Stigma in mothers of deaf children.
BACKGROUND
A deaf child creates a feeling of stigma in many hearing parents. Stigma in mothers can have a negative impact on a child's treatment and rehabilitation process. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the extent of stigma in mothers with deaf children.


METHODS
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 among 90 mothers with deaf children. The data-collection instrument included the stigma scale in the mothers of children with disabilities. The reliability and validity of the instrument were confirmed through content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=86%), respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 software.


RESULTS
Results showed that most mothers suffer from stigma due to having a deaf child. The mean stigma score was 96.48 ±27.72. In total, 24.4% of mothers reported that they had received strange and mocking looks; 72.2% regarded child deafness as a sign of divine retribution; and 33.3% felt ashamed of their child's deafness. There was an inverse relationship between the mother's level of education and mean stigma scores (P<0.033). The stigma score was higher in mothers who were living independently of their relatives (P<0.029). The mean stigma score in mothers of children with a cochlear implant was lower than that of mothers of children with earphones (86.70 vs. 99.64), and this difference tended towards significance (P=0.057).


CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that half of all mothers with deaf children were scorned and felt ashamed of having a deaf child in the family because of the stigma. The majority of mothers with deaf children felt stigmatized, and only their education and residency status affected this issue. The mothers of cochlear-implanted children perceived less stigma. Due to the various social and psychological problems caused by hearing impairment, it is necessary to consider the emotional health and psychological state of the mothers in addition to rehabilitation programs and standard services for the children themselves.
Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Hossein
H
Ebrahimi
Department of Nursing, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
Eissa
E
Mohammadi
Research Committee member and PhD Candidate in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Mohammad Ali
MA
Mohammadi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fatemi Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil , Iran.
Akbar
A
Pirzadeh
Ardabil education and training organization, Ardabil, Iran.
Hamzeh
H
Mahmoudi
Audiology Clinic, Welfare Organization, Ardabil, Iran.
Ismail
I
Ansari
Children; Hearing loss; Mother; Stigma