title: Visual cortex hyperexcitability in migraine in response to sound-induced flash illusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sound-induced flash illusions depend on visual cortical excitability. In this study, we explored whether sound-induced flash illusions are perceived differently in migraine, a condition associated with pathologic cortical hyperexcitability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sound-induced flash illusions were examined in 59 migraine patients (mean age = 32 ± 16 years; 36 females), 32 without aura and 27 with aura, and in 24 healthy controls (mean age = 42 ± 17 years; 16 females). Patients were studied during attacks and interictally. Visual stimuli (flashes) accompanied by sounds (beeps) were presented in different combinations: a single flash with multiple beeps was given to induce the perception of multiple flashes ("fission" illusion), and multiple flashes with a single beep were used to reduce the number of perceived flashes ("fusion" illusion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For migraineurs, the fission illusion was reduced, especially during the attack, and almost abolished when a single flash was combined with 2 beeps (except for those without aura tested interictally); the fusion illusion was less consistently reported in both migraine groups, but not completely disrupted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study add novel clues to our understanding of visual cortex hyperexcitability in migraine, especially migraine with aura. Furthermore, these analyses underscore how pathologic changes in cortical excitability affect multisensory interactions. Cross-modal illusions represent a valid tool for exploration of functional connectivity between sensory areas, which likely has an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy. filippobrighina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brighina
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolognini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maccora
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Piera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paladino
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baschi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vallar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (F.B., G.C., S.M., P.P., R.B., B.F.), University of Palermo; Department of Psychology (N.B., G.V.), University of Milano Bicocca, Milano; Laboratory of Neuropsychology (N.B., G.V.), IRCSS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano; and Milan Center for Neuroscience (N.B., G.V.), Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Brigida
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fierro
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*