title: Application of xCELLigence RTCA Biosensor Technology for Revealing the Profile and Window of Drug Responsiveness in Real Time.
abstract: The xCELLigence technology is a real-time cellular biosensor, which measures the net adhesion of cells to high-density gold electrode arrays printed on custom-designed E-plates. The strength of cellular adhesion is influenced by a myriad of factors that include cell type, cell viability, growth, migration, spreading and proliferation. We therefore hypothesised that xCELLigence biosensor technology would provide a valuable platform for the measurement of drug responses in a multitude of different experimental, clinical or pharmacological contexts. In this manuscript, we demonstrate how xCELLigence technology has been invaluable in the identification of (1) not only if cells respond to a particular drug, but (2) the window of drug responsiveness. The latter aspect is often left to educated guess work in classical end-point assays, whereas biosensor technology reveals the temporal profile of the response in real time, which enables both acute responses and longer term responses to be profiled within the same assay. In our experience, the xCELLigence biosensor technology is suitable for highly targeted drug assessment and also low to medium throughput drug screening, which produces high content temporal data in real time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. c.unsworth@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Unsworth
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.|Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.ocarroll@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: O'Carroll
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. elycedumez@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Elyce
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: du Mez
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand. c.angel@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.graham@auckland.ac.nz.|Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.graham@auckland.ac.nz.|School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. s.graham@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: E Scott
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines