title: Trends and threshold exceedances analysis of airborne pollen concentrations in Metropolitan Santiago Chile.
abstract: Pollen is one of the primary causes of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in urban centers. In the present study, the concentrations of 39 different pollens in the Santiago de Chile metropolitan area over the period 2009-2013 are characterized. The pollen was monitored daily using Burkard volumetric equipment. The contribution of each type of pollen and the corresponding time trends are evaluated. The concentrations of the pollens are compared with the established threshold levels for the protection of human health. The results show that the total amount of pollen grains originating from trees, grasses, weeds and indeterminate sources throughout the period of the study was 258,496 grains m-3, with an annual average of 51,699 ± 3,906 grains m-3 year-1. The primary source of pollen is Platanus orientalis, which produces 61.8% of the analyzed pollen. Grass pollen is the third primary component of the analyzed pollen, with a contribution of 5.82%. Among the weeds, the presence of Urticacea (3.74%) is remarkable. The pollination pattern of the trees is monophasic, and the grasses have a biphasic pattern. The trends indicate that the total pollen and tree pollen do not present a time trend that is statistically significant throughout the period of the study, whereas the grass pollen and weed pollen concentrations in the environment present a statistically significant decreasing trend. The cause of this decrease is unclear. The pollen load has doubled over the past decade. When the observed concentrations of the pollens were compared with the corresponding threshold levels, the results indicated that over the period of the study, the pollen concentrations were at moderate, high and very high levels for an average of 293 days per year. Systematic counts of the pollen grains are an essential method for diagnosing and treating patients with pollinosis and for developing forestation and urban planning strategies.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Ambientales and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toro A
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Alérgicas Miguel Servet, Almirante Pastene N° 150-118, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Fundación de Aerobiología Medio Ambiente y Salud, Pérez Valenzuela 1572, Of 404, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Córdova J
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Ambientales and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Ambientales and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Raul G E
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Morales S
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Enfermedades Respiratorias y Alérgicas Miguel Servet, Almirante Pastene N° 150-118, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Fundación de Aerobiología Medio Ambiente y Salud, Pérez Valenzuela 1572, Of 404, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mardones P
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Ambientales and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leiva G
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000145:classification*; D000485:Allergens / Q000145:classification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002677:Chile; D002947:Cities; D006109:Poaceae / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000145:classification*; D012621:Seasons; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens