title: Energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil: results of the first nationwide individual dietary survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil and to describe the top food items contributing to energy and macronutrient intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two non-consecutive 24 h dietary records were collected and energy and macronutrient data were adjusted for usual intake distribution. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test were analysed using SAS version 9·1. Means and standard deviations were estimated for sex, age and income strata.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide cross-sectional survey, 2008-2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationally representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old (n32 749), excluding pregnant and lactating women (n 1254).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average energy intake was 7958 kJ/d (1902 kcal/d) and mean energy density was 6·82 kJ/g (1·63 kcal/g). Added sugar represented 13 % of total energy intake and animal protein represented 10 %. The mean contribution of total fat to energy intake was 27 %, while the mean saturated fat contribution was 9 %. Compared with the lowest quartile of income, individuals in the highest income quartile had greater mean intakes of energy, added sugar, alcohol, animal protein, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and trans fat. Rice, beans, beef, bread and coffee were among the top five foods contributing most to the intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat and fibre.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, Brazilians' dietary intake is compatible with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, being characterized by high intakes of added sugar and saturated fat. Income may be a major determinant of diet nutritional characteristics.
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Community Health,Federal University of Mato Grosso,Cuiabá,MT,Brazil.
authors.forename: Rita A G
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Fluminense Federal University,Niterói,RJ,Brazil.
authors.forename: Edna M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yokoo
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Epidemiology,University of the State of Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosely
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sichieri
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Social and Applied Nutrition,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro,Av Carlos Chagas Filho 373,CCS-Bloco J-2º andar,Cidade Universitária,Rio de Janeiro - RJ,CEP 21941-902,Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosangela A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D015930:Diet Records; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Dietary survey; Energy intake; Food consumption; Food records