Mechanisms of anterior gradient-2 regulation and function in cancer.
Proteins targeted to secretory pathway enter the endoplasmic reticulum where they undergo post-translational modification and subsequent quality control executed by exquisite catalysts of protein folding, protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). These enzymes can often provide strict conformational protein folding solutions to highly cysteine-rich cargo as they facilitate disulphide rearrangement in the endoplasmic reticulum. Under conditions when PDI substrates are not isomerised properly, secreted proteins can accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress initiation with implications for human disease development. Anterior Gradient-2 (AGR2) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident PDI superfamily member that has emerged as a dominant effector of basic biological properties in vertebrates including blastoderm formation and limb regeneration. AGR2 perturbation in mammals influences disease processes including cancer progression and drug resistance, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review will focus on the molecular characteristics, function, and regulation of AGR2, views on its emerging biological functions and misappropriation in disease, and prospects for therapeutic intervention into endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein folding pathways for improving the treatment of human disease.
Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
Veronika
V
Brychtova
Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Cell Signalling Unit, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
Aiman
A
Mohtar
Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
Borivoj
B
Vojtesek
Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, RECAMO, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre Cell Signalling Unit, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK. Electronic address: ted.hupp@ed.ac.uk.
Ted R
TR
Hupp
D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D051379:Mice; D009088:Mucoproteins; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011485:Protein Binding; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017510:Protein Folding; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
C502296:AGR2 protein, human; D009088:Mucoproteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases
AGR2; Asthma; Cancer; Endoplasmic reticulum; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Inflammation; PDI; Protein folding