title: Spatial and socio-demographic determinants of contraceptive use in the Upper East region of Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents results of baseline data on the determinants of contraceptive use in 7 districts in northern Ghana where there is an ongoing integrated primary health care systems strengthening projectknown as the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Project (GEHIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a household survey data conducted within 66 randomly sampled census enumeration areas in seven rural districts of the Upper East Region of northern Ghana where health systems strengthening interventions are currently ongoing in three of the districts with four of the districts serving as comparison districts. This survey was conducted prior to the introduction of interventions. Data was collected on various indices included geographic information systems (GIS) and contraceptive use. The data was analyzed using survey design techniques that accounts for correct variance estimation. Categorical variables were summarized as proportions and associations between these variables and contraceptive use tested using Chi-square test. Uni-variable and multivariable logistic regression techniques were used to assess the effects of the selected covariates on contraceptive use. All tests were deemed to be statistically significant at 5% level statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that contraceptive use is generally low (about 13 per cent) and use is nearly evenly for spacing and stopping purposes. Factors associated with the use of contraceptives include exposure to integrated primary healthcare services, the level of education, and socioeconomic status, couple fertility preference, marital status, and parity. For instance, the odds of contraceptive use among 15-45 year old women who live 2 km or more from a CHPS compound is 0.74 compared to women who live less than 2 km from a CHPS compound (p-value = 0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that rapid scale up of the Community based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) program accompanied with improved door-to-door health services would kindle uptake of modern contraceptive use, reduce unwanted pregnancies and hasten the attainment of MDG 4 & 5 in Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana. Fabian.Achana@navrongo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: Fabian Sebastian
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Achana
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B2, 10032, New York, NY, USA. aab2161@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Ayaga A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bawah
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B2, 10032, New York, NY, USA. Ej2217@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana. pwelaga@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Welaga
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana. Timothy.Awine@navrongo-hrc.org.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Awine
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B2, 10032, New York, NY, USA. ericam.shado@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asuo-Mante
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana. aroduro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oduro
authors.affiliation: Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service PMB, Upper East Region, Bolgatanga, Ghana. koku.awoonor@ghsmail.org.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. koku.awoonor@ghsmail.org.|Switzerland University of Basel, Peterplatz, 4003, Basel, Switzerland. koku.awoonor@ghsmail.org.
authors.forename: John Koku
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Awoonor-Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B2, 10032, New York, NY, USA. Jfp2113@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003710:Demography; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult