title: Incidence and Determinants of Endophthalmitis within 6 Months of Surgeries over a 2-Year Period at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia: A Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present the incidence and determinants of endophthalmitis between July 2010 and June 2012 at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. On its basis, we recommended recommendations to strengthen the infection prevention and control strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective review of health records type of study. The details of cases reported having endophthalmitis among those operated in 2 years of study period were studied. The incidence of endophthalmitis was calculated for different eye surgeries and epidemiological variables. The causative organisms in vitreous tap were reviewed. The visual outcomes 6 weeks following intervention/treatment of endophthalmmitis were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 22,554 cases operated, 17 developed endophthalmitis. The incidence was 0.08% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.11). The incidence of endophthlamitis among cataract surgeries was 0.12% (95% CI 0.04-0.21). Five specimens did not show any bacteria or fungus. Staphylococcus epidermis (3 cases) was the main pathogen identified. In 8 (47%) eyes, vision deteriorated in spite of treatment. In 5 (29%) eyes, it became stable and in 4 (23.5%) eyes, it improved following treatment. Signs of infection were noted in 1(st) week, 3 weeks and 12 weeks in 4, 6 and 5 eyes respectively. Late presentation of infection (6 months postoperatively) was reported in two eyes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A vigilant infection control unit in a large eye hospital helps in monitoring endophthalmitis related catastrophes and suggests timely preventive measures to reduce the occurrence and appropriate measures to limit visual disabilities following eye surgery related endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khandekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Motowa
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hind M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Alkatan
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karaoui
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001285:Atropine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D009184:Mydriatics; D014640:Vancomycin; D001285:Atropine; C009935:prednisolone acetate; D002442:Ceftazidime; D011239:Prednisolone
keywords: Cataract; endophthalmitis; infection control; ocular surgery