[Minimum Standards for the Spatial Accessibility of Primary Care: A Systematic Review].
BACKGROUND
Regional disparities of access to primary care are substantial in Germany, especially in terms of spatial accessibility. However, there is no legally or generally binding minimum standard for the spatial accessibility effort that is still acceptable. Our objective is to analyse existing minimum standards, the methods used as well as their empirical basis.


METHODS
A systematic literature review was undertaken of publications regarding minimum standards for the spatial accessibility of primary care based on a title word and keyword search using PubMed, SSCI/Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library.


RESULTS
8 minimum standards from the USA, Germany and Austria could be identified. All of them specify the acceptable spatial accessibility effort in terms of travel time; almost half include also distance(s). The travel time maximum, which is acceptable, is 30 min and it tends to be lower in urban areas. Primary care is, according to the identified minimum standards, part of the local area (Nahbereich) of so-called central places (Zentrale Orte) providing basic goods and services. The consideration of means of transport, e. g. public transport, is heterogeneous. The standards are based on empirical studies, consultation with service providers, practical experiences, and regional planning/central place theory as well as on legal or political regulations.


CONCLUSIONS
The identified minimum standards provide important insights into the effort that is still acceptable regarding spatial accessibility, i. e. travel time, distance and means of transport. It seems reasonable to complement the current planning system for outpatient care, which is based on provider-to-population ratios, by a gravity-model method to identify places as well as populations with insufficient spatial accessibility. Due to a lack of a common minimum standard we propose - subject to further discussion - to begin with a threshold based on the spatial accessibility limit of the local area, i. e. 30 min to the next primary care provider for at least 90% of the regional population. The exceeding of the threshold would necessitate a discussion of a health care deficit and in line with this a potential need for intervention, e. g. in terms of alternative forms of health care provision.
Sachgebiet GE 6 "Versorgungsqualität, Gesundheitsökonomie, Gesundheitssystemanalyse", Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Nürnberg.
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Voigtländer
Sachgebiet GE 6 "Versorgungsqualität, Gesundheitsökonomie, Gesundheitssystemanalyse", Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Nürnberg.
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Deiters
D001317:Austria; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D005858:Germany; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000592:standards*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards*; D038622:Internationality; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States