title: Intranasal and oral vaccination with protein-based antigens: advantages, challenges and formulation strategies.
abstract: Most pathogens initiate their infections at the human mucosal surface. Therefore, mucosal vaccination, especially through oral or intranasal administration routes, is highly desired for infectious diseases. Meanwhile, protein-based antigens provide a safer alternative to the whole pathogen or DNA based ones in vaccine development. However, the unique biopharmaceutical hurdles that intranasally or orally delivered protein vaccines need to overcome before they reach the sites of targeting, the relatively low immunogenicity, as well as the low stability of the protein antigens, require thoughtful and fine-tuned mucosal vaccine formulations, including the selection of immunostimulants, the identification of the suitable vaccine delivery system, and the determination of the exact composition and manufacturing conditions. This review aims to provide an up-to-date survey of the protein antigen-based vaccine formulation development, including the usage of immunostimulants and the optimization of vaccine delivery systems for intranasal and oral administrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Shujing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huiqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000941:Antigens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000941:Antigens; D011506:Proteins