title: Knowledge on the subject of human physiology among Polish high school students--a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In most cases the only knowledge an individual will receive with regards to their own body and its proper functioning is during their high school education. The aim of this study was to evaluate high school students' knowledge about basic physiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was carried out in five, randomly chosen high schools in Krakow, Poland. Young people in the age of 17-19 years were asked to fill in the questionnaire designed by the authors. The first part of the survey included personal data. The second part contained 20 close-ended questions assessing students' knowledge about the basics of human physiology. Question difficulty varied from easy through average, and up to difficult. The maximum number of points to achieve was 20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-thousand-and eighty-three (out of 1179 invited--91.86%) Polish high school students (63.25% female) filled in a 20-item questionnaire constructed by the authors regarding basic human physiology. The mean age of the group was 17.66 ± 0.80 years. The mean score among the surveyed was 10.15 ± 3.48 (range 0-20). Only 26.04% of students achieved a grade of 60% or more, and only one person obtained the highest possible score. Females achieved significantly better scores than males (10.49 ± 3.38 vs. 9.56 ± 3.56; p < 0.0001). Pupils in their second year who were in the process of studying physiology, obtained better results than those in their third year who had already finished the biology course (10.70 ± 3.27 vs. 9.81 ± 3.74 respectively; p < 0.0001) and those in their first year who did not yet study human physiology (10.70 ± 3.27 vs. 9.63 ± 2.74 respectively; p = 0.003). Over 23% of students did not know that mature red blood cells do not have cell nuclei and a similar number of them answered that humans have 500,000 erythrocytes in 1 mm3 of blood. Over 32% believed that plasma does not participate in the transport of respiratory gases, and 31% believed that endocrine glands secrete hormones within their immediate vicinity and into the blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research has shown that young people, especially men, often lack basic physiological knowledge needed to make conscious and responsible decisions regarding their health. Our results suggest that more emphasis should be put on properly teaching human physiology in high school, especially to those students who do not plan a career in medicine-related fields. This study brings to light the disturbing fact that about a year after a student finishes his basic physiology course his knowledge of the subject returns to a pre high school level.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zwinczewska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rozwadowska
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Traczyk
authors.forename: Szymon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majda
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wysocki
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopeć
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Głowacki
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Węgrzyn
authors.forename: Krzysztof A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: Jerzy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walocha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010827:Physiology / Q000193:education*; D011044:Poland; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult