title: Under consumers' scrutiny - an investigation into consumers' attitudes and concerns about nudging in the realm of health behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nudging strategies have recently attracted attention from scholars and policy makers for their potential in influencing people's behaviors on large scales. But is the fact that nudges do not forbid any choice-options or significantly alter people's economic incentives sufficient to conclude that nudges should be implemented? While this is discussed amongst scholars from various disciplines the voices of consumers, the target-group of nudges, remain unheard. Since understanding their knowledge about nudging and their opinions on being nudged are crucial for the evaluation of the moral appropriateness of nudging, the current study examines consumers' knowledge of and attitudes toward nudging in general and the realm of health behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this qualitative investigation in-depth semi-structured interviews with UK consumers were conducted to examine consumers' attitudes to four domains of inquiry around which the scholarly discussions about nudging have revolved: consumers' approval of nudging, consumers' views on the origin of nudges, consumers' perceived effectiveness of nudging, and consumers' concerns about manipulative aspects of nudging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviews revealed that consumers are largely unfamiliar with the concept of nudging altogether. Once defined and explained to them most consumers approve of the concept, especially in the realm of health behavior, given particular conditions: 1. Nudges should be designed for benefiting individuals and society; 2. consumers comprehend the decision-making context and the reasoning behind the promotion of the targeted behavior. Interviews revealed very limited concerns with manipulative aspects of nudges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings call for better information-management to ensure consumers knowledge of nudges and awareness of their current implementation. Under that condition the findings encourage the implementation of nudges benefitting individuals and society in domains that consumers comprehend, such as health behaviors. Further research is required to clarify consumers' concerns and requirements for nudges in more complex domains such as financial decisions and retirement plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 1, 3508TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.f.junghans@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Astrid F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Junghans
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 1, 3508TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. t.t.l.cheung@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Tracy T L
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Heidelberglaan 1, 3508TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.t.d.deridder@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Denise D T
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: De Ridder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003071:Cognition; D003657:Decision Making; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035502:Trust; D006113:United Kingdom