title: Pichia pastoris regulates its gene-specific response to different carbon sources at the transcriptional, rather than the translational, level.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The methylotrophic, Crabtree-negative yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used as a heterologous protein production host. Strong inducible promoters derived from methanol utilization genes or constitutive glycolytic promoters are typically used to drive gene expression. Notably, genes involved in methanol utilization are not only repressed by the presence of glucose, but also by glycerol. This unusual regulatory behavior prompted us to study the regulation of carbon substrate utilization in different bioprocess conditions on a genome wide scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed microarray analysis on the total mRNA population as well as mRNA that had been fractionated according to ribosome occupancy. Translationally quiescent mRNAs were defined as being associated with single ribosomes (monosomes) and highly-translated mRNAs with multiple ribosomes (polysomes). We found that despite their lower growth rates, global translation was most active in methanol-grown P. pastoris cells, followed by excess glycerol- or glucose-grown cells. Transcript-specific translational responses were found to be minimal, while extensive transcriptional regulation was observed for cells grown on different carbon sources. Due to their respiratory metabolism, cells grown in excess glucose or glycerol had very similar expression profiles. Genes subject to glucose repression were mainly involved in the metabolism of alternative carbon sources including the control of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Peroxisomal and methanol utilization genes were confirmed to be subject to carbon substrate repression in excess glucose or glycerol, but were found to be strongly de-repressed in limiting glucose-conditions (as are often applied in fed batch cultivations) in addition to induction by methanol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. pastoris cells grown in excess glycerol or glucose have similar transcript profiles in contrast to S. cerevisiae cells, in which the transcriptional response to these carbon sources is very different. The main response to different growth conditions in P. pastoris is transcriptional; translational regulation was not transcript-specific. The high proportion of mRNAs associated with polysomes in methanol-grown cells is a major finding of this study; it reveals that high productivity during methanol induction is directly linked to the growth condition and not only to promoter strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria. roland.prielhofer@boku.ac.at.|Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria. roland.prielhofer@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prielhofer
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. stephaniecartwright87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stephanie P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.affiliation: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria. alexandra.graf@fh-campuswien.ac.at.|School of Bioengineering, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria. alexandra.graf@fh-campuswien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Alexandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria. minoska.valli@boku.ac.at.|Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria. minoska.valli@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Minoska
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK. R.M.Bill@aston.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roslyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bill
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria. diethard.mattanovich@boku.ac.at.|Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria. diethard.mattanovich@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Diethard
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mattanovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria. brigitte.gasser@boku.ac.at.|Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria. brigitte.gasser@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gasser
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000235:genetics; D000432:Methanol / Q000378:metabolism; D010843:Pichia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D002244:Carbon; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol; D000432:Methanol