Evidence-to-practice gaps in the management of community-dwelling Australian patients with ischaemic heart disease.
OBJECTIVE
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of death in developed countries. Patients with IHD are at greater risk of subsequent myocardial infarction (MI). International studies suggest that guideline recommended therapies proven to reduce this risk are underutilised. The objectives of this study were to review the use of guideline-recommended medications for the secondary prevention of IHD in Australians and identify patient characteristics influencing use of these medications.


METHODS
The medication regimens of community dwelling Australians with documented IHD who received a Home Medicines Review (HMR) between January 2010 and September 2012 were extracted from a pharmacist decision support software database and retrospectively reviewed. Each patient's use of antithrombotics; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); statins; and β-blockers (BBs) or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) was evaluated in conjunction with documented contraindications. Guideline concordance in all four categories was classified as 'Optimal Medical Therapy' (OMT). Univariate and multivariate analyses identified patient characteristics influencing OMT use.


CONCLUSIONS
Of the 5396 patient medication regimens reviewed, 24·3% demonstrated OMT. Guideline concordance was observed in 91·6%, 75·6%, 74·8%, and 42·4% of patients for antithrombotics, statins, ACEI/ARBs, and BB/CCBs, respectively. The independent predictors of not receiving OMT were age 75 years or over (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0·76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·67-0·87), asthma (AOR 0·69; 95% CI 0·57-0·84), and depression or anxiety (AOR 0·84; 95% CI 0·71-0·99). Diabetes (AOR 1·20; 95% CI 1·04-1·38), hypertension (AOR 1·56; 95% CI 1·36-1·79) and a high Charlson Comorbidity Index score (AOR 1·37; 95% CI 1·15-1·64) independently predicted receipt of OMT.


CONCLUSIONS
Only one quarter of community dwelling Australian patients with IHD receive antithrombotics, ACEI/ARBs, BB/CCBs and statins. The potential consequences of these evidence-to-practice gaps are exacerbated by Australia's increasing prevalence of IHD. Healthcare professionals must work to ensure that recommended therapies are prescribed and adhered to long-term, especially in the elderly and patients with asthma and mental health problems, to reduce IHD-related mortality and morbidity and the consequent healthcare and financial impact.
Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
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O
Schmid
Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
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Chalmers
Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
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Bereznicki
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; anticoagulation; calcium channel blocker; coronary heart disease; guideline adherence; statin; β-blocker