN-CTR UMIN000011877 .
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. a-kacrm@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. teragyne@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. 100562ms@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Moe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. akiyoshi@shonan.bunkyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mihoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. YIU72054@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Owa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. kiyoko2226@nifty.com.
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. t.kubota.gyne@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000178:diet therapy*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004326:Drinking; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014930:Women
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D014280:Triglycerides