title: Transcanal microscope-assisted endoscopic myringoplasty in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myringoplasty can be technically difficult in the pediatric patients due to the narrowness of the external auditory canal and the generally small size of the ear. Moreover, temporalis fascia grafts and myringoplasties for anterior perforations are more likely to fail in children. Surgical management of anterior perforations requires total exposure of the anterior angle however a microscope may fail to provide a view of the anterior edge in most of perforations. Recently, different endoscopes are used in the performance of ear surgery in general and myringoplasty in particular. Current study aimed to investigate the outcome of transcanal microscope-assisted endoscopic myringoplasty in homogenous group of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 22 children were retrospectively reviewed for age, perforation size and location, surgical and audiological findings, and outcome. All myringoplasties were performed by first author with a chondro-perichondrial graft that has been harvested from the tragus and placed medial to the tympanic membrane remnants, utilizing the underlay technique and 14-mm length, 3-mm diameter, 0° and 30° endoscopes. A microscope was occasionally used for removal of the sclerotic plaques and releasing adhesions surrounding the ossicles when bimanual manipulations were needed. Surgical success was defined as a tympanic membrane with no perforation, retraction, or graft lateralization for at least 18 months following surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen large-, 8 medium- and 1 small-sized perforations (defined as 75, 50 or 25%, respectively, of the tympanic membrane area), of which 14 were anterior, 2 central and 6 posterior marginal, were repaired. The edges of the defect could not be visualized under a microscope due to bone overhanging or a curved or narrow EAC in 8 anterior perforations. Intact tympanic membranes and dry ears were achieved in all operated children. The audiometric air conduction level (average of 0.5-3 kHz) for the entire cohort ranged between 10-51.3 dB (mean 32.8) preoperatively and between 5-35 dB (mean 18.2) postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transcanal microscope-assisted endoscopic myringoplasty had a 100% rate of surgical success in children. This technique can be especially appropriate for patients with narrow external canals, anterior defects and bone overhang making the perforation margins barely visible under a microscope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. migirovl@gmail.com.|Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262l, Israel. migirovl@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lela
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Migirov
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. michael.wolf@sheba.health.gov.il.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004424:Ear Canal; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D009225:Myringoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018058:Tympanic Membrane Perforation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*