title: Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Discoveries and Challenges Relative to Its Control.
abstract: Basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most economically important and widely grown herbs in the world. Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, has become an important disease in sweet basil (O. basilicum) production worldwide in the past decade. Global sweet basil production is at significant risk to basil downy mildew because of the lack of genetic resistance and the ability of the pathogen to be distributed on infested seed. Controlling the disease is challenging and consequently many crops have been lost. In the past few years, plant breeding efforts have been made to identify germplasm that can be used to introduce downy mildew resistance genes into commercial sweet basils while ensuring that resistant plants have the correct phenotype, aroma, and tastes needed for market acceptability. Fungicide efficacy studies have been conducted to evaluate current and newly developed conventional and organic fungicides for its management with limited success. This review explores the current efforts and progress being made in understanding basil downy mildew and its control.
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wyenandt
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Homa
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Margaret T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Shouan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Raid
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madeiras
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D018649:Ocimum basilicum / Q000382:microbiology*; D044742:Peronospora / Q000502:physiology*; D010571:Pest Control; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial