title: Impact of clinical awareness and diagnostic tests on the underdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: A multicenter study of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) performed during 2008 in Spain revealed that two of every three episodes went undiagnosed or were misdiagnosed owing to nonsensitive diagnostic tests or lack of clinical suspicion and request. Since then, efforts have been made to improve the diagnostic tests used by laboratories and to increase the awareness of this disease among both clinicians and microbiologists. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of these efforts by assessing the current magnitude of underdiagnosis of CDI in Spain using two point-prevalence studies performed on one day each in January and July of 2013. A total of 111 Spanish laboratories selected all unformed stool specimens received for microbiological diagnosis on these days, and toxigenic culture was performed at a central reference laboratory. Toxigenic isolates were characterized both pheno- and genotypically. The reference laboratory detected 103 episodes of CDI in patients aged 2 years or more. Half (50.5 %) of the episodes were not diagnosed in the participating laboratories, owing to insensitive diagnostic tests (15.5 %) or the lack of clinical suspicion and request (35.0 %). The main ribotypes were 014, 078/126, 001/072, and 106. Ribotype 027 caused 2.9 % of all cases. Despite all the interventions undertaken, CDI remains a highly neglected disease because of the lack of sensitive diagnostic tests in some institutions and, especially, the absence of clinical suspicion, mainly in patients with community-associated CDI. Toxigenic C. difficile should be routinely sought in unformed stools sent for microbiological diagnosis, regardless of their origin.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain, luisalcala@efd.net.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alcalá
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reigadas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Catalán
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult