title: Blue Light and Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure from Infant Phototherapy Equipment.
abstract: Phototherapy is the use of light for reducing the concentration of bilirubin in the body of infants. Although it has become a mainstay since its introduction in 1958, a better understanding of the efficacy and safety of phototherapy applications seems to be necessary for improved clinical practices and outcomes. This study was initiated to evaluate workers' exposure to Optical Radiation from different types of phototherapy devices in clinical use in Italy. During infant phototherapy the staff monitors babies periodically for around 10 min every hour, and fixation of the phototherapy beam light frequently occurs: almost all operators work within 30 cm of the phototherapy source during monitoring procedures, with most of them commonly working at ≤25 cm from the direct or reflected radiation beam. The results of this study suggest that there is a great variability in the spectral emission of equipments investigated, depending on the types of lamps used and some phototherapy equipment exposes operators to blue light photochemical retinal hazard. Some of the equipment investigated presents relevant spectral emission also in the UVA region. Taking into account that the exposure to UV in childhood has been established as an important contributing factor for melanoma risk in adults and considering the high susceptibility to UV-induced skin damage of the newborn, related to his pigmentary traits, the UV exposure of the infant during phototherapy should be "as low as reasonably achievable," considering that it is unnecessary to the therapy. It is recommended that special safety training be provided for the affected employees: in particular, protective eyewear can be necessary during newborn assistance activities carried out in proximity of some sources. The engineering design of phototherapy equipment can be optimized. Specific requirements for photobiological safety of lamps used in the phototherapy equipment should be defined in the safety product standard for such equipment.
authors.affiliation: a Regional Public Health Laboratory - Physical Agents Sector , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Iole
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Picciolo
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stacchini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buonocore
authors.forename: Carlo V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Bellieni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007558:Italy; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: artificial optical radiation; blue light; exposure assessment; infant phototherapy; ultraviolet radiation