Non-immunoglobulin scaffolds: a focus on their targets.
Non-immunoglobulin (non-Ig) scaffolds are, in contrast to antibodies, small single-domain proteins that require no post-translational modification, often lack disulfide bonds, and can undergo straightforward multimerization. Among the 20 different types of non-Ig scaffolds, Adhirons, Alphabodies, Centyrins, Pronectins, Repebodies, Affimers, and Obodies have been introduced in the past 4 years. 102 proteins have been specifically targeted by 139 different non-Ig scaffold binders. The most frequent application of non-Ig scaffolds is in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer and inflammatory diseases, and 10 non-Ig scaffolds have already been tested in clinical trials. Recently, non-Ig scaffolds have often been used in research as structure determination chaperones, for intracellular monitoring of post-translational modifications, and as antibody alternatives for microscopy, flow cytometry, and Western blotting.
Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Katja
K
Škrlec
Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Borut
B
Štrukelj
Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: ales.berlec@ijs.si.
Aleš
A
Berlec
D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D061905:Single-Domain Antibodies
D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D061905:Single-Domain Antibodies
antibody alternatives; binders; non-immunoglobulin scaffolds