Organophosphate and phthalate esters in settled dust from apartment buildings in Stockholm.
In this study, the occurrence of nine phthalate diesters (phthalates) and 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 62 house dust samples collected from 19 buildings in Stockholm area during the year 2008. Eight phthalates were detected in almost all samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.47 μg/g to 449 μg/g with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate being the most abundant compound. Twelve PFRs were detected with median concentrations ranging from 0.19 μg/g to 11 μg/g. Within this class of compounds, the most abundant were tris(2-chloroisopropyl) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Both classes of compounds were also measured in the air of the apartments, but no correlation between air and dust concentrations could be found. Based on these measurements, exposure, via house dust ingestion and air inhalation, was calculated for adults and toddlers, and compared to published limit values in order to estimate potential health risks. In an extreme exposure scenario for toddlers, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate were close to the reference dose for chronic oral exposure or the tolerable daily intake. Standard Reference Material SRM 2585 was used as a quality control sample, and the levels of diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates were determined in this material.
Division of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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G
Luongo
Division of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Östman
D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D013548:Sweden
D004391:Dust; D004952:Esters; D005411:Flame Retardants; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
Flame retardant; Organic contaminants in house dust; Organophosphate esters; Phthalate esters; Plasticizer; Standard Reference Material 2585