Multiple imputation of missing covariate values in multilevel models with random slopes: a cautionary note.
Multiple imputation (MI) has become one of the main procedures used to treat missing data, but the guidelines from the methodological literature are not easily transferred to multilevel research. For models including random slopes, proper MI can be difficult, especially when the covariate values are partially missing. In the present article, we discuss applications of MI in multilevel random-coefficient models, theoretical challenges posed by slope variation, and the current limitations of standard MI software. Our findings from three simulation studies suggest that (a) MI is able to recover most parameters, but is currently not well suited to capture slope variation entirely when covariate values are missing; (b) MI offers reasonable estimates for most parameters, even in smaller samples or when its assumptions are not met; and
Centre for International Student Assessment, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany. grund@ipn.uni-kiel.de.
Simon
S
Grund
Centre for International Student Assessment, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany.
Oliver
O
Lüdtke
Innovation and Development of the Austrian School System, Federal Institute for Education Research, Salzburg, Austria.
Alexander
A
Robitzsch
D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012984:Software
Covariate; Listwise deletion; Missing data; Multilevel; Multiple imputation; Random slopes