title: An efficient method for zoospore production, infection and real-time quantification of Phytophthora cajani causing Phytophthora blight disease in pigeonpea under elevated atmospheric CO₂.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora cajani is an emerging disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) affecting the crop irrespective of cropping system, cultivar grown and soil types. Current detection and identification methods for Phytophthora species rely primarily on cultural and morphological characteristics, the assessment of which is time-consuming and not always suitable. Sensitive and reliable methods for isolation, identification, zoospore production and estimating infection severity are therefore desirable in case of Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, protocols for isolation and identification of Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea were standardized. Also the method for zoospore production and in planta infection of P. cajani was developed. Quantification of fungal colonization by P. cajani using real-time PCR was further standardized. Phytophthora species infecting pigeonpea was identified based on mycological characters such as growth pattern, mycelium structure and sporangial morphology of the isolates and confirmed through molecular characterization (sequence deposited in GenBank). For Phytophthora disease development, zoospore suspension of 1 × 10(5) zoospores per ml was found optimum. Phytophthora specific real-time PCR assay was developed using specific primers based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2. Use of real-time PCR allowed the quantitative estimation of fungal biomass in plant tissues. Detection sensitivities were within the range of 0.001 pg fungal DNA. A study to see the effect of elevated CO₂ on Phytophthora blight incidence was also conducted which indicated no significant difference in disease incidence, but incubation period delayed under elevated CO₂ as compared to ambient level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The zoospore infection method for Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea will facilitate the small and large scale inoculation experiments and thus devise a platform for rapid and reliable screening against Phytophthora blight disease of pigeonpea. qPCR allowed a reliable detection and quantification of P. cajani in samples with low pathogen densities. This can be useful in early warning systems prior to potential devastating outbreak of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Legumes Pathology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India. mamta.sharma@cgiar.org.
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Legumes Pathology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India. r.ghosh@cgiar.org.
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Legumes Pathology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India. atarafdar.iari@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarafdar
authors.affiliation: Legumes Pathology, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India. t.rameshwar@cgiar.org.
authors.forename: Rameshwar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Telangre
mesh_terms: D036561:Cajanus / Q000382:microbiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide