Optimisation of extraction and sludge dewatering efficiencies of bio-flocculants extracted from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra).
The production of natural biopolymers as flocculants for water treatment is highly desirable due to their inherent low toxicity and low environmental footprint. In this study, bio-flocculants were extracted from Hibiscus/Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) by using a water extraction method, and the extract yield and its performance in sludge dewatering were evaluated. Single factor experimental design was employed to obtain the optimum conditions for extraction temperature (25-90 °C), time (0.25-5 h), solvent loading (0.5-5 w/w) and agitation speed (0-225 rpm). Results showed that extraction yield was affected non-linearly by all experimental variables, whilst the sludge dewatering ability was only influenced by the temperature of the extraction process. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained at 70 °C, 2 h, solvent loading of 2.5 w/w and agitation at 200 rpm. Under the optimal conditions, the extract yield was 2.38%, which is comparable to the extraction of other polysaccharides (0.69-3.66%). The bio-flocculants displayed >98% removal of suspended solids and 68% water recovery during sludge dewatering, and were shown to be comparable with commercial polyacrylamide flocculants. This work shows that bio-flocculants could offer a feasible alternative to synthetic flocculants for water treatment and sludge dewatering applications, and can be extracted using only water as a solvent, minimising the environmental footprint of the extraction process.
Centre of Excellence for Green Technologies, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Industrial Microwave Processing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: enxcsl@nottingham.ac.uk.
Chai Siah
CS
Lee
Centre of Excellence for Green Technologies, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: MeiFong.Chong@nottingham.edu.my.
Mei Fong
MF
Chong
Industrial Microwave Processing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: john.robinson@nottingham.ac.uk.
John
J
Robinson
Industrial Microwave Processing, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: Eleanor.Binner@nottingham.ac.uk.
Eleanor
E
Binner
D028483:Abelmoschus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005427:Flocculation; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
D010936:Plant Extracts; D012722:Sewage; D014867:Water
Bio-flocculant; Extraction; Okra; Optimisation; Sludge dewatering