title: Effects of coarse chalk dust particles (2.5-10 μm) on respiratory burst and oxidative stress in alveolar macrophages.
abstract: The main aim of the present study was to examine in vitro responses of rat alveolar macrophages (AMs) exposed to coarse chalk dust particles (particulate matter in the size range 2.5-10 μm, PM(coarse)) by respiratory burst and oxidative stress. Chalk PM(coarse)-induced respiratory burst in AMs was measured by using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) method. Also, the cell viability; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; levels of cellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acid phosphatase (ACP); plasma membrane ATPase; and extracellular nitric oxide (NO) level were determined 4 h following the treatment with the different dosages of chalk PM(coarse). The results showed that chalk PM(coarse) initiated the respiratory burst of AMs as indicated by strong CL, which was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium chloride and L-N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride. It suggested that chalk PM(coarse) induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in AMs. This hypothesis was confirmed by the fact that chalk PM(coarse) resulted in a significant decrease of intracellular SOD, GSH, ACP, and ATPase levels and a notable increase of intracellular CAT, MDA content, and extracellular NO level, consequently leading to a decrease of the cell viability and a increase of LDH release. It was concluded that AMs exposed to chalk PM(coarse) can suffer from cytotoxicity which may be mediated by generation of excessive ROS/RNS. Graphical Abstract The possible mechanism of coarse chalk particles-induced adverse effects in AMs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuexia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Ruijin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Quanxi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D005978:Glutathione; D002119:Calcium Carbonate