title: Association of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis with age, sex and season differs depending on the affected organ.
abstract: METHODS
  Data from tuberculosis (TB) cases in Germany who are continuously monitored for the purposes of epidemiological surveillance and disease control.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the distribution of age, sex, place of birth, seasonality and recurrence of TB disease in different types of TB organ manifestations, with particular focus on lymph nodes and pleura.
  
  
  METHODS
  All TB cases reported to the Berlin State Office for Health and Social Affairs (LAGeSo) in Berlin, Germany, between 2001 and 2012 were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences with regard to seasonal variation as well as age and sex distribution were seen when comparing pleural TB and TB of the extrathoracic lymph nodes, the predominant types of extra-pulmonary TB. EPTB was generally more prevalent in patients born outside Europe. In contrast to a previous study, an increase in recurrent TB was not observed in EPTB when compared to pulmonary TB cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant differences in TB organ manifestation in association with season, sex and age suggest different pathophysiological mechanisms of disease development. Future studies might provide further insight into the mechanism of TB development and may therefore be of help in the prevention and treatment of EPTB.
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Padberg
authors.affiliation: Unit for Regional Health Care Analyses & Health Care Atlas, Central Research Institute of Ambulatory Health Care in Germany, Berlin, Germany; Berlin State Office for Health and Social Affairs, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bätzing-Feigenbaum
authors.affiliation: Berlin State Office for Health and Social Affairs, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sagebiel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D014396:Tuberculosis, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult