Differential effects of enriched environment at work on cognitive decline in old age.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to investigate how different mentally demanding work conditions during the professional life-i.e., enriched environments at work-might influence the rate of cognitive decline in old age.


METHODS
Individuals (n = 1,054) of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged, a representative population-based cohort study of individuals aged 75 years and older, underwent cognitive testing via the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in up to 6 measurement waves. Type and level of mentally demanding work conditions in the participants' former professional life were classified based on the O*NET job descriptor database.


RESULTS
In multivariate mixed-model analyses (controlling for sociodemographic and health-related factors), a high level of mentally demanding work tasks stimulating verbal intelligence was significantly associated with a better cognitive functioning at baseline (on average 5 MMSE points higher) as well as a lower rate of cognitive decline (on average 2 MMSE points less) over the 8-year follow-up period compared with a low level. The rate of cognitive decline in old age was also significantly lower (on average 3 MMSE points less) in individuals who had a high level of mentally demanding work tasks stimulating executive functions than those who had a low level.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that a professional life enriched with work tasks stimulating verbal intelligence and executive functions may help to sustain a good cognitive functioning in old age (75+ years). The findings thus emphasize that today's challenging work conditions may also promote positive health effects.
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy. francisca.then@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
Francisca S
FS
Then
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
Tobias
T
Luck
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
Melanie
M
Luppa
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
Hans-Helmut
HH
König
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
Matthias C
MC
Angermeyer
From the Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (F.S.T., T.L., M.L., S.G.R.-H.), and LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (F.S.T., T.L.), University of Leipzig; Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research (H.-H.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Center for Public Mental Health (M.C.A.), Gösing am Wagram, Austria; and Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine (M.C.A.), University of Cagliari, Italy.
Steffi G
SG
Riedel-Heller
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D014937:Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*