title: Speed Matters: Relationship between Speed of Eye Movements and Modification of Aversive Autobiographical Memories.
abstract: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an efficacious treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. In EMDR, patients recall a distressing memory and simultaneously make eye movements (EM). Both tasks are considered to require limited working memory (WM) resources. Because this leaves fewer resources available for memory retrieval, the memory should become less vivid and less emotional during future recall. In EMDR analogue studies, a standardized procedure has been used, in which participants receive the same dual task manipulation of 1 EM cycle per second (1 Hz). From a WM perspective, the WM taxation of the dual task might be titrated to the WM taxation of the memory image. We hypothesized that highly vivid images are more affected by high WM taxation and less vivid images are more affected by low WM taxation. In study 1, 34 participants performed a reaction time task, and rated image vividness, and difficulty of retrieving an image, during five speeds of EM and no EM. Both a high WM taxing frequency (fast EM; 1.2 Hz) and a low WM taxing frequency (slow EM; 0.8 Hz) were selected. In study 2, 72 participants recalled three highly vivid aversive autobiographical memory images (n = 36) or three less vivid images (n = 36) under each of three conditions: recall + fast EM, recall + slow EM, or recall only. Multi-level modeling revealed a consistent pattern for all outcome measures: recall + fast EM led to less emotional, less vivid and more difficult to retrieve images than recall + slow EM and recall only, and the effects of recall + slow EM felt consistently in between the effects of recall + fast EM and recall only, but only differed significantly from recall + fast EM. Crucially, image vividness did not interact with condition on the decrease of emotionality over time, which was inconsistent with the prediction. Implications for understanding the mechanisms of action in memory modification and directions for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne Chantal
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van Schie
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology and Statistics of Social Science Research, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leoniek D N V
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wijngaards-de Meij
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Littel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Hout
keywords: EMDR; autobiographical memory; emotionality; eye movements; vividness; working memory