title: Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78 is involved in autophagy activation induced by ischemic preconditioning in neural cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous finding showed that brain ischemic preconditioning mediates neuroprotection through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced autophagy. This study was aimed at exploring the role of ER chaperone GRP78 in IPC induced autophagy activation in neural cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) models were established in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and primary cultured murine cortical neurons. IPC exerted neuroprotection against subsequent OGD injury in both PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. IPC increased GRP78 expression and activated autophagy, as evidenced by upregulated LC3 and Beclin1, increased autophagic flux and formation of autophagosomes. BAPTA(dibromo-1,2-bis(aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N9,N9 - tetra acetic acid, 0.125-2 μM) and small interfering RNA targeted GRP78 abrogated IPC induced neuroprotection and decreased the expression of GRP78, LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1. In contrast, lentiviral vector mediated GRP78 overexpression (LV-GRP78) strengthened resistance of PC12 cells to OGD injury and increased LC3 and Beclin1 expression. Moreover, knockdown of GRP78 in stable GRP78 overexpressing PC12 cells abolished the upregulation of LC3II/LC3I. GRP78 might activate autophagy through AMPK - mTOR pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that IPC- induced GRP78 upregulation is involved in autophagy activation, and hence exerts protection against ischemic injury in neural cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. xiangyangjianke@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. zhangtong.qiu@163.com.
authors.forename: Tong-Tong
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. shibashidemeng@qq.com.
authors.forename: Dan-Dan
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. zhoujunhao1029@163.com.
authors.forename: Jun- Hao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. hanrong@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. qinzhenhong@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zheng-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China. sheng_rui@163.com.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheng
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D005947:Glucose; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000066829:Neuroprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen; D016716:PC12 Cells; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C000717248:Hspa5 protein, mouse; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D005947:Glucose; C025603:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; D010100:Oxygen