title: Effects of parental smoking on exercise systolic blood pressure in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adults, exercise blood pressure seems to be more closely related to cardiovascular risk than resting blood pressure; however, few data are available on the effects of familial risk factors, including smoking habits, on exercise blood pressure in adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood pressure at rest and during exercise, parental smoking, and other familial risk factors were investigated in 532 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (14.6±1.5 years) in the Kiel EX.PRESS. (EXercise PRESSure) Study. Exercise blood pressure was determined at 1.5 W/kg body weight using a standardized submaximal cycle ergometer test. Mean resting blood pressure was 113.1±12.8/57.2±7.1 mm Hg, and exercise blood pressure was 149.9±19.8/54.2±8.6 mm Hg. Parental smoking increased exercise systolic blood pressure (+4.0 mm Hg, 3.1 to 4.9; P=0.03) but not resting blood pressure of the subjects (adjusted for age, sex, height, body mass index percentile, fitness). Parental overweight and familial hypertension were related to both higher resting and exercise systolic blood pressure values, whereas associations with an inactive lifestyle and a low educational level of the parents were found only with adolescents' blood pressure during exercise. The cumulative effect of familial risk factors on exercise systolic blood pressure was more pronounced than on blood pressure at rest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental smoking might be a novel risk factor for higher blood pressure, especially during exercise. In addition, systolic blood pressure during a submaximal exercise test was more closely associated with familial risk factors than was resting blood pressure, even in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany (C.H., B.W.) Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (C.H.).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany (C.H., B.W.).
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weisser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000235:genetics; D010290:Parents; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
keywords: adolescents; blood pressure measurement; exercise testing; risk factors; smoking