Childhood Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors: A Longitudinal Study of Prevalence and Familial Aggregation.
OBJECTIVE
Childhood sleepwalking and sleep terrors are 2 parasomnias with a risk of serious injury for which familial aggregation has been shown.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the prevalence of sleepwalking and sleep terrors during childhood; to investigate the link between early sleep terrors and sleepwalking later in childhood; and to evaluate the degree of association between parental history of sleepwalking and presence of somnambulism and sleep terrors in children.


METHODS
Sleep data from a large prospective longitudinal cohort (the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development) of 1940 children born in 1997 and 1998 in the province were studied from March 1999 to March 2011.


METHODS
Prevalence of sleep terrors and sleepwalking was assessed yearly from ages 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years, respectively, to age 13 years through a questionnaire completed by the mother. Parental history of sleepwalking was also queried.


RESULTS
The peak of prevalence was observed at 1 1/2 years for sleep terrors (34.4% of children; 95% CI, 32.3%-36.5%) and at age 10 years for sleepwalking (13.4%; 95% CI, 11.3%-15.5%). As many as one-third of the children who had early childhood sleep terrors developed sleepwalking later in childhood. The prevalence of childhood sleepwalking increases with the degree of parental history of sleepwalking: 22.5% (95% CI, 19.2%-25.8%) for children without a parental history of sleepwalking, 47.4% (95% CI, 38.9%-55.9%) for children who had 1 parent with a history of sleepwalking, and 61.5% (95% CI, 42.8%-80.2%) for children whose mother and father had a history of sleepwalking. Moreover, parental history of sleepwalking predicted the incidence of sleep terrors in children as well as the persistent nature of sleep terrors.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings substantiate the strong familial aggregation for the 2 parasomnias and lend support to the notion that sleepwalking and sleep terrors represent 2 manifestations of the same underlying pathophysiological entity.
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Dominique
D
Petit
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada3Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Marie-Hélène
MH
Pennestri
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Jean
J
Paquet
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada4Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada5Service of Neurology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Q.
Alex
A
Desautels
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada6Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Antonio
A
Zadra
School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada8Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Frank
F
Vitaro
Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada8Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada9Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada1.
Richard E
RE
Tremblay
Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada12Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, Russian Federation.
Michel
M
Boivin
Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Jacques
J
Montplaisir
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D020184:Night Terrors / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013009:Somnambulism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics