"Dilute-and-inject" multi-target screening assay for highly polar doping agents using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry for sports drug testing.
In the field of LC-MS, reversed phase liquid chromatography is the predominant method of choice for the separation of prohibited substances from various classes in sports drug testing. However, highly polar and charged compounds still represent a challenging task in liquid chromatography due to their difficult chromatographic behavior using reversed phase materials. A very promising approach for the separation of hydrophilic compounds is hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). Despite its great potential and versatile advantages for the separation of highly polar compounds, HILIC is up to now not very common in doping analysis, although most manufacturers offer a variety of HILIC columns in their portfolio. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on HILIC high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for various polar stimulants, stimulant sulfo-conjugates, glycerol, AICAR, ethyl glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide, and myo-inositol trispyrophosphate after direct injection of diluted urine specimens. The usage of an effective online sample cleanup and a zwitterionic HILIC analytical column in combination with a new generation Hybrid Quadrupol-Orbitrap® mass spectrometer enabled the detection of highly polar analytes without any time-consuming hydrolysis or further purification steps, far below the required detection limits. The methodology was fully validated for qualitative and quantitative (AICAR, glycerol) purposes considering the parameters specificity; robustness (rRT < 2.0%); linearity (R > 0.99); intra- and inter-day precision at low, medium, and high concentration levels (CV < 20%); limit of detection (stimulants and stimulant sulfo-conjugates < 10 ng/mL; norfenefrine; octopamine < 30 ng/mL; AICAR < 10 ng/mL; glycerol 100 μg/mL; ETG < 100 ng/mL); accuracy (AICAR 103.8-105.5%, glycerol 85.1-98.3% at three concentration levels) and ion suppression/enhancement effects.
Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
Christian
C
Görgens
Sven
S
Guddat
Anne-Katrin
AK
Orlovius
Gerd
G
Sigmund
Andreas
A
Thomas
Mario
M
Thevis
Wilhelm
W
Schänzer
D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000652:urine*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine; D005990:Glycerol / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000652:urine; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000652:urine; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000652:urine; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D005965:Glucuronates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D012265:Ribonucleotides; C516441:inositol trispyrophosphate; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide; C018108:morphine-3-glucuronide; D005990:Glycerol