Effect of repeated Kangaroo Mother Care on repeated procedural pain in preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Preterm infants' repeated exposure to painful procedures may lead to negative consequences. Thus, non-pharmacological pain management is essential due to medication side effects. Kangaroo Mother Care, which aims at offering human care to neonates, has been established for the treatment of a single painful procedure, but the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care across repeated painful procedures is unknown.


OBJECTIVE
To test the effectiveness of repeated Kangaroo Mother Care on repeated heel-stick pain in preterm neonates.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trial.


METHODS
Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at a large teaching hospital in northeast China.


METHODS
Preterm infants (gestational age less than 37 weeks) (n=80) were recruited and randomly assigned using a random table format to either an incubator group (n=40) or Kangaroo Mother Care group (n=40). Pain assessments were carried out during four routine heel stick procedures. For the first heel stick, preterm infants in each group received no intervention (routinely stayed in incubator). During the next three heel sticks, the infants in Kangaroo Mother Care group received heel sticks during Kangaroo Mother Care, while infants in the incubator group received heel sticks in incubator. The procedure of each heel stick included 3 phases: baseline, blood collection and recovery. Crying, grimacing and heart rate in response to pain were evaluated at each phase across four heel sticks by three trained independent observers who were blinded to the purpose of the study. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures at different evaluation phases of heel stick.


RESULTS
75 preterm infants completed the protocol. Between-group comparison revealed that preterm infants' heart rate was significantly lower, and the duration of crying and facial grimacing were both significantly shorter in the Kangaroo Mother Care group (n=38) than the incubator group (n=37) from the blood collection phase to recovery phase during repeated heel sticks. No significant within-group difference was found in heart rate between the baseline phase and recovery phase through repeated heel sticks for Kangaroo Mother Care group. In contrast, the incubator group experienced significant within group differences in heart rate between baseline and recovery through repeated heel sticks.


CONCLUSIONS
The effect of repeated Kangaroo Mother Care analgesia remains stable in preterm infants over repeated painful procedures. Given the many invasive procedures that are part of clinical care in preterm infants and most mothers preferred to provide comfort for their infants during painful procedures, Kangaroo Mother Care may be a safe analgesic alternative in preterm infants in whom it is feasible.
School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Haixia
H
Gao
School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: bpn456@163.com.
Guihua
G
Xu
Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
Honglian
H
Gao
Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
Rongzhi
R
Dong
Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China.
Hongjie
H
Fu
School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Danwen
D
Wang
School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Heng
H
Zhang
School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
Hua
H
Zhang
D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*
Crying; Heart rate; Kangaroo-Mother Care Method; Pain; Preterm infants