title: Empirical and deterministic accuracies of across-population genomic prediction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in linkage disequilibrium and in allele substitution effects of QTL (quantitative trait loci) may hinder genomic prediction across populations. Our objective was to develop a deterministic formula to estimate the accuracy of across-population genomic prediction, for which reference individuals and selection candidates are from different populations, and to investigate the impact of differences in allele substitution effects across populations and of the number of QTL underlying a trait on the accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A deterministic formula to estimate the accuracy of across-population genomic prediction was derived based on selection index theory. Moreover, accuracies were deterministically predicted using a formula based on population parameters and empirically calculated using simulated phenotypes and a GBLUP (genomic best linear unbiased prediction) model. Phenotypes of 1033 Holstein-Friesian, 105 Groninger White Headed and 147 Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cows were simulated by sampling 3000, 300, 30 or 3 QTL from the available high-density SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) information of three chromosomes, assuming a correlation of 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, or 0.2 between allele substitution effects across breeds. The simulated heritability was set to 0.95 to resemble the heritability of deregressed proofs of bulls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracies estimated with the deterministic formula based on selection index theory were similar to empirical accuracies for all scenarios, while accuracies predicted with the formula based on population parameters overestimated empirical accuracies by ~25 to 30%. When the between-breed genetic correlation differed from 1, i.e. allele substitution effects differed across breeds, empirical and deterministic accuracies decreased in proportion to the genetic correlation. Using a multi-trait model, it was possible to accurately estimate the genetic correlation between the breeds based on phenotypes and high-density genotypes. The number of QTL underlying the simulated trait did not affect the accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deterministic formula based on selection index theory estimated the accuracy of across-population genomic predictions well. The deterministic formula using population parameters overestimated the across-population genomic accuracy, but may still be useful because of its simplicity. Both formulas could accommodate for genetic correlations between populations lower than 1. The number of QTL underlying a trait did not affect the accuracy of across-population genomic prediction using a GBLUP method.
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. yvonne.wientjes@wur.nl.|Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. yvonne.wientjes@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Yvonne C J
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wientjes
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. roel.veerkamp@wur.nl.|Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. roel.veerkamp@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Roel F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Veerkamp
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. piter.bijma@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Piter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bijma
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. henk.bovenhuis@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bovenhuis
authors.affiliation: CRV BV, 6800, AL, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Chris.Schrooten@crv4all.com.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schrooten
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700, AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. mario.calus@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Mario P L
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Calus
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods*; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable