Characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant for swine influenza virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines.
Vaccines consisting of subunit or inactivated bacteria/virus and potent adjuvants are widely used to control and prevent infectious diseases. Because inactivated and subunit antigens are often less antigenic than live microbes, a growing need exists for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants that can elicit rapid and long-lasting immunity. Here we describe the development and characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion, OW-14. OW-14 contains low-cost plant-based emulsifiers and was added to antigen at a ratio of 1:3 with simple hand mixing. OW-14 was stable for prolonged periods of time at temperatures ranging from 4 to 40°C and could be sterilized by autoclaving. Our results showed that OW-14 adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza viruses (SIV; H3N2 and H1N1) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) vaccines could be safely administered to piglets in two doses, three weeks apart. Injection sites were monitored and no adverse reactions were observed. Vaccinated pigs developed high and prolonged antibody titers to both SIV and M. hyo. Interestingly, antibody titers were either comparable or greater than those produced by commercially available FluSure (SIV) or RespiSure (M. hyo) vaccines. We also found that OW-14 can induce high antibody responses in pigs that were vaccinated with a decreased antigen dose. This study provides direct evidence that we have developed an easy-to-use and low-cost emulsion that can act as a powerful adjuvant in two common types of swine vaccines.
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Galliher-Beckley
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Pappan
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Madera
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Burakova
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Waters
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Nickles
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Li
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Nietfeld
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Schlup
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Zhong
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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McVey
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Dritz
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Electronic address: jshi@vet.k-state.edu.
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D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D004655:Emulsions; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D009821:Oils; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D045729:Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal / Q000517:prevention & control; D013552:Swine; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D014867:Water
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004655:Emulsions; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009821:Oils; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D014867:Water
Adjuvant; Mycoplasma; Oil-in-water emulsion; Swine influenza virus; Vaccine