Trazodone treatment protects neuronal-like cells from inflammatory insult by inhibiting NF-κB, p38 and JNK.
Growing evidence suggests that alterations of the inflammatory/immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of major depression and that inflammatory processes may influence the antidepressant treatment response. Depressed patients exhibit increased levels of inflammatory markers in both the periphery and brain, and high co-morbidity exists between depression and diseases associated with inflammatory alterations. Trazodone (TDZ) is a triazolopyridine derivative that belongs to the class of serotonin receptor antagonists and reuptake inhibitors. Although the trophic and protective properties of classic antidepressants have extensively been exploited, the effects of TDZ remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, the pharmacological activities of TDZ on human neuronal-like cells were investigated under both physiological and inflammatory conditions. An in vitro inflammatory model was established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which efficiently mimic the stress-related changes in neurotrophic and pro-inflammatory genes. Our results showed that TDZ significantly increased the mRNA expression of both brain-derived nerve factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and decreased the cellular release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in neuronal-like cells. In contrast, neuronal cell treatment with LPS and TNF-α decreased the expression of CREB and BDNF and increased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a primary transcription factor that functions in inflammatory response initiation. Moreover, the two agents induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 and IFN-γ) and decreased the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. TDZ pre-treatment completely reversed the decrease in cell viability and counteracted the decrease in BDNF and CREB expression mediated by LPS-TNF-α. In addition, the production of inflammatory mediators was inhibited, and the release of interleukin-10 was restored to control levels. Furthermore, the intracellular signalling mechanism regulating TDZ-elicited effects was specifically investigated. TDZ induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and inhibited constitutive p38 activation. Moreover, TDZ counteracted the activation of p38 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) elicited by LPS-TNF-α, suggesting that the neuro-protective role of TDZ could be mediated by p38 and JNK. Overall, our results demonstrated that the protective effects of TDZ under inflammation in neuronal-like cells function by decreasing pro-inflammatory signalling and by enhancing anti-inflammatory signalling.
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Italy.
Simona
S
Daniele
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Italy.
Eleonora
E
Da Pozzo
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Italy.
Elisa
E
Zappelli
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: claudia.martini@unipi.it.
Claudia
C
Martini
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058830:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014196:Trazodone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; C573415:IFNG protein, human; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D058830:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; C579455:BDNF protein, human; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D014196:Trazodone
Cytokine release; Depression; Inflammation; Neuroprotection; Trazodone