The role of PP2A-associated proteins and signal pathways in microcystin-LR toxicity.
Microcystins are a family of monocyclic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria during water blooms. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most common member of this family. Microcystins induce a variety of toxic cellular effects, including oxidative damage, apoptosis, cytoskeletal destabilization, and cancer cell invasion. Recent studies have examined the molecular mechanism of their toxicity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is emerging as a critical regulator of the microcystin-induced molecular network. Furthermore, it has been shown that several molecules or signal pathways associated with PP2A play important roles in microcystin-induced toxic effects. This review summarizes the recent research progress of the molecular mechanism and focuses on the role of PP2A in MC-LR toxicity, which will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of microcystin toxicity, and will provide biomarkers for toxicity assessment and control.
Regenerative Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
Jing
J
Liu
Regenerative Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China. Electronic address: 176801862@qq.com.
Yu
Y
Sun
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D001665:Binding Sites; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D052998:Microcystins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D011487:Protein Conformation; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D009153:Mutagens; D021122:Protein Subunits; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; C057862:cyanoginosin LR
Microcystin-LR; PP2A; Proteins; Signal pathways; Toxicity