title: Unified frame of reference improves inter-subject variability of seismocardiograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seismocardiography is the noninvasive measurement of cardiac vibrations transmitted to the chest wall by the heart during its movement. While most applications for seismocardiography are based on unidirectional acceleration measurement, several studies have highlighted the importance of three-dimensional measurements in cardiac vibration studies. One of the main challenges in using three-dimensional measurements in seismocardiography is the significant inter-subject variability of waveforms. This study investigates the feasibility of using a unified frame of reference to improve the inter-subject variability of seismocardiographic waveforms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional seismocardiography signals were acquired from ten healthy subjects to test the feasibility of the present method for improving inter-subject variability of three-dimensional seismocardiograms. The first frame of reference candidate was the orientation of the line connecting the points representing mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening in seismocardiograms. The second candidate was the orientation of the line connecting the two most distant points in the three dimensional seismocardiogram. The unification of the frame of reference was performed by rotating each subject's three-dimensional seismocardiograms so that the lines connecting the desired features were parallel between subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The morphology of the three-dimensional seismocardiograms varied strongly from subject to subject. Fixing the frame of reference to the line connecting the MC and AO peaks enhanced the correlation between the subjects in the y axis from 0.42 ± 0.30 to 0.83 ± 0.14. The mean correlation calculated from all axes increased from 0.56 ± 0.26 to 0.71 ± 0.24 using the line connecting the mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening as the frame of reference. When the line connecting the two most distant points was used as a frame of reference, the correlation improved to 0.60 ± 0.22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that using a unified frame of reference is a promising method for improving the inter-subject variability of three-dimensional seismocardiograms. Also, it is observed that three-dimensional seismocardiograms seem to have latent inter-subject similarities, which are feasible to be revealed. Because the projections of the cardiac vibrations on the measurement axes differ significantly, it seems obligatory to use three-dimensional measurements when seismocardiogram analysis is based on waveform morphology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. BOX: FI-13340, 00076, Helsinki, Finland. mikko.paukkunen@aalto.fi.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paukkunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. BOX: FI-13340, 00076, Helsinki, Finland. petteri.parkkila@aalto.fi.
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parkkila
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. raimo.kettunen@fimnet.fi.
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kettunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, P.O. BOX: FI-13340, 00076, Helsinki, Finland. raimo.sepponen@aalto.fi.|Health Factory, Aalto University, P.O. BOX: FI-13340, 00076, Helsinki, Finland. raimo.sepponen@aalto.fi.
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sepponen
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000502:physiology; D001450:Ballistocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000502:physiology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D012119:Respiration; D012399:Rotation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013249:Sternum / Q000502:physiology; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000502:physiology; D014732:Vibration