Occurrence of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Archived Biosolids from the U.S. EPA's Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey.
Epoxy resins incorporating bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and novolac glycidyl ether (NOGE) are used in a wide range of applications, including adhesives, structural and electrical laminates. However, little is known about the occurrence of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in the environment. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, BADGE, bisphenol F glycidyl ether (BFDGE), 3-ring NOGE, and eight of their derivatives (BADGE·2 H2O, BADGE·H2O, BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·2 HCl, BADGE·HCl, BFDGE·2 H2O, and BFDGE·2 HCl) were determined in archived biosolid samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from the northeastern, midwestern, western, and southern regions of the USA. BADGE·2 H2O was the most frequently detected (DR = 99%) and the most abundant compound found (median: 93.6 ng/g dry weight [dw]) in this family. The highest total concentrations of target chemicals, ranging from 83.6 to 2490 ng/g dw, were found in biosolids collected from the northeastern United States. The sum of geometric mean (GM) concentration of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in biosolids increased with the treatment capacity of WWTPs. Based on the measured concentrations in biosolids and predicted mass in wastewater, it was estimated that approximately 3.5% of the total production of BADGEs was emitted through WWTP discharges.
†Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States.
Jingchuan
J
Xue
‡Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.
Arjun K
AK
Venkatesan
†Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States.
Qian
Q
Wu
‡Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.
Rolf U
RU
Halden
†Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States.|§Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia.
Kurunthachalam
K
Kannan
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; C420695:novolac glycidyl ether; C019273:bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds