title: Comparative metabolic fingerprinting of Gentiana rhodantha from different geographical origins using LC-UV-MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gentiana rhodantha, a rich source of iridoids and polyphenols, is a traditional ethnomedicine widely used in China. Metabolic fingerprinting based on a LC-UV-MS/MS method was applied to explore the chemical markers for discrimination of G. rhodantha from different geographical origins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Targeted compounds were separated on a Shim-pack XR-ODS III (150 × 2.0 mm, 2.2 μm), with a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water, under gradient elution. In quantitative analysis, all of the calibration curves showed good linear regression (R(2) < less than 0.9991) within the tested ranges, and accuracy ranged from 97.8% to 104.2% and the %RSD of precision (less than 3%) were all within the required limits. The most abundant mangiferin (82.21 mg/g) found in sample from Zunyi, Guizhou province. Furthermore, 64 samples according to their geographical origins, could be classified by partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and nine compounds including two new compounds identified by mass spectrometry could be regarded as characteristic compounds for discriminating samples from different geographical origins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed method appears to be a useful tool for analysis of G. rhodantha, which could provide potential indicators for differentiation of different geographical origins.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238, Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China. panyu412@hotmail.com.|College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China. panyu412@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238, Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China. zjyaas@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China. cacti2000@sina.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238, Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China. 285658918@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yan-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238, Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China. boletus@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuan-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238, Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650200, China. wyli2012@126.com.
authors.forename: Wan-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D030012:Gentiana / Q000378:metabolism*; D005843:Geography; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D055432:Metabolomics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry