UPLC-PDA quantification of chemical constituents of two different varieties (golden and royal) of apple leaves and their antioxidant activity.
BACKGROUND
Malus domestica is the most widely cultivated fruit tree and is well known for its therapeutic value. Apple leaves are known to contain phenolic compounds but the nature of these has not been explored to the same extent as in apple fruit. A simple, rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UPLC-DAD) quantification method has been developed. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of golden and royal apple leaves were evaluated.


RESULTS
Four compounds, namely rutin, 3-hydroxyphloridzin, phloridzin and quercetin-3-O-arabinoside were identified by UPLC. The separation was achieved in less than 7 min. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were found to be slightly higher in apple golden variety than royal variety. The IC50 values determined by the DPPH assay were 49.94 µg mL(-1) for golden apple leaves and 43.89 µg mL(-1) for royal apple leaves. IC50 values determined by the ABTS assay were 47.10 and 66.53 µg mL(-1) for golden and royal apple leaves, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined as 24.45 and 21.15 mg ascorbic acid g(-1) for golden and royal apple leaves, respectively, by using the FRAP assay.


CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that apple leaves (both varieties) contain considerable amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids and are also a promising source of phloridzin.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.|Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
Mayanka
M
Walia
Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
Shiv
S
Kumar
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.|Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR - Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
Vijai K
VK
Agnihotri
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010695:Phlorhizin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity
D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols; D012431:Rutin; D011794:Quercetin; D010695:Phlorhizin
Malus domestica; UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS; antioxidant activity; flavonoids; phytoconstituents