Inhibition of Mouse Breast Tumor-Initiating Cells by Calcitriol and Dietary Vitamin D.
The anticancer actions of vitamin D and its hormonally active form, calcitriol, have been extensively documented in clinical and preclinical studies. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions have not been completely elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of dietary vitamin D and calcitriol on mouse breast tumor-initiating cells (TICs, also known as cancer stem cells). We focused on MMTV-Wnt1 mammary tumors, for which markers for isolating TICs have previously been validated. We confirmed that these tumors expressed functional vitamin D receptors and estrogen receptors (ER) and exhibited calcitriol-induced molecular responses including ER downregulation. Following orthotopic implantation of MMTV-Wnt1 mammary tumor cells into mice, calcitriol injections or a vitamin D-supplemented diet caused a striking delay in tumor appearance and growth, whereas a vitamin D-deficient diet accelerated tumor appearance and growth. Calcitriol inhibited TIC tumor spheroid formation in a dose-dependent manner in primary cultures and inhibited TIC self-renewal in secondary passages. A combination of calcitriol and ionizing radiation inhibited spheroid formation more than either treatment alone. Further, calcitriol significantly decreased TIC frequency as evaluated by in vivo limiting dilution analyses. Calcitriol inhibition of TIC spheroid formation could be overcome by the overexpression of β-catenin, suggesting that the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway is an important mechanism mediating the TIC inhibitory activity of calcitriol in this tumor model. Our findings indicate that vitamin D compounds target breast TICs reducing tumor-initiating activity. Our data also suggest that combining vitamin D compounds with standard therapies may enhance anticancer activity and improve therapeutic outcomes.
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Youngtae
Y
Jeong
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Srilatha
S
Swami
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Aruna V
AV
Krishnan
Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Jasmaine D
JD
Williams
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Shanique
S
Martin
Heartland Assays Inc., Ames, Iowa.
Ronald L
RL
Horst
Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Megan A
MA
Albertelli
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
Brian J
BJ
Feldman
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. diehn@stanford.edu dfeldman@stanford.edu.
David
D
Feldman
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. diehn@stanford.edu dfeldman@stanford.edu.
Maximilian
M
Diehn
D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D047368:Tumor Burden; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000187:drug effects
D004967:Estrogens; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D014807:Vitamin D; D002117:Calcitriol; D002118:Calcium