title: Possible esthesioneuroblastoma metastasis to paranasal sinuses: Clinical report and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local recurrence, and regional and distant metastases, respectively, develop in 30% and 15% of patients with esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB).
  
  
  METHODS
  This case report includes 3 patients with unusual recurrences of ENB in the sinonasal tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient 1 developed ENB in the bilateral maxillary sinuses after unilateral endoscopic resection of a left ENB followed by postoperative proton radiotherapy. Patient 2 developed ENB at the left optic-carotid recess 7 years after a craniofacial resection and postoperative radiotherapy. Patient 3 developed ENB over the left zygomatic process of the maxilla 4 years after a cranioendoscopic resection and postoperative radiation therapy for ENB of the ethmoid sinuses with intracranial extension. The possibility of venous tumor emboli must be considered as a likely etiology. However, alternative explanations include the development of a second primary or potential transformation because of tumor signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present 3 cases that may represent metastasis of ENB within the sinonasal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Lamia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buohliqa
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavalieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ricardo L L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dolci
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.|Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prevedello
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.|Department of Neurosurgical Surgery, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Ricardo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Carrau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000473:pathology
keywords: ectopic tumor; endoscopic endonasal approach; esthesioneuroblastoma; recurrence; skull base surgery