title: One Egg per Day Improves Inflammation when Compared to an Oatmeal-Based Breakfast without Increasing Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients.
abstract: There is concern that egg intake may increase blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, we have previously shown that eggs reduce inflammation in patients at risk for T2DM, including obese subjects and those with metabolic syndrome. Thus, we hypothesized that egg intake would not alter plasma glucose in T2DM patients when compared to oatmeal intake. Our primary endpoints for this clinical intervention were plasma glucose and the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). As secondary endpoints, we evaluated additional parameters of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemias, oxidative stress and inflammation. Twenty-nine subjects, 35-65 years with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values <9% were recruited and randomly allocated to consume isocaloric breakfasts containing either one egg/day or 40 g of oatmeal with 472 mL of lactose-free milk/day for five weeks. Following a three-week washout period, subjects were assigned to the alternate breakfast. At the end of each period, we measured all primary and secondary endpoints. Subjects completed four-day dietary recalls and one exercise questionnaire for each breakfast period. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, our primary endpoint, plasma lipids, lipoprotein size or subfraction concentrations, insulin, HbA1c, apolipoprotein B, oxidized LDL or C-reactive protein. However, after adjusting for gender, age and body mass index, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) (p < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.01), one of our primary endpoints were significantly reduced during the egg period. These results suggest that compared to an oatmeal-based breakfast, eggs do not have any detrimental effects on lipoprotein or glucose metabolism in T2DM. In contrast, eggs reduce AST and TNF-α in this population characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico. nydia@ciad.mx.
authors.forename: Martha Nydia
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico. fabe_vi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico. melina@ciad.mx.
authors.forename: Alma E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico. eartalejo@ciad.mx.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Artalejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. david_178@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. candersen@fairfield.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Hospital Ignacio Chavez, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83190, Mexico. herlindov@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Herlindo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. maria-luz.fernandez@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018554:Avena / Q000009:adverse effects; D062408:Breakfast; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000009:adverse effects; D004531:Eggs / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: IL-6; TNF-α; diabetes; eggs; glucose; inflammation; lipoproteins