title: Forensic differentiation of Bacillus cereus spores grown using different culture media using Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Some microorganisms have been shown to retain a chemical signature indicative of the medium used for culturing. However, the repeatability of medium-specific chemical signatures has not been demonstrated from samples of microorganisms produced in the same batch or in different batches by the same sporulation protocol. Here, the variation in Raman spectra of bacterial endospores repeatedly prepared by the same procedure is compared to the variation between Raman spectra of spores prepared using different media. Bacillus cereus T strain (BcT) samples were correctly classified according to the medium used to induce sporulation for 100 % of spores grown in a controlled manner by the same scientist using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The proof-of-concept results from BcT spores produced in 12 different sporulation media showed correct classification by medium for 98 % of samples (with 100 % classification accuracy for all but one sporulation medium in this data set). Spectral differences were discerned between spores that had been freshly prepared or freeze-dried and spores that had been frozen; however, the differences did not impact the classification of the sporulation medium. Latent variables reduced the classification accuracy of BcT sporulated in G medium by different scientists using different media lots and stored for different periods of time and requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Counterterrorism Forensic Science Research Unit, FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Pky Rm 4250, Quantico, VA, 22135, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dettman
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ehrhardt
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bannan
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003470:Culture Media; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media