title: Subchronic and chronic developmental effects of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis.
abstract: Metal oxide nanoparticles, such as copper oxide (CuO), are mass produced for use in a variety of products like coatings and ceramics. Acute exposure to CuO nanoparticles has caused toxicity to many aquatic organisms, yet there is no information on the effect of prolonged CuO nanomaterial exposures. This study examined effects of chronic exposure to CuO nanoparticles on Xenopus laevis growth and development. Experiments included a 14 d subchronic exposure and a 47 d chronic exposure throughout metamorphosis. The subchronic exposure caused mortality in all tested CuO concentrations, and significant growth effects occurred after exposure to 2.5 mg L(-1) CuO. Chronic exposure to 0.3 mg L(-1) CuO elicited significant mortality and affected the rate of metamorphosis. Exposure to lower concentrations of CuO stimulated metamorphosis and growth, indicating that low dose exposure can have hormetic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
authors.forename: Shawna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nations
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wages
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Maul
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Theodorakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76712, USA. Electronic address: george_cobb@baylor.edu.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Cobb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D049329:Nanostructures; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; C000520:cuprous oxide; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: CuO; Development amphibians; FETAX; Nanoparticles