title: Biological challenges to effective vaccines in the developing world.
abstract: The reason for holding a meeting to discuss biological challenges to vaccines is simple: not all vaccines work equally well in all settings. This special issue reviews the performance of vaccines in challenging environments, summarizes current thinking on the reasons why vaccines underperform and considers what approaches are necessary to understand the heterogeneity in responses and to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India n.grassly@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Grassly
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India.
authors.forename: Gagandeep
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK Vaccinology Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia, Atlantic Road, Fajara, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kampmann
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D000284:Administration, Oral; D035843:Biomedical Research; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D003906:Developing Countries; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: immunization; immunology; infectious disease; vaccine; vaccinology