title: Improving the quality of Laminaria japonica-based diet for Apostichopus japonicus through degradation of its algin content with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WB1.
abstract: Laminaria japonica feedstuff is used as a substitute for Sargassum thunbergii in the small-scale culturing of Apostichopus japonicus (sea cucumber) because of its abundant sources and low price in China. However, the difficulty associated with the degradation of algin by A. japonicus and, hence, its utilization have limited the practical value of L. japonica feedstuff in sea cucumber farming. In this study, A. japonicus individuals were fed with L. japonica feedstuff pretreated, via fermentation with the algin-degrading bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WB1, and their growth performance, nonspecific immune responses, and resistance against Vibrio infection were then determined over a 60-day period. Growth performance of these individuals was similar to those fed with a commercial feedstuff made from S. thunbergii (mean weight gain of 5.79 versus 5.69 g on day 60), but was significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to those fed with untreated L. japonica feedstuff (mean weight gain of 1.31 g). At the same time, they also showed significantly higher levels of amylase, protease, and alginate lyase activities than the other groups. These individuals and those fed with the commercial feedstuff or heat-inactivated but B. amyloliquefaciens WB1-treated L. japonicas feedstuff showed enhanced levels of activities for the immune enzymes nitric oxide synthase, lysozyme, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase, compared to those fed with nontreated L. japonica feedstuff. Furthermore, A. japonicus individuals fed with B. amyloliquefaciens WB1-treated L. japonica feedstuff exhibited greater resistance to disease following Vibrio splendidus challenge, as shown by the much lower cumulative symptom (10 %) compared to the rest, which showed as much as 73 % in the case of individuals fed with the untreated L. japonica feedstuff. Analysis of their intestinal tract revealed a much lower number of total Vibrio sp. These results demonstrated that L. japonica in which the algin content had been degraded by B. amyloliquefaciens WB1 could improve the growth performance of A. japonicus as well its resistance to bacterial infection. It could therefore act as an alternative to S. thunbergii and is economical at the same time.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xitao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jiancheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Weiqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D001407:Bacillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007795:Laminaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D047528:Stichopus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid