title: Alpha-enolase promotes cell glycolysis, growth, migration, and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer through FAK-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During tumor formation and expansion, increasing glucose metabolism is necessary for unrestricted growth of tumor cells. Expression of key glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase (ENO1) is controversial and its modulatory mechanisms are still unclear in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of ENO1 was examined in NSCLC and non-cancerous lung tissues, NSCLC cell lines, and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell (HBE) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot, respectively. The effects and modulatory mechanisms of ENO1 on cell glycolysis, growth, migration, invasion, and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ENO1 expression was increased in NSCLC tissues in comparison to non-cancerous lung tissues. Similarly, NSCLC cell lines A549 and SPCA-1 also express higher ENO1 than HBE cell line in both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpressed ENO1 significantly elevated NSCLC cell glycolysis, proliferation, clone formation, migration, and invasion in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo by regulating the expression of glycolysis, cell cycle, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes. Conversely, ENO1 knockdown reversed these effects. More importantly, our further study revealed that stably upregulated ENO1 activated FAK/PI3K/AKT and its downstream signals to regulate the glycolysis, cell cycle, and EMT-associated genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that ENO1 is responsible for NSCLC proliferation and metastasis; thus, ENO1 might serve as a potential molecular therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. fuqiaofen@163.com.|Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. fuqiaofen@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiao-Fen
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. echo0516@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 258173709@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 690253346@qq.com.
authors.forename: Sheng-Ni
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. Quhongying2005@sina.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 290019049@qq.com.
authors.forename: Su-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic China. 317178823@qq.com.
authors.forename: Rui-Lei
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 879299359@qq.com.|Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 879299359@qq.com.
authors.forename: Meng-Yang
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 915226808@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 158851881@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 315108408@qq.com.|Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. 315108408@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. beautiful198711@163.com.
authors.forename: Rong-Cheng
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. rongxin1003@163.com.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. mifeihehe0808@126.com.
authors.forename: Li-Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. sophiexiaojie@qq.com.|Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. sophiexiaojie@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. fangweiyi1975@163.com.|Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. fangweiyi1975@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. narcissus_jane@163.com.|Department of Pathology, Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. narcissus_jane@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic China. songxin68@126.com.|Department of Cancer Biotherapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic China. songxin68@126.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000502:physiology; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; C496050:PTK2 protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C095157:ENO1 protein, human; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase