Direct and interactive effects of parent, friend and schoolmate drinking on alcohol use trajectories.
OBJECTIVE
This study considered the unique and interactive roles of social norms from parents, friends and schools in predicting developmental trajectories of adolescent drinking and intoxication.


METHODS
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which followed adolescents (N = 18,921) for 13 years, we used discrete mixture modelling to identify unique developmental trajectories of drinking and of intoxication. Next, multilevel multinomial regression models examined the role of alcohol-related social norms from parents, friends and schoolmates in the prediction of youths' trajectory group membership.


RESULTS
Results demonstrated that social norms from parents, friends and schoolmates that were favourable towards alcohol use uniquely predicted drinking and intoxication trajectory group membership. Interactions between social norms revealed that schoolmate drinking played an important moderating role, frequently augmenting social norms from parents and friends. The current findings suggest that social norms from multiple sources (parents, friends and schools) work both independently and interactively to predict longitudinal trajectories of adolescent alcohol use.


CONCLUSIONS
Results highlight the need to identify and understand social messages from multiple developmental contexts in efforts to reduce adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol-related risk-taking.
a Lynch School of Education, Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA , USA.
Alicia Doyle
AD
Lynch
Rebekah Levine
RL
Coley
Jacqueline
J
Sims
Caitlin McPherran
CM
Lombardi
James R
JR
Mahalik
D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D066262:Social Norms; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
adolescence; alcohol; developmental trajectories; social norms