A real-time clinical endoscopic system for intraluminal, multiplexed imaging of surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles.
The detection of biomarker-targeting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles (NPs) in the human gastrointestinal tract has the potential to improve early cancer detection; however, a clinically relevant device with rapid Raman-imaging capability has not been described. Here we report the design and in vivo demonstration of a miniature, non-contact, opto-electro-mechanical Raman device as an accessory to clinical endoscopes that can provide multiplexed molecular data via a panel of SERS NPs. This device enables rapid circumferential scanning of topologically complex luminal surfaces of hollow organs (e.g., colon and esophagus) and produces quantitative images of the relative concentrations of SERS NPs that are present. Human and swine studies have demonstrated the speed and simplicity of this technique. This approach also offers unparalleled multiplexing capabilities by simultaneously detecting the unique spectral fingerprints of multiple SERS NPs. Therefore, this new screening strategy has the potential to improve diagnosis and to guide therapy by enabling sensitive quantitative molecular detection of small and otherwise hard-to-detect lesions in the context of white-light endoscopy.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Ellis
E
Garai
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Steven
S
Sensarn
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Cristina L
CL
Zavaleta
Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Nathan O
NO
Loewke
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Stephan
S
Rogalla
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Michael J
MJ
Mandella
Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Stephen A
SA
Felt
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Shai
S
Friedland
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Jonathan T C
JT
Liu
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Sanjiv S
SS
Gambhir
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
Christopher H
CH
Contag
D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000503:physiopathology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008904:Miniaturization; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013552:Swine