title: Elevated GAPDH expression is associated with the proliferation and invasion of lung and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.
abstract: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is one of the most investigated housekeeping genes and widely used as an internal control in analysis of gene expression levels. The present study was designed to assess whether GAPDH is associated with cancer cell growth and progression and, therefore may not be a good internal control in cancer research. Our results from clinical tissue studies showed that the levels of GAPDH protein were significantly up-regulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues, compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues, and this was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. GAPDH knockdown by siRNA resulted in significant reductions in proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. In a nude mouse cancer xenograft model, GAPDH knockdown significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and migration/invasion in vivo. In summary, GAPDH may not be an appropriate internal control for gene expression studies, especially in cancer research. The role of GAPDH in cancer development and progression should be further examined in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Mingzhong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Proteomics of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.|Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shujuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases
keywords: Biomedicine; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GAPDH; Housekeeping genes; Lung squamous cell carcinoma; Metastasis; Proliferation