Spatiotemporally resolved black carbon concentration, schoolchildren's exposure and dose in Barcelona.
At city level, personal monitoring is the best way to assess people's exposure. However, it is usually estimated from a few monitoring stations. Our aim was to determine the exposure to black carbon (BC) and BC dose for 45 schoolchildren with portable microaethalometers and to evaluate the relationship between personal monitoring and fixed stations at schools (indoor and outdoor) and in an urban background (UB) site. Personal BC concentra-tions were 20% higher than in fixed stations at schools. Linear mixed-effect models showed low R(2) between personal measurements and fixed stations at schools (R(2)  ≤ 0.28), increasing to R(2)  ≥ 0.70 if considering only periods when children were at schools. For the UB station, the respective R(2) were 0.18 and 0.45, indicating the importance of the distance to the monitoring station when assessing exposure. During the warm season, the fixed stations agreed better with personal measurements than during the cold one. Children spent 6% of their time on commuting but received 20% of their daily BC dose, due to co-occurrence with road traffic rush hours and the close proximity to the source. Children received 37% of their daily-integrated BC dose at school. Indoor environments (classroom and home) were responsible for the 56% BC dose.
Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.|Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici C Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra Cerdanyola, Spain.
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0000-0002-4743-619X
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Rivas
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Donaire-Gonzalez
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Bouso
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Esnaola
Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Pandolfi
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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de Castro
Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Viana
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Àlvarez-Pedrerol
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Nieuwenhuijsen
Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Alastuey
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Sunyer
Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Querol
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
D000393:Air Pollutants; D053260:Soot; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
Commuting; Dose; Equivalent black carbon; Indoor environment; Personal monitoring; Time-activity pattern