title: Effects of organic extracts and their different fractions of five Bangladeshi plants on in vitro thrombolysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasingly high incidence of ischemic stroke caused by thrombosis of the arterial vessels is one of the major factors that threaten people's health and lives in the world. The present treatments for thrombosis are still unsatisfactory. Herbal preparations have been used since ancient times for the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether herbal preparations possess thrombolytic activity or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis effect of the crude extracts and fractions of five Bangladeshi plant viz., Trema orientalis L., Bacopa monnieri L., Capsicum frutescens L., Brassica oleracea L. and Urena sinuata L. using streptokinase as a positive control and water as a negative control. Briefly, venous blood drawn from twenty healthy volunteers was allowed to form clots which were weighed and treated with the test plant materials to disrupt the clots. Weight of clot after and before treatment provided a percentage of clot lysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, different fractions of five Bangladeshi medicinal plants namely T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed various range of clot lysis activity. Chloroform fractions of T. orientalis, B. monnieri, C. frutescens, B. oleracea and U. sinuata showed highest significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) clot lysis activity viz., 46.44 ± 2.44%, 48.39 ± 10.12%, 36.87 ± .27%, 30.24 ± 0.95% and 47.89 ± 6.83% respectively compared with positive control standard streptokinase (80.77 ± 1.12%) and negative control sterile distilled water (5.69 ± 3.09%). Other fractions showed moderate to low clot lysis activity. Order of clot lysis activity was found to be: Streptokinase > Chloroform fractions > Methanol (crude) extract > Hydro-methanol fractions > Ethyl acetate fractions > n-hexane fractions > Water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that thrombolytic activity of T. orientalis, B. monnieri and U. sinuata could be considered as very promising and beneficial for the Bangladeshi traditional medicine. Lower effects of other extracts might suggest the lack of bio-active components and/or insufficient quantities in the extract. In vivo clot dissolving property and active component(s) of T. orientalis and B. monnieri for clot lysis could lead the plants for their therapeutic uses. However, further work will establish whether or not, chloroform soluble phytochemicals from these plants could be incorporated as a thrombolytic agent for the improvement of the patients suffering from atherothrombotic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh. talhabmb@gmail.com.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh. talhabmb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Talha Bin
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Emran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh. atiarh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Atiar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh. nasirmir@cu.ac.bd.
authors.forename: Mir Muhammad Nasir
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4203, Bangladesh. momin.rahman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Mominur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh. zia_ctg@live.com.
authors.forename: Md Zia
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4000, Bangladesh. rajudash.bgctub@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh. layzuchadny@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chadny
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Layzu
mesh_terms: D034681:Bacopa; D001459:Bangladesh; D001937:Brassica; D002212:Capsicum; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D019660:Malvaceae; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013300:Streptokinase / Q000494:pharmacology; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D034402:Trema
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013300:Streptokinase