title: The impact of the Italian guidelines on antibiotic prescription practices for acute otitis media in a paediatric emergency setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common childhood infectious diseases. The recent Italian Pediatric Guidelines for the treatment of AOM constitutes a step forward in the management of children with uncomplicated AOM. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic prescription patterns for AOM in a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) after those guidelines were introduced and to assess the relationship between implementation of the "watchful waiting" strategy and the incidence of acute mastoiditis in the PED.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study was conducted between 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2013 at the PED of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia in Modena (Italy). All children between 0 and 14 years who were examined because of symptoms and/or signs of AOM and acute mastoiditis were enrolled. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to evaluate if introduction of the Italian Paediatric Guidelines was associated with a reduction in the antibiotic prescription pattern in children with AOM and/or with an increase in mastoiditis frequency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4,573 (89.4%) patients were included in our analysis, antibiotics were prescribed to 81% cases of the children diagnosed with AOM. The frequency of antibiotic prescribing continued to be stable after the Italian guidelines were introduced (82% versus 81%). Forty children were admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute mastoiditis. Our study did not find any association between the number of cases of acute mastoiditis and the percentage of patients treated with antibiotics; the annual incidence of mastoiditis before and after the new guidelines were published was, in fact, stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the diffusion of clinical guidelines recommending a "watchful waiting" approach for children with AOM, the antibiotic prescription rate continues to be high. It appears to be more difficult to impact the percentage of cases for which antibiotics are prescribed than the type of antibiotic that is utilized. In view of these findings, a close follow-up control by the primary care paediatrician or a scheduled follow-up appointment at the PED and incisive campaigns to promote parents' awareness of proper antibiotic use appear to be warranted.
authors.affiliation: Audiology Unit, Health Local Unit of Modena, Modena, Italy. silviapalma@inwind.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Unit, Post Graduate School of Paediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. cristiano.rosafio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosafio
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. cinzia.delgiovane@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Giovane
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Unit, Post Graduate School of Paediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. viviana.patianna@libero.it.
authors.forename: Viviana Dora
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Patianna
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Unit, Post Graduate School of Paediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. lorenzo.iughetti@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucaccioni
authors.affiliation: Audiology, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. elisabetta.genovese@tin.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. paolo.bertolani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bertolani
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. lorenzo.iughetti@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iughetti
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008417:Mastoiditis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents