title: Characteristics of the use of 3-MMC and other new psychoactive drugs in Slovenia, and the perceived problems experienced by users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study presents the characteristics of the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), the perceived problems experienced by users, and the reasons for cessation or cutting down. The research focused mainly on synthetic cathinones and the use of 3-MMC in Slovenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to research the characteristics of NPS use, we used a questionnaire which had been developed to determine the characteristics of the use of ATS and cocaine in the context of nightlife and was elaborated in our study on the use of mephedrone. The final non-representative sample included 249 users of NPS from Slovenia, who had completed an on-line survey over a period of 5 months in 2014. Part of the sampling was conducted on the ground and with the help of peer-groups. DrogArt's outreach workers and correspondents visited open public places, clubs, and discotheques to encourage users to participate in the survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most users of NPS in Slovenia have tried NPS from the groups of synthetic cathinones and amphetamines. Most respondents included in the sample (67.9%) have tried 3-MMC, while 43.0% have tried methylone and 37.3% have tried mephedrone (4-MMC). Users attributed greater risks to the use of new drugs and preferred the effects of traditional drugs to those of new drugs. The most frequently reported problems were depression (55.2% of users), concentration difficulties (44.0%), damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and to the throat (39.8%), feelings of fear and anxiety (39.4%), and tingling in the arms or legs (34.4%). The main reasons for cutting down or discontinuing the use of NPS were 'fear of the health consequences', 'actual health consequences', and 'growing weary of using'. Among users of NPS, 7% have sought help, while 9.1% have considered doing so. The results also highlight differences between the NPS drug markets in Slovenia and the United Kingdom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 2014, the most frequently used NPS in Slovenia were synthetic cathinones such as 3-MMC. Users experienced various problems related to the use of NPS. However, they are familiar with recommendations on harm reduction and want additional information on the harmful effects of the use of NPS. Based on the obtained results, we can develop specific interventions in the area of harm reduction.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Education, Kardeljeva ploščad, 1000 Ljubljana and Association DrogArt, Prečna ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: matej.sande@pef.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sande
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine; C023665:cathinone; C000595610:3-methylmethcathinone; C548233:mephedrone; C400939:methylone
keywords: 3-MMC; Harm reduction; New psychoactive substances; Synthetic cathinones