Taking a Closer Look--Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Non-Critically Ill Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy.
BACKGROUND
Inpatient glucose management is based on four daily capillary blood glucose (BG) measurements. The aim was to test the capability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for assessing the clinical impact and safety of basal-bolus insulin therapy in non-critically ill hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).


METHODS
Eighty-four patients with T2DM (age, 68±10 years; glycosylated hemoglobin, 72±28 mmol/mol; body mass index, 31±7 kg/m(2)) were treated with basal-bolus insulin. CGM was performed with the iPro(®)2 system (Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA) and calibrated retrospectively.


RESULTS
A remarkable consistency between CGM and BG measurements and therapy improvement was shown over the study period of 501 patient-days. The number of CGM and BG measurements (CGM/BG) in the range from 3.9-10 mmol/L increased from 67.7%/67.2% (on Day 1) to 77.5%/78.6% (on the last day) (P<0.04). The number of low glycemic episodes (3.3 to <3.9 mmol/L) during nighttime detected by CGM was 15-fold higher, and the number of episodes >13.9 mmol/L detected by CGM during night was 12.5-fold higher than the values from the BG measurements. Ninety-nine percent of data points were in the clinically accurate or acceptable Clarke Error Grid Zones A+B, and the relative numbers of correctly identified episodes of <3.9 and >13.9 mmol/L detected by CGM (sensitivity) were 47.3% and 81.5%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data exhibit a good agreement between overall CGM and BG measurements, but there were a high number of missed hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes with BG measurements, particularly during nighttime. Overall assessment of glycemic control using CGM is feasible, whereas the use of CGM for individualized therapy decisions needs further improvement.
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .
Lukas
L
Schaupp
2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Klaus
K
Donsa
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .
Katharina M
KM
Neubauer
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .
Julia K
JK
Mader
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .
Felix
F
Aberer
2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Bernhard
B
Höll
2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Stephan
S
Spat
2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Thomas
T
Augustin
2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Peter
P
Beck
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .|2 Joanneum Research GmbH, HEALTH-Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences , Graz, Austria .
Thomas R
TR
Pieber
1 Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz, Austria .
Johannes
J
Plank
D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human