title: Comparison of the diuretic effect of furosemide by different methods of administration in healthy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the diuretic effects of subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of furosemide to conventional methods of administration including intravenous (i.v.), per os (p.o.), and constant rate infusion (CRI) in healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterinary university research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven healthy, adult mongrel dogs (3 males, 4 females).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each dog in the study was randomly assigned to receive a 2 mg/kg dose of furosemide via a single s.c., i.v., or p.o. dose at the beginning (time 0) of an 8-hour study, or via CRI during an 8-hour study period. Urine was collected by emptying the bladder using an indwelling catheter and blood samples were obtained via venipuncture at time 0 for baseline measurements and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours into the study. Hourly urine output was calculated in all dogs for each study. Complete blood count, plasma total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and renin concentration were measured for each sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The s.c. administration of furosemide resulted in a urine output per hour (UOP/h) that peaked at 1 hour with UOP/h returning to baseline at 4 hours after injection. Following i.v. administration, UOP/h also peaked at 1 hour but returned more rapidly to baseline levels at 2 hours after injection. With p.o. administration, UOP/h reached a maximum UOP/h at 2 hours but time to return to baseline levels was prolonged to 6 hours after administration. With CRI administration, the time to the maximum UOP/h was delayed to 4 hours after injection but UOP/h was then maintained throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total urine output following s.c. administration of furosemide in healthy dogs was similar when compared to the i.v. and p.o. route. Subcutaneous route may be an effective means for administration of furosemide in dogs, particularly when i.v. access is difficult.
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.|Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ukai
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanakubo
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.|Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamano
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.
authors.forename: Junseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsumugi Anne
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Japan.|Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uechi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide
keywords: edema; heart failure; hemodynamics; hypertension; loop diuretics