title: The effects of nicotine and non-nicotine smoking factors on working memory and associated brain function.
abstract: Smoking abstinence impairs executive function, which may promote continued smoking behavior and relapse. The differential influence of nicotine and non-nicotine (i.e. sensory, motor) smoking factors and related neural substrates is not known. In a fully factorial, within-subjects design, 33 smokers underwent fMRI scanning following 24 hours of wearing a nicotine or placebo patch while smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes or remaining abstinent from smoking. During scanning, blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was acquired while participants performed a verbal N-back task. Following 24-hour placebo (versus nicotine) administration, accuracy on the N-back task was significantly worse and task-related BOLD signal lower in dorsomedial frontal cortex. These effects were observed irrespective of smoking. Our data provide novel evidence that abstinence-induced deficits in working memory and changes in underlying brain function are due in large part to abstinence from nicotine compared with non-nicotine factors. This work has implications both for designing interventions that target abstinence-induced cognitive deficits and for nicotine-reduction policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Francis Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Froeliger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jed E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Kozink
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Merideth A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Addicott
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Maggie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sweitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Dana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Van Wert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005731:Ganglionic Stimulants; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Addiction; fMRI; neuroimaging; nicotine; smoking; working memory