title: In-service training for health professionals to improve care of seriously ill newborns and children in low-income countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A variety of in-service emergency care training courses are currently being promoted as a strategy to improve the quality of care provided to seriously ill newborns and children in low-income countries. Most courses have been developed in high-income countries. However, whether these courses improve the ability of health professionals to provide appropriate care in low-income countries remains unclear. This is the first update of the original review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of in-service emergency care training on health professionals' treatment of seriously ill newborns and children in low-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this update, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, part of The Cochrane Library (www.cochranelibrary.com); MEDLINE, Ovid SP; EMBASE, Ovid SP; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), part of The Cochrane Library (www.cochranelibrary.com) (including the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register); Science Citation Index and Social Sciences Citation Index, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Knowledge/Science and eight other databases. We performed database searches in February 2015. We also searched clinical trial registries, websites of relevant organisations and reference lists of related reviews. We applied no date, language or publication status restrictions when conducting the searches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before and after studies and interrupted-time-series studies that compared the effects of in-service emergency care training versus usual care were eligible for inclusion. We included only hospital-based studies and excluded community-based studies. Two review authors independently screened and selected studies for inclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed study risk of bias and confidence in effect estimates (certainty of evidence) for each outcome using GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). We described results and presented them in GRADE tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified no new studies in this update. Two randomised trials (which were included in the original review) met the review eligibility criteria. In the first trial, newborn resuscitation training compared with usual care improved provider performance of appropriate resuscitation (trained 66% vs usual care 27%, risk ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75 to 3.42; moderate certainty evidence) and reduced inappropriate resuscitation (trained mean 0.53 vs usual care 0.92, mean difference 0.40, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.66; moderate certainty evidence). Effect on neonatal mortality was inconclusive (trained 28% vs usual care 25%, risk ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.48; N = 27 deaths; low certainty evidence). Findings from the second trial suggest that essential newborn care training compared with usual care probably slightly improves delivery room newborn care practices (assessment of breathing, preparedness for resuscitation) (moderate certainty evidence).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-service neonatal emergency care courses probably improve health professionals' treatment of seriously ill babies in the short term. Further multi-centre randomised trials evaluating the effects of in-service emergency care training on long-term outcomes (health professional practice and patient outcomes) are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Research, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya, 00100 GPO.
authors.forename: Newton
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Opiyo
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: English
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000379:methods*; D009359:Neonatology / Q000193:education*; D010500:Perinatology / Q000193:education*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education