Elevated light levels in schools have a protective effect on myopia.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether elevated light levels in classrooms in rural areas can protect school-age children from myopia onset or myopia progression.


METHODS
A total of 317 subjects from 1713 eligible students aged six to 14 in four schools located in northeast China participated in the study. Students received a comprehensive eye examination including cycloplegic refraction and ocular biometry, which included axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and corneal curvature (CC) measurement, and completed a questionnaire. The intervention arm included 178 students in two schools with rebuilt elevated lighting systems and the control arm included 139 students in which lighting systems were unchanged. Results for the two arms were compared with a Wilcoxon rank sum test, a chi-squared test or a t-test, as appropriate. Factors that might help explain any differences were explored with multivariate linear regression analysis.


RESULTS
The median average illuminance of blackboards and desks and uniformity of desk lighting were significantly improved, however, the uniformity of blackboard lighting declined after intervention. At baseline, the mean refraction, AL, CC, ACD and myopia prevalence between the two arms were not significantly different. After 1 year, compared with the control arm the intervention arm had a lower incidence of new myopia onset (4% vs 10%; p = 0.029), a smaller decrease in refractive error among no myopic subjects (-0.25 dioptre [D] vs -0.47 D; p = 0.001), and shorter axial growth for both non-myopic (0.13 vs 0.18 mm; p = 0.023) and myopic subjects (0.20 vs 0.27 mm; p = 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed the intervention program, lower hyperopic baseline refraction, lower father's education level, longer time sleeping and less time in screen-viewing activities were associated with less refractive shift in the direction of myopia in non-myopic children. For myopic subjects, myopia progression was significantly associated with family income only. The intervention program and older age had a protective effect on axial growth for both myopic and non-myopic subjects. The father's education level and sleep duration were significantly associated with axial growth in non-myopic children.


CONCLUSIONS
Elevated light levels in classrooms have a significant effect on myopia onset, decreases in refraction, and axial growth; if the findings of lighting intervention are reproduced in future studies, the ambient light levels in schools should be improved.
School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
Wen-Juan
WJ
Hua
Ju-Xiang
JX
Jin
Xiao-Yan
XY
Wu
Ji-Wen
JW
Yang
Xuan
X
Jiang
Guo-Peng
GP
Gao
Fang-Biao
FB
Tao
D000293:Adolescent; D001699:Biometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012423:Rural Health; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
children; environment; light; myopia; schools