Neuroprotective effects of fermented soybean products (Cheonggukjang) manufactured by mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis MC31 and Lactobacillus sakei 383 on trimethyltin-induced cognitive defects mice.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Cheonggukjang (CGK) manufactured by mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis MC31 and Lactobacillus sakei 383 on neurotoxic damages.


METHODS
The specific aspects of brain functions were measured in Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice that had been pretreated for 4 weeks with three difference doses of CGK before trimethyltin (TMT) treatment.


RESULTS
The short- and long-term memory loss induced by TMT treatment was significantly improved in the CGK-pretreated group in a dose-dependent manner. The number of dead cells in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus was decreased in the TMT/CGK-cotreated group relative to the TMT/vehicle-treated group, whereas significant suppression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in the same group. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration, activation of the NGF receptor signaling pathway including the TrkA high affinity receptor and p75(NTR) low affinity receptor, and decline in Bax/Bcl-2 level was measured in all TMT/CGK-treated groups, although a decrease in the active form of caspase-3 was observed in the TMT/H-CGK-treated group. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced in the TMT/CGK-treated group, whereas the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was 43-58% lower in the TMT/CGK-treated group than the TMT/vehicle-treated group.


CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that CGK fermented by mixed culture of B. subtilis and L. sakei could exert a wide range of beneficial activities for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Jun
J
Go
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Ji Eun
JE
Kim
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Moon Hwa
MH
Kwak
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Eun Kyoung
EK
Koh
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Sung Hwa
SH
Song
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Ji Eun
JE
Sung
b Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Dong Sup
DS
Kim
c College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center , Chungbuk National University , Chungju 361-763 , Korea.
Jin Tae
JT
Hong
a Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute , Pusan National University , Miryang , Korea.
Dae Youn
DY
Hwang
D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D020260:Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070256:Latilactobacillus sakei / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000032:analysis*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014298:Trimethyltin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity
D015415:Biomarkers; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014298:Trimethyltin Compounds; C046488:trimethyltin
Acetylcholinesterase; Cheonggukjang; Flavonoid; Nerve growth factor; Neurodegenerative disorder; Trimethyltin