Calcium, vitamin D, casein and whey protein intakes and periodontitis among Danish adults.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether intakes of Ca, vitamin D, casein and whey are associated with periodontitis and to investigate the possibility of interactions between them.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study. An Internet-based, 267-item FFQ was used to assess dietary intake. Intakes of casein (32.0 g/d), whey proteins (9.6 g/d) and vitamin D (5.8 μg/d) were classified as within v. above the 50th percentile. Ca intake was classified as within v. below age-specific recommendations. Severe periodontitis was defined as having ≥2 inter-proximal sites with clinical attachment loss ≥6 mm (not on the same tooth) and ≥1 inter-proximal site with pocket depth ≥5 mm. Since vitamin D influences Ca absorption, models were stratified by lower and higher (<5.8 v. ≥5.8 µg/d) vitamin D intake.


METHODS
Danish Health Examination Survey (DANHES) 2007-2008.


METHODS
Adult participants (n 3287) in the oral health study of DANHES 2007-2008.


RESULTS
Intakes of Ca within recommendations (OR=0.76; 95% CI 0.58, 0.99), whey ≥9.6 g/d (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.58, 0.97) and casein ≥32 g/d (OR=0.75 95% CI 0.58, 0.97) were associated with lower likelihood of severe periodontitis after adjustment for age, gender, education, smoking, sucrose intake, alcohol consumption, number of teeth, daily brushing, regular visits to the dentist and chronic illness, irrespective of vitamin D intake levels. Intake of vitamin D alone was not associated severe with periodontitis.


CONCLUSIONS
Intakes of Ca, casein and whey protein were inversely associated with periodontitis. Consumption of foods rich in Ca, casein and whey (e.g. dairy foods) should be promoted, as they may contribute to the prevention of periodontitis. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm these associations.
1Research Unit for Dietary Studies,Institute of Preventive Medicine,Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital,Copenhagen University,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Amanda Ra
AR
Adegboye
3Centre for Diabetes,Bart's & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry,Queen Mary University of London,Blizard Institute,London,UK.
Barbara J
BJ
Boucher
4Section for Periodontology and Community Dentistry,Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Johanne
J
Kongstad
5Department of International Health,Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Nils-Erik
NE
Fiehn
4Section for Periodontology and Community Dentistry,Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Lisa B
LB
Christensen
1Research Unit for Dietary Studies,Institute of Preventive Medicine,Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital,Copenhagen University,Copenhagen,Denmark.
Berit L
BL
Heitmann
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D002364:Caseins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D
Calcium; Casein; Oral health; Periodontitis; Vitamin D; Whey