title: Dual-imaging model of SQUID biosusceptometry for locating tumors targeted using magnetic nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For intraoperative imaging in operating theaters or preoperative imaging in clinics, compact and economic integration rather than large and expensive equipment is required to coregister structural and functional imaging. However, current technologies, such as those integrating optical and gamma cameras or infrared and fluorescence imaging, involve certain drawbacks, including the radioactive biorisks of nuclear medicine indicators and the inconvenience of conducting measurements in dark environments.
  
  
  METHODS
  To specifically and magnetically label liver tumors, an anti-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reagent was synthesized from biosafe iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with anti-AFP antibody and solved in a phosphate buffered saline solution. In addition, a novel dual-imaging model system integrating an optical camera and magnetic scanning superconducting-quantum-interference device (SQUID) biosusceptometry (SSB) was proposed. The simultaneous coregistration of low-field magnetic images of MNP distributions and optical images of anatomical regions enabled the tumor distribution to be determined easily and in real time. To simulate targeted MNPs within animals, fewer reagents than the injected dose were contained in a microtube as a sample for the phantom test. The phantom test was conducted to examine the system characteristics and the analysis method of dual images. Furthermore, the animal tests were classified into two types, with liver tumors implanted either on the backs or livers of rats. The tumors on the backs were to visually confirm the imaging results of the phantom test, and the tumors on the livers were to simulate real cases in hepatocellular carcinoma people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A phantom test was conducted using the proposed analysis method; favorable contour agreement was shown between the MNP distribution in optical and magnetic images. Consequently, the positioning and discrimination of liver tumors implanted on the backs and livers of rats were verified by conducting in vivo and ex vivo tests. The results of tissue staining verified the feasibility of using this method to determine the distribution of liver tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate the clinical potential of using anti-AFP-mediated MNPs and the dual-imaging model SSB for discriminating and locating tumors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. jjchieh@ntnu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jen-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. skywing@ntuh.gov.tw.|Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. skywing@ntuh.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Kai-Wen
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. ricky337218@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electro-Optical Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan. litwen_6622@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004867:Equipment Design; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D060306:Magnetometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins