title: Imagine no religion: Heretical disgust, anger and the symbolic purity of mind.
abstract: Immoral actions, including physical/sexual (e.g., incest) and social (e.g., unfairness) taboos, are often described as disgusting. But what about immoral thoughts, more specifically, thoughts that violate religious beliefs? Do heretical thoughts taint the purity of mind? The present research examined heretical disgust using self-report measures and facial electromyography. Religious thought violations consistently elicited both self-reported disgust and anger. Feelings of disgust also predicted harsh moral judgement, independent of anger, and were mediated by feelings of "contamination". However, religious thought violations were not associated with a disgust facial expression (i.e., levator labii muscle activity) that was elicited by physically disgusting stimuli. We conclude that people (especially more religious people) do feel disgust in response to heretical thoughts that is meaningfully distinct from anger as a moral emotion. However, heretical disgust is not embodied in a physical disgust response. Rather, disgust has a symbolic moral value that marks heretical thoughts as harmful and aversive.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Jesse L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Relihan-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D013609:Taboo / Q000523:psychology*; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anger; Disgust; Heretical thought; Morality of mind; Religion