title: Attitudes, perceptions and behaviours towards HIV testing among African-American and East African immigrant women in Washington, DC: implications for targeted HIV testing promotion and communication strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine and compare the HIV testing attitudes, perceptions and behaviours between African-American and East African immigrant women in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adopting an inductive, qualitative methodological approach, we conducted a total of 40 in-depth, semistructured interviews between October 2012 and March 2013. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, African-American women held more favourable views towards HIV testing than East African immigrant women. Very few East African immigrant women sought HIV testing intentionally. The majority of East African participants were tested inadvertently, while others tested for immigration-related or employment-related purposes. There were many barriers that impede women from seeking an HIV test including negative assumptions (eg, "Getting an HIV test implies that I am HIV positive"), negative emotions (eg, "Fear of being diagnosed with HIV and what this will mean for me") and potential negative reactions from partner or others (eg, "Getting an HIV test can signal distrust, disrespect, or infidelity"). There were nuances in how each group articulated some of these barriers and East African women expressed unique concerns that originated from experiences in their home countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shed light into the complexity of factors that constrain women from presenting themselves voluntarily for an HIV test and highlighted the nuances between African-American and East African perceptions. Implications of findings for effective targeted HIV screening promotion and communication strategies among these groups of women are discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of International Service, American University, Washington DC, USA Center on Health, Risk, and Society, American University, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Jesus
authors.affiliation: School of International Service, American University, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrete
authors.affiliation: The Women's Collective, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Cathleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maine
authors.affiliation: The Women's Collective, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nalls
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000351:Africa, Eastern / Q000208:ethnology; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude / Q000208:ethnology*; D044383:Black People; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ATTITUDES; HIV TESTING; WOMEN