title: The positive effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 upon the hematopoietic microenvironment in a D-Galactose-induced aged rat model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the most active ingredients in Panax ginseng and has been proven to have anti-oxidative and anti-aging properties. However, there have been few reports concerning the anti-aging effects of Rg1 on the hematopoietic microenvironment and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, D-galactose (D-gal)-administration, Rg1-treatment, and D-gal-administration + Rg1-treatment groups). After D-gal and Rg1 treatment, BMSCs were extracted from femoral bone marrow for culture. After three passages, BMSCs were tested by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, flow cytometric cell cycle phase distribution assay, CCK-8 cell proliferation assay, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) assays, inflammatory marker (interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), stem cell factor (SCF) ELISA, and senescence-associated protein (p16, p21, and p53) Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the D-gal-administration group, the D-gal-administration + Rg1-treatment group showed significantly decreased levels of SA-β-gal + cell %, ROS, MDA, inflammatory marker expression, and senescence-associated protein expression as well as significantly increased levels of S-phase %, cell proliferation, SOD activity, and SCF expression. Compared to controls, the Rg-1-treatment group displayed significantly reduced levels of SA-β-gal + cell %, G1 phase %, ROS, MDA, inflammatory marker expression, senescence-associated protein expression, and SCF expression as well as significantly increased levels of S-phase %, cell proliferation, and SOD activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rg1 improves the anti-aging ability of hematopoietic microenvironment through enhancing the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of BMSCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. sorocker@163.com.|Department of stomatology and oral & maxillofacial surgery, YongChuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 402160, Chongqing, China. sorocker@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenxu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. 150136487@qq.com.
authors.forename: Pengwei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. 76893096@qq.com.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. yanyan_zhangcq@163.com.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. jdy_cq023@163.com.
authors.forename: Jiadao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, 400016, Chongqing, China. yaping_wang023@163.com.
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1; D005690:Galactose