Reclaiming a theoretical orientation to reflection in medical education research: a critical narrative review.
BACKGROUND
Reflection and reflective practice have become popular topics of scholarly dialogue in medical education. This popularity has given rise to checklists, portfolios and other tools to inspire and document reflection. We argue that some of the common ways in which reflection has been applied are influenced by broader discourses of assessment and evidence, and divorced from original theories of reflection and reflective practice.


METHODS
This paper was developed using a critical narrative approach. First we present two theoretical lenses provided by theories of reflection. Next we present a summary of relevant literature, indexed in PubMed from 2004 to 2014, relating to the application of reflection or reflective practice to undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. We categorise these articles broadly by trends and problematise the trends relative to the two theoretical lenses of reflection.


RESULTS
Two relevant theoretical orientations of reflection for medical education are: (i) reflection as epistemology of practice, and (ii) reflection as critical social inquiry. Three prevalent trends in the application of reflection to medical education are: (i) utilitarian applications of reflection; (ii) a focus on the self as the object of reflection, and (iii) reflection and assessment. These trends align with dominant epistemological positions in medicine, but not with those that underpin reflection.


CONCLUSIONS
We argue for continued theorising of and theoretically informed applications of reflection, drawing upon epistemologies of practice and critical reflection as critical social inquiry. These directions offer medical education research broad and deep potential in theories of reflection, particularly in relation to knowledge creation within uncertain and complex situations, and challenging of dominant discourses and structures. Future work could explore how dominant epistemological positions and discourses in medicine influence theories from other disciplines when these theories are deployed in medical education.
Centre for Faculty Development, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Ambulatory Care Education, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Wilson Centre for Research in Education, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Stella L
SL
Ng
Elizabeth A
EA
Kinsella
Farah
F
Friesen
Brian
B
Hodges
D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D004501:Education, Medical; D017145:Models, Educational; D033262:Narration