title: Dental trauma in association with maxillofacial fractures: an epidemiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the incidence and associated factors of dental trauma in patients with maxillofacial fractures at the VU Medical Center in Amsterdam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 707 patients who were treated surgically for maxillofacial fractures were evaluated. The data were collected retrospectively from patient files and other available databases. The data collected included date of fracture, age, gender, type of fracture, and injured teeth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 707 patients, 164 patients (23.2%) presented dental injuries associated with facial fractures. Mandibular condylar fractures, mandibular parasymphyseal fractures, Le Fort fractures, and mandibular body fractures were found to be significantly more associated with dental injury. Zygomatic arch or zygomatic complex fractures were significantly less associated with dental injury. Women had a significant higher risk of facial fractures with dental injuries than men. The maxilla demonstrated the highest incidence of injured teeth. The most affected teeth were the maxillary incisors (33.1%), followed by mandible incisors (13.6%), mandible molars (12.8%), and maxillary premolars (12.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show a higher risk of dental injury among patients with a mandibular condylar fracture and mandibular parasymphyseal fracture but a lower risk of dental injury among patients with a zygomatic arch or zygomatic complex fracture. On average, patients had more than three injured teeth, with most of the injured teeth being in the upper jaw. The maxillary incisors, followed by the mandible incisors, were the most injured teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-4000
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruslin
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffano
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical-Dental Interaction, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tymour
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forouzanfar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dental trauma; epidemiology; maxillofacial fractures