title: All-in-one interictal presurgical imaging in patients with epilepsy: single-session EEG/PET/(f)MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy, resection of the epileptic focus can lead to freedom from seizures or significant improvement in well-selected candidates. Localization of the epileptic focus with multimodal concordance is crucial for a good postoperative outcome. Beyond the detection of epileptogenic lesions on structural MRI and focal hypometabolism on FDG PET, EEG-based Electric Source Imaging (ESI) and simultaneous EEG and functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) are increasingly applied for mapping epileptic activity. We here report presurgical multimodal interictal imaging using a hybrid PET/MR scanner for single-session FDG PET, MRI, EEG-fMRI and ESI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This quadrimodal imaging procedure was performed in a single session in 12 patients using a high-density (256 electrodes) MR-compatible EEG system and a hybrid PET/MR scanner. EEG was used to exclude subclinical seizures during uptake of the PET tracer, to compute ESI on interictal epileptiform discharges and to guide fMRI analysis for mapping haemodynamic changes correlated with interictal epileptiform activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whole multimodal recording was performed in less than 2 hours with good patient comfort and data quality. Clinically contributory examinations with at least two modalities were obtained in nine patients and with all modalities in five patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This single-session quadrimodal imaging procedure provided reliable and contributory interictal clinical data. This procedure avoids multiple scanning sessions and is associated with less radiation exposure than PET-CT. Moreover, it guarantees the same medication level and medical condition for all modalities. The procedure improves workflow and could reduce the duration and cost of presurgical epilepsy evaluations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Geneva University Hospital, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grouiller
authors.forename: Bénédicte M A
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Delattre
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pittau
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinzer
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lazeyras
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.forename: Giannina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Margitta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seeck
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ratib
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garibotto
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vulliemoz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057234:Preoperative Period