title: Plantar flexor neuromuscular adjustments following match-play football in hot and cool conditions.
abstract: We assessed neuromuscular fatigue and recovery of the plantar flexors after playing football with or without severe heat stress. Neuromuscular characteristics of the plantar flexors were assessed in 17 male players at baseline and ∼30 min, 24, and 48 h after two 90-min football matches in temperate (∼20 °C and 55% rH) and hot (∼43 °C and 20% rH) environments. Measurements included maximal voluntary strength, muscle activation, twitch contractile properties, and rate of torque development and soleus EMG (i.e., root mean square activity) rise from 0 to 30, -50, -100, and -200 ms during maximal isometric contractions for plantar flexors. Voluntary activation and peak twitch torque were equally reduced (-1.5% and -16.5%, respectively; P < 0.05) post-matches relative to baseline in both conditions, the latter persisting for at least 48 h, whereas strength losses (∼5%) were not significant. Absolute explosive force production declined (P < 0.05) 30 ms after contraction onset independently of condition, with no change at any other epochs. Globally, normalized rate of force development and soleus EMG activity rise values remained unchanged. In football, match-induced alterations in maximal and rapid torque production capacities of the plantar flexors are moderate and do not differ after competing in temperate and hot environments.
authors.affiliation: Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar; ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nybo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Racinais
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004576:Electromyography; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque
keywords: Explosive force; fatigue; football; recovery; thermoregulation