Thermophiles in the genomic era: Biodiversity, science, and applications.
Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are present in various regions of the Earth, including volcanic environments, hot springs, mud pots, fumaroles, geysers, coastal thermal springs, and even deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They are also found in man-made environments, such as heated compost facilities, reactors, and spray dryers. Thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, and their bioproducts facilitate various industrial, agricultural, and medicinal applications and offer potential solutions to environmental damages and the demand for biofuels. Intensified efforts to sequence the entire genome of hyperthermophiles and thermophiles are increasing rapidly, as evidenced by the fact that over 120 complete genome sequences of the hyperthermophiles Aquificae, Thermotogae, Crenarchaeota, and Euryarchaeota are now available. In this review, we summarise the major current applications of thermophiles and thermozymes. In addition, emphasis is placed on recent progress in understanding the biodiversity, genomes, transcriptomes, metagenomes, and single-cell sequencing of thermophiles in the genomic era.
CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
M Sofía
MS
Urbieta
CINDEFI (CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
Edgardo R
ER
Donati
Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Kok-Gan
KG
Chan
Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Saleha
S
Shahar
Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Lee Li
LL
Sin
Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Electronic address: gohkianmau@utm.my.
Kian Mau
KM
Goh
D001105:Archaea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D056804:Biofuels; D004798:Enzymes; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D054892:Metagenome; D048229:Sulfolobus solfataricus
D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D056804:Biofuels; D004798:Enzymes
Archaea; Biofuels; Biomining; Bioremediation; Extremophile; Hot spring; Metagenome; Microbiome; Thermophilic virus; Thermozyme