title: Endothelin-1 Plasma Levels in Patients with both Retinitis Pigmentosa and Flammer Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelin-1 is a strong endogenous vasoconstrictor and is also an agent reducing the ocular blood flow. Patients with retinitis pigmentosa are known to have reduced ocular blood flow. This can be secondary to retinal atrophy, but may also partially result from an additional condition, such as a Flammer syndrome. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the endothelin-1 plasma levels in retinitis pigmentosa patients with and without Flammer syndrome are different.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study we included patients with clinical signs and symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa, confirmed by electrophysiological findings. Blood samples were obtained from 6 retinitis pigmentosa patients with and 4 without Flammer syndrome. The results were related to 30 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Endothelin-1 plasma levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The endothelin-1 plasma levels in retinitis pigmentosa patients with Flammer syndrome were significantly higher than those without Flammer syndrome. The mean (±SD) endothelin-1 levels (pg/mL) in retinitis pigmentosa patients with Flammer syndrome were 4.95 (±1.74), range: (2.37-6.76), whereas in patients without Flammer syndrome they were 1.10 (±0.08), range: 1.00-1.20. Our own normal values are: 1.56 (±0.30), range: (0.90-2.13). All retinitis pigmentosa patients with increased endothelin-1 plasma levels had signs and symptoms related to a Flammer syndrome, such as cold extremities, low blood pressure, reduced feeling of thirst, increased sensitivity in general, e.g., increased sensitivity to certain drugs, increased pain sensitivity and increased sense of smell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelin-1 plasma levels were increased in retinitis pigmentosa patients with but not in patients without Flammer syndrome. Many questions remain open: Why so many retinitis pigmentosa patients suffer from Flammer syndrome, why is the endothelin-1 level in such patients higher than in healthy subjects with Flammer syndrome, how much of the ocular blood flow reduction is due to retinal degeneration and how much to the Flammer syndrome? We hypothesise that Flammer syndrome leads to an additional increase of the endothelin-1 level and an additional decrease of ocular blood flow in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Further studies are needed to analyse the causal relationship between retinitis pigmentosa and Flammer syndrome and evaluate potential therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: University of Basel, Department of Ophthalmology, Switzerland (Chairman a. i.: Dr. sc. nat. Norbert Spirig).
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Todorova
authors.affiliation: University of Basel, Department of Ophthalmology, Switzerland (Chairman a. i.: Dr. sc. nat. Norbert Spirig).
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Josifova
authors.affiliation: University of Basel, Department of Ophthalmology, Switzerland (Chairman a. i.: Dr. sc. nat. Norbert Spirig).
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konieczka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019332:Endothelin-1