title: Non-symbiotic Bradyrhizobium ecotypes dominate North American forest soils.
abstract: The genus Bradyrhizobium has served as a model system for studying host-microbe symbiotic interactions and nitrogen fixation due to its importance in agricultural productivity and global nitrogen cycling. In this study, we identify a bacterial group affiliated with this genus that dominates the microbial communities of coniferous forest soils from six distinct ecozones across North America. Representative isolates from this group were obtained and characterized. Using quantitative population genomics, we show that forest soil populations of Bradyrhizobium represent ecotypes incapable of nodulating legume root hairs or fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, these populations appear to be free living and have a greater potential for metabolizing aromatic carbon sources than their close symbiotic relatives. In addition, we identify fine-scaled differentiation between populations inhabiting neighboring soil layers that illustrate how diversity within Bradyrhizobium is structured by habitat similarity. These findings reconcile incongruent observations about this widely studied and important group of bacteria and highlight the value of ecological context to interpretations of microbial diversity and taxonomy. These results further suggest that the influence of this genus likely extends well beyond facilitating agriculture, especially as forest ecosystems are large and integral components of the biosphere. In addition, this study demonstrates how focusing research on economically important microorganisms can bias our understanding of the natural world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: VanInsberghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kendra R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-013X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|MetaMixis, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Cameron R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.|MetaMixis, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hallam
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Mohn
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere; D044822:Biodiversity; D020369:Bradyrhizobium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D060146:Ecotype; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology; D065928:Forests; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005810:Multigene Family; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012987:Soil; D009584:Nitrogen