Dried pomegranate potentiates anti-osteoporotic and anti-obesity activities of red clover dry extracts in ovariectomized rats.
Red clover (RC) shows potential activity against menopausal symptoms and pomegranates have antioxidative and beneficial effects on postmenopausal symptoms; thus, we investigated whether the anti-climacteric activity of RC could be enhanced by the addition of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) extracts in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Regarding the anti-osteoporotic effects, bone mineral density increased significantly in OVX induced rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg of an RC:PCP 2:1 mixture, respectively, compared with OVX control rats. Additionally, femoral, tibia, and L4 bone resorption was decreased in OVX induced control rats treated with the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (60 and 120 mg/kg), respectively, compared with OVX control rats. Regarding anti-obesity effects, the OVX induced rats treated with 60 and 120 mg/kg of the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture showed a decrease in total fat pad thickness, the mean diameters of adipocytes and the body weights gain compared with OVX induced control rats. The estradiol and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly increased in OVX induced rats treated with the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (120 mg/kg) compared with OVX induced control rats, also, the uterine atrophy was significantly inhibited in 60 and 120 mg/kg of the RC:PCP 2:1 mixture treatment compared with OVX control rats. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCP enhanced the anti-climacteric effects of RC in OVX rats. The RC:PCP 2:1 mixture used in this study may be a promising new potent and protective agent for relieving climacteric symptoms.
The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. vegonia1@hanmail.net.|Department of Preventive medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. vegonia1@hanmail.net.
Su Jin
SJ
Kang
Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, 431-060, Korea. brchoi@health-love.com.
Beom Rak
BR
Choi
Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, 431-060, Korea. key7413@health-love.com.
Seung Hee
SH
Kim
Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, 431-060, Korea.
Hae Yeon
HY
Yi
Research Institute, Health-Love Co., Ltd., Anyang, 431-060, Korea. hrpark@health-love.com.
Hye Rim
HR
Park
Department of Korean Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, 704-123, Korea. kdc072@dhu.ac.kr.
Dong Chul
DC
Kim
Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. ck0190@hanmail.net.
Seong Hun
SH
Choi
Department of Medical History & Literature Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea. chhan@kiom.re.kr.
Chang Hyun
CH
Han
The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. ck0190@hanmail.net.|Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. ck0190@hanmail.net.
Soo Jin
SJ
Park
The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. ck0190@hanmail.net.|Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. ck0190@hanmail.net.
Chang Hyun
CH
Song
The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. gucci200@hanmail.net.|Department of Histology and Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. gucci200@hanmail.net.
Sae Kwang
SK
Ku
The Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. gksxntk@dhu.ac.kr.|Department of Preventive medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, 1, Hannydaero, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 712-715, Korea. gksxntk@dhu.ac.kr.
Young Joon
YJ
Lee
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000188:drug therapy; D003890:Desiccation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit; D029561:Lythraceae; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry*
D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations; D015675:Osteocalcin; D004958:Estradiol; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase