title: Increased aggressive and affiliative display behavior in intrauterine growth restricted baboons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized intrauterine growth restricted offspring (IUGR) demonstrate higher rates of aggression and higher dominance ranks than control (CTR) offspring with normal weight at term; if aggressive behavior is advantageous during resource scarcity, developmental programming may lead to an association between aggression and IUGR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 22 group-housed baboons (ages 3-5 years). CTR (male n = 8, female n = 5) mothers ate ad libitum. IUGR (male n = 4, female n = 5) mothers were fed 70% feed eaten by CTR mothers during pregnancy and lactation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IUGR showed higher rates of aggressive displays (P < 0.01) and friendly displays (P < 0.02). Dominance ranks and physical aggression rates did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of IUGR aggressive display might reflect developmental programming of behavioral phenotypes enhancing fitness. Friendly displays may reflect reconciliation. Potential mechanisms include neurodevelopment and learning. Exploration of IUGR as a risk factor for behavioral patterns is important for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.|Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Hillary F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Thad Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Nathanielsz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000523:psychology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D010215:Papio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012930:Social Dominance
keywords: Papio; behavioral phenotype; developmental programming; dominance; maternal nutrition; nonhuman primate; nutrient restriction; social behavior