Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans.
Rates of colon cancer are much higher in African Americans (65:100,000) than in rural South Africans (<5:100,000). The higher rates are associated with higher animal protein and fat, and lower fibre consumption, higher colonic secondary bile acids, lower colonic short-chain fatty acid quantities and higher mucosal proliferative biomarkers of cancer risk in otherwise healthy middle-aged volunteers. Here we investigate further the role of fat and fibre in this association. We performed 2-week food exchanges in subjects from the same populations, where African Americans were fed a high-fibre, low-fat African-style diet and rural Africans a high-fat, low-fibre western-style diet, under close supervision. In comparison with their usual diets, the food changes resulted in remarkable reciprocal changes in mucosal biomarkers of cancer risk and in aspects of the microbiota and metabolome known to affect cancer risk, best illustrated by increased saccharolytic fermentation and butyrogenesis, and suppressed secondary bile acid synthesis in the African Americans.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Stephen J D
SJ
O'Keefe
Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Jia V
JV
Li
1] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands [2] Department of Veterinary Bioscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Leo
000000015537637X
L
Lahti
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Junhai
J
Ou
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.
Franck
F
Carbonero
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Khaled
K
Mohammed
Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Joram M
JM
Posma
Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
James
J
Kinross
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Elaine
E
Wahl
Division of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Elizabeth
E
Ruder
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Kishore
K
Vipperla
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Vasudevan
V
Naidoo
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Lungile
L
Mtshali
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
Sebastian
S
Tims
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
Philippe G B
PG
Puylaert
Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
James
J
DeLany
Division of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Alyssa
A
Krasinskas
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.
Ann C
AC
Benefiel
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
Hatem O
HO
Kaseb
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Keith
K
Newton
Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Jeremy K
JK
Nicholson
1] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands [2] Department of Veterinary Bioscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [3] RPU Immunolbiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
Willem M
0000000202733166
WM
de Vos
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA.
H Rex
HR
Gaskins
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands.
Erwin G
EG
Zoetendal
D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D055442:Metabolome; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013019:South Africa; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber