title: Prevalence and clinical profile of metabolic syndrome among type 1 diabetes mellitus patients in southern India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and to look at prevalence of diabetes complications in T1DM with and without MetS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 451 T1DM patients attending a tertiary diabetes centre in Chennai, South India. T1DM was diagnosed based on absence of beta cell reserve and requirement of insulin from the time of diagnosis. Data on clinical and biochemical characteristics as well as complications details to study the prevalence were also extracted from electronic records. T1DM patients were divided into those with and without MetS[diagnosed according to the harmonizing the metabolic syndrome criteria(IDF/NHLBI/AHA/WHF/IAS/IASO)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of MetS among T1DM was 22.2%(100/451). Patients with MetS were older, had longer diabetes duration, acanthosis nigricans, and increased serum cholesterol. In the unadjusted logistic regression analysis, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy were associated with MetS. However after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes duration, HbA1C and BMI significant association was seen only between MetS and retinopathy [odds ratio (OR) 2.82, 95% CI 1.18-6.74, p = 0.020] and nephropathy [OR 4.92, 95% CI 2.59-9.33, p < 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of MetS is high among Asian Indian T1DM patients, and its presence is associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Billow
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.affiliation: Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Anandakumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amutha
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jebarani
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, IDF Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India. Electronic address: drmohans@diabetes.ind.in.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000052:Acanthosis Nigricans / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000209:etiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Adolescents; Children; Diabetes complications; India; Metabolic syndrome; Type 1 diabetes