title: In-vitro diagnosis of single and poly microbial species targeted for diabetic foot infection using e-nose technology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective management of patients with diabetic foot infection is a crucial concern. A delay in prescribing appropriate antimicrobial agent can lead to amputation or life threatening complications. Thus, this electronic nose (e-nose) technique will provide a diagnostic tool that will allow for rapid and accurate identification of a pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study investigates the performance of e-nose technique performing direct measurement of static headspace with algorithm and data interpretations which was validated by Headspace SPME-GC-MS, to determine the causative bacteria responsible for diabetic foot infection. The study was proposed to complement the wound swabbing method for bacterial culture and to serve as a rapid screening tool for bacteria species identification. The investigation focused on both single and poly microbial subjected to different agar media cultures. A multi-class technique was applied including statistical approaches such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as well as neural networks called Probability Neural Network (PNN). Most of classifiers successfully identified poly and single microbial species with up to 90% accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained from this study showed that the e-nose was able to identify and differentiate between poly and single microbial species comparable to the conventional clinical technique. It also indicates that even though poly and single bacterial species in different agar solution emit different headspace volatiles, they can still be discriminated and identified using multivariate techniques.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. nurlisayusuf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nurlisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. ammarzakaria@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Ammar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. iqbalomar@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Mohammad Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. aliyeon@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Ali Yeon Md
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shakaff
authors.affiliation: Institute for Engineering Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. mazjamilah@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Maz Jamilah
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Masnan
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. latifahmunirah@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Latifah Munirah
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kamarudin
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. norasmadi@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Norasmadi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdul Rahim
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia. nurishqi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nur Zawatil Isqi
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, Japan. azian.azamimi.zt2@is.naist.jp.
authors.forename: Azian Azamimi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology|, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Jalan Kolam, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. amizah74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amizah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology|, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Jalan Kolam, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. mohdsadekyasin@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohd Sadek
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yasin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D057225:Data Mining; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D062609:Electronic Nose; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D060388:Support Vector Machine