[Management of urinary tract infections in children. Recommendations of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of the French Pediatrics Society and the French-Language Infectious Diseases Society].
Urine dipsticks have to be used more frequently for the screening of urinary tract infections (UTI) in febrile infants and children (grade A). Confirmation of the UTI by urine culture should prefer other methods of sampling than the urine bag: sampling jet, urethral catheterization, or pubic puncture (grade A). The percentage of Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in children accounts for less than 10 % in France and does not justify revising the 2007 recommendations (grade B). An increase in the use of carbapenems in first-line treatment is a major environmental hazard and exposes the patient to the risk of untreatable infections. For febrile UTI, the expert group recommended: (1) recover the results of susceptibility testing as soon as possible to quickly adapt treatment for possible resistant strains; (2) favor initial treatment with aminoglycosides (particularly amikacin) which remain active in the majority of ESBL strains for patients seen in the pediatric emergency department and/or hospital; (3) ceftriaxone (IV or IM) remains an appropriate treatment for patients seen in the emergency department or outpatient clinic because the percentage of ESBL-producing enterobacteria strains remains low; (4) use oral cefixime (grade B) in nonsevere cases and low-risk patients defined as age>3 months, general condition preserved, disease duration of fever<4 days, no associated comorbidity, and no history of urinary tract infection, uropathy, or prior antibiotic therapy in the last 3 months; (5) oral relay for parenteral treatment is guided by in vitro susceptibility testing, in an attempt to reduce the use of oral cephalosporins to limit the selection of resistant bacterial strains. The total duration of treatment recommended is usually 10 days. Except for special circumstances, there is no need to prescribe retrograde cystography or antibiotic prophylaxis after a first febrile urinary tract infection. For cystitis, the panel recommends systematic urinalysis and initial prescription before the results of the urine culture of one of the three following oral antibiotics: amoxicillin-clavulanate, cotrimoxazole, cefixime. The total duration of antibiotic treatment is 5days to tailor treatment based on clinical progression and antibiotic susceptibility.
GPIP, 27, rue Inkermann, 94100 Saint-Maur, France; Unité court séjour, petits nourrissons, service de néonatologie, UPEC, université Paris XII, CHI de Créteil, 40, avenue de Verdun, 94010 Créteil, France. Electronic address: Robert.Cohen@wanadoo.fr.
R
R
Cohen
GPIP, 27, rue Inkermann, 94100 Saint-Maur, France; Service de bactériologie, université Paris-Descartes, hôpital Cochin, 2, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
J
J
Raymond
GPIP, 27, rue Inkermann, 94100 Saint-Maur, France; Service de pédiatrie générale, hôpital Robert-Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Inserm UMR 1123, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
A
A
Faye
GPIP, 27, rue Inkermann, 94100 Saint-Maur, France; Urgences pédiatrique, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, 69677 Bron cedex, France.
Y
Y
Gillet
GPIP, 27, rue Inkermann, 94100 Saint-Maur, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Service de pédiatrie, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Docteur Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
E
E
Grimprel
D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*