title: MR Imaging of Thoracic Veins.
abstract: MR imaging of thoracic veins is performed to evaluate the heart and thoracic vasculature. The protocol can be customized to the clinical question. In the embryo, systemic and pulmonary vein development is closely related to heart development. Congenital anomalies of the thoracic veins are strongly associated with other cardiac and situs abnormalities. Acquired venous abnormalities are often iatrogenic, or secondary to malignancy. This article discusses development and anatomy of the thoracic venous systems, clinical MR imaging methods for their evaluation, and illustrates the MR imaging appearance of congenital and acquired abnormalities of systemic thoracic veins, coronary sinus, and pulmonary veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2713, USA. Electronic address: giselach@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Gisela C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4204, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4204, USA.
authors.forename: Jimmy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Floor 3 Recp A Room 3660A, 1540 East Hospital Drive SPC 4252, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Maryam Ghadimi
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4204, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4204, USA.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dorfman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Floor 5 Room 5383, 1500 East Medical Center Drive SPC 5868, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Prachi P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities; D013909:Thorax / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins
keywords: Cardinal venous system; MR angiography; MR imaging; Pulmonary veins; Systemic veins