Mutualistic root endophytism is not associated with the reduction of saprotrophic traits and requires a noncompromised plant innate immunity.
During a compatible interaction, the sebacinoid root-associated fungi Piriformospora indica and Sebacina vermifera induce modification of root morphology and enhance shoot growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The genomic traits common in these two fungi were investigated and compared with those of other root-associated fungi and saprotrophs. The transcriptional responses of the two sebacinoid fungi and of Arabidopsis roots to colonization at three different symbiotic stages were analyzed by custom-designed microarrays. We identified key genomic features characteristic of sebacinoid fungi, such as expansions for gene families involved in hydrolytic activities, carbohydrate-binding and protein-protein interaction. Additionally, we show that colonization of Arabidopsis correlates with the induction of salicylic acid catabolism and accumulation of jasmonate and glucosinolates (GSLs). Genes involved in root developmental processes were specifically induced by S. vermifera at later stages during interaction. Using different Arabidopsis indole-GSLs mutants and measurement of secondary metabolites, we demonstrate the importance of the indolic glucosinolate pathway in the growth restriction of P. indica and S. vermifera and we identify indole-phytoalexins and specifically indole-carboxylic acids derivatives as potential key players in the maintenance of a mutualistic interaction with root endophytes.
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
Urs
U
Lahrmann
Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
Nadine
N
Strehmel
Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674, Cologne, Germany.
Gregor
G
Langen
Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674, Cologne, Germany.
Henning
H
Frerigmann
Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674, Cologne, Germany.
Lisa
L
Leson
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
Yi
Y
Ding
Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
Dierk
D
Scheel
Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany.
Siska
S
Herklotz
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.
Magdalena
M
Hilbert
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043, Marburg, Germany.|Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50674, Cologne, Germany.
Alga
A
Zuccaro
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D009154:Mutation; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D057865:Plant Immunity; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D000094162:Phytoalexins
D005961:Glucosinolates; D007211:Indoles; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C030374:indole; D000094162:Phytoalexins
Arabidopsis thaliana; Piriformospora indica; Sebacina vermifera; defense; growth promotion; jasmonic acid; metabolomics; transcriptomics