title: Assessment of resistance risk to lambda-cyhalothrin and cross-resistance to four other insecticides in the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).
abstract: Lambda-cyhalothrin, a sodium channel modulator insecticide, has been used frequently for the control of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) worldwide, including Pakistan. This experiment was performed to determine the selection and assessment of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance evolution along with four other insecticides. After 26 generations of selection, the lambda-cyhalothrin-selected population developed 445-fold resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin compared to the susceptible population. There was low cross-resistance to bifenthrin and very low cross-resistance to methomyl, imidacloprid, and fipronil in the lambda-cyhalothrin-selected population compared to the field population (G1). Realized heritability (h (2)) of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, methomyl, imidacloprid, and fipronil was 0.07, 0.05, 0.01, 0.08, and 0.08, respectively. The projected rate of resistance development revealed that if 90 % house flies were selected, then a tenfold increase in lethal concentration 50 occurred after 17, 20, 159, 13, and 14 generations for lambda-cyhalothrin (h (2) = 0.07, slope = 2.09), bifenthrin (h (2) = 0.05, slope = 1.73), methomyl (h (2) = 0.01, slope = 2.52), imidacloprid (h (2) = 0.08, slope = 1.89), and fipronil (h (2) = 0.08, slope = 2.03), respectively. The results of our study concluded that the house fly has the potential to develop multiple insecticide resistances following continued selection pressure with lambda-cyhalothrin. This study will be helpful for assisting the development of resistance management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, naeemsurbana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Sarfraz Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010154:Pakistan; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C082359:imidacloprid; C099952:bifenthrin; C082360:fipronil; C037304:cyhalothrin