title: Biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in racial/ethnic groups at high risk for lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Whites, groups that have different lung cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected survey data and height, weight, saliva, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from a sample of daily smokers aged 18-35 (n = 179). Mean measures of nicotine, cotinine, cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, trans 3' hydroxycotinine, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), and expired CO were compared among racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric means for cotinine, the cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, and CO did not significantly differ among racial/ethnic groups in the adjusted models. After adjusting for gender, body mass index, menthol smoking, Hispanic ethnicity, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, the NMR was significantly higher among Whites than among Native Hawaiians and Filipinos (NMR = 0.33, 0.20, 0.19, P ≤ .001). The NMR increased with increasing White parental ancestry. The NMR was not significantly correlated with social-environmental stressors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial/ethnic groups with higher rates of lung cancer had slower nicotine metabolism than Whites. The complex relationship between lung cancer risk and nicotine metabolism among racial/ethnic groups needs further clarification.
authors.affiliation: Pebbles Fagan, Pallav Pokhrel, Thaddeus Herzog, Kevin D. Cassel, Ian Pagano, Adrian A. Franke, Alyssa Antonio, Dorothy Jorgensen, Tania Lynch, and Crissy Kawamoto are with the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Eric T. Moolchan is an independent consultant, Cambridge, MA. Joseph Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula is with the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Angela Sy is with the School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Linda A. Alexander is with the University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington. Dennis R. Trinidad and C. Anderson Johnson are with the School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, CA. Kari-Lyn Sakuma is with the College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Mark S. Clanton is with the TMF Health Quality Institute, Austin, TX.
authors.forename: Pebbles
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Moolchan
authors.forename: Pallav
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
authors.forename: Thaddeus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Cassel
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Joseph Keawe'aimoku
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kaholokula
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Trinidad
authors.forename: Kari-Lyn
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Crissy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Clanton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D012306:Risk; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C001381:hydroxycotinine; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine