title: Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in breast milk in Shanghai, China: A temporal upward trend.
abstract: Human milk samples were collected from 150 mothers in 2011 and 2012 in Shanghai, China and analyzed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). The up-bound Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) ranged from 0.27 to 16.8 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 5.4 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑PCDD/Fs and from 0.75 to 10.2 pg TEQ/g lipid (mean 2.9 pg TEQ/g lipid) for ∑DL-PCBs. TEQs in our study were lower than those in most countries worldwide, and displayed a notable uptrend, in contrast with those in China's national survey in 2007. TEQs in mother milks from urban areas were higher than those from rural areas, and an orderly distribution was found in four geographical regions: Eastern China>Central China≈Southwestern China>Northwestern China. Levels of analytes in Shanghai native mothers' milk ranked the first among those from all provinces and cities investigated. Migrant mothers to Shanghai from other inland provinces could potentially represent the population for exposure and risk assessment in their birth and grown-up places. Both the distribution and the uptrend were associated with release of these pollutants due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. Fine correlations were observed between TEQs and age of mothers, and weak correlations between TEQs and consumption of meat & meat products. Participants, who preferred both fresh water and marine fish to freshwater fish only, were prone to be exposed to higher level of PCBs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) doses for breastfed neonates entirely exceeded the tolerable intake dose by WHO.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China; School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Dasheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Yuanjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
authors.forename: Dongli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
authors.forename: Jianwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China.
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1380 Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai 200336, China. Electronic address: wangguoquan@scdc.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Guoquan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health/MOE Key Lab for Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: zjzhou@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D011108:Polymers; C016068:polychlorodibenzofuran; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Human breast milk; Migrants; PCBs; PCDD/Fs; POPs; Shanghai