title: Intracluster correlation coefficients for sample size calculations related to cardiovascular disease prevention and management in primary care practices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have comprehensively reported intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates for outcomes collected in primary care settings. Using data from a large primary care study, we aimed to: a) report ICCs for process-of-care and clinical outcome measures related to cardiovascular disease management and prevention, and b) investigate the impact of practice structure and rurality on ICC estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used baseline data from the Improved Delivery of Cardiovascular Care (IDOCC) trial to estimate ICC values. Data on 5,140 patients from 84 primary care practices across Eastern Ontario, Canada were collected through chart abstraction. ICC estimates were calculated using an ANOVA approach and were calculated for all patients and separately for patient subgroups defined by condition (i.e., coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking). We compared ICC estimates between practices in which data were collected from a single physician versus those that had multiple participating physicians and between urban versus rural practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICC estimates ranged from 0 to 0.173, with a median of 0.056. The median ICC estimate for dichotomous process outcomes (0.088) was higher than that for continuous clinical outcomes (0.035). ICC estimates calculated for single physician practices were higher than those for practices with multiple physicians for both process (average 3.9-times higher) and clinical measures (average 1.9-times higher). Urban practices tended to have higher process-of-care ICC estimates than rural practices, particularly for measuring lipid profiles and estimated glomerular filtration rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive summary of cardiovascular-related ICCs to be reported from Canadian primary care practices. Differences in ICC estimates based on practice structure and location highlight the importance of understanding the context in which external ICC estimates were determined prior to their use in sample size calculations. Failure to choose appropriate ICC estimates can have substantial implications for the design of a cluster randomized trial.
authors.affiliation: Bruyère Research Institute, C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, 43 Bruyere St (Annex E), Ottawa, ON, K1R 7G5, Canada. jsingh@bruyere.org.
authors.forename: Jatinderpreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Bruyère Research Institute, C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, 43 Bruyere St (Annex E), Ottawa, ON, K1R 7G5, Canada. cliddy@bruyere.org.|Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyere St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 5C8, Canada. cliddy@bruyere.org.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liddy
authors.affiliation: Bruyère Research Institute, C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, 43 Bruyere St (Annex E), Ottawa, ON, K1R 7G5, Canada. whogg@uottawa.ca.|Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyere St, Ottawa, ON, K1N 5C8, Canada. whogg@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada. mtaljaard@ohri.ca.|Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. mtaljaard@ohri.ca.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taljaard
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018401:Sample Size