title: Molecular conservation of metazoan gut formation: evidence from expression of endomesoderm genes in Capitella teleta (Annelida).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metazoan digestive systems develop from derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, and vary in the relative contribution of each germ layer across taxa and between gut regions. In a small number of well-studied model systems, gene regulatory networks specify endoderm and mesoderm of the gut within a bipotential germ layer precursor, the endomesoderm. Few studies have examined expression of endomesoderm genes outside of those models, and thus, it is unknown whether molecular specification of gut formation is broadly conserved. In this study, we utilize a sequenced genome and comprehensive fate map to correlate the expression patterns of six transcription factors with embryonic germ layers and gut subregions during early development in Capitella teleta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genome of C. teleta contains the five core genes of the sea urchin endomesoderm specification network. Here, we extend a previous study and characterize expression patterns of three network orthologs and three additional genes by in situ hybridization during cleavage and gastrulation stages and during formation of distinct gut subregions. In cleavage stage embryos, Ct-otx, Ct-blimp1, Ct-bra and Ct-nkx2.1a are expressed in all four macromeres, the endoderm precursors. Ct-otx, Ct-blimp1, and Ct-nkx2.1a are also expressed in presumptive endoderm of gastrulae and later during midgut development. Additional gut-specific expression patterns include Ct-otx, Ct-bra, Ct-foxAB and Ct-gsc in oral ectoderm; Ct-otx, Ct-blimp1, Ct-bra and Ct-nkx2.1a in the foregut; and both Ct-bra and Ct-nkx2.1a in the hindgut.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification of core sea urchin endomesoderm genes in C. teleta indicates they are present in all three bilaterian superclades. Expression of Ct-otx, Ct-blimp1 and Ct-bra, combined with previously published Ct-foxA and Ct-gataB1 patterns, provide the most comprehensive comparison of these five orthologs from a single species within Spiralia. Each ortholog is likely involved in endoderm specification and midgut development, and several may be essential for establishment of the oral ectoderm, foregut and hindgut, including specification of ectodermal and mesodermal contributions. When the five core genes are compared across the Metazoa, their conserved expression patterns suggest that 'gut gene' networks evolved to specify distinct digestive system subregions, regardless of species-specific differences in gut architecture or germ layer contributions within each subregion.
authors.affiliation: Naos Island Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03089 Panamá, República de Panamá
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC/University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd. St., Augustine, FL 32080 USA.
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Seaver
keywords: digestive system; endoderm; gut development; hybridization; kernel; spiralian