Chocolate versions of the Food Cravings Questionnaires. Associations with chocolate exposure-induced salivary flow and ad libitum chocolate consumption.
The Food Cravings Questionnaires are the most commonly used instruments for the assessment of trait and state food craving. Chocolate is the most frequently craved food in Western societies. In the current studies, the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r) and the Food Cravings Questionnaire-State (FCQ-S) were adapted to capture strong urges for chocolate. In study 1, students (n = 492; 81.3% female) completed chocolate versions of the FCQ-T-r and FCQ-S among other measures online. The FCQ-T-r (α = .94) comprised two subscales representing lack of control (α = .91) and thoughts about chocolate (α = .91). The FCQ-S (α = .87) comprised two subscales representing chocolate craving (α = .90) and hunger (α = .85). FCQ-T-r scores were significantly and positively correlated with self-reported frequency of consuming chocolate and with scores on the Attitudes to Chocolate Questionnaire, indicating good convergent validity. In study 2, students (n = 76; 73.7% female) underwent a chocolate exposure in the laboratory. FCQ-S scores increased during chocolate exposure and increases in momentary chocolate craving were significantly positively correlated with increases in salivary flow. Higher momentary chocolate craving was positively correlated with higher laboratory chocolate consumption. Exploratory analyses revealed that increases in salivary flow were only associated with increased chocolate consumption in participants scoring high, but not low on trait chocolate craving. The chocolate versions of the FCQ-T-r and FCQ-S represent reliable and valid self-report measures for the assessment of trait and state chocolate craving.
Institute of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany. Electronic address: adrian.meule@rub.de.
Adrian
A
Meule
Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
Julia M
JM
Hormes
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D002099:Cacao; D002182:Candy; D066249:Craving / Q000502:physiology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D057566:Self Report; D000068356:Self-Control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013649:Taste; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
Chocolate; Food Cravings Questionnaires; Food craving; Hunger; Salivary flow; Salivation