Neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduces blood loss during the resection of pediatric choroid plexus carcinomas.
OBJECT Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) are rare brain tumors originating from the ventricular choroid plexus. They account for 2%-4% of all pediatric brain tumors and are most frequently seen in very young children. This pediatric proclivity, in combination with a marked vascularity, renders an aggressive resection a difficult and often dangerous endeavor. Blood losses of several total blood volumes in small children are not uncommon, sometimes forcing the neurosurgeon to abort the procedure, often leaving residual tumor. Great extent of tumor resection is an accepted beneficial factor for overall survival. Therefore, a second resection usually follows the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Second-look surgery appears to be associated with markedly decreased blood loss. Histological examination of specimens obtained at a second intervention shows decreased vascularity and fibrotic changes in tumor tissue. At the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, this empirical finding led to the strategy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to minimize blood loss and maximize cytoreduction. The authors undertook this study to assess the potentially beneficial effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on blood loss during surgery for CPCs. METHODS In this retrospective cohort review, the demographic, clinical, and treatment parameters of 22 consecutive patients diagnosed with CPC are presented. All underwent surgical treatment at the Hospital for Sick Children from 1982 to 2013. Special attention was given to the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on extent of resection and intraoperative blood loss. Extent of resection was calculated based on perioperative neuroimaging, and amount of blood loss was estimated based on transfusion parameters and perioperative changes in hematocrit. RESULTS Ten patients did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 12 were treated with 2-5 cycles of ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) chemotherapy in a neoadjuvant fashion. The 22 patients included in the study underwent a total of 37 tumor resection surgeries. In all of the cases in which neoadjuvant chemotherapy was used, at least a near-total resection (> 95% of tumor volume) was achieved. Patients who underwent gross-total resection had prolonged overall survival. Of the 37 resections, 18 were performed after chemotherapy. Mean blood loss in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group was 22% of total estimated blood volume as opposed to 96% in patients without preoperative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In children with CPC, the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy decreases intraoperative blood loss and increases extent of resection with a significant positive effect on overall survival.
Divisions of 1 Neurosurgery.
Christian
C
Schneider
Division of Neurosurgery, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, England.
Ian
I
Kamaly-Asl
Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Vijay
V
Ramaswamy
Department of Pediatric Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and.
Lucie
L
Lafay-Cousin
Divisions of 1 Neurosurgery.
Abhaya V
AV
Kulkarni
Divisions of 1 Neurosurgery.|Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
James T
JT
Rutka
Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Marc
M
Remke
Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Daniel
D
Coluccia
Neurooncology, and.|Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Uri
U
Tabori
Neuropathology.|Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Cynthia
C
Hawkins
Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Eric
E
Bouffet
Divisions of 1 Neurosurgery.|Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario;
Michael D
MD
Taylor
D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016545:Choroid Plexus Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin; D007069:Ifosfamide
CPC = choroid plexus carcinoma; EOR = extent of resection; ICE = ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide; blood loss; chemo = chemotherapy; children; choroid plexus carcinoma; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; oncology; surgical treatment