Oleic acid complex of bovine α-lactalbumin induces eryptosis in human and other erythrocytes by a Ca(2+)-independent mechanism.
BACKGROUND
Complexes of oleic acid (OA) with milk α-lactalbumin, received remarkable attention in view of their selective toxicity towards a spectrum of tumors during the last two decades. OA complexes of some structurally related/unrelated proteins are also tumoricidal. Erythrocytes are among the few differentiated cells that are sensitive and undergo hemolysis when exposed to the complexes.


METHODS
The effects of OA complex of bovine α-lactalbumin (Bovine Alpha-lactalbumin Made LEthal to Tumor cells, BAMLET) on human, goat and chicken erythrocytes on calcein leakage, phosphatidylserine exposure, morphological changes and hemolysis were studied by confocal microscopy, FACS analysis, scanning electron microscopy and measuring hemoglobin release.


RESULTS
Erythrocytes exposed to BAMLET undergo eryptosis-like alterations as revealed by calcein leakage, surface phosphatidylserine exposure and transformation to echinocytes at low concentrations and hemolysis when the concentration of the complex was raised. Ca(2+) was not essential and restricted the alterations when included in the medium. The BAMLET-induced alterations in human erythrocytes were prevented by the cation channel inhibitors, amiloride and BaCl2 but not by inhibitors of thiol proteases, sphingomyelinase and by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine.


CONCLUSIONS
The work shows for the first time that low concentrations of BAMLET induces eryptosis in erythrocytes by a novel mechanism not requiring Ca(2+) and hemolysis by detergent-like action by the released OA at higher concentrations.


CONCLUSIONS
The study points out to the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of OA complexes of α-lactalbumin and other proteins towards erythrocytes and other differentiated cells before being considered for therapy.
Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
Mehboob
M
Hoque
CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
Ravikanth
R
Nanduri
Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
Jyoti
J
Gupta
CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
Sahil
S
Mahajan
CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India.
Pawan
P
Gupta
Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India. Electronic address: msaleemuddin47@gmail.com.
M
M
Saleemuddin
D000584:Amiloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006041:Goats; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*
D009829:Oleic Acids; D000584:Amiloride; D007768:Lactalbumin; D002118:Calcium
Antitumor drugs; Eryptosis; HAMLET/BAMLET; Oleic acid; α-Lactalbumin