title: Enhanced M1 and Impaired M2 Macrophage Polarization and Reduced Mitochondrial Biogenesis via Inhibition of AMP Kinase in Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage polarization plays a pivotal role in the process of inflammation which is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Macrophages polarization under the condition of CKD remains poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that CKD promotes macrophage M1 polarization.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat model of CKD was established by reduced renal mass (RRM). Polarization of macrophages was induced in ex vivo macrophages from RRM rats and cultured ones under the condition of uremic serum. The markers were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data showed that macrophages from RRM rats displayed enhanced M1 and impaired M2 polarization as revealed by increased M1 markers (tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-12p40, nitric oxide) and decreased M2 markers (IL-10, CD206, arginase activity) in response to LPS and IL-4 induction, respectively. Treatment with uremic sera in peritoneal and bone marrow derived macrophages from normal rats led to similar results. Moreover, macrophages from RRM rats and cultured under the condition of uremic sera had reduced mitochondrial biogenesis. The disturbed macrophage polarization and mitochondrial biogenesis were accompanied by reduced activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein (AMP)-activated kinase (AMPK). Enhancing activation of AMPK restored mitochondrial biogenesis and M2 macrophage polarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that CKD disturbs macrophage polarization and mitochondrial biogenesis through inhibition of AMPK. This might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for intervention of chronic inflammation in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Dong Mei
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiang Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fan Fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Qiu Gen
authors.initials: QG
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases