Cross-National Analysis of Beliefs and Attitude Toward Mental Illness Among Medical Professionals From Five Countries.
This quantitative study sought to compare beliefs about the manifestation, causes and treatment of mental illness and attitudes toward people with mental illness among health professionals from five countries: the United States, Brazil, Ghana, Nigeria, and China. A total of 902 health professionals from the five countries were surveyed using a questionnaire addressing attitudes towards people with mental illness and beliefs about the causes of mental illness. Chi-square and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to compare age and gender of the samples. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to confirm the structure and fit of the hypothesized model based on data from a previous study that identified four factors: socializing with people with mental illness (socializing), belief that people with mental illness should have normal roles in society (normalizing), non-belief in supernatural causes (witchcraft or curses), and belief in bio-psycho-social causes of mental illness (bio-psycho-social). Analysis of Covariance was used to compare four factor scores across countries adjusting for differences in age and gender. Scores on all four factors were highest among U.S. professionals. The Chinese sample showed lowest score on socializing and normalizing while the Nigerian and Ghanaian samples were lowest on non-belief in supernatural causes of mental illness. Responses from Brazil fell between those of the U.S. and the other countries. Although based on convenience samples of health professional robust differences in attitudes among health professionals between these five countries appear to reflect underlying socio-cultural differences affecting attitudes of professionals with the greater evidence of stigmatized attitudes in developing countries.
VA New England Mental Illness Research and Education Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System (116A-4), 950 Campbell Ave., Building 36, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA. elina.stefanovics@yale.edu.|Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. elina.stefanovics@yale.edu.
Elina
E
Stefanovics
Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
Hongbo
H
He
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Angela
A
Ofori-Atta
Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Maria Tavares
MT
Cavalcanti
Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Helio
H
Rocha Neto
University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Victor
V
Makanjuola
Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
Adesuwa
A
Ighodaro
VA New England Mental Illness Research and Education Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System (116A-4), 950 Campbell Ave., Building 36, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
Meaghan
M
Leddy
VA New England Mental Illness Research and Education Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System (116A-4), 950 Campbell Ave., Building 36, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.|Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
Robert
R
Rosenheck
D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001938:Brazil; D002681:China; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D009549:Nigeria; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
Attitudes to mental illness; Cross-cultural research; International comparison; Mental health providers; Stigma