The role of neurotoxins in the periorbital and midfacial areas.
Initially popularized for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm, injection of botulinum neurotoxin has become the most commonly performed cosmetic treatment in the United States. Injection techniques have been particularly well-studied in the midface and periocular region, and patient satisfaction tends to be very high. We review the salient differences among available neurotoxins, how to optimally reconstitute them, how to inject the forehead, glabella, lateral canthal lines ("crow's feet"), infralid region, and transverse nasal lines ("bunny lines"), how to sculpt the brow, and how to manage potential complications.
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
Benjamin P
BP
Erickson
Department of Clinical Ophthalmology and Dermatology Oculofacial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Orbit and Oncology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
Wendy W
WW
Lee
AboutSkin Dermatology, 499 East Hamden Avenue, Suite 450, Englewood, CO 80113, USA.
Joel
J
Cohen
Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology and Dermatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA. Electronic address: lgrunebaum@med.miami.edu.
Lisa D
LD
Grunebaum
D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005145:Face; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D009915:Orbit; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011300:Preoperative Care
D001905:Botulinum Toxins
AbobotulinumtoxinA; Botulinum toxin; Facial rhytids; IncobotulinumtoxinA; Neurotoxin; OnabotulinumtoxinA; RimabotulinumtoxinB