Workforce interventions to improve access to emergency contraception pills: a systematic review of current evidence in low- and middle-income countries and recommendations for improving performance.
BACKGROUND
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) are one of the 13 essential commodities addressed by the UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children. Although ECP have been available for 20 years, a number of barriers still limit women's access ECP in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). The workforce who prescribe or dispense ECP are diverse reflecting the varied contexts where ECP are available across the health, commercial and justice sectors and in the community. No reviews currently exist that examine the roles and experiences of the workforce that provide ECP in LMIC.


METHODS
We present a narrative synthesis of research to: identify provider factors that facilitate and constraint access to ECP; assess the effectiveness of associated interventions and; explore associated health system issues in LMIC. A search of bibliographic databases, meta-indexes and websites was undertaken to retrieve peer reviewed and grey literature. Literature was screened and identified documents examined to appraise quality.


RESULTS
Thirty-seven documents were included in the review. Studies focused on formal health workers revealing knowledge gaps concerning the role of private sector and non-health providers who increasingly provide ECP. Data from the findings section in the documents were coded under 4 themes: provider knowledge; provider attitudes and beliefs; provider practice and provider training. The analysis revealed provider knowledge gaps, less than favourable attitudes and practice issues. The findings provide limited insight into products prescribed and/or dispensed, the frequency of provision, and information and advice offered to consumers. Pre and in-service training needs were noted.


CONCLUSIONS
As the provision of ECPs shifts from the clinic-based health sector to increasing provision by the private sector, the limited understanding of provider performance and the practice gaps revealed in this review highlight the need to further examine provider performance to inform the development of appropriate workforce interventions. A standardized approach to assessing performance using agreed outcomes measures may serve to ensure a systematic way forward that is inclusive of the diverse workforce that deliver ECP. Recommendations are outlined to enhance the performance of providers to improve access to ECP. A framework is offered to help guide this process with indicators.
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Development, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Jones Street, Sydney, NSW, Australia. angela.dawson@uts.edu.au.
Angela
A
Dawson
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, High St, Sydney, 2052, Australia. tntoan18@gmail.com.
Nguyen-Toan
NT
Tran
International Consortium for Emergency Contraception, 45 Broadway, New York, USA. ewestley@fcimail.org.
Elizabeth
E
Westley
RMNCH and HSS Technical Advice & Partnerships Department The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, 1214, Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland. viviana.mangiaterra@theglobalfund.org.
Viviana
V
Mangiaterra
Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland. festinma@who.int.
Mario
M
Festin
D003281:Contraceptives, Postcoital / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty; D024382:Professional Role; D058996:Quality Improvement
D003281:Contraceptives, Postcoital