title: Predictions for optimal mitigation of paracrine inhibitory signalling in haemopoietic stem cell cultures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies in the literature have highlighted the critical role played by cell signalling in determining haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate within ex vivo culture systems. Stimulatory signals can enhance proliferation and promote differentiation, whilst inhibitory signals can significantly limit culture output.
  
  
  METHODS
  Numerical models of various mitigation strategies are presented and applied to determine effectiveness of these strategies toward mitigation of paracrine inhibitory signalling inherent in these culture systems. The strategies assessed include mixing, media-exchange, fed-batch and perfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The models predict that significant spatial concentration gradients exist in typical cell cultures, with important consequences for subsequent cell expansion. Media exchange is shown to be the most effective mitigation strategy, but remains labour intensive and difficult to scale-up for large culture systems. The fed-batch strategy is only effective at very small Peclet number, and its effect is diminished as the cell culture volume grows. Conversely, mixing is effective at high Peclet number, and ineffective at low Peclet number. The models predict that cell expansion in fed-batch cultures becomes independent of increasing dilution rate, consistent with experimental results previously reported in the literature. In contrast, the models predict that increasing the flow rate in perfused cultures will lead to increased cell expansion, indicating the suitability of perfusion for use as an automated, tunable strategy. The effect of initial cell seeding density is also investigated, with the model showing that perfusion outperforms dilution for all densities considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The models predict that the impact of inhibitory signalling in HSC cultures can be mitigated against using media manipulation strategies, with the optimal strategy dependent upon the protein diffusion time-scale relative to the media manipulation time-scale. The key messages from this study can be applied to any complex cell culture scenario where cell-cell interactions and paracrine signalling networks impact upon cell fate and cell expansion.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mineral Resources (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. joe.d.berry@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. Pankaj.Godara@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Godara
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mineral Resources (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. Petar.Liovic@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liovic
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. David.Haylock@csiro.au.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Haylock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000187:drug effects; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta