title: Update on regional anaesthesia in intraocular surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retrobulbar anaesthesia is a valuable alternative not only for polymorbid and haemodynamically compromised patients. Complications are rare but may be devastating.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principally, any intraocular surgery can be made under local anaesthesia. There are only a few contraindications to regional anaesthesia such as denial against regional anaesthesia, allergy to local anaesthetics, local infection, severe orthopnea, insufficiently controlled psychiatric disorders or small children and non-cooperative patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate of retrobulbar anaesthesia in terms of control of intraoperative discomfort approaches 100% with an intraconal injection in 94% and a distribution of fluid into the intraconal space in 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the recent literature, the present review compares techniques, describes possible complications and in the absence of evidence-based studies provides suggestions for the handling of patients under thrombocyte aggregation inhibitor and vitamin K antagonist therapy and anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Anaesthesiology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (Med. Director: Prof. Dr. med. F. Stüber).
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.affiliation: Dept. Anaesthesiology, Lindenhofspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luyet
authors.affiliation: Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Garweg
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local