Normal values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults and children.
Morphological and functional parameters such as chamber size and function, aortic diameters and distensibility, flow and T1 and T2* relaxation time can be assessed and quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Knowledge of normal values for quantitative CMR is crucial to interpretation of results and to distinguish normal from disease. In this review, we present normal reference values for morphological and functional CMR parameters of the cardiovascular system based on the peer-reviewed literature and current CMR techniques and sequences.
Department of Radiology, Kantonsspital Graubuenden, Loestrasse 170, 7000, Chur, Switzerland. nadine.kawel@gmx.de.
Nadine
N
Kawel-Boehm
Cardiac Imaging Unit, Eresa Medical Center, C/Marqués de San Juan s/n, 46015, Valencia, Spain. amaceira@eresa.com.
Alicia
A
Maceira
Division of Paediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. emanuela.valsangiacomo@kispi.uzh.ch.
Emanuela R
ER
Valsangiacomo-Buechel
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, OE 8220, Carl-Neuberg-Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. vogel-claussen.jens@mh-hannover.de.
Jens
J
Vogel-Claussen
Radiology and Imaging Sciences/ Clinical Image Processing Service, Clinical Center, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. eturkbe2@jhmi.edu.
Evrim B
EB
Turkbey
The Rayne Institute, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK. rupertpwilliams@googlemail.com.
Rupert
R
Williams
Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre & Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. s.plein@leeds.ac.uk.
Sven
S
Plein
Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1074, USA. michael.tee@nih.gov.
Michael
M
Tee
Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. jeng@jhmi.edu.
John
J
Eng
Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1074, USA. bluemked@nih.gov.
David A
DA
Bluemke
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D055815:Young Adult