title: Heme iron polypeptide for the management of anaemia of chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anaemia is a common clinical finding among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Iron deficiency is an important contributing factor, and adequate iron supplementation is essential to optimize the management of anaemia of CKD. Oral iron is convenient and inexpensive but is poorly absorbed and associated with gastrointestinal distress. Intravenous iron overcomes these limitations but is more expensive, requires additional clinical visits for administration and is associated with serious adverse events. Oral heme iron polypeptide (HIP) is a newer dosage form that has been reported to have higher bioavailability and fewer side effects when compared with non-heme iron in healthy subjects, but data in patients with CKD are limited. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of HIP for the management of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches for PubMed (1947-2015) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-2015) were conducted using the following terms: heme iron, heme iron polypeptide, oral iron, anaemia and chronic kidney disease. The bibliography of each relevant article was evaluated for additional studies. Articles were selected for review if they were published in the English language and were randomized controlled trials evaluating the bioavailability, tolerability or efficacy of oral HIP in human subjects with CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This search yielded three clinical studies. The safety and efficacy of HIP was evaluated in a total of 161 subjects with anaemia and various stages of CKD. HIP was consistently associated with lower ferritin values when compared with traditional iron supplementation. With few exceptions, the effect of HIP on haemoglobin, haematocrit, transferrin saturation and recombinant human erythropoietin dose, and adverse effects appeared similar to intravenous and oral non-heme iron supplementation. The cost of HIP is substantially more than non-heme iron and comparable to intravenous iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heme iron polypeptide does not appear to confer benefit over traditional iron supplementation among patients with anaemia of CKD and is more expensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Dull
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D058085:Iron Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D058085:Iron Compounds; D010455:Peptides
keywords: anaemia; chronic kidney disease; heme iron; heme iron polypeptide; oral iron