title: Evaluation of serum Spondin 2 levels in the different stages of Type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine whether serum SPON2 is a useful biomarker in the detection of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and to compare serum SPON2 levels with 24-hour urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in patients with DN at different stages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort included 80 adult patients with T2D and 20 healthy controls. The patients with T2D were divided into four groups according to UAER and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Group 1 consisted of patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 20), Group 2 with microalbuminuria (n = 20), Group 3 with macroalbuminuria (n = 20) and Group 4 with albuminuria and sCr > 1.5 mg/dL (n = 20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of demographic data, C-reactive protein, HbA1c, lipids, serum uric acid levels and leukocyte counts. SPON2 levels were observed to increase linearly with increasing severity of diabetic nephropathy levels. The SPON2 levels of Group 4 were significantly higher than Group 1 and the controls, and SPON2 levels of Group 3 were significantly higher than Group 1. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and UAER were significantly positively correlated with SPON2; serum total protein and calcium levels were negatively correlated with SPON2 in patients with DN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed a linear and significant increase in SPON2 levels of patients with T2D as the stage of DN increased, but serum SPON2 level was not as effective as microalbuminuria in reflecting nephropathy. Also, serum SPON2 level was not as good as urine and tissue levels of SPON2 in detection of renal damage in DN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kahvecioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guclu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ustundag
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cuma Bulent
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gul
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dagel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bennur
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akturk Esen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Acibadem Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esen
keywords: Spondin 2; diabetes mellitus; diabetic nephropathy; mindin; proteinuria