title: Effectiveness trial of an indicated cognitive-behavioral group adolescent depression prevention program versus bibliotherapy and brochure control at 1- and 2-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a brief group cognitive-behavioral (CB) adolescent depression indicated prevention program through 2-year follow-up, relative to CB bibliotherapy and brochure control, when high school personnel recruited students and delivered the program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred seventy-eight adolescents (M age = 15.5, SD = 1.2; 68% female, 72% White) with elevated self-assessed depressive symptoms who were randomized to CB group, CB bibliotherapy, or educational brochure control were assessed at pretest, posttest, and 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 2 years postintervention, CB group participants showed significantly lower major depressive disorder (MDD) onset versus CB bibliotherapy (10% vs. 25%, respectively; hazard ratio = 2.48, p = .006), but the incidence difference relative to brochure controls (17%) was nonsignificant; MDD incidence for bibliotherapy and brochure controls did not differ. Although CB group participants showed lower depressive symptoms at posttest versus brochure controls, there were no effects for this outcome or for social adjustment or substance use over 2-year follow-up. Moderator analyses suggested that participants with higher baseline depressive symptoms showed greater long-term symptom reductions in the CB group intervention versus bibliotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence that a brief CB group intervention delivered by real-world providers significantly reduced MDD onset versus CB bibliotherapy is potentially encouraging. However, the lack of MDD prevention effects relative to brochure control and lack of long-term symptom effects (though consistent with results from other depression prevention trials), suggest that the delivery of the CB group should be refined to strengthen its effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stice
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute.
authors.forename: Jeff M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001638:Bibliotherapy / Q000379:methods; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010174:Pamphlets; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome