Moisture damage in home associates with systemic inflammation in children.
This study investigated the association between confirmed moisture damage in homes and systemic subclinical inflammation in children. Home inspections were performed in homes of 291 children at the age of 6 years. Subclinical inflammation at the age of 6 years was assessed by measuring the circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes in peripheral blood and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in unstimulated, and in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin (PI), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or peptidoglycan (PPG)-stimulated whole blood. Major moisture damage in the child's main living areas (living room, kitchen, or child's bedroom) and moisture damage with mold in the bathroom were associated with increased levels of CRP and stimulated production of several proinflammatory cytokines. There were no significant associations between moisture damage/visible mold and leukocyte or FeNO values. The results suggest that moisture damage or mold in home may be associated with increased systemic subclinical inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine responsiveness.
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
K
K
Mustonen
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
A M
AM
Karvonen
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
P
P
Kirjavainen
Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
M
M
Roponen
LMU Munich, University Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany.
B
B
Schaub
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
A
A
Hyvärinen
University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
U
U
Frey
Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
H
H
Renz
Institute for Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
P I
PI
Pfefferle
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
J
0000-0001-5764-1528
J
Genuneit
Department of Vaccinations and Immune Protection, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
O
O
Vaarala
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
J
J
Pekkanen
D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D045853:Exhalation; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D013227:Steam / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
D016207:Cytokines; D013227:Steam; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
Children; Cytokines; Indoor; Inflammation; Moisture damage; Mold