Engineering a mobile health tool for resource-poor settings to assess and manage cardiovascular disease risk: SMARThealth study.
BACKGROUND
The incidence of chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries is rapidly increasing both in urban and rural regions. A major challenge for health systems globally is to develop innovative solutions for the prevention and control of these diseases. This paper discusses the development and pilot testing of SMARTHealth, a mobile-based, point-of-care Clinical Decision Support (CDS) tool to assess and manage cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in resource-constrained settings. Through pilot testing, the preliminary acceptability, utility, and efficiency of the CDS tool was obtained.


METHODS
The CDS tool was part of an mHealth system comprising a mobile application that consisted of an evidence-based risk prediction and management algorithm, and a server-side electronic medical record system. Through an agile development process and user-centred design approach, key features of the mobile application that fitted the requirements of the end users and environment were obtained. A comprehensive analytics framework facilitated a data-driven approach to investigate four areas, namely, system efficiency, end-user variability, manual data entry errors, and usefulness of point-of-care management recommendations to the healthcare worker. A four-point Likert scale was used at the end of every risk assessment to gauge ease-of-use of the system.


RESULTS
The system was field-tested with eleven village healthcare workers and three Primary Health Centre doctors, who screened a total of 292 adults aged 40 years and above. 34% of participants screened by health workers were identified by the CDS tool to be high CVD risk and referred to a doctor. In-depth analysis of user interactions found the CDS tool feasible for use and easily integrable into the workflow of healthcare workers. Following completion of the pilot, further technical enhancements were implemented to improve uptake of the mHealth platform. It will then be evaluated for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in a cluster randomized controlled trial involving 54 southern Indian villages and over 16000 individuals at high CVD risk.


CONCLUSIONS
An evidence-based CVD risk prediction and management tool was used to develop an mHealth platform in rural India for CVD screening and management with proper engagement of health care providers and local communities. With over a third of screened participants being high risk, there is a need to demonstrate the clinical impact of the mHealth platform so that it could contribute to improved CVD detection in high risk low resource settings.
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK. arvind.raghu@eng.ox.ac.uk.
Arvind
A
Raghu
The George Institute for Global Health, Inner Ring Rd Mada Manzil, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, 500004, India.|The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.
Devarsetty
D
Praveen
The George Institute for Global Health, Level 13, 321 Kent Street, 2000, Sydney, Australia.|The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Sydney, Australia.
David
D
Peiris
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, OX3 7DQ Oxford, UK.
Lionel
L
Tarassenko
Emory University, 201 Dowman Dr, 30322, Atlanta, USA.|Georgia Institute of Technology, North Ave NW, 30332, Atlanta, USA.
Gari
G
Clifford
D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D063731:Mobile Applications / Q000592:standards*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000592:standards*