title: Glutamine provides effective protection against deltamethrin-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats but not against nephrotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of L-glutamine (GLN) against liver and kidney injury caused by acute toxicity of deltamethrin (DLM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two rats were indiscriminately separated into 4 groups with 8 rats each: control group (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, perorally [p.o.]), DLM group (35 mg/kg p.o. one dose.), GLN group (1.5 gr/kg, p.o. single dose.) and DLM (35 mg/kg p.o. one dose.) + GLN group (1.5 gr/kg, p.o. one dose after 4 hours.). Testing for total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) analyses were performed on tissue samples, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, and creatinine were analyzed on serum samples. Liver and kidney samples were histopathologically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TOS level in liver was significantly higher in the DLM group than in the control group, and the level in DLM+GLN group was considerably lower than in the DLM group. The TAS level in the DLM+GLN group was considerably higher than in the control and DLM groups. The TAS level in kidney tissues was considerably lower in the DLM group than in controls, but was similar to other groups. Histopathological analyses of liver tissues established a significant difference between DLM and DLM+GLN groups in terms of grade 2 hepatic injury. However, no significant difference was found between DLM and DLM+GLN groups in terms of kidney injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine leads to significant improvement in deltamethrin-induced acute hepatotoxicity in terms of histopathologic results, tissue oxidative stress parameters, and serum liver function marker enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gündüz
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burak Veli
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Ülger
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: İbrahim
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: İbiloğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yılmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zengin
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: İçer
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Uslukaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cenap
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ekinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cahfer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Güloğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000473:pathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D020011:Protective Agents; D011722:Pyrethrins; D005973:Glutamine; C017180:decamethrin