title: ATP synthesis is active on the cell surface of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and is suppressed by WSSV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past a few years, evidences indicate that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy source for the binding, maturation, assembly, and budding process of many enveloped viruses. Our previous studies suggest that the F1-ATP synthase beta subunit (ATPsyn β, BP53) of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) might serve as a potential receptor for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)'s infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  BP53 was localized on the surface of shrimp hemocytes and gill epithelial cells by immunofluorescence assay and immunogold labeling technique. Cell surface ATP synthesis was demonstrated by an in vitro bioluminescent luciferase assay. Furthermore, the expression of bp53 after WSSV infection was investigated by RT-PCR test. In addition, RNAi was developed to knock down endogenous bp53.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP53 is present on shrimp cell surface of hemocytes and gill epithelia. The synthesized ATP was detectable in the extracellular supernatant by using a bioluminescence assay, and the production declined post WSSV binding and infection. Knocking down endogenous bp53 resulted in a 50% mortality of L. vannamei.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that BP53, presenting on cell surface, likely served as one of the receptors for WSSV infection in shrimp. Correspondingly, WSSV appears to disturb the host energy metabolism through interacting with host ATPsyn β during infection. This work firstly showed that host ATP production is required and consumed by the WSSV for binding and proceeds with infection process.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. liangyan@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. weihaichongzi@163.com.
authors.forename: Meng-Lin
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. wxw211@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. gaoxiaoxiao520@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. ppm20030619@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. lichen@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No.106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China. huangjie@ysfri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046848:White spot syndrome virus 1 / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases