title: New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Description of Strategy and Reliability Findings for the Interview Measures.
abstract: Clinical genetic studies confirm the broader autism phenotype (BAP) in some relatives of individuals with autism, but there are few standardized assessment measures. We developed three BAP measures (informant interview, self-report interview, and impression of interviewee observational scale) and describe the development strategy and findings from the interviews. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium data were collected from families containing at least two individuals with autism. Comparison of the informant and self-report interviews was restricted to samples in which the interviews were undertaken by different researchers from that site (251 UK informants, 119 from the Netherlands). Researchers produced vignettes that were rated blind by others. Retest reliability was assessed in 45 participants. Agreement between live scoring and vignette ratings was very high. Retest stability for the interviews was high. Factor analysis indicated a first factor comprising social-communication items and rigidity (but not other repetitive domain items), and a second factor comprised mainly of reading and spelling impairments. Whole scale Cronbach's alphas were high for both interviews. The correlation between interviews for factor 1 was moderate (adult items 0.50; childhood items 0.43); Kappa values for between-interview agreement on individual items were mainly low. The correlations between individual items and total score were moderate. The inclusion of several factor 2 items lowered the overall Cronbach's alpha for the total set. Both interview measures showed good reliability and substantial stability over time, but the findings were better for factor 1 than factor 2. We recommend factor 1 scores be used for characterising the BAP.
authors.affiliation: From University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, UK.|Institutes of Neuroscience, and Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Jeremy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maretha V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: De Jonge
authors.affiliation: From University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Neuroscience, and Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Le Couteur
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Engeland
authors.affiliation: From University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, UK.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wittemeyer
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Neuroscience, and Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McConachie
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roge
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Carine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantoulan
authors.affiliation: Center for Autisme, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Center for Autisme, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isager
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolte
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.affiliation: Cambridge University and Department of General and Adolescent Paediatrics, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weisblatt
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: University Department of Child Psychiatry, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.affiliation: Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust & King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: From University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012919:Social Behavior; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: broader autism phenotype; informant interview; interrater reliability; retest reliability; self-report interview