The pros and cons of vertebrate animal models for functional and therapeutic research on inherited retinal dystrophies.
Over the last decade, huge progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD), as well as in the development and implementation of novel therapies, especially in the field of gene therapy. The use of mutant animal models, either naturally occurring or generated by genetic modification, have contributed greatly to our knowledge on IRD. Yet, these mutant animal models do not always mimic the retinal phenotype that is observed in humans with mutations in the orthologous gene, often due to species-specific characteristics of the retina, and/or diverse functions of the gene products in different species. In this manuscript, we compare general and ocular characteristics of a series of widely used vertebrate animal models, i.e. zebrafish, chicken, rodents, cats, dogs, sheep, pigs and monkeys, in terms of genetic architecture and sequence homology, methods to modify genomes, anatomy of the eye, and structural details of the retina. Furthermore, we present an overview of mutant vertebrate animal models that have been used to study or develop treatments for the various genetic subtypes of IRD, and correlate the suitability of these models to the specific characteristics of each animal. Herewith, we provide tools that will help to select the most suitable animal model for specific research questions on IRDs in the future, and thereby assist in an optimal use of animals and resources to further increase our understanding of inherited retinal dystrophies, and develop novel treatments for these disorders.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ralph.slijkerman@radboudumc.nl.
Ralph W N
RW
Slijkerman
Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstraβe 18, 35392, Gieβen, Germany. Electronic address: fei.song@augen.med.uni-giessen.de.
Fei
F
Song
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Center for Biomedical Research, Diponegoro University, dr. Soetomo 18, 50321, Semarang, Indonesia. Electronic address: galuh.astuti@radboudumc.nl.
Galuh D N
GD
Astuti
Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: huynen@cmbi.ru.nl.
Martijn A
MA
Huynen
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: erwin.vanwyk@radboudumc.nl.
Erwin
E
van Wijk
Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstraβe 18, 35392, Gieβen, Germany. Electronic address: knut.stieger@uniklinikum-giessen.de.
Knut
K
Stieger
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: rob.collin@radboudumc.nl.
Rob W J
RW
Collin
D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D058499:Retinal Dystrophies / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
Animal models; Gene therapy; Inherited retinal dystrophies; Photoreceptors; Retina