title: Patent foramen ovale: Its significance in anesthesia and intensive care: An illustrated case.
abstract: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is defined as a valve-like opening at the level of foramen ovale or between septum primum and secundum without evidence of the anatomical defect. Paradoxical embolism (PDE) is an embolus passing through a defect PFO leading to end-organ dysfunction. PDE in septic shock is not yet reported in the literature. A 49-year male presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath since one day and pain in the left side of the chest. Chest x0 -ray revealed middle-left lobe pneumonia with pleural effusion; he was started on Co-amoxiclav, and admitted to the ward. After 6 h, his chest pain suddenly significantly increased difficulty in breathing and his oxygen saturation dropped. X-ray of the chest showed left pneumothorax, chest drain was inserted and he was intubated. He became hemodynamically unstable with maximum ventilatory support and noradrenalin. On day 4, he was found to have new pansystolic murmur in the tricuspid area. An echocardiogram revealed global hypokinesia, two mobile thrombi in the right atrial cavity, and PFO. It was noticed that his right toe had blackish discoloration. An angiogram showed occlusion of the right superficial femoral artery and immediately an embolectomy. On day 11, he was transferred to the ward. PDE needs a high index of suspicion in septic shock patients with ARDS. PDE requires PEEP adjustment, early anticoagulation, and thromboprophylaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Nissar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Intensive Care, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Abdel Salam
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nayeemuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Ousama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kokash
keywords: Enoxaparin; heparin; paradoxical embolism; patent foramen ovale