title: Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis in urogenital tract of Brazilian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium in urogenital tract infections remains unknown. Furthermore these mollicutes present a complex relationship with the host immune response. The role of inflammatory cytokines in infections also makes them good candidates to investigate bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma genital infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect the above-mentioned mollicutes by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methodologies in vaginal swabs and dosage of cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal swabs and peripheral blood were collected from 302 women, including healthy individuals. The molecular findings were correlated with some individual behavioral variables, clinical and demographic characteristics, presence of other important microorganisms in vaginal swabs, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  M. hominis and M. genitalium were detected in 31.8% and 28.1% of samples, respectively. The qPCR results were associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the infections studied. The frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis was 3.0%, 21.5%, 42.4%, and 1.7% respectively. Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with the presence of M. hominis and signs and/or symptoms of the genital infection of women studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-1β production was associated with the detection of M. hominis by qPCR. The sexual behavior of women studied was associated with the detection of mycoplasma and other agents of genital infections.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes nº1374 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. guilhermebcampos@usp.br.
authors.forename: Guilherme Barreto
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes nº1374 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. tassianl@usp.br.
authors.forename: Tássia Neves
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Lobão
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. nathan.selis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nathan Neves
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Selis
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes nº1374 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. aline.amorim@usp.br.
authors.forename: Aline Teixeira
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. hellenbahia@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hellen Braga
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. maysabarbosa_06@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Maysa Santos
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. thiagoenf2010@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Thiago Henrique Caldeira
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano, Av. Carlos Amaral, 1015 - Cajueiro, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, CEP: 44.570-000, Brazil. djanilson@ufrb.edu.br.
authors.forename: Djanilson Barbosa
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. tianabaqueiro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tiana Baqueiro
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes nº1374 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. lucasm@usp.br.|Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Rio de Contas, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Bairro Candeias Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 45055-090, Brazil. lucasm@usp.br.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Miranda Marques
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes nº1374 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil. joti@usp.br.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timenetsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006194:Gardnerella vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D045704:Mycoplasma genitalium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014566:Urogenital System / Q000382:microbiology; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult