title: Clinical outcomes and development of children born to couples with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia undergoing testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection: A comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes and development of children born between obstructive azoospermia (OA) couples and nonobstructive azoospermia couples (NOA) after testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from infertile couples suffering from azoospermia who underwent TESE and ICSI from January 2001 to December 2009 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. A total of 154 ICSI cycles were performed using extracted testicular sperm from men with obstructive azoospermia (67 ICSI cycles) and men with nonobstructive azoospermia (87 ICSI cycles). Retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes and development of children born after TESE-ICSE between obstructive azoospermia couples and nonobstructive azoospermia couples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The assisted reproductive technology (ART) result between OA and NOA groups, including age, E2 level on hCG day, number of oocytes retrieved, normal fertilization rate, zygote Grade 1 score distribution, number of top-quality embryos transferred, clinical pregnancy rate per transfer, chemical pregnancy rate per transfer, implantation rate, live birth rate per transfer, and abortion rate per transfer, were all similar. Thirty-one live births resulted from 67 ICSE cycles in the OA group and 33 live births from 87 ICSE cycles in the NOA group. The obstetric and perinatal outcomes were similar between the groups, and children conceived by using ICSI were generally healthy without raised tendency of major birth defect and development impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, there were no differences in the fertility rate and clinic pregnancy rate between the OA and NOA groups using TESE-ICSI. Also, the clinical outcomes and development of children were similar between the OA and the NOA groups using TESE-ICSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ru
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Jen
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pin-Yao
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Tsai
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ying-Jui
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: lankuochung@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kuo-Chung
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053713:Azoospermia / Q000628:therapy*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D053625:Sperm Retrieval; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: development of children; intracytoplasmic sperm injection; nonobstructive azoospermia; obstructive azoospermia; testicular sperm extraction