title: A randomized controlled trial of the effects of n-3 fatty acids on resolvins in chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is related partially to chronic inflammation. n-3 Fatty acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects and to reduce the risk of CVD. Specialized Proresolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs) derived from the n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) actively promote the resolution of inflammation. This study evaluates the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma SPMs in patients with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention of factorial design, 85 patients were randomized to either n-3 fatty acids (4 g), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) (200 mg), both supplements, or control (4 g olive oil), daily for 8 weeks. The SPMs 18-HEPE, 17-HDHA, RvD1, 17R-RvD1, and RvD2, were measured in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry before and after intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy four patients completed the 8 weeks intervention. n-3 Fatty acids but not CoQ significantly increased (P < 0.0001) plasma levels of 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA, the upstream precursors to the E- and D-series resolvins, respectively. RvD1 was significantly increased (P = 0.036) after n-3 fatty acids, but no change was seen in other SPMs. In regression analysis the increase in 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA after n-3 fatty acids was significantly predicted by the change in platelet EPA and DHA, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPMs are increased after 8 weeks n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with CKD. This may have important implications for limiting ongoing low grade inflammation in CKD.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: emilie.mas@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barden
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kid's Institute, Australia.
authors.forename: Rae-Chi
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Puddey
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006893:Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids; D007328:Insulin; C518399:resolvin D1; C545423:resolvin D2; C061444:18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C062894:17-hydroxy-4,7,10,13,15,19-docosahexaenoic acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Fish oil; Inflammation resolution; Renal disease; Resolvins