title: Incidence of depression, anxiety and stress following traumatic injury: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic injury and mental health disorders are co-associated. Early identification of depression, anxiety and stress following injury, and subsequent preventive intervention, may reduce the long-term symptoms and negative impacts associated with depression and anxiety. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence, severity and predictors of depression, anxiety and stress in injured patients in the acute phase of care, and at six months following injury, as well as the effectiveness of an in-hospital screening tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive longitudinal study of trauma patients was conducted at a Level 1 Metropolitan Trauma Centre in Australia over 14 months. Participants were interviewed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale short-form version (DASS-21) during hospital admission then at 3 and 6 months after injury. Descriptive statistics were performed to evaluate participant characteristics and incidence of depression, anxiety and stress. Correlations and logistic regression were conducted to investigate the ability of the DASS-21 to predict symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and to investigate factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress 6 months after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  201 participants ranging in age (18-94 years) and injury severity participated in the baseline interview and 109 completed all 3 interviews over 6 months. Over half (54%) reported above normal scores for depression, anxiety and/or stress in at least one of the 3 time points. Intensive care unit admission and high levels of depression, anxiety and stress at 3 months post injury were predictors for high levels of depression, anxiety and stress at 6 months. Low scores for depression, anxiety and stress during admission were correlated with low scores for depression, anxiety and stress at 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression, anxiety and stress in patients hospitalised following injury is common and should be anticipated in patients who have had an intensive care admission. Screening at 3 months following injury identifies patients at risk of long-term symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress.
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia. taneal.wiseman@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au.|Trauma Service, St George Hospital, Kogarah, 2217, NSW, Australia. taneal.wiseman@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Taneal A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia. kate.curtis@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au.|Trauma Service, St George Hospital, Kogarah, 2217, NSW, Australia. kate.curtis@sesiahs.health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia. mary.lam@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, NSW, Australia. Kim.Foster@canberra.edu.au.|Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, ACT, Australia. Kim.Foster@canberra.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*