title: Fluorescent hydrogels for embryoid body formation and osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Substrate mechanics (e.g., stiffness and topography of the microenvironment) are likely critical for driving normal morphogenesis and tissue development. As such, substrate mechanics imposed by hydrogels have been exploited to guide the lineage differentiation of stem cells and to drive stemness. In this work, we chemically modified gelatin hydrogels through glyceraldehyde cross-linking to render them suitable for cell culture. The modified hydrogels proved to be ideal for embryonic stem cell osteogenesis, initially providing a soft nonadhesive surface for the formation of embryoid bodies. They subsequently degraded in culture to afford a harder surface during osteoblast differentiation. The gels synthesized are highly fluorescent, relatively easy to prepare, and can potentially aid in overcoming the challenge of imaging changes to the microenvironments of cells during three-dimensional cell culture. Exploiting these materials could lead to the development of tissue-engineered products of increased complexity and rational treatment strategies.
authors.forename: Nicole I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: zur Nieden
authors.forename: Cassandra C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Turgman
authors.forename: Xuye
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Jillian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Granelli
authors.forename: Yu-Jer
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Julia G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lyubovitsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology; D058732:Embryoid Bodies / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: ECM; cross-linking; differentiation; embryoid body; embryonic; fluorescence; gelatin; glyceraldehyde; hydrogel; microenvironment; osteogenesis; stem cells