Accuracy and safety of fluoroscopic guided percutaneous pedicle screws in thoracic and lumbosacral spine: a review of 2000 screws.
METHODS
Retrospective study.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the accuracy and safety of percutaneous pedicle screws placed using fluoroscopic guidance in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine.


BACKGROUND
Several studies had examined the accuracy and safety of percutaneous pedicle screws but provided large variations in their results with small number of patients or few number of pedicle screws evaluated.


METHODS
Computerized tomography of patients who had surgery with fluoroscopic guided percutaneous pedicle screws were chosen from 2 centers: (1) European patients from University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany and (2) Asian patients from University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. Screw perforations were classified into Grade 0, Grade 1 (<2 mm), Grade 2 (2-4 mm), and Grade 3 (>4 mm).


RESULTS
In total, 2000 percutaneous pedicle screws from 273 patients were analyzed: 1290 screws from 183 European patients and 710 screws from 90 Asian patients. The mean age was 59.1 ± 15.6. There were 140 male patients and 133 female patients. The total perforation rate was 9.4% with 151 (7.5%) Grade 1, 31 (1.6%) Grade 2, and 5 (0.3%) Grade 3 perforations. The total perforation rates among Europeans were 9.4% and among Asians were 9.3%. There was no difference between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). There were 3 distinct peaks in perforation rates (trimodal distribution) at T1, midthoracic region (T4-T7), and lumbosacral junction (L5 and S1). The highest perforation rates were at T1 (33.3%), S1 (19.4%), and T4 (18.6%).


CONCLUSIONS
Implantation of percutaneous pedicle screws insertion using fluoroscopic guidance is safe and has the accuracy comparable to open techniques of pedicle screws insertion.


METHODS
4.
*Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany †Orthocentrum Hamburg, Department of Spine Surgery, Parkklinik Manhagen, Hansastrasse, Hamburg, Germany ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (NOCERAL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and §Department of Spine Surgery, Rheumaklinik Bad Bramstedt, Oskar Alexander Strasse, Bad Bramstedt, Germany.
Nils
N
Hansen-Algenstaedt
Chee Kidd
CK
Chiu
Chris Yin Wei
CY
Chan
Chee Kean
CK
Lee
Christian
C
Schaefer
Mun Keong
MK
Kwan
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*