Organ and effective dose coefficients for cranial and caudal irradiation geometries: photons.
With the introduction of new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in Publication 103, the methodology for determining the protection quantity, effective dose, has been modified. The modifications include changes to the defined organs and tissues, the associated tissue weighting factors, radiation weighting factors and the introduction of reference sex-specific computational phantoms. Computations of equivalent doses in organs and tissues are now performed in both the male and female phantoms and the sex-averaged values used to determine the effective dose. Dose coefficients based on the ICRP 103 recommendations were reported in ICRP Publication 116, the revision of ICRP Publication 74 and ICRU Publication 57. The coefficients were determined for the following irradiation geometries: anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), right and left lateral (RLAT and LLAT), rotational (ROT) and isotropic (ISO). In this work, the methodology of ICRP Publication 116 was used to compute dose coefficients for photon irradiation of the body with parallel beams directed upward from below the feet (caudal) and directed downward from above the head (cranial). These geometries may be encountered in the workplace from personnel standing on contaminated surfaces or volumes and from overhead sources. Calculations of organ and tissue kerma and absorbed doses for caudal and cranial exposures to photons ranging in energy from 10 keV to 10 GeV have been performed using the MCNP6.1 radiation transport code and the adult reference phantoms of ICRP Publication 110. As with calculations reported in ICRP 116, the effects of charged-particle transport are evident when compared with values obtained by using the kerma approximation. At lower energies the effective dose per particle fluence for cranial and caudal exposures is less than AP orientations while above ∼30 MeV the cranial and caudal values are greater.
Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA veinotkg@y12.doe.gov.
K G
KG
Veinot
Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
K F
KF
Eckerman
Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0745, USA.
N E
NE
Hertel
D000328:Adult; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*