Imaging of cardiovascular risk in patients with Turner's syndrome.
Turner's syndrome is a disorder defined by an absent or structurally abnormal second X chromosome and affects around 1 in 2000 newborn females. The standardised mortality ratio in Turner's syndrome is around three-times higher than in the general female population, mainly as a result of cardiovascular disorders. Most striking is the early age at which Turner's syndrome patients develop the life-threatening complications of cardiovascular disorders compared to the general population. The cardiovascular risk stratification in Turner's syndrome is challenging and imaging is not systematically used. The aim of this article is to review cardiovascular risks in this group of patients and discuss a systematic imaging approach for early identification of cardiovascular disorders in these patients.
Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
A
A
Marin
Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
J R
JR
Weir-McCall
Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
D J
DJ
Webb
Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
E J R
EJ
van Beek
Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: smirsadr@staffmail.ed.ac.uk.
S
S
Mirsadraee
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D018376:Cardiovascular Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult