title: Injectable Chitin-Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Nanohydroxyapatite Composite Microgels Prepared by Simple Regeneration Technique for Bone Tissue Engineering.
abstract: Injectable gel systems, for the purpose of bone defect reconstruction, have many advantages, such as controlled flowability, adaptability to the defect site, and increased handling properties when compared to the conventionally used autologous graft, scaffolds, hydroxyapatite blocks, etc. In this work, nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) incorporated chitin-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based injectable composite microgels has been developed by a simple regeneration technique for bone defect repair. The prepared microgel systems were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The composite microgel, with the incorporation of nHAp, showed an increased elastic modulus and thermal stability and had shear-thinning behavior proving the injectability of the system. The protein adsorption, cytocompatibility, and migration of rabbit adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (rASCs) were also studied. Chitin-PCL-nHAp microgel elicited an early osteogenic differentiation compared to control gel. The immunofluorescence studies confirmed the elevated expression of osteogenic-specific markers such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and osteocalcin in chitin-PCL-nHAp microgels. Thus, chitin-PCL-nHAp microgel could be a promising injectable system for regeneration of bone defects which are, even in deeper planes, irregularly shaped and complex in nature.
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arun Kumar
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sivashanmugam
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deepthi
authors.affiliation: ‡Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo-113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Chennazhi
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: Shantikumar V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: †Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi-682041, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000327:Adsorption; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002686:Chitin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007267:Injections; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012212:Rheology / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014783:Viscosity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D005782:Gels; D011091:Polyesters; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D002686:Chitin; C016240:polycaprolactone; D017886:Durapatite; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: PCL; bone regeneration; chitin; composites; hydroxyapatite nanoparticles; injectable microgel