title: Early and late effects of objecthood and spatial frequency on event-related potentials and gamma band activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The visual system may process spatial frequency information in a low-to-high, coarse-to-fine sequence. In particular, low and high spatial frequency information may be processed via different pathways during object recognition, with LSF information projected rapidly to frontal areas and HSF processed later in visual ventral areas. In an electroencephalographic study, we examined the time course of information processing for images filtered to contain different ranges of spatial frequencies. Participants viewed either high spatial frequency (HSF), low spatial frequency (LSF), or unfiltered, broadband (BB) images of objects or non-object textures, classifying them as showing either man-made or natural objects, or non-objects. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and evoked and total gamma band activity (eGBA and tGBA) recorded using the electroencephalogram were compared for object and non-object images across the different spatial frequency ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The visual P1 showed independent modulations by object and spatial frequency, while for the N1 these factors interacted. The P1 showed more positive amplitudes for objects than non-objects, and more positive amplitudes for BB than for HSF images, which in turn evoked more positive amplitudes than LSF images. The peak-to-peak N1 showed that the N1 was much reduced for BB non-objects relative to all other images, while HSF and LSF non-objects still elicited as negative an N1 as objects. In contrast, eGBA was influenced by spatial frequency and not objecthood, while tGBA showed a stronger response to objects than non-objects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different pathways are involved in the processing of low and high spatial frequencies during object recognition, as reflected in interactions between objecthood and spatial frequency in the visual N1 component. Total gamma band seems to be related to a late, probably high-level representational process.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany. m.p.craddock@leeds.ac.uk.|School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 2JT, UK. m.p.craddock@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Craddock
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK. j.martinovic@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinovic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany. m.mueller@rz.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Matthias M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D065818:Gamma Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult