title: The normative background of empirical-ethical research: first steps towards a transparent and reasoned approach in the selection of an ethical theory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empirical-ethical research constitutes a relatively new field which integrates socio-empirical research and normative analysis. As direct inferences from descriptive data to normative conclusions are problematic, an ethical framework is needed to determine the relevance of the empirical data for normative argument. While issues of normative-empirical collaboration and questions of empirical methodology have been widely discussed in the literature, the normative methodology of empirical-ethical research has seldom been addressed. Based on our own research experience, we discuss one aspect of this normative methodology, namely the selection of an ethical theory serving as a background for empirical-ethical research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas criteria for a good ethical theory in philosophical ethics are usually related to inherent aspects, such as the theory's clarity or coherence, additional points have to be considered in the field of empirical-ethical research. Three of these additional criteria will be discussed in the article: (a) the adequacy of the ethical theory for the issue at stake, (b) the theory's suitability for the purposes and design of the empirical-ethical research project, and (c) the interrelation between the ethical theory selected and the theoretical backgrounds of the socio-empirical research. Using the example of our own study on the development of interventions which support clinical decision-making in oncology, we will show how the selection of an ethical theory as a normative background for empirical-ethical research can proceed. We will also discuss the limitations of the procedures chosen in our project. The article stresses that a systematic and reasoned approach towards theory selection in empirical-ethical research should be given priority rather than an accidental or implicit way of choosing the normative framework for one's own research. It furthermore shows that the overall design of an empirical-ethical study is a multi-faceted endeavor which has to balance between theoretical and pragmatic considerations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, NRW Junior Research Group "Medical Ethics at the End of Life: Norm and Empiricism", Malakowturm - Markstr. 258a, D-44799, Bochum, Germany. Sabine.Salloch-s52@Rub.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salloch
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, NRW Junior Research Group "Medical Ethics at the End of Life: Norm and Empiricism", Malakowturm - Markstr. 258a, D-44799, Bochum, Germany. Sebastian.Waescher@Rub.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wäscher
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, NRW Junior Research Group "Medical Ethics at the End of Life: Norm and Empiricism", Malakowturm - Markstr. 258a, D-44799, Bochum, Germany. Jochen.Vollmann@Rub.de.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vollmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, NRW Junior Research Group "Medical Ethics at the End of Life: Norm and Empiricism", Malakowturm - Markstr. 258a, D-44799, Bochum, Germany. Jan.Schildmann@Rub.de.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schildmann
mesh_terms: D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making / Q000941:ethics; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D036262:Empirical Research; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D028663:Ethical Theory; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000941:ethics; D009014:Morals; D012107:Research Design