Fluoride in drinking water and diet: the causative factor of chronic kidney diseases in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka.
A significant number of people in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka suffer from chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and the author revisits existing literature related to CKD to find its causative factor. There is a direct connection between high fluoride levels in drinking water and kidney disease, and there are unhealthy levels of fluoride in the groundwater in Sri Lanka's CKD-affected areas. Based on the following observations, the author believes with confidence that excess fluoride in drinking water and in the locally grown food in the affected areas are the culprits of CKD in Sri Lanka. Fluoride excretion rate is considerably lower in children than adults, leading to renal damage of children living in areas with high fluoride. Adults who had renal damage due to fluoride in childhood are vulnerable to CKD with continued consumption of water from the same source. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency are at an increased risk of chronic fluoride toxicity. High content of fluoride in groundwater paves the way to excess fluoride in local food crops, consequently adding more fluoride to the systems of the consumers. People who work outdoors for prolonged periods consume excess water and tea, and are subjected to additional doses of fluoride in their system. In the mid-1980s, the increase in water table levels of the affected areas due to new irrigation projects paved the way to adding more fluorides to their system through drinking water and locally grown foods.
, 35, Sri Thapodarama Road, Hanthana, Kandy, 20000, Sri Lanka, rwdharma@olemiss.edu.
Ranjith W
RW
Dharmaratne
D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013188:Sri Lanka
D060766:Drinking Water; D005459:Fluorides