title: A quantitative study of the interactive effects of glycine and serine with threonine and choline on growth performance in broilers.
abstract: Differences in the optimal dietary concentrations of Gly (glycine) and Ser (serine) in broiler diets may be due to levels of endogenous Gly precursors that differ in literature. Therefore, we measured the extent of the interactive effects between equivalents of Gly and Ser (Glyequi) and the endogenous Gly precursors choline and Thr (threonine) on growth performance. A fractional central composite design included concentrations of 15-25 g/kg DM, 0.6-2.0 g/kg DM, and 6.4-10.4 g/kg DM for Glyequi, choline, and Thr, respectively, in 5 levels each. The various concentrations were achieved by adding Gly, choline chloride, and l-Thr to a basal mix. Except for 20 replicates of the central diet, all treatments were tested with 5 replicates, each with 10 birds. Food was provided for ad libitum consumption throughout the experiment. The data were evaluated using artificial neural networks. Digestibility was studied for selected diets using separate birds. Since average daily feed intake (ADFI) varied between replicates, the intake of prececal digestible Glyequi, choline, and prececal digestible Thr were more adequate independent variables than the dietary concentration of each amino acid. From d 1 to d 7, no treatment effects on G:F and average daily gain (ADG) were detected; subsequent results refer to the period from d 7 to d 21. Increasing prececal digestible Thr intake considerably decreased the need for prececal digestible Glyequi to achieve certain levels of G:F and ADG. The extent of this effect cannot be explained only by the endogenous metabolism of Thr to Gly. Since essential amino acids were present above the recommended levels, Thr probably limited performance, and excessive intake of other essential amino acids prompted a Gly-dissipating process. Choline exerted a considerable effect on the required intake of prececal digestible Glyequi and prececal digestible Thr to achieve certain levels of G:F and ADG. The results of this study partly explain the previously reported variations in response to dietary Thr, Gly, and Ser.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siegert
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Evonik Industries AG, Feed Additives Division, 63457 Hanau, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helmbrecht
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodehutscord
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D004063:Digestion; D005998:Glycine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D012694:Serine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D013912:Threonine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013912:Threonine; D012694:Serine; D002794:Choline; D005998:Glycine
keywords: broiler; choline; glycine; interactive effect; threonine