Psychosocial determinants of physical activity in children attending afterschool programs: a path analysis.
BACKGROUND
Physical activity (PA) is important for controlling childhood obesity, but a comprehensive PA model for school-aged children is lacking.


OBJECTIVE
Guided by the youth PA promotion (YPAP) model, this study estimated the direct and indirect effects of self-efficacy, enjoyment, parental influence, and environment on self-reported PA and pedometer steps. A secondary purpose was to explore the association between self-reported PA and pedometer steps.


METHODS
An observational and prospective study was conducted among 133 children, aged 8-11 years old, from 10 elementary schools with afterschool programs in a Midwestern U.S. school district from August through October 2013. PA was assessed by a 7-day recall scale and pedometers. Other variables were assessed by validated questionnaires.


RESULTS
Approximately 65 (49%) children were overweight or obese-only 17 (13%) met national PA recommendations-and body mass index z-score was negatively correlated with pedometer steps (r = -.18 p = .04). A path analysis showed that self-efficacy had a direct effect on self-reported PA and pedometer steps, enjoyment had only a direct effect on self-reported PA, and parental influence had a direct effect on pedometer steps and an indirect effect on self-reported PA through self-efficacy and enjoyment. The association between self-reported PA and pedometer steps was not significant.


CONCLUSIONS
Because this study only partially supports the YPAP model, studies with a larger sample size and longitudinal design are essential to further examine this model. The nonsignificant relationship of self-reported PA with pedometer steps may be due to the systematic error resulting from a common method artifact of self-report. Given the importance of parental influence, enjoyment, and self-efficacy, targeting these three determinants in future interventions to increase PA among children is recommended.
Jiying Ling, PhD, MS, RN, is Assistant Professor; and Lorraine B. Robbins, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, is Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Valerie Lander McCarthy, PhD, RN, is Assistant Professor; and Barbara J. Speck, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor Emerita, School of Nursing, University of Louisville, Kentucky.
Jiying
J
Ling
Lorraine B
LB
Robbins
Valerie Lander
VL
McCarthy
Barbara J
BJ
Speck
D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009043:Motor Activity; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D020377:Self Efficacy; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors