A novel biopesticide PONNEEM to control human vector mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say.
Organophosphate pesticides are widely used in vector mosquito management and agricultural pest management. These chemicals enter into natural water bodies and soil and cause hazards to the environment. The objective of this study was to prepare a natural pesticide which will not harm the environment and yet control vector mosquitoes. PONNEEM, a novel biopesticide, patented and prepared from the oils of Azadirachta indica and Pongamia glabra, was tested against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. One hundred percent larvicidal and ovicidal activities were observed at 0.1-ppm concentration of PONNEEM against the two mosquito species under laboratory and sunlight conditions up to 12 months from the date of manufacture. Very high oviposition reduction of 26.46 and 32.16 % is also recorded. Reductions in α-esterase level (0.0818 ± 0.340 and 0.2188 ± 0.003), β-esterase level (0.0866 ± 0.026 and 0.0398 ± 0.010 μg naphthol produced/min/mg larval protein), glutathione S-transferase enzyme (14.2571 ± 0.51 and 15.3326 ± 0.51 μmol/min/mg larval protein) and total protein levels (0.0390 ± 0.008 and 0.1975 ± 0.029 mg/individual larva in treated groups of A. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus at 0.1-ppm concentration, respectively. The non-target organisms such as Gambusia affinis and Diplonychus indicus were not affected. Biopesticides are good alternatives to synthetic pesticides. PONNEEM can be effectively used for the management of human vector mosquitoes. Since it has a biodegradable nature and does not alter the environmental condition of water and soil.
Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India, mahes1380@gmail.com.
Rajan
R
Maheswaran
Savarimuthu
S
Ignacimuthu
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D031601:Azadirachta / Q000737:chemistry; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*
D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010938:Plant Oils; D005982:Glutathione Transferase