title: Sol-gel microspheres doped with glycerol: a structural insight in light of forthcoming applications in the polyurethane foam industry.
abstract: Porous silica-based microspheres encapsulating aqueous glycerol can be potential curing agents for one-component foams (OCFs). Such agents have the advantage of an enhanced sustainability profile on top of being environmentally friendly materials. A synthetically convenient and scalable sol-gel process was used to make silica and organosilica microspheres doped with aqueous glycerol. These methyl-modified silica microspheres, named "GreenCaps", exhibit remarkable physical and chemical stability. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy at reduced pressure, and cryogenic nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The structure of the materials was also analyzed at the molecular level by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. As expected, the degree of methylation affects the degree of encapsulation and pore structure. Microspheres similarly methylated, however, can differ considerably in surface area and pore size due to the templating effect of glycerol on the organosilica structure. The results of the structure analysis reveal that glycerol is efficiently encapsulated, acts as a template, barely leaches over time, but is released by depressurization. A proper application of these microspheres can later on enhance both the environmental and health profile, as well as the technical performance (curing speed, foam quality, and froth thixotropy) of spray polyurethane foams.
authors.affiliation: Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, (Italy).
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciriminna
authors.affiliation: Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Complexo I Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, (Portugal).
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fidalgo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Química-Física Molecular and Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (IN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Complexo I Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, (Portugal).
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ilharco
authors.affiliation: Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR via U. La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, (Italy).
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagliaro
keywords: curing agent; glycerol; microencapsulation; polyurethane foam; silica