title: Pilot study on the combination of an organophosphate-based insecticide paint and pyrethroid-treated long lasting nets against pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors in Burkina Faso.
abstract: A pilot study to test the efficacy of combining an organophosphate-based insecticide paint and pyrethroid-treated Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector mosquitoes was performed in a real village setting in Burkina Faso. Paint Inesfly 5A IGR™, comprised of two organophosphates (OPs) and an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR), was tested in combination with pyrethroid-treated LLINs. Efficacy was assessed in terms of mortality for 12 months using Early Morning Collections of malaria vectors and 30-minute WHO bioassays. Resistance to pyrethroids and OPs was assessed by detecting the frequency of L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations and Ace-1(R)G119S mutation, respectively. Blood meal origin was identified using a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The combination of Inesfly 5A IGR™ and LLINs was effective in killing 99.9-100% of malaria vector populations for 6 months regardless of the dose and volume treated. After 12 months, mortality rates decreased to 69.5-82.2%. The highest mortality rates observed in houses treated with 2 layers of insecticide paint and a larger volume. WHO bioassays supported these results: mortalities were 98.8-100% for 6 months and decreased after 12 months to 81.7-97.0%. Mortality rates in control houses with LLINs were low. Collected malaria vectors consisted exclusively of Anopheles coluzzii and were resistant to pyrethroids, with a L1014 kdr mutation frequency ranging from 60 to 98% through the study. About 58% of An. coluzzii collected inside houses had bloodfed on non-human animals. Combining Inesfly 5A IGR™ and LLINs yielded a one year killing efficacy against An. coluzzii highly resistant to pyrethroids but susceptible to OPs that exhibited an anthropo-zoophilic behaviour in the study area. The results obtained in a real setting supported previous work performed in experimental huts and underscore the need to study the impact that this novel strategy may have on clinical malaria and malaria exposure in children in a similar area of high pyrethroid resistance in South-Western Burkina Faso.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: bmosqueira@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mosqueira
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: dieusoma@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Dieudonné D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: namountougou_d@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Moussa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namountougou
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: sergepoda71@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poda
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: a_diabate@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diabaté
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: ouari_ali@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ouari
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: florence.fournet@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fournet
authors.affiliation: Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France. Electronic address: thierry.baldet@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldet
authors.affiliation: Immeuble Le Majoral, Avenue de la Tramontane, 34420 Portiragnes Plage, France. Electronic address: pjcarnevale2001@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 BP 545, Burkina Faso. Electronic address: dabire_roch@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Roch K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dabiré
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: s.mas.coma@uv.es.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mas-Coma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002050:Burkina Faso; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000494:pharmacology; D003976:Diazinon / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010150:Paint; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D010755:Organophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011725:Pyridines; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D003976:Diazinon
keywords: Anopheles coluzzii; Inesfly 5A IGR™; LLINs; Malaria control; Pyrethroid resistance