Raman spectroscopic sensing of carbonate intercalation in breast microcalcifications at stereotactic biopsy.
Microcalcifications are an early mammographic sign of breast cancer and frequent target for stereotactic biopsy. Despite their indisputable value, microcalcifications, particularly of the type II variety that are comprised of calcium hydroxyapatite deposits, remain one of the least understood disease markers. Here we employed Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the relationship between pathogenicity of breast lesions in fresh biopsy cores and composition of type II microcalcifications. Using a chemometric model of chemical-morphological constituents, acquired Raman spectra were translated to characterize chemical makeup of the lesions. We find that increase in carbonate intercalation in the hydroxyapatite lattice can be reliably employed to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, with algorithms based only on carbonate and cytoplasmic protein content exhibiting excellent negative predictive value (93-98%). Our findings highlight the importance of calcium carbonate, an underrated constituent of microcalcifications, as a spectroscopic marker in breast pathology evaluation and pave the way for improved biopsy guidance.
1] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [2] Current Address: Sandor Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd, 8-2-326/5, Road No 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500034, India.
R
R
Sathyavathi
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Anushree
A
Saha
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG- 35400-000, Brazil.
Jaqueline S
JS
Soares
Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Nicolas
N
Spegazzini
1] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA [2] Current Address: District of Columbia Department of Health, 899 North Capitol St NE, DC 20002, Washington.
Sasha
S
McGee
Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Ramachandra
R
Rao Dasari
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Maryann
M
Fitzmaurice
1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA [2] Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
Ishan
I
Barman
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000378:metabolism; D002254:Carbonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods
D002254:Carbonates; D007364:Intercalating Agents; D017886:Durapatite; D002119:Calcium Carbonate