title: Juvenile psittacine environmental enrichment.
abstract: Environmental enrichment is of great import to the emotional, intellectual, and physical development of the juvenile psittacine and their success in the human home environment. Five major types of enrichment include social, occupational, physical, sensory, and nutritional. Occupational enrichment includes exercise and psychological enrichment. Physical enrichment includes the cage and accessories and the external home environment. Sensory enrichment may be visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or taste oriented. Nutritional enrichment includes variations in appearance, type, and frequency of diet, and treats, novelty, and foraging. Two phases of the preadult period deserve special enrichment considerations: the development of autonomy and puberty.
authors.affiliation: Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine Department, MSPCA-Angell Animal Medical Center, 350 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA. Electronic address: esimonefreilicher@mspca.org.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Simone-Freilicher
authors.affiliation: All Pets Medical Center, 111 Rock Prairie Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Agnes E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rupley
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001841:Human-Animal Bond; D006801:Humans; D011563:Psittaciformes / Q000254:growth & development*; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: Environmental enrichment; Juvenile; Nutritional enrichment; Occupational enrichment; Physical environment; Psittacine; Sensory enrichment; Social enrichment