Synthesis and characterization of carbon cryogel microspheres from lignin-furfural mixtures for biodiesel production.
The aim of this work was to study the potential of biofuel and biomass processing industry side-products as acid catalyst. The synthesis of carbon cryogel from lignin-furfural mixture, prepared via sol-gel polycondensation at 90°C for 0.5h, has been investigated for biodiesel production. The effect of lignin to furfural (L/F) ratios, lignin to water (L/W) ratios and acid concentration on carbon cryogel synthesis was studied. The carbon cryogels were characterized and tested for oleic acid conversion. The thermally stable amorphous spherical carbon cryogel has a large total surface area with high acidity. Experimental results revealed the optimum FAME yield and oleic acid conversion of 91.3wt.% and 98.1wt.%, respectively were attained at 65°C for 5h with 5wt.% catalyst loading and 20:1 methanol to oleic acid molar ratio. Therefore, carbon cryogel is highly potential for heterogeneous esterification of free fatty acid to biodiesel.
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group (CREG), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 UTM Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia.
Muzakkir Mohammad
MM
Zainol
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group (CREG), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 UTM Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia. Electronic address: noraishah@cheme.utm.my.
Nor Aishah Saidina
NA
Amin
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group (CREG), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 UTM Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia.
Mohd
M
Asmadi
D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D059985:Cryogels / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004951:Esterification; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008863:Microspheres; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*
D056804:Biofuels; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D059985:Cryogels; D019301:Oleic Acid; D002244:Carbon; D008031:Lignin; D005662:Furaldehyde
Acid catalyst; Biodiesel; Carbon cryogel; Fatty acid methyl ester; Lignin–furfural