title: Effect on enamel shear bond strength of adding microsilver and nanosilver particles to the primer of an orthodontic adhesive.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of microsilver or nanosilver particles to an orthodontic primer affects shear bond strength (SBS) and bracket/adhesive failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups with 16 specimens in each: In group 1 (control), brackets were bonded with Transbond™ XT primer. In the experimental groups, microsilver (groups 2 and 3) and nanosilver (groups 4-6) particles of different sizes were added to Transbond XT primer and light cured for 15 seconds [group 2: 0.1% (w/w) microsilver particle size 3.5-18 μm; group 3: 0.3% (w/w) microsilver particle size 3.5-18 μm; group 4: 0.11% (w/w) nanosilver particle size 12.6-18.5 nm; group 5: 0.18% (w/w) nanosilver particle size 12.6-18.5 nm; group 6: 0.33% (w/w) nanosilver particle size 12.6-18.5 nm]. Thereafter, brackets were bonded by light curing the adhesive for 20 seconds. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water at 37 °C, SBS was measured with a Zwicki 1120 testing machine. The adhesive remnant index and the prevalence of silver spots on the specimen surface were determined under 10× magnification. Statistical two-way analysis of variance was performed to compare SBS, and a chi-square test was used to compare ARI scores and the prevalence of silver spots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in SBS (control: 16.59 ± 6.82 MPa; group 2: 20.6 ± 4.19 MPa; group 3: 16.98 ± 4.84 MPa; group 4: 17.15 ± 5.92 MPa; group 5: 20.09 ± 3.35 MPa; group 6: 16.44 ± 4.51 MPa; p > 0.665) and ARI scores (p = 0.901) were found between the control group and any experimental group. Only experimental groups with nanosilver particles revealed statistically more silver spots on the remaining adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of small concentrations of microsilver or nanosilver particles affects neither SBS nor ARI scores. Addition of nanosilver particles results in silver spots in the remaining primer visible under 10× magnification. Further studies are needed to investigate the anti-caries potential and clinical performance of conventional orthodontic primer with incorporated nanosilver or microsilver particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. sonja.bloecher@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blöcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. frankbg@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. hellak@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. schausei@med.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schauseil
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. matthias.roggendorf@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Matthias J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roggendorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 3, Marburg, 35039, Germany. korbmacher@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Heike Maria
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Korbmacher-Steiner
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010316:Particle Size; D011897:Random Allocation; D033081:Shear Strength; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; C516047:Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer; D014867:Water; D012834:Silver