Oral agents in multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Disease-modifying drugs licensed for MS treatment have been developed to reduce relapse rates and halt disease progression. The majority of current MS drugs involve regular, parenteral administration, affecting long-term adherence and thus reducing treatment efficacy. Over the last two decades great progress has been made towards developing new MS therapies with different modes of action and biologic effects. In particular, oral drugs have generated much interest because of their convenience and positive impact on medication adherence. Fingolimod was the first launched oral treatment for relapsing-remitting MS; recently, Teriflunomide and Dimethyl fumarate have also been approved as oral disease-modifying agents. In this review, we summarize and discuss the history, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of oral agents that have been approved or are under development for the selective treatment of MS.
Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. lorena.lorefice@hotmail.it.
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D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D003437:Crotonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017277:Drug Approval; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055118:Medication Adherence; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009570:Nitriles; D014052:Toluidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D003437:Crotonates; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009570:Nitriles; D014052:Toluidines; C527525:teriflunomide; D000069462:Dimethyl Fumarate; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride