title: Physical activity as a risk factor for prostate cancer diagnosis: a prospective biopsy cohort analysis.
abstract: To assess the association between physical activity, evaluated by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire, and prostate cancer risk in a consecutive series of men undergoing prostate biopsy.
  
  
  
  From 2011 onwards, consecutive men undergoing 12-core prostate biopsy were enrolled into a prospective database. Indications for a prostatic biopsy were a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value of ≥4 ng/mL and/or a positive digital rectal examination. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumferences were measured before the biopsy. Fasting blood samples were collected before biopsy and tested for: total PSA, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and trygliceride levels. Blood pressure was recorded. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the Adult Treatment panel III. The PASE questionnaire was completed before the biopsy.
  
  
  
  In all, 286 patients were enrolled with a median (interquartile range, IQR) age and PSA level of 68 (62-74) years and 6.1 (5-8.8) ng/mL, respectively. The median (IQR) BMI was 26.4 (24.6-29) kg/m(2) and waist circumference was 102 (97-108) cm, with 75 patients (26%) presenting with MetS. In all, 106 patients (37%) had prostate cancer at biopsy. Patients with prostate cancer had higher PSA levels (median [IQR] 6.7 [5-10] vs 5.6 [4.8-8] ng/mL; P = 0.007) and lower LogPASE scores (median [IQR] 2.03 [1.82-2.18] vs 2.10 [1.92-2.29]; P = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, in addition to well-recognised risk factors such as age, PSA level and prostate volume, LogPASE score was an independent risk factor for prostate cancer diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 0.146, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.037-0.577; P = 0.006]. LogPASE score was also an independent predictor of high-grade cancer (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.006-0.764; P = 0.029).
  
  
  
  In our single-centre study, increased physical activity, evaluated by the PASE questionnaire, is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer and of high-grade prostate cancer at biopsy. Further studies should clarify the molecular pathways behind this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cosimo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Nunzio
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Presicce
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cancrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petta
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trucchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Padre Pio Hospital, Vasto, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cindolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sant' Andrea Hospital, 'La Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tubaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D062005:Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: needle biopsy; physical activity; prostate; prostate cancer