title: Prolonged Nightly Fasting and Breast Cancer Risk: Findings from NHANES (2009-2010).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A novel line of research has emerged, suggesting that daily feeding-fasting schedules that are synchronized with sleep-wake cycles have metabolic implications that are highly relevant to breast cancer. We examined associations of nighttime fasting duration with biomarkers of breast cancer risk among women in the 2009-2010 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary, anthropometric, and HbA1c data were available for 2,212 women, and 2-hour postprandial glucose concentrations were available for 1,066 women. Nighttime fasting duration was calculated using 24-hour food records. Separate linear regression models examined associations of nighttime fasting with HbA1c and 2-hour glucose concentrations. Logistic regression modeled associations of nighttime fasting with elevated HbA1c (HbA1c ≥ 39 mmol/mol or 5.7%) and elevated 2-hour glucose (glucose ≥ 140 mg/dL). All models adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, body mass index, total kcal intake, evening kcal intake, and the number of eating episodes per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each 3-hour increase in nighttime fasting (roughly 1 SD) was associated with a 4% lower 2-hour glucose measurement [β, 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.00; P < 0.05], and a nonstatistically significant decrease in HbA1c. Logistic regression models indicate that each 3-hour increase in nighttime fasting duration was associated with roughly a 20% reduced odds of elevated HbA1c (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.97; P < 0.05) and nonsignificantly reduced odds of elevated 2-hour glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A longer nighttime duration was significantly associated with improved glycemic regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Randomized trials are needed to confirm whether prolonged nighttime fasting could improve biomarkers of glucose control, thereby reducing breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marinac
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Loki
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Dorothy D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Sheri J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Elva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arredondo
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. repatterson@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human