title: Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of Cladophora glomerata Kützing extract in experimental type 2 diabetic rats: a potential nutraceutical product for diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: Cladophora glomerata extract (CGE) has been shown to exhibit antigastric ulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypotensive, and antioxidant activities. The present study investigated antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of CGE in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The rats were induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin and supplemented daily with 1 g/kg BW of CGE for 12 weeks. The renal transport function was assessed by the uptake of para-aminohippurate mediated organic anion transporters 1 (Oat1) and 3 (Oat3), using renal cortical slices. These two transporters were known to be upregulated by insulin and PKCζ while they were downregulated by PKCα activation. Compared to T2DM, CGE supplemented rats had significantly improved hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and renal morphology. The baseline uptake of para-aminohippurate was not different among experimental groups and was correlated with Oat1 and 3 mRNA expressions. Nevertheless, while insulin-stimulated Oat1 and 3 functions in renal slices were blunted in T2DM rats, they were improved by CGE supplementation. The mechanism of CGE-restored insulin-stimulated Oat1 and 3 functions was clearly shown to be associated with upregulated PKCζ and downregulated PKCα expressions and activations. These findings indicate that CGE has antidiabetic effect and suggest it may prevent diabetic nephropathy through PKCs in a T2DM rat model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chutima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Srimaroeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand ; Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Atcharaporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ontawong
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Naruwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saowakon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pornpun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vivithanaporn
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anchalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pongchaidecha
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.
authors.forename: Doungporn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amornlerdpison
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sunhapas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soodvilai
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Varanuj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chatsudthipong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013311:Streptozocin; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013311:Streptozocin; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta; C421043:Slc22a6 protein, rat; C114338:organic anion transport protein 3