Prevalence of severe depressive symptoms increases as death approaches and is associated with disease burden, tangible social support, and high self-perceived burden to others.
OBJECTIVE
Terminally ill cancer patients experience progressive functional decline, accelerating symptom severity, deteriorating social support, and self-perceived burden to others (SPB), predisposing them to depressive symptoms. However, changes in the prevalence of severe depressive symptoms as death approaches and the unique roles of these four variables have not been adequately studied. This study explored longitudinal changes in and associations of symptom distress, functional dependence, social support, and SPB with prevalence of severe depressive symptoms in the last year of life.


METHODS
A convenience sample of 325 cancer patients was longitudinally followed until death. Prevalence of severe depressive symptoms (score ≥11 on the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) was examined by multivariate logistic regression modeling with the generalized estimating equation.


RESULTS
The prevalence of severe depressive symptoms increased as death approached. The likelihood of severe depressive symptoms was significantly higher in patients who had higher levels of symptom distress and functional dependence, received greater tangible support, and reported high SPB, but lower for patients reporting a higher level of affectionate support and positive social interactions with their supportive network.


CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of severe depressive symptoms increased as death approached and was associated with several modifiable factors. Healthcare professionals should become familiar with these factors to identify vulnerable patients. To decrease the likelihood of terminally ill cancer patients' severe depressive symptoms, they should receive effective interventions to manage their symptoms, appropriately foster social support to restore their fragile self-esteem due to depending on others, and lighten their SPB.
School of Nursing, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan. sttang@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
Siew Tzuh
ST
Tang
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
Jen-Shi
JS
Chen
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
Wen-Chi
WC
Chou
Department of Health Care and Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan.
Kuan-Chia
KC
Lin
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
Wen-Cheng
WC
Chang
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
Chia-Hsun
CH
Hsieh
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
Chiao-En
CE
Wu
D000368:Aged; D003643:Death; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012944:Social Support; D013727:Terminal Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Clinical depression; Depressive symptoms; End-of-life care; Functional dependence; Sense of burden to others; Social support; Symptom distress