title: Potential of genotyping-by-sequencing for genomic selection in livestock populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Next-generation sequencing techniques, such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), provide alternatives to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of GBS compared to SNP array genotyping for genomic selection in livestock populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The value of GBS was quantified by simulation analyses in which three parameters were varied: (i) genome-wide sequence read depth (x) per individual from 0.01x to 20x or using SNP array genotyping; (ii) number of genotyped markers from 3000 to 300 000; and (iii) size of training and prediction sets from 500 to 50 000 individuals. The latter was achieved by distributing the total available x of 1000x, 5000x, or 10 000x per genotyped locus among the varying number of individuals. With SNP arrays, genotypes were called from sequence data directly. With GBS, genotypes were called from sequence reads that varied between loci and individuals according to a Poisson distribution with mean equal to x. Simulated data were analyzed with ridge regression and the accuracy and bias of genomic predictions and response to selection were quantified under the different scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracies of genomic predictions using GBS data or SNP array data were comparable when large numbers of markers were used and x per individual was ~1x or higher. The bias of genomic predictions was very high at a very low x. When the total available x was distributed among the training individuals, the accuracy of prediction was maximized when a large number of individuals was used that had GBS data with low x for a large number of markers. Similarly, response to selection was maximized under the same conditions due to increasing both accuracy and selection intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GBS offers great potential for developing genomic selection in livestock populations because it makes it possible to cover large fractions of the genome and to vary the sequence read depth per individual. Thus, the accuracy of predictions is improved by increasing the size of training populations and the intensity of selection is increased by genotyping a larger number of selection candidates.
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK. gregor.gorjanc@roslin.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorjanc
authors.affiliation: Genus Plc, 100 Bluegrass Commons Blvd., Suite 2200, Hendersonville, TN, 37075, USA. matthew.cleveland@genusplc.com.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cleveland
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK. ross.houston@roslin.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK. john.hickey@roslin.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hickey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005819:Genetic Markers; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D058751:Livestock / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers