title: Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus strains in a tertiary care health set up in north western India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis A virus usually causes acute viral hepatitis (AVH) in the paediatric age group with a recent shift in age distribution and disease manifestations like acute liver failure (ALF). This has been attributed to mutations in 5'non-translated region (5'NTR) which affects the viral multiplication. The present study was aimed to carry out the molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus strains circulating in north western India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples from in patients and those attending out patient department of Pediatric Gastroenterology in a tertiary care hospital in north India during 2007-2011 with clinically suspected AVH were tested for anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM antibodies. Acute phase serum samples were subjected to nested PCR targeting the 5'NTR region followed by sequencing of the representative strains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1334 samples were tested, 290 (21.7%) were positive for anti-HAV IgM antibody. Of these, 78 serum samples (< 7 days old) were subjected to PCR and 47.4% (37/78) samples showed the presence of HAV RNA. Children < 15 yr of age accounted for majority (94%) of cases with highest seropositivity during rainy season. Sequencing of 15 representative strains was carried out and the circulating genotype was found to be III A. The nucleotide sequences showed high homology among the strains with a variation ranging from 0.1-1 per cent over the years. An important substitution of G to A at 324 position was shown by both AVH and ALF strains. The cumulative substitution in AVH strains Vs ALF strains as compared to GBM, Indian and prototype strain in the 200-500 region of 5' NTR was comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed hepatitis A still a disease of children with III A as a circulating genotype in this region. The mutations at 5'NTR region warrant further analysis as these affect the structure of internal ribosomal entry site which is important for viral replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Mini Pritam
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Manasi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Babu Ram
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Thapa
authors.forename: Puneet Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: Bimal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budhathoki
authors.forename: Radha Kanta
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ratho
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D063128:Tertiary Health Care
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007075:Immunoglobulin M