title: Core Schemas in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schema Theory proposes that the development of maladaptive schemas are based on a combination of memories, emotions and cognitions regarding oneself and one's relationship to others. A cognitive model of psychosis suggests that schemas are crucial to the development and persistence of psychosis. Little is known about the impact that schemas may have on those considered to be at clinical high risk (CHR) of developing psychosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate schemas over time in a large sample of CHR individuals and healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sample included 765 CHR participants and 280 healthy controls. Schemas were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months using the Brief Core Schema Scale (BCSS). Baseline schemas were compared to 2-year clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHR participants evidenced stable and more maladaptive schemas over time compared to controls. Schemas at initial contact did not vary amongst the different clinical outcome groups at 2 years although all CHR outcome groups evidenced significantly worse schemas than healthy controls. Although there were no differences on baseline schemas between those who later transitioned to psychosis compared to those who did not, those who transitioned to psychosis had more maladaptive negative self-schemas at the time of transition. Associations between negative schemas were positively correlated with earlier abuse and bullying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate a need for interventions that aim to improve maladaptive schemas among the CHR population. Therapies targeting self-esteem, as well as schema therapy may be important work for future studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stowkowy
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: UCSD,La Jolla,USA.
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cadenhead
authors.affiliation: Yale University,New Haven,USA.
authors.forename: Tyrone D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital,Long Island NY,USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cornblatt
authors.affiliation: Yale University,New Haven,USA.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill,USA.
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical SchoolatBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston,USA.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: UCSD,La Jolla,USA.
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: Emory University,Atlanta,USA.
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Yale University,New Haven,USA.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: UCLA,Los Angeles,USA.
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.affiliation: UCSF,San Francisco,USA.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Mathalon
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health,Bethesda,USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinssen
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary,Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinical high risk; NAPLS; beliefs; psychosis; schemas