title: Liver xenotransplantation.
abstract: During the past 30 years orthotopic liver transplantation has become a highly successful form of surgical treatments. The significant advances achieved in this field have led to an increased demand for organs and created a wide gap between organ availability and organ supply. A wider availability of organs for transplantation would allow an expansions rather than a contraction of the indications for transplantation, and, at the same time a relaxation of the patient selection criteria. All these facts clearly justify the renewed interest observed in the last decade in xenotransplantation. The original concept of xenografting, meaning the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between different species, is so ancient that it is easily recognizable in Greek and Roman mythology. The centaur Chiron, the teacher of Esculapius, and the Chimera are legendary examples of discordant xenogeneic creatures. However, it is only during this century that scientists have been able to bring this idea into the clinical arena. The early efforts were prompted by the shortage of humans organs at a time when there were few alternatives for treating end-stage organ failure.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tzakis
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todo
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manez
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Starzl