title: Factors influencing antioxidant compounds in rice.
abstract: Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the additive/synergistic effects of several bioactive compounds are responsible for the health benefits of rice. Among the leading contenders are phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocotrienols, tocopherols, λ-oryzanol, and phytic acid, which all possess strong antioxidant activities in vitro. In this review, data related to health effects of rice antioxidants using cultured cells, rodents and humans models are first summarized. The evidence is strong that consumption of rice tocotrienols translates into improved health outcomes. Current research, however, does not strongly support the health-promoting effects of rice tocopherols and phenolic acids. The crucial limitations in studies using rice flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, λ-oryzanol and phytic acid appear to be the appropriateness of the substance tested (i.e., purity), and the scarcity of animal and human interventions. In a second part, rice antioxidants are reviewed with an emphasis on their composition and contents. Taking into account the bioavailability of these compounds, it is evident that a number of factors affect the antioxidant composition of rice, making it difficult to estimate dietary intake. Before harvest, factors including soil type, atmospheric CO2, chemical inputs, temperature, and degree of ripening are important. After harvest, rice is subjected to processing methods that include drying, parboiling, storage, irradiation, milling, stabilization, soaking, germination, fermentation, boiling, steaming, roasting, baking, and extrusion. Quantitative knowledge about the effects of these processes is summarized in this review. Surprisingly, a high level of agreement was found among study results, which could be useful in manipulating the growing and processing techniques of rice grains to facilitate efficient and safe consumption of antioxidant compounds.
authors.affiliation: a Universidade de Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) , Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB) , Vila Real , Portugal.
authors.forename: Piebiep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goufo
authors.affiliation: a Universidade de Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD) , Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB) , Vila Real , Portugal.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trindade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000032:analysis; D023421:Models, Animal; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000032:analysis; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017616:phenolic acid; D024505:Tocopherols; C013172:gamma-oryzanol
keywords: Phenolics; anthocyanins; phytic acid; pre-harvest; processing; vitamin E; λ-oryzanol