Reciprocal Associations Between Parental Monitoring Knowledge and Impaired Driving in Adolescent Novice Drivers.
OBJECTIVE
Adolescent driving while alcohol/drug impaired (DWI) and parental monitoring knowledge may have notable interplay. However, the magnitude and direction of causality are unclear. This study examined possible reciprocal associations among adolescents between DWI and parental monitoring knowledge.


METHODS
The data were from waves 1, 2, and 3 (W1, W2, and W3) of the NEXT Generation Health Study, with longitudinal assessment of a nationally representative sample of 10th graders starting in 2009-2010 (n = 2,525 at W1) and analyzed in 2014. Those who had obtained an independent/unsupervised driving license were included for the analysis. Autoregressive cross-lagged path analysis was used to examine potential reciprocal associations between DWI and parental monitoring knowledge of both mothers and fathers, controlling for potential confounders.


RESULTS
Stability of fathers' and mothers' monitoring knowledge across 3 consecutive interview waves was identified. W1 monitoring knowledge of both fathers and mothers was prospectively associated with DWI at W2 but not for W2 with W3. A significant negative association between adolescent DWI at W2 and mothers' monitoring knowledge at W3 was found but not between W1 and W2. None of the associations between DWI and fathers' monitoring knowledge from W1 to W2 or from W2 to W3 were significant.


CONCLUSIONS
Early (10th grade) parental monitoring knowledge may predict lower adolescent self-reported DWI in 11th grade. More notably, adolescent DWI did not seem to increase parental monitoring knowledge. Future interventions are needed to improve parental monitoring knowledge and enhance awareness of the DWI risk in their adolescent novice drivers.
a Health Behavior Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development , Bethesda , Maryland.
Kaigang
K
Li
Bruce G
BG
Simons-Morton
Federico E
FE
Vaca
Ralph
R
Hingson
D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States
adolescents; impaired driving; novice driver; parental monitoring knowledge