title: Replacing fish meal by food waste to produce lower trophic level fish containing acceptable levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Health risk assessments.
abstract: This study aimed at using different types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal [food waste A] and meat meal [food waste B]) as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The traditional fish farming model used to culture low trophic level fish included: bighead, (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), grass carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and mud carp, (Cirrhinus molitorella) of omnivorous chain. The results indicated that grass carp and bighead carp fed with food waste feeds were relatively free of PAHs. The results of health risk assessment showed that the fish fed with food waste feeds were safe for consumption from the PAHs perspective.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wing-Yin
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Cheung-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wai-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Ming-Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D020387:Food Chain; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014866:Waste Products; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014866:Waste Products; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Food waste; Fresh water fish; Health risks; PAHs