title: Resilient but addicted: The impact of resilience on the relationship between smoking withdrawal and PTSD.
abstract: Nicotine use is common among people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Resilience, which is reflected in one's ability to cope with stress, has been shown to be associated with lower cigarette smoking and posttraumatic stress symptoms, but relationships among these three variables have not been examined. This study investigates the relationships of resilience and nicotine withdrawal with each other and in relation to PTSD symptoms. Participants were 118 cigarette smokers with PTSD seeking treatment for PTSD and nicotine use. Data were randomly cross-sectionally sampled from three time points: week 0, week 12, and week 27 of the study. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed main effects of both resilience and nicotine withdrawal symptoms on PTSD severity, controlling for the sampled time point, negative affect, and expired carbon monoxide concentration. Consistent with prior research, PTSD severity was higher among individuals who were less resilient and for those who had greater nicotine withdrawal. There was an interaction between resilience and nicotine withdrawal on self-reported PTSD severity, such that greater resilience was associated with lower PTSD severity only among participants with low nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Among individuals with high nicotine withdrawal, PTSD severity was high, regardless of resilience level. These results suggest that resilience is a protective factor for PTSD severity for those with low levels of nicotine withdrawal, but at high levels of nicotine withdrawal, the protective function of resilience is mitigated.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St, Suite 600 North, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: aasnaani@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asnaani
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St, Suite 600 North, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St, Suite 600 North, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St, Suite 600 North, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Edna B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Foa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Addiction; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Resilience; Smoking; Trauma