title: Smoking and risk of prosthesis-related complications after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing evidence suggests that smoking may increase the incidence of prosthesis-related complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We performed a meta-analysis of cohort studies to quantitatively evaluate the association between smoking and the risk of prosthesis-related complications after THA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles published before August 15, 2014, were identified by searching the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with either a fixed- or random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six cohort studies, involving a total of 8181 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the patients who never smoked, smokers had a significantly increased risk of aseptic loosening of prosthesis (summary RR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.42-6.58), deep infection (summary RR=3.71, 95% CI: 1.86-7.41) and all-cause revisions (summary RR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.27-5.22). However, no significant difference in the risk of implant dislocation (summary RR= 1.27, 95% CI: 0.77-2.10) or length of hospital stay (WMD=0.03, 95% CI: -0.65-0.72) was found between smokers and nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of aseptic loosening of prosthesis, deep infection and all-cause revisions after THA, but smoking is not correlated with a risk of implant dislocation or the length of hospital stay after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Songsong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chengqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany; Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Agaplesion ev. Hospital Bethel, Bückeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jagodzinski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*