Azole fungicides - understanding resistance mechanisms in agricultural fungal pathogens.
Plant fungal pathogens can have devastating effects on a wide range of crops, including cereals and fruit (such as wheat and grapes), causing losses in crop yield, which are costly to the agricultural economy and threaten food security. Azole antifungals are the treatment of choice; however, resistance has arisen against these compounds, which could lead to devastating consequences. Therefore, it is important to understand how these fungicides are used and how the resistance arises in order to tackle the problem fully. Here, we give an overview of the problem and discuss the mechanisms that mediate azole resistance in agriculture (point mutations in the CYP51 amino acid sequence, overexpression of the CYP51 enzyme and overexpression of genes encoding efflux pump proteins). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Claire L
CL
Price
Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Josie E
JE
Parker
Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Andrew G S
AG
Warrilow
Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Diane E
DE
Kelly
Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Steven L
SL
Kelly
D001393:Azoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D001393:Azoles; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase
CYP51; azole; cytochrome P450; fungicide; resistance