Modified electrodes used for electrochemical detection of metal ions in environmental analysis.
Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. Special attention will be paid to strategies using biomolecules (DNA, peptide or proteins), enzymes or whole cells.
Klearia, route de Nozay, Marcoussis 91460, France. gregory.march@free.fr.
Gregory
G
March
Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam. ndung@itt.vast.vn.
Tuan Dung
TD
Nguyen
Chemistry Department, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. piro@univ-paris-diderot.fr.
Benoit
B
Piro
D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*
D019216:Metals, Heavy