title: Estimation of noise-free variance to measure heterogeneity.
abstract: Variance is a statistical parameter used to characterize heterogeneity or variability in data sets. However, measurements commonly include noise, as random errors superimposed to the actual value, which may substantially increase the variance compared to a noise-free data set. Our aim was to develop and validate a method to estimate noise-free spatial heterogeneity of pulmonary perfusion using dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) scans. On theoretical grounds, we demonstrate a linear relationship between the total variance of a data set derived from averages of n multiple measurements, and the reciprocal of n. Using multiple measurements with varying n yields estimates of the linear relationship including the noise-free variance as the constant parameter. In PET images, n is proportional to the number of registered decay events, and the variance of the image is typically normalized by the square of its mean value yielding a coefficient of variation squared (CV(2)). The method was evaluated with a Jaszczak phantom as reference spatial heterogeneity (CV(r)(2)) for comparison with our estimate of noise-free or 'true' heterogeneity (CV(t)(2)). We found that CV(t)(2) was only 5.4% higher than CV(r)2. Additional evaluations were conducted on 38 PET scans of pulmonary perfusion using (13)NN-saline injection. The mean CV(t)(2) was 0.10 (range: 0.03-0.30), while the mean CV(2) including noise was 0.24 (range: 0.10-0.59). CV(t)(2) was in average 41.5% of the CV(2) measured including noise (range: 17.8-71.2%). The reproducibility of CV(t)(2) was evaluated using three repeated PET scans from five subjects. Individual CV(t)(2) were within 16% of each subject's mean and paired t-tests revealed no difference among the results from the three consecutive PET scans. In conclusion, our method provides reliable noise-free estimates of CV(t)(2) in PET scans, and may be useful for similar statistical problems in experimental data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marcos F Vidal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Luiza H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Degani-Costa
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Radiology Cyclotron Laboratory; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Musch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Venegas
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography