title: Reconstruction-Incorporated Respiratory Motion Correction in Clinical Simultaneous PET/MR Imaging for Oncology Applications.
abstract: Simultaneous PET and MR imaging is a promising new technique allowing the fusion of functional (PET) and anatomic/functional (MR) information. In the thoracic-abdominal regions, respiratory motion is a major challenge leading to reduced quantitative and qualitative image accuracy. Correction methodologies include the use of gated frames that lead to low signal-to-noise ratio considering the associated low statistics. More advanced correction approaches, previously developed for PET/CT imaging, consist of either registering all the reconstructed gated frames to the reference frame or incorporating motion parameters into the iterative reconstruction process to produce a single motion-compensated PET image. The goal of this work was to compare these two—previously implemented in PET/CT—correction approaches within the context of PET/MR motion correction for oncology applications using clinical 4-dimensional PET/MR acquisitions. Two different correction approaches were evaluated comparing the incorporation of elastic transformations extracted from 4-dimensional MR imaging datasets during PET list-mode image reconstruction to a postreconstruction image-based approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patient datasets acquired on a PET/MR system were used. T1-weighted 4D MR images were registered to the end-expiration image using a nonrigid B-spline registration algorithm to derive deformation matrices accounting for respiratory motion. The derived matrices were subsequently incorporated within a PET image reconstruction of the original emission list-mode data (reconstruction space [RS] method). The corrected images were compared with those produced by applying the deformation matrices in the image space (IS method) followed by summing the realigned gated frames, as well as with uncorrected motion-averaged images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both correction techniques led to significant improvement in accounting for respiratory motion artifacts when compared with uncorrected motion-averaged images. These improvements included signal-to-noise ratio (mean increase of 28.0% and 24.2% for the RS and IS methods, respectively), lesion size (reduction of 60.4% and 47.9%, respectively), lesion contrast (increase of 70.1% and 57.2%, respectively), and lesion position (changes of 60.9% and 46.7%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate significant respiratory motion compensation using both methods, with superior results from a 4D PET RS approach.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR1101, LaTIM, CHRU Morvan, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France; and fayad@univ-brest.fr.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wuerslin
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR1101, LaTIM, CHRU Morvan, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France; and.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Visvikis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: 4D PET/MRI; reconstruction based; respiratory motion correction