title: Autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
abstract: Rheumatic diseases (RDs) occur preferentially in women, often during the childbearing age. The interaction of pregnancy and the RD is varied, ranging from spontaneous improvement to aggravation of disease symptoms or life-threatening flares. Risks for the mother with RD and the child differ in regard to the presence of organ manifestations, organ damage, disease activity, presence of specific autoantibodies, and therapy. Pregnancy complications comprise hypertension, preeclampsia, premature delivery, and side effects of therapy. Adverse pregnancy outcomes include recurrent miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal demise, and they are frequently encountered in RD with organ manifestations and harmful autoantibodies. Because of the difference in the prevalence of RDs, knowledge on the gestational course of disease and pregnancy outcome is limited to the fairly common RDs such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Pregnancies in RD are connected with increased risks for mother and child and need interdisciplinary care and management.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Pregnancy and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Norway. Electronic address: monika.ostensen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Østensen
authors.affiliation: Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dept of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco and Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cetin
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000276:immunology; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies
keywords: adverse pregnancy outcomes; management of pregnancy; pathophysiology; pregnancy complications; rheumatic disease