title: Hydrothermal upgrading of algae paste in a continuous flow reactor.
abstract: This investigation demonstrates the utility of a novel laboratory scale continuous plug flow reactor for fast Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae in a quartz lined chamber. Reactions were carried out between 300 and 380 °C and residence times of 0.5-4 min. Cyclohexane was used as a co-solvent to enhance extraction and prevent char formation. Highest biocrude yield of 38 wt.% was achieved at 380 °C and 30 s as well as Water Soluble Fraction containing up to 60 wt.% matter recovered. Analysis of the biocrude showed that the extent of deoxygenation and denitrogenation after HTL varied and is dependent on the reaction conditions, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed that biocrude contains similar functional moieties with only a small difference observed at different reaction conditions. Conversely, the Simulated Distillation and Size Exclusion Chromatography data showed that harsher conditions produced marginally better biocrude with improved boiling point profile and lower molecular weight compounds, respectively which was confirmed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Bhavish
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: k.hellgardt@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hellgardt
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
keywords: Biocrude; HTL; Hydropyrolysis; Microalgae; Plug flow reactor