title: Virulency of novel nanolarvicide from Trichoderma atroviride against Aedes aegypti (Linn.): a CLSM analysis.
abstract: Aedes aegypti is the vector for transmitting dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These diseases' transmission has increased predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas as a major public health concern. In present investigation, Trichoderma atroviride culture filtrates were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. Moreover, T. atroviride is a free-living and rapidly growing fungi common in soil and root ecosystem. This fungi is an exceptionally good model for biocontrol and more significant as a bioagent. T. atroviride was grown in malt extract. T. atroviride culture filtrates were exposed to silver nitrates solution for 24 h at 25 °C for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These AgNPs were characterized to find their unique properties with UV-visible spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The T. atroviride culture filtrates have formed hexagonal (diamond shape) AgNPs with the range of size of 14.01-21.02 nm. These AgNPs have shown significant efficacies against first, second, third, and fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti. The LC90 and LC99 values for the first instar were 1 and 3 ppm, second instar 2 and 3.18 ppm, third instar 3.12 and 4.12 ppm, and fourth instar 6.30 and 6.59 ppm, respectively, after an exposure of 7 h. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies were verdict that these AgNPs embedded in the cuticle of larvae and cause instant lethality in 7 h. Present investigations have demonstrated that the AgNPs of T. atroviride culture filtrates synthesized can be used for larvae control of A. aegypti. T. atroviride is synthesized to silver nanoparticles to be a promising new candidate for application in mosquito control. We therefore suggested that the ability of T. atroviride culture filtrates in synthesis can also be explored for synthesizing silver nanoparticles for commercial exploitation.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Advanced Parasitology and Vector Control Biotechnology, Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India, singhgavendra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gavendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Soam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000737:chemistry*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver