title: Three-dimensional digital projection in neurosurgical education: technical note.
abstract: Three-dimensional images have become an important tool in teaching surgical anatomy, and its didactic power is enhanced when combined with 3D surgical images and videos. This paper describes the method used by the last author (G.C.R.) since 2002 to project 3D anatomical and surgical images using a computer source. Projecting 3D images requires the superposition of 2 similar but slightly different images of the same object. The set of images, one mimicking the view of the left eye and the other mimicking the view of the right eye, constitute the stereoscopic pair and can be processed using anaglyphic or horizontal-vertical polarization of light for individual use or presentation to larger audiences. Classically, 3D projection could be obtained by using a double set of slides, projected through 2 slide projectors, each of them equipped with complementary filters, shooting over a medium that keeps light polarized (a silver screen) and having the audience wear appropriate glasses. More recently, a digital method of 3D projection has been perfected. In this method, a personal computer is used as the source of the images, which are arranged in a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. A beam splitter device is used to connect the computer source to 2 digital, portable projectors. Filters, a silver screen, and glasses are used, similar to the classic method. Among other advantages, this method brings flexibility to 3D presentations by allowing the combination of 3D anatomical and surgical still images and videos. It eliminates the need for using film and film developing, lowering the costs of the process. In using small, powerful digital projectors, this method substitutes for the previous technology, without incurring a loss of quality, and enhances portability.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Pelópidas Silveira-IMIP, Recife, Brazil;|Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, Florida;|LIM-02 Department of Surgery, Hospital of Clinics, Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo;
authors.forename: Eduardo Carvalhal
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, Florida;
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rhoton
authors.affiliation: LIM-02 Department of Surgery, Hospital of Clinics, Universidade de São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo;|Neurosurgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo; and.|Microsurgery Lab, Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Carvalhal
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ribas
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: 3D imaging; anatomy; digital projection; education