title: Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) and Self-Complete Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (S-LANSS) Questionnaires into the Greek Language.
abstract: The LANSS and S-LANSS questionnaires represent two widely accepted and validated instruments used to assist the identification of neuropathic pain worldwide.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the LANSS and S-LANSS questionnaires into the Greek language.
  
  
  
  Forward and backward translations of both questionnaires were performed from the English to Greek language. The final versions were assessed by a committee of clinical experts, and they were then pilot-tested in 20 patients with chronic pain. Both questionnaires were validated in 200 patients with chronic pain (100 patients for each questionnaire), using as the "gold standard" the diagnosis of a clinical expert in pain management. Sensitivity and specificity of questionnaires were assessed, as well as the internal consistency (using Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and correlation with the "gold standard" diagnosis (using Pearson correlation coefficient).
  
  
  
  Sensitivity and specificity of the LANSS questionnaire were calculated to be 82.76% and 95.24%, while for the S-LANSS 86.21% and 95.24%, respectively. Positive predictive value for neuropathic pain was 96% for the LANSS and 96.15% for the S-LANSS. Cronbach's alpha was revealed to be acceptable for both questionnaires (0.65 for LANSS and 0.67 for the S-LANSS), while a significant correlation was observed compared to the "gold standard" diagnosis (rLANSS   = 0.79 και tSLANSS   = 0.77, respectively, P = 0.01).
  
  
  
  The LANSS and the S-LANSS diagnostic tools have been translated and validated into the Greek language and can be adequately used to assist the identification of neuropathic pain in everyday clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrysanthi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batistaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, General Hospital of Nikea "Ag. Panteleimon", Piraeus, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lyrakos
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drachtidi
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stamatiou
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria-Chrysanthi
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kitsou
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kostopanagiotou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations
keywords: Greek language; LANSS; Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs; S-LANSS; cultural adaptation; neuropathic pain; pain assessment; pain questionnaires; self-complete Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs; translation; validation