title: Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neuropsychiatric disorder associated with abnormal reward processing. Limited and inconsistent data exist about the neural mechanisms underlying this abnormality. Furthermore, it is not known whether reward processing is abnormal in unaffected siblings of participants with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain responses during reward anticipation and receipt with an adapted monetary incentive delay task in a large sample of adolescents and young adults with ADHD (n = 150), their unaffected siblings (n = 92), and control participants (n = 108), all of the same age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with ADHD showed, relative to control participants, increased responses in the anterior cingulate, anterior frontal cortex, and cerebellum during reward anticipation, and in the orbitofrontal, occipital cortex and ventral striatum. Responses of unaffected siblings were increased in these regions as well, except for the cerebellum during anticipation and ventral striatum during receipt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD in adolescents and young adults is associated with enhanced neural responses in frontostriatal circuitry to anticipation and receipt of reward. The findings support models emphasizing aberrant reward processing in ADHD, and suggest that processing of reward is subject to familial influences. Future studies using standard monetary incentive delay task parameters are needed to replicate our findings.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: Daniel.vonRhein@donders.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Rhein
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zwiers
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Schaaf
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luman
authors.affiliation: VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oosterlaan
authors.affiliation: VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Heslenfeld
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen.
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen.
authors.forename: Catharina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eelco V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: van Dongen
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lojowska
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mennes
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center; Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000067290:Behavior Rating Scale; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D035781:Siblings; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; cognitive control; familiality; nucleus accumbens; reward processing