title: Characterization of dexmedetomidine dosing and safety in neonates and infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare off-label use and cardiovascular (CV) adverse effects of dexmedetomidine in neonates and infants in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients younger than 12 months with corrected gestational ages of at least 37 weeks who were receiving continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at a tertiary pediatric referral center between October 2007 and August 2012 were assessed retrospectively. Patients were excluded if dexmedetomidine was used for procedural sedation, postoperative CV surgery, or if postanesthesia infusion weaning orders existed at the time of PICU admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median minimum dexmedetomidine dose was similar between infants and neonates at 0.2 mcg/kg/hr (IQR, 0.17-0.3) versus 0.29 mcg/kg/hr (IQR, 0.2-0.31), p = 0.35. The median maximum dose was higher for infants than neonates (0.6 mcg/kg/hr [IQR, 0.4-0.8] vs. 0.4 mcg/kg/hr [IQR, 0.26-0.6], p < 0.01). Additional sedative use was more common in infants than neonates (75/99 [76%] vs. 15/28 [54%], p = 0.02). At least 1 episode of hypotension was noted in 34/127 (27%) patients and was similar between groups. An episode of bradycardia was identified more frequently in infants than neonates (55/99 [56%] vs. 2/28 [7%], p < 0.01). Significant reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was noted when comparing baseline vital signs to lowest heart rate and systolic blood pressure during infusion (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine dose ranges were similar to US Food and Drug Administration-labeled dosages for intensive care unit sedation in adults. More infants than neonates experienced a bradycardia episode, but infants were also more likely to receive higher dosages of dexmedetomidine and additional sedatives.
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Veteran's Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Estkowski
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sinclair
keywords: adverse drug event; dexmedetomidine; infant; neonate