A review of the physical and metabolic effects of cross-sex hormonal therapy in the treatment of gender dysphoria.
This review focuses on the effect that cross-gender sex steroid therapy has on metabolic and hormonal parameters. There is an emphasis on those changes that result in significant clinical effects such as the positive effects of the development of secondary sexual characteristics and negative effects such as haemostatic effects and thromboembolism in transwomen or dyslipidaemia in transmen. There is also a description of the current hormonal regimens used at the largest UK gender identity clinic. The overall safety of these treatments in the context of long-term outcome data is reviewed.
St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK West London Mental Health NHS Trust Gender Identity Clinic West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK lseal@sgul.ac.uk.
Leighton J
LJ
Seal
D000068116:Gender Dysphoria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans
Testosterone oestrogen; gender dysphoria; gender-identity disorder; hormone replacement therapy; transman; transsexual; transwoman