title: Non-addictive opium alkaloids selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells compared to normal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytotoxic effects of some of the members of papaveraceae family have been reported in Iranian folk medicine. Recent reports has indicated that alkaloids fraction of opium may be responsible for its cytotoxic effect; however, the mechanism of this effect is not fully understood. This study has been designed to investigate the selective cytotoxic, genotoxic and also apoptosis induction effects of noscapine, papaverine and narceine, three non-addictable opium alkaloids, on HT29, T47D and HT1080 cancer cell lines. Mouse NIH3T3 cell line was chosen to present non-cancerous cells and Doxorubicin was selected as the positive control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were treated by different concentrations of Noscapine, Papaverine, Narceine and doxorubicin; viability was assessed by MTT assay. The genotoxicity and apoptosis induction were tested with comet assay and Annexin-V affinity when the concentration of each these drugs is less than its IC50. In addition, the DNA damage and caspase activity of the T47D cells were examined and the results were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study noted the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of noscapine and papaverine, specifically on cancerous cell lines. Furthermore, papaverine induces apoptosis in all studied cancer cell lines and noscapine showed this effect in T47D and HT29 cells but not in NIH-3 T3 cells as noncancerous cell line. narceine also showed genototoxicity in the studied cell lines at its IC50 concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment suggests that noscapine and papaverine may be of use in cancer treatment due to their specific cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm its usefulness in cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. monireafzali_t@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Monireh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afzali
authors.affiliation: Department Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy & Rational Drug Use Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. mmppg@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Padideh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghaeli
authors.affiliation: Department Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. khanavim@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khanavi
authors.affiliation: Department Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. parsa@razi.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Maliheh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parsa
authors.affiliation: Department Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. ha_montazeri@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.affiliation: Department Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. mhghahremani@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ghahremani
authors.affiliation: Department Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology & Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155/6451, Tehran, Iran. ostadnas@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Seyed Nasser
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ostad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D026121:Indole Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D009665:Noscapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D053610:Opiate Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010208:Papaverine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D053610:Opiate Alkaloids; C521097:narceine imide; D004317:Doxorubicin; D009665:Noscapine; D010208:Papaverine