Update on perioperative care of the cardiac patient for noncardiac surgery.
OBJECTIVE
The current review will address key topics and recommendations of the recent 2014 update of the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association clinical practice guideline for the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.


RESULTS
The completely rewritten guideline provides a stepwise approach for the identification and management of patients at highest risk for major adverse cardiac events and discusses new or updated recommendations. For example, β-blockers should be continued perioperatively but treatment should not be initiated within 24 h of noncardiac surgery. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors should be continued, but if held, may be restarted as soon as feasible. Routine aspirin therapy is not recommended without previous coronary stent implantation or risk assessment for myocardial ischemia. Elective noncardiac surgery should not be performed within 30 days of bare metal stent or 12 months of drug-eluting stent implantation because of in-stent thrombosis as well as bleeding risk from dual antiplatelet therapy during surgery. Noncardiac surgery may be considered, however, in patients on antiplatelet agents 180 days after drug-eluting stent placement if risk of surgical delay exceeds risk of stent thrombosis from cessation of antiplatelet therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this review will discuss the important topics from the 2014 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline in order to provide the perioperative physician with the most recent evidence necessary to minimize major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
aDivision of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology bCritical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Kamrouz
K
Ghadimi
Annemarie
A
Thompson
D000465:Algorithms; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods*
D002317:Cardiovascular Agents