Impact of passive smoke and/or atopy on adenoid immunoglobulin production in children.
The adenoids are exposed to a wide number and variety of microbes, environmental pollutants, and food antigens. Atopy and passive smoke may significantly affect immune responses, mainly in children. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether passive exposure to tobacco smoke and/or atopy could affect immunoglobulin production by adenoidal lymphocytes in a cohort of children presenting with adenoid hypertrophy. A total of 277 children (151 males and 126 females; median age 5.5 years), with adenoidal hypertrophy requiring adenoidectomy and or adeno-tonsillectomy, were consecutively enrolled in the study. Adenoid mononuclear cells were in vitro stimulated with LPS or CpG. When considering both the presence of smoke exposure and atopy, we observed that the CpG-induced decrease in IgA and IgM production was significantly associated with this combination of risk factors. In the T-independent immunoglobulin production assay we found a positive association between the two risk factors and IgA and IgM production. In particular, the presence of both risk factors, showed a significant increase in IgA and IgM production after stimulation. In conclusion, this is the first study that investigated the in vitro adenoidal B cell response after different stimuli in children, also evaluating possible exposure to passive smoke and/or an atopic condition.
Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: saracarlotta.tagliacarne01@ateneopv.it.
Sara Carlotta
SC
Tagliacarne
Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Chiara
C
Valsecchi
Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Anna Maria
AM
Castellazzi
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Amelia
A
Licari
Department of Biometry and Statistics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Catherine
C
Klersy
Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Lorenza
L
Montagna
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Riccardo
R
Castagnoli
Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Marco
M
Benazzo
Department of Medicine, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Giorgio
G
Ciprandi
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, P.le Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Gian Luigi
GL
Marseglia
D000234:Adenoids / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000276:immunology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Adenoidectomy; Adenoids; Atopy; Immunoglobulins; Mucosal immunity; Passive smoke