Mass-spectrometry-based molecular characterization of extracellular vesicles: lipidomics and proteomics.
This review discusses extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are submicron-scale, anuclear, phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosed vesicles that contain lipids, metabolites, proteins, and RNA (micro and messenger). They are shed from many, if not all, cell types and are present in biological fluids and conditioned cell culture media. The term EV, as coined by the International Society of Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), encompasses exosomes (30-100 nm in diameter), microparticles (100-1000 nm), apoptotic blebs, and other EV subsets. EVs have been implicated in cell-cell communication, coagulation, inflammation, immune response modulation, and disease progression. Multiple studies report that EV secretion from disease-affected cells contributes to disease progression, e.g., tumor niche formation and cancer metastasis. EVs are attractive sources of biomarkers due to their biological relevance and relatively noninvasive accessibility from a range of physiological fluids. This review is focused on the molecular profiling of the protein and lipid constituents of EVs, with emphasis on mass-spectrometry-based "omic" analytical techniques. The challenges in the purification and molecular characterization of EVs, including contamination of isolates and limitations in sample quantities, are discussed along with possible solutions. Finally, the review discusses the limited but growing investigation of post-translational modifications of EV proteins and potential strategies for future in-depth molecular characterization of EVs.
Simion
S
Kreimer
Arseniy M
AM
Belov
∥Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.
Ionita
I
Ghiran
Shashi K
SK
Murthy
⊥Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.|#Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
David A
DA
Frank
Alexander R
AR
Ivanov
D000818:Animals; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D000067128:Extracellular Vesicles / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D040901:Proteomics
D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D008055:Lipids
EV; exosome; extracellular vesicle; lipidomics; mass spectrometry; microparticle; microvesicle; molecular profiling; post-translational modifications; proteomics