Variation of bone layer thicknesses and trabecular volume fraction in the adult male human calvarium.
The human calvarium is a sandwich structure with two dense layers of cortical bone separated by porous cancellous bone. The variation of the three dimensional geometry, including the layer thicknesses and the volume fraction of the cancellous layer across the population, is unavailable in the current literature. This information is of particular importance to mathematical models of the human head used to simulate mechanical response. Although the target geometry for these models is the median geometry of the population, the best attempt so far has been the scaling of a unique geometry based on a few median anthropometric measurements of the head. However, this method does not represent the median geometry. This paper reports the average three dimensional geometry of the calvarium from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and layer thickness and trabecular volume fraction from micro CT (μCT) imaging of ten adult male post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). Skull bone samples have been obtained and μCT imaging was done at a resolution of 30 μm. Monte Carlo simulation was done to estimate the variance in these measurements due to the uncertainty in image segmentation. The layer thickness data has been averaged over areas of 5mm(2). The outer cortical layer was found to be significantly (p < 0.01; Student's t test) thicker than the inner layer (median of thickness ratio 1.68). Although there was significant location to location difference in all the layer thicknesses and volume fraction measurements, there was no trend. Average distribution and the variance of these metrics on the calvarium have been shown. The findings have been reported as colormaps on a 2D projection of the cranial vault.
Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic address: sourabhboruah@gmail.com.
Sourabh
S
Boruah
Human Systems Department, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, MD, USA.
Glenn R
GR
Paskoff
Human Systems Department, Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, MD, USA.
Barry S
BS
Shender
Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Damien L
DL
Subit
Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Robert S
RS
Salzar
Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Jeff R
JR
Crandall
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
Bone volume fraction; Cortical tables; Diploe layer; Human calvarium; Skull thickness