title: Improvement of bacterial clearance and relief of clinical signs of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in pigs through upregulation of Th 1-specific responses by administration of a combination of two silicate minerals, biotite and bentonite.
abstract: Biotite and bentonite are phyllosilicate minerals that were originally used in industrial applications. Several beneficial activities of them have recently been reported, especially regulation of the immune system and antimicrobial effects. Therefore, we investigated the immune-enhancing and bacterial clearance effects of a biotite and bentonite mixture (BBM) on experimental infection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) to determine whether the BBM could be used as an alternative antibiotic. We administered 1% or 2% BBM as a feed supplement. We then evaluated the bacterial clearance effects of the BBM against S. Typhimurium. We also evaluated the immune-enhancing effect of the BBM through several immunological experiments that included examination of the lysozyme activity, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio and the T-helper type 1 (Th 1) cytokine profile. The clinical signs of S. Typhimurium and the number of viable bacteria in feces and tissues were significantly decreased in both BBM groups, especially in the 2% BBM group. The BBM also markedly enhanced the lysozyme activity, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio and expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in S. Typhimurium-challenged pigs. Therefore, the BBM could be a good candidate as an alternative antibiotic that improves Th 1-specific immune responses and the bacterial clearance effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bock-Gie
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Tae-Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hong-Bum
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Bong-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001546:Bentonite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000662:veterinary; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C047410:biotite; D001546:Bentonite