Tracking multiple modes of endocrine activity in Australia's largest inland sewage treatment plant and effluent- receiving environment using a panel of in vitro bioassays.
Estrogenicity of sewage effluents, and related ecotoxicological effects in effluent-receiving environments, have been widely reported over the last 2 decades. However, relatively little attention has been given to other endocrine pathways that may be similarly disrupted by a growing list of contaminants of concern. Furthermore, the Australian evidence base is limited compared with those of Europe and North America. During a low dilution period in summer, the authors investigated multiple endocrine potencies in Australia's largest inland sewage treatment plant (STP) and the Lower Molonglo/Upper Murrumbidgee effluent-receiving environment. This STP receives 900 L/s of mostly domestic wastewater from a population of 350 000, and contributes a high proportion of total flow in the lower catchment during dry periods. A panel of in vitro receptor-driven transactivation assays were used to detect (anti)estrogenic, (anti) androgenic, (anti)progestagenic, glucocorticoid, and peroxisome-proliferator activity at various stages of the sewage treatment process. Total estrogenic and (anti)androgenic potency was removed after primary and/or secondary treatment; however, total removal efficiency for glucocorticoid potency was poorer (53-66%), and progestagenic potency was found to increase along the treatment train. Estrogenicity was detected in surface waters and bed sediments upstream and downstream of the effluent outfall, at maximum levels 10 times lower than low-hazard thresholds. Glucocorticoid and progestagenic activity were found to persist to 4 km downstream of the effluent outfall, suggesting that future research is needed on these endocrine-disrupting chemical categories in effluent-receiving systems.
CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia.|Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Jenna
J
Roberts
CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia.
Peter A
PA
Bain
CSIRO, Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia.
Anupama
A
Kumar
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Christopher
C
Hepplewhite
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
David J
DJ
Ellis
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Andrew G
AG
Christy
Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Sara G
SG
Beavis
D001315:Australia; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004777:Environment; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon
Australian freshwater environments; Effects-based monitoring; Emerging pollutants; Endocrine-disrupting compounds; In vitro bioassays; Sewage treatment plants