title: Dynamic expression of miRNAs across immature and adult stages of the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in various biological processes including insect development. Anopheles stephensi serves as primary vector of malaria parasite in Asia and exhibits holometabolous life cycle that involves four different stages of development. Regulation and role of mosquito miRNAs during various stages of mosquito development remain largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  High throughput small RNA sequencing was employed for identification and profiling of miRNAs across immature and adult stages of malaria vector, which were further validated using Northern hybridization and real time PCR. Target prediction and pathway analysis was carried out to understand the role of regulated miRNAs in insect development. Degradome sequencing was employed to identify cleaved targets of some regulated miRNAs. Loss of function strategy was employed for miR-989 to understand its probable role in female reproductive process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small RNA sequencing and data analysis revealed 111 and 14 known and novel miRNAs respectively across all stages of Anopheles stephensi. Nine miRNAs showed gender specific regulation across different stages of mosquito development. Analysis of miRNAs revealed regulation of 24 and 26 miRNAs across different stages of male and female mosquito development respectively. mRNA targets and significant pathways targeted by regulated miRNAs were identified for each stage of mosquito development. Degradome sequencing revealed twenty nine cleaved targets of insect miRNAs. MicroRNA-989 showed significant up-regulation in the adult female as compared to adult male mosquito. Knockdown of miR-989 expression in adult female using miRNA specific antagomir affected targets playing roles in protein binding, proteolysis and nucleic acid binding in ovary tissue of female mosquito post blood feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first comprehensive effort to understand regulation of Anopheles stephensi miRNAs across developmental stages of male and female mosquito. Preliminary role of regulated miRNAs in mosquito development was revealed by target prediction and pathway analysis. MicroRNA-989 emerged to have important roles in adult female mosquitoes showing significant up-regulation which was further studied using miR-989 specific antagomir. This study provides insights into mosquito development and reproductive process and has implications for effective control of mosquito population required for reducing spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. shanujain07@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. rana.vandita@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vandita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India. adak.mrc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tridibes
authors.affiliation: Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. sujatha@icgeb.res.in.
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunil
authors.affiliation: Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. raj@icgeb.res.in.
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015723:Gene Library; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011679:Pupa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012313:RNA