Low vitamin D status among pregnant Latin American and Caribbean women with HIV Infection.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D status among pregnant women with HIV infection.


METHODS
The present cross-sectional study analyzed repository specimens collected at 12-34 weeks of pregnancy among women enrolled across 17 sites in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2002 and 2009. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with low vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 ng/mL).


RESULTS
Among 715 women, 218 (30.5%) were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL) and 252 (35.2%) were insufficient (21- /mL). Factors associated with low vitamin D status included residence in subtropical latitudes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-2.88), assessment during non-summer seasons (autumn: aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.20-2.86; spring: 4.3, 2.65-6.95; winter: 10.82, 5.74-20.41), employment (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.06-2.38), and assessment before 20 weeks of pregnancy (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.18-3.06). Factors protective against low vitamin D status were CD4 count below 200 cells per mm(3) (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26-0.77) and protease inhibitors (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.95).


CONCLUSIONS
Low vitamin D status was prevalent among pregnant women with HIV infection. Further studies are warranted to identify the impact of low maternal vitamin D status.
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: jennifer.jao@mssm.edu.
Jennifer
J
Jao
Westat, Rockville, MD, USA.
Laura
L
Freimanis
Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Marisa M
MM
Mussi-Pinhata
Westat, Rockville, MD, USA.
Rachel A
RA
Cohen
Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
Jacqueline P
JP
Monteiro
Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Maria L
ML
Cruz
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Rhoda S
RS
Sperling
Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Andrea
A
Branch
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA.
George K
GK
Siberry
D000328:Adult; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D017691:Caribbean Region; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
Caribbean; HIV; Latin America; Pregnancy; Vitamin D