title: Molecular survey of occurrence and quantity of Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and amoeba hosts in municipal drinking water storage tank sediments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the occurrence and quantity of potential pathogens and an indicator of microbial contamination in the sediments of municipal drinking water storage tanks (MDWSTs), given the absence of such data across the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sediment samples (87 MDWST) from eighteen locations across ten states of the United States were collected and assayed by qPCR for a range of potential enteric and opportunistic microbial pathogens and a sewage-associated Bacteroides marker. Potential opportunistic pathogens dominated, with the highest detection of occurrence (per cent positive detection; average cell equivalence (CE)) being Mycobacterium spp. (88·9%; 6·7 ± 8·5 × 10(4) CE g(-1) ), followed by Legionella spp. (66·7%; 5·2 ± 5·9 × 10(3) CE g(-1) ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22·2%; 250 ± 880 CE g(-1) ) and Acanthamoeba spp. (38·9%; 53 ± 70 CE g(-1) ), with no detected Naegleria fowleri. Most enteric pathogens (Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis) were not detected, except for a trace signal for Campylobacter spp. There was significant correlation between the qPCR signals of Legionella spp. and Acanthamoeba spp. (R(2) = 0·61, n = 87, P = 0·0001). Diverse Legionella spp. including Leg. pneumophila, Leg. pneumophila sg1 and Leg. anisa were identified, each of which might cause legionellosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply that potential opportunistic pathogens are common within MDWST sediments and could act as a source of microbial contamination, but need downstream growth to be of potential concern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results imply that opportunistic pathogen risks may need to be managed by regular tank cleaning or other management practices.
authors.affiliation: U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Dynamac Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Struewing
authors.affiliation: Dynamac Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yelton
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashbolt
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D007875:Legionella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Legionella; drinking water storage tank; free-living amoeba; nontuberculous mycobacteria; sediment; waterborne pathogens