title: Internal construct validity of the stress-energy questionnaire in a working population, a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychosocial stress at work has been recognised as one of the most important factors behind the increase in sick leave due to stress-related mental disorders. It is therefore important to be able to measure perceived work stress in a way that is both valid and reliable. It has been suggested that the Stress-Energy Questionnaire (SEQ) could be a useful tool for measuring mood (stress and energy) at work and it has been used in many Scandinavian studies. The aim of the study is to examine the internal construct validity of the SEQ in a working population and to address measurement issues, such as the ordering of response categories and potential differences in how women and men use the scale - what is termed differential item functioning (DIF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used in the present study is baseline data from a longitudinal cohort study aimed at evaluating psychosocial working conditions, stress, health and well-being among employees in two human service organisations in Western Sweden. A modern psychometric approach for scale validations, the Rasch model, was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress items showed a satisfactory fit to the model. Problems related to unidimensionality and local dependence were found when the six stress items were fitted to the model, but these could be resolved by using two testlets. As regards the energy scale, although the final analysis showed an acceptable fit to the model some scale problems were identified. The item dull had disordered thresholds and DIF for gender was detected for the item passive. The items were not well targeted to the persons, with skewness towards high energy. This might explain the scale problems that were detected but these problems need to be investigated in a group where the level of energy is spread across the trait, measured by the SEQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stress scale of the SEQ has good psychometric properties and provides a useful tool for assessing work-related stress, on both group and individual levels. However, the limitations of the energy scale make it suitable for group evaluations only. The energy scale needs to be evaluated further in different settings and populations.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden. Emina.hadzibajramovic@vgregion.se.|Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Emina.hadzibajramovic@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Emina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hadzibajramovic
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Stress Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden. Gunnar.ahlbrog@vgregion.se.|Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Gunnar.ahlbrog@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahlborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Anna.ekman@amm.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimby-Ekman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Asa.lundgren-nilsson@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lundgren-Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden