North or south? Phylogenetic and biogeographic origins of a globally distributed avian clade.
Establishing phylogenetic relationships within a clade can help to infer ancestral origins and indicate how widespread species reached their current biogeographic distributions. The small plovers, genus Charadrius, are cosmopolitan shorebirds, distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Here we present a global, species-level molecular phylogeny of this group based on four nuclear (ADH5, FIB7, MYO2 and RAG1) and two mitochondrial (COI and ND3) genes, and use the phylogeny to examine the biogeographic origin of the genus. A Bayesian multispecies coalescent approach identified two major clades (CRD I and CRD II) within the genus. Clade CRD I contains three species (Thinornis novaeseelandiae, Thinornis rubricollis and Eudromias morinellus), and CRD II one species (Anarhynchus frontalis), that were previously placed outside the Charadrius genus. In contrast to earlier work, ancestral area analyses using parsimony and Bayesian methods supported an origin of the Charadrius plovers in the Northern hemisphere. We propose that major radiations in this group were associated with shifts in the range of these ancestral plover species, leading to colonisation of the Southern hemisphere.
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; NERC-Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Electronic address: n.dos-remedios@sheffield.ac.uk.
Natalie
N
Dos Remedios
Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia; Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
Patricia L M
PL
Lee
NERC-Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Terry
T
Burke
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
Tamás
T
Székely
NERC-Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Clemens
C
Küpper
D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D005819:Genetic Markers
Ancestral area analysis; Charadrius; Mitochondrial DNA; Nuclear genes; Phylogeny