Low incidence of complications after cephalic vein cutdown for pacemaker lead implantation in children weighing less than 10 kilograms: A single-center experience with long-term follow-up.
BACKGROUND
Only a few studies on the cephalic vein cutdown technique for pacemaker lead implantation in children weighing ≤10 kg have been reported even though the procedure is widely accepted in adults.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to prove that cephalic vein cutdown for pacemaker lead implantation is a reliable technique with a low incidence of complications in children weighing ≤10 kg.


METHODS
The study included 44 children weighing ≤10 kg with an endocardial pacemaker. Cephalic, subclavian, and axillary vein diameters were measured by ultrasound before implantation. The measured diameters were used to select either an endocardial or epicardial surgical technique. Regular 6-month follow-up visits included pacemaker interrogation and clinical and ultrasound examinations.


RESULTS
Two dual-chamber and 42 single-chamber pacemakers were implanted. Mean weight at implantation was 6.24 kg (range 2.25-10.40 kg), and mean age was 11.4 months (range 1 day-47 months). In 40 children (90.1%), the ventricular leads were implanted using the cephalic vein cutdown technique, and implantation was accomplished via the prepared right external jugular vein in 4 of the children (9.9%). The atrial leads were implanted using axillary vein puncture and external jugular vein preparations. Mean follow-up was 8.9 years (range 0-20.9 years). Only 1 pacemaker-related complication was detected (a lead fracture near the connector that was successfully resolved using a lead repair kit).


CONCLUSIONS
The cephalic vein cutdown technique is feasible and reliable in children weighing ≤10 kg, which justifies the application of additional surgical effort in the treatment of these small patients.
Referral Pacemaker Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: braca032@yahoo.com.
Bratislav
B
Kircanski
Vascular Surgery Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
Dragan
D
Vasic
Referral Pacemaker Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
Dragutin
D
Savic
Referral Pacemaker Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
Petar
P
Stojanov
D001367:Axillary Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011677:Punctures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016748:Venous Cutdown / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods
Cephalic vein cutdown; Complications; Endocardial pacing; Long-term follow-up