title: Astaxanthin rescues neuron loss and attenuates oxidative stress induced by amygdala kindling in adult rat hippocampus.
abstract: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the neuronal damage induced by epilepsy. The present study assessed the possible neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin (ATX) on neuronal damage, in hippocampal CA3 neurons following amygdala kindling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically kindled in the amygdala and ATX or equal volume of vehicle was given by intraperitoneally. Twenty-four hours after the last stimulation, the rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Histopathological changes and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured, cytosolic cytochrome c (CytC) and caspase-3 activities in the hippocampus were also recorded. We found extensive neuronal damage in the CA3 region in the kindling group, which was preceded by increases of ROS level and MDA concentration and was followed by caspase-3 activation and an increase in cytosolic CytC. Treatment with ATX markedly attenuated the neuronal damage. In addition, ATX significantly decreased ROS and MDA concentrations and increased GSH levels. Moreover, ATX suppressed the translation of CytC release and caspase-3 activation in hippocampus. Together, these results suggest that ATX protects against neuronal loss due to epilepsy in the rat hippocampus by attenuating oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the mitochondrion-related apoptotic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Xin
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Li-Jing
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China. Electronic address: ldh_wwp_lcy@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Min
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D021381:Protein Transport; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Astaxanthin; Hippocampus; Neuroprotection; Oxidative stress; Seizure