Treatment of ankyloglossia and breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review.
OBJECTIVE
Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts tongue mobility. The objective of this study was to systematically review literature on surgical and nonsurgical treatments for infants with ankyloglossia.


METHODS
Medline, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Embase were searched up to August 2014. Two reviewers independently assessed studies against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently extracted data regarding participant and intervention characteristics and outcomes and assigned quality and strength-of-evidence ratings.


RESULTS
Twenty-nine studies reported breastfeeding effectiveness outcomes (5 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], 1 retrospective cohort, and 23 case series). Four RCTs reported improvements in breastfeeding efficacy by using either maternally reported or observer ratings, whereas 2 RCTs found no improvement with observer ratings. Although mothers consistently reported improved effectiveness after frenotomy, outcome measures were heterogeneous and short-term. Based on current literature, the strength of the evidence (confidence in the estimate of effect) for this issue is low. We included comparative studies published in English. The evidence base is limited, consisting of small studies, short-term outcomes, and little information to characterize participants adequately. No studies addressed nonsurgical interventions, longer-term breastfeeding or growth outcomes, or surgical intervention compared with other approaches to improve breastfeeding, such as lactation consultation.


CONCLUSIONS
A small body of evidence suggests that frenotomy may be associated with mother-reported improvements in breastfeeding, and potentially in nipple pain, but with small, short-term studies with inconsistent methodology, strength of the evidence is low to insufficient.
Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and.
David O
DO
Francis
Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-based Practice Center, and.
Shanthi
S
Krishnaswami
Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Evidence-based Practice Center, and Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee melissa.mcpheeters@vanderbilt.edu.
Melissa
M
McPheeters
D000072676:Ankyloglossia; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome