title: Predictors of urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and pentachlorophenol in 121 adults in Ohio.
abstract: Limited data exist on the driving factors that influence the non-occupational exposures of adults to pesticides using urinary biomonitoring. In this work, the objectives were to quantify the urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in 121 adults over a 48-h monitoring period and to examine the associations between selected sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and urinary levels of each pesticide biomarker. Adults, ages 20-49 years old, were recruited from six counties in Ohio (OH) in 2001. The participants collected 4-6 spot urine samples and completed questionnaires and diaries at home over a 48-h monitoring period. Urine samples were analyzed for 2,4-D, TCP, 3-PBA, and PCP by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Multiple regression modeling was used to determine the impact of selected sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on the log-transformed (ln) levels of each pesticide biomarker in adults. The pesticide biomarkers were detected in ≥ 89% of the urine samples, except for 3-PBA (66%). Median urinary levels of 2,4-D, TCP, 3-PBA, and PCP were 0.7, 3.4, 0.3, and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. Results showed that 48-h sweet/salty snack consumption, 48-h time spend outside at home, and ln(creatinine) levels were significant predictors (p < 0.05), and race was a marginally significant predictor (p = 0.093) of the adults' ln(urinary 2,4-D) concentrations. Strong predictors (p < 0.05) of the adults' ln(urinary TCP) concentrations were urbanicity, employment status, sampling season, and ln(creatinine) levels. For 3-PBA, sampling season, pet ownership and removal of shoes before entering the home were significant predictors (p < 0.05) of the adults' ln(urinary 3-PBA) levels. Finally for PCP, removal of shoes before entering the home and ln(creatinine) levels were significant predictors (p < 0.05), and pet ownership was a marginally significant predictor (p = 0.056) of the adults' ln(urinary PCP) concentrations. In conclusion, specific sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were identified that increased the exposures of these adults to several different pesticides in their daily environments.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, USA. Electronic address: morgan.marsha@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Marsha K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D001565:Benzoates / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009820:Ohio; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000652:urine*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000652:urine*; D057805:Pets; D011728:Pyridones / Q000652:urine*; D012775:Shoes; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides; D011728:Pyridones; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C012587:3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid; D003404:Creatinine; D010416:Pentachlorophenol
keywords: Adult caregivers; Biomarkers; Determinants; Exposure; Pesticides; Urine