title: "My midwife said that having a glass of red wine was actually better for the baby": a focus group study of women and their partner's knowledge and experiences relating to alcohol consumption in pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While it is well established that alcohol can cross the placenta to the foetus and can affect an infant's development, many women continue to drink during pregnancy. For this reason it is important to determine what information is being provided, what information may be missing, and the preferred sources of information on this issue. In order to improve prevention strategies, we sought to understand the knowledge and experiences of pregnant women and their partners regarding the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study utilised a qualitative study design in order to gain insight into the views and experiences of pregnant women, newly delivered mothers and their partners. Focus groups examined the participant's knowledge about the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the sources of information on this issue, and the psycho-social influences on their drinking behaviour. Five focus groups were conducted involving a total of 21 participants (17 female). A six-stage thematic analysis framework was used to analyse all focus group discussions in a systematic way.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven major themes were identified from the focus group data: 1) knowledge of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; 2) message content and sources; 3) healthcare system; 4) society and culture; 5) partner role; 6) evaluation of risk; and 7) motivation. The findings indicated that although the majority of participants knew not to drink alcohol in pregnancy they had limited information on the specific harmful effects. In addition, routine enquiry and the provision of information by health care professionals were seen as lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this research provide important insights in to the relationship between pregnant women, their partners, and their healthcare providers. Several recommendations can be made on the basis of these findings. Firstly, public health messages and educational materials need to provide clear and consistent information about the effects of alcohol consumption on the developing baby. Additionally, more thorough and consistent routine enquiry for alcohol consumption in pregnant women needs to occur. Finally, it is important to ensure ongoing education for health professionals on the issue of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia. crafm002@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crawford-Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia. mary.steen@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia. adrian.esterman@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esterman
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia. andrea.fielder@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fielder
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Frome Road, Adelaide, Australia. antonina.mikocka-walus@york.ac.uk.|Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, UK. antonina.mikocka-walus@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Antonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mikocka-Walus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D009042:Motivation; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D036301:Qualitative Research; D018454:Spouses; D055815:Young Adult