title: Limited impacts of extensive human land use on dominance, specialization, and biotic homogenization in boreal plant communities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Niche theory predicts that human disturbance should influence the assembly of communities, favouring functionally homogeneous communities dominated by few but widespread generalists. The decline and loss of specialists leaves communities with species that are functionally more similar. Evenness of species occupancy declines, such that species become either widespread of rare. These patterns have often been observed, but it is unclear if they are a general result of human disturbance or specific to communities that are rich in species, in complex, spatially heterogeneous environments where the problem has often been investigated. We therefore tested whether human disturbance impacts dominance/evenness of species occupancy in communities, specialism/generalism of species, and functional biotic homogenization in the spatially relatively homogeneous, species poor boreal forest region of Alberta, Canada. We investigated 371 boreal vascular plant communities varying 0 - 100% in proportion of human land use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rank species occupancy curves revealed high species dominance regardless of disturbance: within any disturbance class a few species occupied nearly every site and most species were found in a low proportion of sites. However, species were more widespread and displayed more even occupancy in intermediately disturbed communities than among communities of either low or high disturbance. We defined specialists and generalists based on turnover in co-occupants and thereby assessed impacts of human disturbance on specialization of species and community homogenization. Generalists were not disproportionately found at higher disturbance sites, and did not occupy more sites. Communities with greater human disturbance were not more functionally homogeneous; they did not harbor communities with more generalists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We unexpectedly did not observe strong linkages between species specialism/generalism and disturbance, nor between community homogenization and disturbance. These results contrast previous findings in more species rich, complex or spatially heterogeneous systems and ecological models. We suggest that broad occupancy-based intercommunity patterns are insensitive to human land use extent in boreal vascular plants, perhaps because of ubiquity of generalists, low species richness, and history of natural disturbance. The poor sensitivity of these metrics to disturbance presents challenges for monitoring and managing impacts to biodiversity in this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. sjmayor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. stan.boutin@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutin
authors.affiliation: Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H1, Canada. fhe@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Fangliang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada. jc.cahill@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D058448:Biota; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D065928:Forests; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification*