title: Phytochemical compositions and biological activities of essential oil from Xanthium strumarium L.
abstract: The chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from fresh cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) leaves was investigated by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the EO was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Scolicidal activity was assayed against Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. In total, 34 compounds were identified, accounting for 98.96% of the EO. The main compounds in the EO were cis-β-guaiene (34.2%), limonene (20.3%), borneol (11.6%), bornyl acetate (4.5%), β-cubebene (3.8%), sabinene (3.6%), phytol (3.1%), β-selinene (2.8%), camphene (2.2%), α-cubebene (2.4%), β-caryophyllene (1.9%), α-pinene (1.8%) and xanthinin (1.04%). The antibacterial and antifungal screening of the EO showed that all assayed concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (MIC = 0.5 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.0, 4.8 ± 0.0, 20.5 ± 0.3, 55.2 ± 0.0 and 34.3 ± 0.0 µg/mL, respectively). The scolicidal assay indicated that the EO exhibited a significant activity against E. granulosus protoscolices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the scolicidal activity of X. strumarium. Because of the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, the study of new effective natural chemotherapeutic agents, such as the X. strumarium EO, possibly with low side effects, represents a very promising approach in biomedical research.
authors.affiliation: Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran. javad.sharifirad@gmail.com.|Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran. javad.sharifirad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 15468-15514, Iran. m.hoseinialfatemi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Mahsan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hoseini-Alfatemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol 98615-538, Iran. majid.sharifirad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.affiliation: Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61663335, Iran. mehdi_sharifirad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy. marcello.iriti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iriti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 98615-538, Iran. marzieh.sharifirad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan 33431063, Iran. razieh.sharifirad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Razieh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Fishery, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran. sarah.raeisi69@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raeisi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D031210:Xanthium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts