Examination of a dual-process model predicting riding with drinking drivers.
BACKGROUND
Nearly 1 in 5 of the fatalities in alcohol-related crashes are passengers. Few studies have utilized theory to examine modifiable psychosocial predictors of individuals' tendencies to be a passenger in a vehicle operated by a driver who has consumed alcohol. This study used a prospective design to test a dual-process model featuring reasoned and reactive psychological influences and psychosocial constructs as predictors of riding with drinking drivers (RWDD) in a sample of individuals aged 18 to 21.


METHODS
College students (N = 508) completed web-based questionnaires assessing RWDD, psychosocial constructs (attitudes, expectancies, and norms), and reasoned and reactive influences (intentions and willingness) at baseline (the middle of the spring semester) and again 1 and 6 months later. Regression was used to analyze reasoned and reactive influences as proximal predictors of RWDD at the 6-month follow-up. Subsequent analyses examined the relationship between the psychosocial constructs as distal predictors of RWDD and the mediation effects of reasoned and reactive influences.


RESULTS
Both reasoned and reactive influences predicted RWDD, while only the reactive influence had a significant unique effect. Reactive influences significantly mediated the effects of peer norms, attitudes, and drinking influences on RWDD. Nearly all effects were constant across gender except parental norms (significant for females).


CONCLUSIONS
Findings highlight that the important precursors of RWDD were reactive influences, attitudes, and peer and parent norms. These findings suggest several intervention methods, specifically normative feedback interventions, parent-based interventions, and brief motivational interviewing, may be particularly beneficial in reducing RWDD.
Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.|Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Brittney A
BA
Hultgren
Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.|Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Nichole M
NM
Scaglione
Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Michael J
MJ
Cleveland
Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.|Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Rob
R
Turrisi
D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D066262:Social Norms; D055815:Young Adult
Decision-Making; Dual-Processing Model; Emerging Adults; Riding with Drinking Drivers