Preconcentration and determination of lead and cadmium levels in blood samples of adolescent workers consuming smokeless tobacco products in Pakistan.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in the blood samples of adolescent boys, chewing different smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Pakistan. For comparative purpose, boys of the same age group (12-15 years), not consumed any SLT products were selected as referents. To determine trace levels of Cd and Pb in blood samples, a preconcentration method, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VLLME) has been developed, prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The hydrophobic chelates of Cd and Pb with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate were extracted into the fine droplets of ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, while nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was used as a dispersing medium. The main factors affecting the recoveries of Cd and Pb, such as concentration of APDC, centrifugation time, volume of IL and TX-114, were investigated in detail. It was also observed that adolescent boys who consumed different SLT products have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of Cd and Pb in their blood samples as compared to referent boys (p < 0.001).
National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan, ssadiashafi@gmail.com.
Sadaf Sadia
SS
Arain
Tasneem Gul
TG
Kazi
Hassan Imran
HI
Afridi
Kapil Dev
KD
Brahman
Naeemullah
Sumaira
S
Khan
Abdul Haleem
AH
Panhwar
Muhammad Afzal
MA
Kamboh
Jamil R
JR
Memon
D000293:Adolescent; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D008297:Male; D017830:Octoxynol; D010154:Pakistan; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000737:chemistry; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
C412621:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007093:Imidazoles; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D002104:Cadmium; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D007854:Lead; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40