Influenza virus polymerase: Functions on host range, inhibition of cellular response to infection and pathogenicity.
The viral polymerase is an essential complex for the influenza virus life cycle as it performs the viral RNA transcription and replication processes. To that end, the polymerase carries out a wide array of functions and associates to a large number of cellular proteins. Due to its importance, recent studies have found numerous mutations in all three polymerase protein subunits contributing to virus host range and pathogenicity. In this review, we will point out viral polymerase polymorphisms that have been associated with virus adaptation to mammalian hosts, increased viral polymerase activity and virulence. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the new set of proteins expressed from the viral polymerase genes and their contribution to infection. In addition, the mechanisms used by the virus to counteract the cellular immune response in which the viral polymerase complex or its subunits are involved will be highlighted. Finally, the degradative process induced by the viral polymerase on the cellular transcription machinery and its repercussions on virus pathogenicity will be of particular interest.
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. C.S.I.C. Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
Ariel
A
Rodriguez-Frandsen
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. C.S.I.C. Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
Roberto
R
Alfonso
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología. C.S.I.C. Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. Electronic address: anieto@cnb.csic.es.
Amelia
A
Nieto
D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058507:Host Specificity; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication
D050505:Mutant Proteins; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Host adaptation; Influenza virus; Pathogenicity; RNA polymerase II; Viral polymerase; Virulence