Association between general practice characteristics and use of out-of-hours GP cooperatives.
BACKGROUND
The use of out-of-hours healthcare services for non-urgent health problems is believed to be related to the organisation of daytime primary care but insight into underlying mechanisms is limited. Our objective was to examine the association between daytime general practice characteristics and the use of out-of-hours care GP cooperatives.


METHODS
A cross-sectional observational study in 100 general practices in the Netherlands, connected to five GP cooperatives. In each GP cooperative, we took a purposeful sample of the 10 general practices with the highest use of out-of-hours care and the 10 practices with the lowest use. Practice and population characteristics were obtained by questionnaires, interviews, data extraction from patient registration systems and telephone accessibility measurements. To examine which aspects of practice organisation were associated with patients' use of out-of-hours care, we performed logistic regression analyses (low versus high out-of-hours care use), correcting for population characteristics.


RESULTS
The mean out-of-hours care use in the high use group of general practices was 1.8 times higher than in the low use group. Day time primary care practices with more young children and foreigners in their patient populations and with a shorter distance to the GP cooperative had higher out-of-hours primary care use. In addition, longer telephone waiting times and lower personal availability for palliative patients in daily practice were associated with higher use of out-of-hours care. Moreover, out-of-hours care use was higher when practices performed more diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures and had more assistant employment hours per 1000 patients. Several other aspects of practice management showed some non-significant trends: high utilising general practices tended to have longer waiting times for non-urgent appointments, lower availability of a telephone consulting hour, lower availability for consultations after 5 p.m., and less frequent holiday openings.


CONCLUSIONS
Besides patient population characteristics, organisational characteristics of general practices are associated with lower use of out-of-hours care. Improving accessibility and availability of day time primary day care might be a potential effective way to improve the efficient use of out-of-hours care services.
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. marleen.smits@radboudumc.nl.
Marleen
M
Smits
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. yvonne.as.peters@radboudumc.nl.
Yvonne
Y
Peters
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. sannebroers@gmail.com.
Sanne
S
Broers
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ellen.keizer@radboudumc.nl.
Ellen
E
Keizer
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. michel.wensing@radboudumc.nl.
Michel
M
Wensing
Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, PO Box 9101, IQ healthcare 114 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. paul.giesen@radboudumc.nl.
Paul
P
Giesen
D000328:Adult; D039602:After-Hours Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000592:standards; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration