Health care justice and its implications for current policy of a mandatory waiting period for elective tubal sterilization.
Tubal sterilization during the immediate postpartum period is 1 of the most common forms of contraception in the United States. This time of the procedure has the advantage of 1-time hospitalization, which results in ease and convenience for the woman. The US Collaborative Review of Sterilization Study indicates the high efficacy and effectiveness of postpartum tubal sterilization. Oral and written informed consent is the ethical and legal standard for the performance of elective tubal sterilization for permanent contraception for all patients, regardless of source of payment. Current health care policy and practice regarding elective tubal sterilization for Medicaid beneficiaries places a unique requirement on these patients and their obstetricians: a mandatory waiting period. This requirement originates in decades-old legislation, which we briefly describe. We then introduce the concept of health care justice in professional obstetric ethics and explain how it originates in the ethical concepts of medicine as a profession and of being a patient and its deontologic and consequentialist dimensions. We next identify the implications of health care justice for the current policy of a mandatory 30-day waiting period. We conclude that Medicaid policy allocates access to elective tubal sterilization differently, based on source of payment and gender, which violates health care justice in both its deontologic and consequentialist dimensions. Obstetricians should invoke health care justice in women's health care as the basis for advocacy for needed change in law and health policy, to eliminate health care injustice in women's access to elective tubal sterilization.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Amirhossein
A
Moaddab
Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Electronic address: mccullou@bcm.edu.
Laurence B
LB
McCullough
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY.
Frank A
FA
Chervenak
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Karin A
KA
Fox
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Kjersti Marie
KM
Aagaard
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Bahram
B
Salmanian
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Susan P
SP
Raine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
Alireza A
AA
Shamshirsaz
D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012935:Social Justice; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
ethics; health care justice; health policy; medicine as a profession; tubal sterilization