Are liveable neighbourhoods safer neighbourhoods? Testing the rhetoric on new urbanism and safety from crime in Perth, Western Australia.
New urbanism advocates for the design of the compact, pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use developments thought to promote walking. New urbanist proponents also claim their developments incur other social and wellbeing benefits, including enhanced safety from crime; however there is limited empirical evidence supporting this. We tested the premise that new urbanism inhibits crime by examining the relationship between compliance with a planning policy based on new urbanism and: (1) residents' reports of victimisation; and (2) objective crime measures. RESIDE Participants (n = 603) who had lived in their new developments for 36 months completed a questionnaire that included items on their experiences of victimisation. Detailed measures quantifying the degree to which these developments (n = 36) complied with the policy requirements were generated in Geographic Information Systems. Logistic regression examined the associations between policy compliance and self-report victimisation, and negative binomial log-linear models examined area-level associations between compliance and objective crime. For each 10% increase in overall policy compliance, the odds of being a victim reduced by 40% (OR = 0.60, CI = 0.53-0.67, p = 0.000). Findings for the individual policy 'elements' were consistent with this: for each 10% increment in compliance with the community design, movement network, lot layout and public parkland elements, the odds of victimisation reduced by approximately 6% (p = 0.264), 51% (p = 0.001), 15% (p = 0.000) and 22% (p = 0.001) respectively. However, while policy compliance correlated with lower odds of self-report victimisation among residents, the associations between compliance and development-wide (objective) crime were positive but non-significant. The results indicate that planning policies based on new urbanism may indeed deliver other social and wellbeing benefits for residents, however they also hint that the design of an 'objectively' safe place may differ from the design of a 'subjectively' safe space.
Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health and School of Earth & Environment, The University of Western Australia (M707), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia. Electronic address: sarah.foster@uwa.edu.au.
Sarah
S
Foster
Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health and School of Earth & Environment, The University of Western Australia (M707), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
Paula
P
Hooper
School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
Matthew
M
Knuiman
Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health and School of Earth & Environment, The University of Western Australia (M707), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
Fiona
F
Bull
McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Billie
B
Giles-Corti
D000328:Adult; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068316:Parks, Recreational; D011998:Recreation; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012449:Safety / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014507:Urbanization / Q000639:trends; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014904:Western Australia
Built environment; Crime; New urbanism; Planning policy; Safety; Victimisation