title: Regulation of Cadmium-Induced Proteomic and Metabolic Changes by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in Leaves of Brassica napus L.
abstract: It is evident from previous reports that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), like other known plant growth regulators, is effective in countering the injurious effects of heavy metal-stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The present study was carried out to explore the capability of ALA to improve cadmium (Cd2+) tolerance in B. napus through physiological, molecular, and proteomic analytical approaches. Results showed that application of ALA helped the plants to adjust Cd2+-induced metabolic and photosynthetic fluorescence changes in the leaves of B. napus under Cd2+ stress. The data revealed that ALA treatment enhanced the gene expressions of antioxidant enzyme activities substantially and could increase the expression to a certain degree under Cd2+ stress conditions. In the present study, 34 protein spots were identified that differentially regulated due to Cd2+ and/or ALA treatments. Among them, 18 proteins were significantly regulated by ALA, including the proteins associated with stress related, carbohydrate metabolism, catalysis, dehydration of damaged protein, CO2 assimilation/photosynthesis and protein synthesis/regulation. From these 18 ALA-regulated proteins, 12 proteins were significantly down-regulated and 6 proteins were up-regulated. Interestingly, it was observed that ALA-induced the up-regulation of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, light harvesting complex photo-system II subunit 6 and 30S ribosomal proteins in the presence of Cd2+ stress. In addition, it was also observed that ALA-induced the down-regulation in thioredoxin-like protein, 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate, proteasome and thiamine thiazole synthase proteins under Cd2+ stress. Taken together, the present study sheds light on molecular mechanisms involved in ALA-induced Cd2+ tolerance in B. napus leaves and suggests a more active involvement of ALA in plant physiological processes than previously proposed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Basharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Rafaqat A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Daud
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafaqat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D020543:Proteome; D002104:Cadmium; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid