title: The association between carbohydrate-rich foods and risk of cardiovascular disease is not modified by genetic susceptibility to dyslipidemia as determined by 80 validated variants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is still unclear whether carbohydrate consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Genetic susceptibility might modify the associations between dietary intakes and disease risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the association between the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods (vegetables, fruits and berries, juice, potatoes, whole grains, refined grains, cookies and cakes, sugar and sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages) and the risk of incident ischemic CVD (iCVD; coronary events and ischemic stroke), and whether these associations differ depending on genetic susceptibility to dyslipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 26,445 individuals (44-74 years; 62% females) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study cohort, 2,921 experienced an iCVD event during a mean follow-up time of 14 years. At baseline, dietary data were collected using a modified diet history method, and clinical risk factors were measured in 4,535 subjects. We combined 80 validated genetic variants associated with triglycerides and HDL-C or LDL-C, into genetic risk scores and examined the interactions between dietary intakes and genetic risk scores on the incidence of iCVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects in the highest intake quintile for whole grains had a 13% (95% CI: 3-23%; p-trend: 0.002) lower risk for iCVD compared to the lowest quintile. A higher consumption of foods rich in added sugar (sugar and sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages) had a significant cross-sectional association with higher triglyceride concentrations and lower HDL-C concentrations. A stronger positive association between a high consumption of sugar and sweets on iCVD risk was observed among those with low genetic risk score for triglycerides (p-interaction=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this prospective cohort study that examined food sources of carbohydrates, individuals with a high consumption of whole grains had a decreased risk of iCVD. No convincing evidence of an interaction between genetic susceptibility for dyslipidemia, measured as genetic risk scores of dyslipidemia-associated variants, and the consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods on iCVD risk was observed.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellstrand
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina-Alexandra
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wallström
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedblad
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orho-Melander
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D014280:Triglycerides; D013395:Sucrose