Tradition in treating taboo: Folkloric medicinal wisdom of the aboriginals of Purulia district, West Bengal, India against sexual, gynaecological and related disorders.
BACKGROUND
In order to explore the traditional medicine practised by the ethnic communities residing in the topographically and climatically challenged Purulia, an underprivileged district of West Bengal, India, a quantitative ethnobiological approach was adopted to document the folkloric use of ethnomedicinals against different sexual, gynaecological and related ailments.


METHODS
Ethnobiological surveys were conducted during 2012-2015 by interviewing 82 informants or traditional healers with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey included questions on botanical and non-botanical ingredients and additives mixed with monoherbal and polyherbal formulations, vernacular names of the plants and animals, methods of preparation and administration and restrictions during medications. Additional quantitative indices such as use value, informant׳s consensus factor and fidelity level were used for data analysis.


RESULTS
Twenty eight sexual and gynaecological disorders were found to be treated with 18 monoherbal and 31 polyherbal formulations consisting of a total number of 96 plant species from 86 genera and 47 families and four animal species. A variety of additives, either botanicals or non-botanicals were used with the formulations for higher efficacy and taste enhancement. Fabaceae (16 species) was found to be the most common family of medicinal plants whereas herbs (42.7%) and roots (32%) were the most common habit type and plant part used respectively. Use value, informant׳s consensus factor and fidelity level indicate frequency and coherence of citations.


CONCLUSIONS
Age old belief on traditional medicine prevails in the studied area due to its efficacy, inexpensive price and the remoteness of tribal villages from conventional medical centres. Traditional healers had detailed knowledge of preparations, doses, methods of administration, restrictions during medications, safety and efficacy of using folkloric therapeutics against sexual and gynaecological disorders. Possible synergistic interactions among phytochemicals and additives were indicated to explain enhanced therapeutic efficacy of mixed herbal formulations.
Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, P.O.: Purulia Sainik School, West Bengal 723104, India. Electronic address: bkmodak09@gmail.com.
Biplob Kumar
BK
Modak
Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, P.O.: Purulia Sainik School, West Bengal 723104, India. Electronic address: partha_zoo@yahoo.com.
Partha
P
Gorai
Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, P.O.: Purulia Sainik School, West Bengal 723104, India. Electronic address: raghunathdhan@gmail.com.
Raghunath
R
Dhan
MMHS, Joynagar, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: anuradhabio25@yahoo.com.
Anuradha
A
Mukherjee
Department of Biological Sciences, Presidency University (Formerly Presidency College), 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: abhijit.dbs@presiuniv.ac.in.
Abhijit
A
Dey
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005495:Folklore; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000188:drug therapy*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013609:Taboo; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
D028321:Plant Preparations
Andrographolide (PubChem CID: 5318517); Aristolic acid (PubChem CID: 119465); Ellagic acid (PubChem CID: 5281855); Ethnobiology; Ethnopharmacology; Gallic acid (PubChem CID: 370); Synergy; Traditional healers; Venereal diseases