title: Toona sinensis leaf extract has antinociceptive effect comparable with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in mouse writhing test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antinociceptive effect of an aqueous extract from the leaves of Toona sinensis (TS, [A. Juss., M. Roem.]) was studied using the writhing test in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different extraction fractions from TS leaf extracts (TSL1 to TSL5) were administered orally 1 h before intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment with TSL1, TSL2, TSL3, TSL4, and TSL5 at a dose of 1 g/kg, the respective writhing responses were 39.9% (P < 0.001), 19.9% (P < 0.05), 11.7% (P = 0.052), 8.1% (P = 0.188), and 11.4% (P = 0.057) lower than the control group. Mice treated with TSL1 at 1 g/kg (39.9%, P < 0.001), 0.3 g/kg (38.0%, P < 0.001), 0.1 g/kg (46.9%, P < 0.001), and 0.03 g/kg (31.1%, P < 0.001) had significantly lower writhing responses compared with control mice. A time-course experiment was performed, which involved oral administration of TSL1 (0.1 g/kg) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 6 h before acetic acid intraperitoneal injection. The most effective dose of TSL1 was 0.1 g/kg orally, with the effect beginning 30 min before treatment and persisting until 6 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that TS has anti-visceral pain properties comparable with those of rofecoxib (a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) and diclofenac, which suggests promise for the treatment of intractable visceral pain in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-you Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. suyufeng2000@gmail.com.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. suyufeng2000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. m755016@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Chiao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. m585004@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Hseng-Kuang
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-you Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. nsdoctor@yam.com.|Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. nsdoctor@yam.com.
authors.forename: Shiuh-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-you Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. leekungshing@yahoo.com.tw.|Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. leekungshing@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Kung-Shing
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-you Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. e791125@gmail.com.|Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. e791125@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ann-Shung
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lieu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. tefu.chan@msa.hinet.net.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. tefu.chan@msa.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Te-Fu
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-you Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. chihlung1@yahoo.com.|Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. chihlung1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chih-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D029582:Meliaceae; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; D004008:Diclofenac; D019342:Acetic Acid