title: Chitin is a component of the Rhodnius prolixus midgut.
abstract: Chitin is an essential component of the peritrophic matrix (PM), which is a structure that lines the insect's gut and protects against mechanical damage and pathogens. Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) does not have a PM, but it has an analogous structure, the perimicrovillar membrane (PMM); chitin has not been described in this structure. Here, we show that chitin is present in the R. prolixus midgut using several techniques. The FTIR spectrum of the KOH-resistant putative chitin-material extracted from the midgut bolus showed peaks characteristic of the chitin molecule at 3500, 1675 and 1085 cm(1). Both the midgut bolus material and the standard chitin NMR spectra showed a peak at 1.88 ppm, which is certainly due to methyl protons in the acetamide a group. The percentages of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine (CPM) incorporated were 2 and 4% for the entire intestine and bolus, respectively. The KOH-resistant putative chitin-material was also extracted and purified from the N-acetylglucosamine radioactive bolus, and the radioactivity was estimated through liquid scintillation. The intestinal CHS cDNA translated sequence was the same as previously described for the R. prolixus cuticle and ovaries. Phenotypic alterations were observed in the midgut of females with a silenced CHS gene after a blood meal, such as retarded blood meal digestion; the presence of fresh blood that remained red nine days after the blood meal; and reduced trachea and hemozoin content compared with the control. Wheat germ agglutinin (a specific probe that detects chitin) labeling proximal to the intestine (crop and midgut) was much lower in females with a silenced CHS gene, especially in the midgut region, where almost no fluorescence signal was detected compared with the control groups. Midguts from females with a CHS gene silenced by dsRNA-CHS and control midguts pre-treated with chitinase showed that the chitin-derived fluorescence signal decreased in the region around the epithelium, the region facing the midgut and projections towards the intestinal lumen when evaluated microscopically. The relative reduction in CHS transcripts by approximately 80% using an RNAi assay supports the phenotypical alterations in the midgut observed using fluorescence microscopy assays. These data show that chitin is present in the R. prolixus midgut epithelium and in its surface projections facing the lumen. The CHS gene expression and the presence of chitin in the R. prolixus midgut may suggest a target for controlling Chagas disease vectors and addressing this public health problem.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evelyn S L
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mansur
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Justi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janaina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figueira-Mansur
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vivian M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sheila G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hatisaburo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Micobacterioses, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C A
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-909, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: monica@iq.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Monica F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000032:analysis*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D011817:Rabbits; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002686:Chitin
keywords: Chitin; Chitin synthase; Midgut; Perimicrovillar membrane; RNA interference; Rhodnius prolixus