title: Different Temporal Effects of Ebola Virus VP35 and VP24 Proteins on Global Gene Expression in Human Dendritic Cells.
abstract: Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with a deficient immune response, lymphopenia, and lymphocyte apoptosis. Dendritic cells (DC), which trigger the adaptive response, do not mature despite EBOV infection. We recently demonstrated that DC maturation is unblocked by disabling the innate response antagonizing domains (IRADs) in EBOV VP35 and VP24 by the mutations R312A and K142A, respectively. Here we analyzed the effects of VP35 and VP24 with the IRADs disabled on global gene expression in human DC. Human monocyte-derived DC were infected by wild-type (wt) EBOV or EBOVs carrying the mutation in VP35 (EBOV/VP35m), VP24 (EBOV/VP24m), or both (EBOV/VP35m/VP24m). Global gene expression at 8 and 24 h was analyzed by deep sequencing, and the expression of interferon (IFN) subtypes up to 5 days postinfection was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). wt EBOV induced a weak global gene expression response, including markers of DC maturation, cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and multiple IFNs. The VP35 mutation unblocked the expression, resulting in a dramatic increase in expression of these transcripts at 8 and 24 h. Surprisingly, DC infected with EBOV/VP24m expressed lower levels of many of these transcripts at 8 h after infection, compared to wt EBOV. In contrast, at 24 h, expression of the transcripts increased in DC infected with any of the three mutants, compared to wt EBOV. Moreover, sets of genes affected by the two mutations only partially overlapped. Pathway analysis demonstrated that the VP35 mutation unblocked pathways involved in antigen processing and presentation and IFN signaling. These data suggest that EBOV IRADs have profound effects on the host adaptive immune response through massive transcriptional downregulation of DC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study shows that infection of DC with EBOV, but not its mutant forms with the VP35 IRAD and/or VP24 IRAD disabled, causes a global block in expression of host genes. The temporal effects of mutations disrupting the two IRADs differ, and the lists of affected genes only partially overlap such that VP35 and VP24 IRADs each have profound effects on antigen presentation by exposed DC. The global modulation of DC gene expression and the resulting lack of their maturation represent a major mechanism by which EBOV disables the T cell response and suggests that these suppressive pathways are a therapeutic target that may unleash the T cell responses during EBOV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Philipp A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ilinykh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ndongala M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lubaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Widen
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Lynnsey A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Renn
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Terence C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Theisen
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rabin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA alexander.bukreyev@utmb.edu.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bukreyev
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014758:Viral Core Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D009698:Nucleoproteins; C446938:VP24 protein, Ebola virus; D014758:Viral Core Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C084818:nucleoprotein VP35, Ebola virus; D007372:Interferons