title: What does schizophrenia teach us about antipsychotics?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how advances in our understanding of schizophrenia have shaped thinking about antipsychotics (APs) and their role in treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three specific developments in the field of schizophrenia are highlighted: advances in knowledge related to the earliest stages of schizophrenia, specifically the prodrome; reconceptualization of schizophrenia as an illness of multiple symptom domains; and greater clarification regarding the efficacy of clozapine and a new generation of APs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence indicating that negative and cognitive symptoms are present during the prodrome suggests that intervention at the time of first-episode psychosis constitutes late intervention. The limited efficacy of APs beyond psychosis argues against a magic bullet approach to schizophrenia and for polypharmacy that is symptom domain-specific. Clozapine's unique, but limited, efficacy in treatment resistance supports subtyping schizophrenia based on treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in our understanding of schizophrenia have important implications regarding the current use of APs, expectations regarding response, and future drug development.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Lead, Subspecialty Clinics, Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario; Senior Scientist, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario; Faculty, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remington
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Medical Leader, Home Intervention Program, Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario; Faculty, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Staff Psychiatrist, Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario; Scientist, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foussias
authors.affiliation: Student, Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Gagan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fervaha
authors.affiliation: Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Assistant Professor, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Post-doctoral Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Psychiatrist and Consultant, Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Assistant Professor, Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Staff Psychiatrist, Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario; Scientist, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents