Under the banyan tree--exclusion and inclusion of people with mental disorders in rural North India.
BACKGROUND
Social exclusion is both cause and consequence of mental disorders. People with mental disorders (PWMD) are among the most socially excluded in all societies yet little is known about their experiences in North India. This qualitative study aims to describe experiences of exclusion and inclusion of PWMD in two rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India.


METHODS
In-depth interviews with 20 PWMD and eight caregivers were carried out in May 2013. Interviews probed experiences of help-seeking, stigma, discrimination, exclusion, participation, agency and inclusion in their households and communities. Qualitative content analysis was used to generate codes, categories and finally 12 key themes.


RESULTS
A continuum of exclusion was the dominant experience for participants, ranging from nuanced distancing, negative judgements and social isolation, and self-stigma to overt acts of exclusion such as ridicule, disinheritance and physical violence. Mixed in with this however, some participants described a sense of belonging, opportunity for participation and support from both family and community members.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings underline the urgent need for initiatives that increase mental health literacy, access to services and social inclusion of PWMD in North India, and highlight the possibilities of using human rights frameworks in situations of physical and economic violence. The findings also highlight the urgent need to reduce stigma and take actions in policy and at all levels in society to increase inclusion of people with mental distress and disorders.
Landour Community Hospital, Landour, Uttarakhand, 248179, India. kaarenmathias@gmail.com.
Kaaren
K
Mathias
Landour Community Hospital, Landour, Uttarakhand, 248179, India. mkermode@unimelb.edu.au.
Michelle
M
Kermode
Landour Community Hospital, Landour, Uttarakhand, 248179, India. miguel.sansebastian@epiph.umu.se.
Miguel
M
San Sebastian
Landour Community Hospital, Landour, Uttarakhand, 248179, India. mirja.koschorke@kcl.ac.uk.
Mirja
M
Koschorke
Landour Community Hospital, Landour, Uttarakhand, 248179, India. isabel.goicolea@epiph.umu.se.
Isabel
I
Goicolea
D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D017028:Caregivers; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012929:Psychological Distance; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D057545:Social Stigma; D014197:Trees; D014754:Violence; D055815:Young Adult