title: Failure to detect human papillomavirus in focal cortical dysplasia type IIb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have reported evidence of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) in a very high proportion of pathological specimens of focal cortical dysplasia type IIb, but not in control specimens, motivating the proposal that viral infection during fetal development may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasias. However, the significance of the association between HPV infection and focal cortical dysplasia type IIb, and its reproducibility across surgical centers, remain unclear. Here we sought evidence for HPV-16 in an independent cohort of surgical specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 14 specimens of focal cortical dysplasia type IIb from a single surgical center between 1995 and 2013. Multiple methods were used to establish presence or absence of HPV, including DNA polymerase chain reaction, conventional in situ hybridization, chromogenic in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry for p16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no conclusive evidence of HPV in any of the specimens. All but 1 of the cases were negative by >1 method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results raise questions about the prevalence of HPV infection in focal cortical dysplasias and about its potential importance as a causative agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology.
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGuone
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deshpande
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Sadow
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology.
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stemmer-Rachamimov
authors.affiliation: Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Staley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D004827:Epilepsy; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D065703:Malformations of Cortical Development, Group I / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins