title: Fish and fish-liver oil consumption in adolescence and midlife and risk of CHD in older women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association of fish and fish-liver oil consumption across the lifespan with CHD later in life among Icelandic women, with special emphasis on the effects of consumption in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence association study. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of CHD according to fish or fish-liver oil exposure. Models were adjusted for age, education, concurrent diet and other known risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was nested within the AGES-Reykjavik Study, conducted in Reykjavik, Iceland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 3326 women aged 66-96 years, with available information on CHD status at entry to the study and information on fish and fish-liver oil consumption during midlife and adolescence. Dietary habits were assessed retrospectively using a validated FFQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHD was identified in 234 (7·9 %) women. Compared with women with no intake of fish-liver oil in adolescence or midlife, women who consumed fish-liver oil at least three times weekly in adolescence or in midlife had a decreased risk of CHD (OR=0·62; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·85 and OR=0·68; 95 % CI 0·50, 0·94, respectively). No associations were observed between fish intake (>2 portions/week v. ≤2 portions/week) in adolescence or midlife and CHD in this population with high fish intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish-liver oil consumption, from early life, may reduce the risk of CHD in older women. Lifelong nutrition may be of importance in the prevention of CHD in older women.
authors.affiliation: 1Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Alfheidur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haraldsdottir
authors.affiliation: 1Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Johanna E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Torfadottir
authors.affiliation: 2Centre of Public Health Sciences,University of Iceland,Stapi v/Hringbraut,101 Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Unnur A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Valdimarsdottir
authors.affiliation: 2Centre of Public Health Sciences,University of Iceland,Stapi v/Hringbraut,101 Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aspelund
authors.affiliation: 5National Institute on Aging,Laboratory of Epidemiology,and Population Sciences,Bethesda,MD,USA.
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: 5National Institute on Aging,Laboratory of Epidemiology,and Population Sciences,Bethesda,MD,USA.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.affiliation: 4The Icelandic Heart Association,Kopavogur,Iceland.
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.affiliation: 1Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Iceland,Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Laufey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steingrimsdottir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils
keywords: CHD; Early-life diet; Fish; Fish oil; Women