title: Surgical Revascularization in North American Adults with Moyamoya Phenomenon: Long-Term Angiographic Follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  North American and Asian forms of moyamoya have distinct clinical characteristics. Asian adults with moyamoya are known to respond better to direct versus indirect revascularization. It is unclear whether North American adults with moyamoya have a similar long-term angiographic response to direct versus indirect bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of surgical revascularization for adult moyamoya phenomenon was performed. Preoperative and postoperative cerebral angiograms underwent consensus review, with degree of revascularization quantified as extent of new middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory filling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Late angiographic follow-up was available in 15 symptomatic patients who underwent 20 surgical revascularization procedures. In 10 hemispheres treated solely with indirect arterial bypass, 3 had 2/3 revascularization, 4 had 1/3 revascularization, and 3 had no revascularization of the MCA territory. In the 10 hemispheres treated with direct arterial bypass (8 as a stand-alone procedure and 2 in combination with an indirect procedure), 2 had complete revascularization, 7 had 2/3 revascularization, and 1 had 1/3 revascularization. Direct bypass provided a higher rate of "good" angiographic outcome (complete or 2/3 revascularization) when compared with indirect techniques (P = .0198).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct bypass provides a statistically significant, more consistent, and complete cerebral revascularization than indirect techniques in this patient population. This is similar to that reported in the Asian literature, which suggests that the manner of presentation (ischemia in North American adults versus hemorrhage in Asian adults) is likely not a contributor to the extent of revascularization achieved after surgical intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: ejarias@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Gavin P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Chad W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Derdeyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chicoine
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: DeWitte T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Ralph G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dacey
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zipfel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008923:Missouri / Q000453:epidemiology; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013699:Temporal Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EDAMS; EDAS; Moyamoya; STA-MCA; revascularization