title: Imaging systemic inflammatory networks in ischemic heart disease.
abstract: While acute myocardial infarction mortality declines, patients continue to face reinfarction and/or heart failure. The immune system, which intimately interacts with healthy and diseased tissues through resident and recruited leukocytes, is a central interface for a global host response to ischemia. Pathways that enhance the systemic leukocyte supply may be potential therapeutic targets. Pre-clinically, imaging helps to identify immunity's decision nodes, which may serve as such targets. In translating the rapidly-expanding pre-clinical data on immune activity, the difficulty of obtaining multiple clinical tissue samples from involved organs is an obstacle that whole-body imaging can help overcome. In patients, molecular and cellular imaging can be integrated with blood-based diagnostics to assess the translatability of discoveries, including the activation of hematopoietic tissues after myocardial infarction, and serve as an endpoint in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss these concepts while focusing on imaging immune activity in organs involved in ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: mnahrendorf@partners.org.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nahrendorf
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Filip K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Swirski
authors.affiliation: Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem J M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Gwendalyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ntziachristos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Piek
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stroes
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Zahi A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Fayad
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology
keywords: atherosclerosis; heart failure; hematopoiesis; leukocytes; myocardial infarction; spleen