Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review.
Alcohol is the most popular legal drug used in our society today, and its consumption by pregnant women remains an important public health problem. Gestational alcohol consumption can result in a continuum of adverse fetal outcomes known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Effective strategies are needed to prevent the increasing adoption of risky drinking behaviors. Because ethanol itself is only measurable for a few hours after ethanol intake in conventional matrices including blood, urine, and sweat, these matrices are only useful to detect recent ethanol exposure. Since approximately early 2000, the non-oxidative ethanol metabolites have received increasing attention because of their specificity and, in some cases, wide time window of detection in non-conventional matrices including hair and meconium. In the attempt to update analytical methods for the determination of non-oxidative markers of alcohol, the objective of this study is to review published studies that measure fatty-acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in alternative biological matrices, focusing on the extraction and detection methods and full analytical conditions used.
Forensic Science Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Pamela
P
Cabarcos
Iván
I
Álvarez
María Jesús
MJ
Tabernero
Ana María
AM
Bermejo
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D020404:Glycerophospholipids / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy
D015415:Biomarkers; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005965:Glucuronates; D020404:Glycerophospholipids; C051521:phosphatidylethanol; C093924:ethyl glucuronide