Preventing the spread of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology: a role for calcilytics?
The "amyloid cascade hypothesis" posits that an extracellular build-up of amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ-os) and polymers (fibrils) subsequently inducing toxic hyperphosphorylated (p)-Tau oligomers (p-Tau-os) and neurofibrillary tangles starts the sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in the aged lateral entorhinal cortex. Conversely, mutated genes cause a diffuse cerebral Aβs/Aβ-os overproduction promoting early-onset familiar AD (EOFAD). Surplus exogenous Aβ-os exert toxic actions at several levels. They reach the nuclei of human astrocyte-neurons teams (ANTs) to enhance the transcription of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase/BACE1 genes. The overexpressed APP and BACE1 proteins act in concert with γ-secretase to overproduce endogenous Aβs/Aβ-os, of which a few enter the nuclei to upkeep Aβs overproduction, while the rest gather in the cytoplasm, damage mitochondria, and are oversecreted. Simultaneously, extracellular Aβ-os bind the ANTs' calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) activating signalings that hinder the proteolysis and hence favor the surplus hoarding/secretion of Aβs/Aβ-os. Overreleased Aβ-os spread, reach growing numbers of adjacent ANTs to recruit them to overproduce/oversecrete further Aβ-os amounts via the just mentioned mechanisms. Alongside, Aβ•CaSR signalings elicit a noxious overproduction/overrelease of nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A from ANTs' astrocytes. While astrocytes survive the toxic onslaught, neurons die. Thus, AD progression is driven by ceaselessly self-sustaining neurotoxic cycles, which engender first Aβ-os and later p-Tau-os that cooperatively destroy increasingly wider cognition-related cortical areas. Notably, a highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonist (calcilytic), like NPS 2143, does preserve human cortical postnatal HCN-1A neurons viability notwithstanding the presence of exogenous Aβ-os by suppressing the otherwise elicited oversecretion and spread of newly synthesized Aβ-os. Therefore, if given at minimal cognitive impairment or earlier stages, calcilytics could halt AD progression and preserve the patients' cortical neurons, cognitive abilities, and eventually life.
Anna
A
Chiarini
Emanuela
E
Gardenal
James F
JF
Whitfield
Balu
B
Chakravarthy
Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia, 37134 Italy. uarmato@gmail.com.
Ubaldo
U
Armato
Ilaria
I
Dal Pra
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016875:tau Proteins; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D002118:Calcium