Prospective evaluation of a protocol for using transabdominal ultrasound to screen for short cervix.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to evaluate a recently proposed protocol whereby transabdominal ultrasound of the cervix might be used as a prescreen to select women to undergo or to forgo measurement of cervical length via transvaginal ultrasound (CLvag).


METHODS
This was a prospective cohort study. Measurements of cervical length via transabdominal ultrasound (CLabd) and CLvag were made in women with singleton pregnancy during routine obstetrical ultrasound examination at 18(0/7) to 23(6/7) weeks of gestation. The transabdominal screen was considered positive if CLabd was ≤36 mm with the maternal bladder full or ≤35 mm with the bladder empty, or adequate imaging of the cervix could not be obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios of a positive screen to detect a short cervix (CLvag ≤25 mm) were calculated.


RESULTS
An interim analysis identified several technical problems with CLabd measurements, so the protocol was extensively revised. Under the revised protocol, 1580 women were included. Adequate views of the cervix were obtained via transabdominal imaging in 46% of subjects with the bladder empty and 56% with the bladder full. The correlation between CLabd and CLvag was poor (r = 0.38). Of the 17 patients with a short cervix, 15 had suboptimal transabdominal exams (screen positive) and 2 had CLabd ≤35 mm with bladder empty (screen positive). Sensitivity of the screen was 100% (95% confidence interval, 80.5-100%) but specificity was only 32.2% (95% confidence interval, 29.9-34.6%) and screen positive rate was 66.3%. Several technical problems and limitations of transabdominal imaging of the cervix are shown.


CONCLUSIONS
Using modern, high-resolution ultrasound equipment, we were unable to adequately image the cervix via transabdominal ultrasound in half the cases. Although we confirmed that a CLabd cutoff value of 35-36 mm is appropriate for detection of short cervix, the technique for measuring CLabd is fraught with technical problems. Practitioners must validate the technique in their own practice before adopting this or similar prescreening protocols. We decided not to adopt this protocol.
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA. Electronic address: santosh_pandipati@obstetrix.com.
Santosh
S
Pandipati
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA.
C Andrew
CA
Combs
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA.
Alan
A
Fishman
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA.
Sarah Y
SY
Lee
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA.
Kimberly
K
Mallory
Obstetrix Medical Group, San Jose, CA.
Francesca
F
Ianovich
D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
cervical length screening; prematurity prevention; transabdominal ultrasound; transvaginal ultrasound