title: Insight into the mechanism of the thermal reduction of graphite oxide: deuterium-labeled graphite oxide is the key.
abstract: For the past decade, researchers have been trying to understand the mechanism of the thermal reduction of graphite oxide. Because deuterium is widely used as a marker in various organic reactions, we wondered if deuterium-labeled graphite oxide could be the key to fully understand this mechanism. Graphite oxides were prepared by the Hofmann, Hummers, Staudenmaier, and Brodie methods, and a deuterium-labeled analogue was synthesized by the Hofmann method. All graphite oxides were analyzed not only using the traditional techniques but also by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) during exfoliation in hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres. GC-MS enabled us to compare differences between the chemical compositions of the organic exfoliation products formed during the thermal reduction of these graphite oxides. Nuclear analytical methods (Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis) were used to calculate the concentrations of light elements, including the ratio of hydrogen to deuterium. Combining all of these results we were able to determine graphite oxide's thermal reduction mechanism. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water are formed from the thermal reduction of graphite oxide. This process is also accompanied by various radical reactions that lead to the formation of a large amount of carcinogenic volatile organic compounds, and this will have major safety implications for the mass production of graphene.
authors.forename: Zdeněk
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sofer
authors.forename: Ondřej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jankovský
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Šimek
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sedmidubský
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Šturala
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosina
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Neutron Physics, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic.|⊥Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mikšová
authors.affiliation: ∥Department of Neutron Physics, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Řež 130, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic.|⊥Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, J.E. Purkyně University, Ceske mladeze 8, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macková
authors.affiliation: #Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.|∞Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Fundamentals of Future Information Technology (JARA-FIT), 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikulics
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pumera
keywords: exfoliation; graphene; graphite oxide; isotope labeling; mechanism