Circulating TGF-β1 and VEGF and risk of cancer among liver transplant recipients.
Transplant recipients have elevated cancer risk, perhaps partly due to direct carcinogenic effects of immunosuppressive medications. Experimental evidence indicates that calcineurin inhibitors given to transplant recipients increase cellular expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which could promote cancer. To assess the potential role of these pathways in the transplantation setting, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of liver recipients. Cases had nonmelanoma skin cancer (N = 84), cancer of the lung (N = 29), kidney (N = 20), or colorectum (N = 17), or melanoma (N = 3). We selected N = 463 recipients without cancer as controls. TGF-β1 and VEGF levels were measured in sera obtained, on average, approximately 3 years before case diagnosis/control selection. We also measured platelet factor 4 (PF4), a marker of ex vivo platelet degranulation, because TGF-β1 and VEGF can be released from platelets, and we developed a statistical model to isolate the platelet-derived fraction from the remaining circulating component. Compared with controls, lung cancer cases had higher levels of TGF-β1 (median 22.8 vs. 19.4 ng/mL, P = 0.02) and VEGF (277 vs. 186 pg/mL, P = 0.02). However, lung cancer cases also had higher platelet counts (P = 0.08) and PF4 levels (P = 0.02), while residual serum levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF, after accounting for PF4, were unassociated with lung cancer (P = 0.40 and P = 0.15, respectively). Associations were not seen for other cancers. In conclusion, TGF-β1 and VEGF levels were increased in association with lung cancer among transplant recipients, which may be explained by increased platelet counts and platelet degranulation in lung cancer cases.
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Eric A
EA
Engels
Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
Linda
L
Jennings
HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
Troy J
TJ
Kemp
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Anil K
AK
Chaturvedi
HPV Immunology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
Ligia A
LA
Pinto
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
Ruth M
RM
Pfeiffer
Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
James F
JF
Trotter
Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
Michelle
M
Acker
Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
Nicholas
N
Onaca
Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
Goran B
GB
Klintmalm
D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000097:blood; D012306:Risk; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D010978:Platelet Factor 4
Cancer; platelet; solid organ transplantation; transforming growth factor β; vascular endothelial growth factor