title: Characterization and noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer with serum surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and genetic algorithms.
abstract: This study aims to characterize and classify serum surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra between bladder cancer patients and normal volunteers by genetic algorithms (GAs) combined with linear discriminate analysis (LDA). Two group serum SERS spectra excited with nanoparticles are collected from healthy volunteers (n = 36) and bladder cancer patients (n = 55). Six diagnostic Raman bands in the regions of 481-486, 682-687, 1018-1034, 1313-1323, 1450-1459 and 1582-1587 cm(-1) related to proteins, nucleic acids and lipids are picked out with the GAs and LDA. By the diagnostic models built with the identified six Raman bands, the improved diagnostic sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 100% were acquired for classifying bladder cancer patients from normal serum SERS spectra. The results are superior to the sensitivity of 74.6% and specificity of 97.2% obtained with principal component analysis by the same serum SERS spectra dataset. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves further confirmed the efficiency of diagnostic algorithm based on GA-LDA technique. This exploratory work demonstrates that the serum SERS associated with GA-LDA technique has enormous potential to characterize and non-invasively detect bladder cancer through peripheral blood.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Shaoxin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
authors.forename: Linfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
authors.forename: Qiuyao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yanjiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science &SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Zhouyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science &SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science &SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science &SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Chengkang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan 523808, China.
authors.forename: Junfa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science &SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
authors.forename: Songhao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012834:Silver