title: Characteristics of child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for medical care in the United States.
abstract: The objective of the study is to describe distinguishing characteristics of commercial sexual exploitation of children/child sex trafficking victims (CSEC) who present for health care in the pediatric setting. This is a retrospective study of patients aged 12-18 years who presented to any of three pediatric emergency departments or one child protection clinic, and who were identified as suspected victims of CSEC. The sample was compared with gender and age-matched patients with allegations of child sexual abuse/sexual assault (CSA) without evidence of CSEC on variables related to demographics, medical and reproductive history, high-risk behavior, injury history and exam findings. There were 84 study participants, 27 in the CSEC group and 57 in the CSA group. Average age was 15.7 years for CSEC patients and 15.2 years for CSA patients; 100% of the CSEC and 94.6% of the CSA patients were female. The two groups significantly differed in 11 evaluated areas with the CSEC patients more likely to have had experiences with violence, substance use, running away from home, and involvement with child protective services and/or law enforcement. CSEC patients also had a longer history of sexual activity. Adolescent CSEC victims differ from sexual abuse victims without evidence of CSEC in their reproductive history, high risk behavior, involvement with authorities, and history of violence.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 1648 Pierce Dr. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Selina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Building, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Research Building, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Stephanie V. Blank Center for Safe and Healthy Children, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 975 Johnson Ferry Rd, NE, Suite 350, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA.
authors.forename: V Jordan
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Greenbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000068216:Child Protective Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019548:Crime Victims; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D000069581:Exposure to Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D018453:Homeless Youth / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064410:Human Trafficking; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011477:Sex Work; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis
keywords: Child prostitution; Child sex trafficking; Commercial sexual exploitation of children; Human trafficking