title: Freeze gelated porous membranes for periodontal tissue regeneration.
abstract: Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes have been used for the management of destructive forms of periodontal disease as a means of aiding regeneration of lost supporting tissues, including the alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva and periodontal ligaments (PDL). Currently available GTR membranes are either non-biodegradable, requiring a second surgery for removal, or biodegradable. The mechanical and biofunctional limitations of currently available membranes result in a limited and unpredictable treatment outcome in terms of periodontal tissue regeneration. In this study, porous membranes of chitosan (CH) were fabricated with or without hydroxyapatite (HA) using the simple technique of freeze gelation (FG) via two different solvents systems, acetic acid (ACa) or ascorbic acid (ASa). The aim was to prepare porous membranes to be used for GTR to improve periodontal regeneration. FG membranes were characterized for ultra-structural morphology, physiochemical properties, water uptake, degradation, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility with mature and progenitor osteogenic cells. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite and its interaction with chitosan. μCT analysis showed membranes had 85-77% porosity. Mechanical properties and degradation rate were affected by solvent type and the presence of hydroxyapatite. Culture of human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) and human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitors (hES-MPs) showed that all membranes supported cell proliferation and long term matrix deposition was supported by HA incorporated membranes. These CH and HA composite membranes show their potential use for GTR applications in periodontal lesions and in addition FG membranes could be further tuned to achieve characteristics desirable of a GTR membrane for periodontal regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Saad B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Qasim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Delaine-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science (Glass and Ceramics), University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Martensstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fey
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2SZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: i.u.rehman@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ihtesham Ur
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rehman
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005615:Freezing; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D016557:Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D016062:Porosity; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D048271:Chitosan; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Ascorbic acid; Bioactivity; Guided tissue regeneration; Osteoblasts; Resorbable