title: Establishment of a mouse model for amiodarone-induced liver injury and analyses of its hepatotoxic mechanism.
abstract: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most frequent cause of post-marketing warnings and withdrawals. Amiodarone (AMD), an antiarrhythmic, presents a risk of liver injury in humans, and its metabolites, formed by cytochrome P450 3A4, are likely more toxic to hepatocytes than AMD is. However, it remains to be clarified whether the metabolic activation of AMD is involved in liver injury in vivo. In this study, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of AMD-induced liver injury, mice were administered AMD [1000 mg kg(-1), per os (p.o.)] after pretreatment with dexamethasone [DEX, 60 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal (i.p.)], which induces P450 expression, once daily for 3 days. The plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased by AMD administration in the DEX-pretreated mice, and the liver concentrations of desethylamiodarone (DEA), a major metabolite of AMD, were correlated with the changes in the plasma ALT levels. Cytochrome c release into the hepatic cytosol and triglyceride levels in the plasma were increased in DEX plus AMD-administered mice. Furthermore, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione disulfide in the liver significantly decreased in the DEX plus AMD-administered mice. The increase of ALT levels was suppressed by treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3 ), which is an inhibitor of Kupffer cell function. From these results, it is suggested that AMD and/or DEA contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD-induced liver injury by producing mitochondrial and oxidative stress and Kupffer cell activation. This study proposes the mechanisms of AMD-induced liver injury using an in vivo mouse model.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuneyama
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukami
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.|Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoi
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000494:pharmacology; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014230:Triazoles; C033020:1-aminobenzotriazole; D003907:Dexamethasone; D005682:Gadolinium; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000638:Amiodarone; C038958:gadolinium chloride; D007654:Ketoconazole
keywords: Kupffer cells; amiodarone; cytochrome P450; drug-induced liver injury; mitochondria stress