Oxidative stress as an etiological factor and a potential treatment target of psychiatric disorders. Part 1. Chemical aspects and biological sources of oxidative stress in the brain.
Oxidative stress is a dysfunctional state of living cells, caused by the disturbance of the pro-/antioxidative equilibrium. This dynamic equilibrium, constitutive for all aerobic organisms, is an inevitable necessity of maintaining the level of oxidative factors on non-destructive value to the cell. Among these factors reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the best known molecules. This review article shows the current state of knowledge on the chemical specificity, relative reactivity and main sources of ROS and RNS in biological systems. As a Part 1 to the report about the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders (see Smaga et al., Pharmacological Reports, this issue), special emphasis is placed on biochemical determinants in nervous tissue, which predisposed it to oxidative damage. Oxidative stress can be identified based on the analysis of various biochemical indicators showing the status of antioxidant barrier or size of the damage. In our article, we have compiled the most commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress described in the literature with special regard to potentially effective in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes.
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Andrzej
A
Moniczewski
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Maciej
M
Gawlik
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Irena
I
Smaga
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Ewa
E
Niedzielska
Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Jan
J
Krzek
Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
Edmund
E
Przegaliński
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
Joanna
J
Pera
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: mal.fil@if-pan.krakow.pl.
Małgorzata
M
Filip
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
Antioxidants; Antioxidative barrier; Biomarkers; Oxidative stress; Reactive species