title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding - state of the art.
abstract: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a condition requiring immediate medical intervention, with high associated mortality exceeding 10%. The most common cause of upper GI bleeding is peptic ulcer disease, which largely corresponds to the intake of NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori infection. Endoscopy is the essential tool for the diagnosis and treatment of active upper GI hemorrhage. Endoscopic therapy together with proton pump inhibitors and eradication of Helicobacter pylori significantly reduces rebleeding rates, mortality and number of emergency surgical interventions. This paper presents contemporary data on the diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: First Department, General, Oncological and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland. miroslaw.szura@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szura
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternak
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D004941:Esophagitis / Q000150:complications; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
keywords: endoscopy; upper GI bleeding