Portable LED fluorescence instrumentation for the rapid assessment of potable water quality.
Characterising the organic and microbial matrix of water are key issues in ensuring a safe potable water supply. Current techniques only confirm water quality retrospectively via laboratory analysis of discrete samples. Whilst such analysis is required for regulatory purposes, it would be highly beneficial to monitor water quality in-situ in real time, enabling rapid water quality assessment and facilitating proactive management of water supply systems. A novel LED-based instrument, detecting fluorescence peaks C and T (surrogates for organic and microbial matter, respectively), was constructed and performance assessed. Results from over 200 samples taken from source waters through to customer tap from three UK water companies are presented. Excellent correlation was observed between the new device and a research grade spectrophotometer (r(2)=0.98 and 0.77 for peak C and peak T respectively), demonstrating the potential of providing a low cost, portable alternative fluorimeter. The peak C/TOC correlation was very good (r(2)=0.75) at low TOC levels found in drinking water. However, correlations between peak T and regulatory measures of microbial matter (2 day/3 day heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), E. coli, and total coliforms) were poor, due to the specific nature of these regulatory measures and the general measure of peak T. A more promising correlation was obtained between peak T and total bacteria using flow cytometry. Assessment of the fluorescence of four individual bacteria isolated from drinking water was also considered and excellent correlations found with peak T (Sphingobium sp. (r(2)=0.83); Methylobacterium sp. (r(2)=1.0); Rhodococcus sp. (r(2)=0.86); Xenophilus sp. (r(2)=0.96)). It is notable that each of the bacteria studied exhibited different levels of fluorescence as a function of their number. The scope for LED based instrumentation for in-situ, real time assessment of the organic and microbial matrix of potable water is clearly demonstrated.
School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.bridgeman@bham.ac.uk.
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J
Bridgeman
Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: a.baker@unsw.edu.au.
A
A
Baker
School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom.
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D
Brown
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.b.boxall@sheffield.ac.uk.
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JB
Boxall
D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008029:Lighting; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
D060766:Drinking Water; D014873:Water Pollutants
Fluorescence; LEDs; Microbial matter; Organic matter; Potable water quality