Human Cytokinome Analysis for Interferon Response.
Cytokines are a group of small secreted proteins that mediate a diverse range of immune and nonimmune responses to inflammatory and microbial stimuli. Only a few of these cytokines mount an antiviral response, including type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs). During viral infections and under inflammatory conditions, a number of cytokines and chemokines are coproduced with IFN; however, no systematic study exists on the interactions of the cytokine repertoire with the IFN response. Here, we performed the largest cytokine and chemokine screen (the human cytokinome, with >240 members) to investigate their modulation of type I and type II IFN responses in a cell line model. We evaluated the cytokine activities in both IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and IFN-γ activation sequence (GAS) reporter systems. Several cytokine clusters that augment either or both ISRE- and GAS-mediated responses to IFNs were derived from the screen. We identified novel modulators of IFN response-betacellulin (BTC), interleukin 11 (IL-11), and IL-17F-that caused time-dependent induction of the IFN response. The ability to induce endogenous IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes varies among these cytokines and was largely dependent on Stat1, as assessed by Stat1 mutant fibroblasts. Certain cytokines appear to augment the IFN-β response through the NF-κB pathway. The novel IFN-like cytokines augmented the antiviral activity of IFN-α against several RNA viruses, including encephalomyocarditis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and influenza virus, in susceptible cell lines. Overall, the study represents a large-scale analysis of cytokines for enhancing the IFN response and identified cytokines capable of enhancing Stat1, IFN-induced gene expression, and antiviral activities.


OBJECTIVE
Innate immunity to viruses is an early defense system to ward off viruses. One mediator is interferon (IFN), which activates a cascade of biochemical events that aim to control the virus life cycle. In our work, we examined more than 200 cytokines, soluble mediators produced within the body as a result of infection, for the ability to enhance IFN action. We identified enhanced interactions with specific IFNs and cytokines. We also revealed that betacellulin, IL-17, and IL-11 cytokines have the novel property of enhancing the antiviral action of IFN against several viruses. These results demonstrate that the human genome codes for previously unknown proteins with unrelated functions that can augment the innate immunity to viruses. Knowing these interactions not only helps our understanding of immunity to viruses and emerging diseases, but can also lead to devising possible new therapeutics by enhancing the mediator of antiviral action itself, IFN.
Molecular BioMedicine Program and Department of Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Suhad
S
Al-Yahya
Molecular BioMedicine Program and Department of Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Linah
L
Mahmoud
Molecular BioMedicine Program and Department of Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad
F
Al-Zoghaibi
Molecular BioMedicine Program and Department of Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah
A
Al-Tuhami
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Haithem
H
Amer
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad N
FN
Almajhdi
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Stephen J
SJ
Polyak
Molecular BioMedicine Program and Department of Microbiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia khabar@kfsrhc.edu.sa.
Khalid S A
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-9788
KS
Khabar
D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; D004686:Encephalomyocarditis virus / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018116:Vesiculovirus / Q000276:immunology
D016207:Cytokines; D007370:Interferon Type I; D007371:Interferon-gamma