title: Energetics (and kinematics) of short shuttle runs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The energy cost of shuttle running (C netSR), over distances of 10-20 m, was reported to increase with the shuttle speed and to decrease with the shuttle distance. The aims of this study were to assess C netSR over a shorter distance (5 m), at different speeds, and to estimate the energy cost based on a simple kinematic analysis (C netK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects (six basketball players, BP; four non-basketball players, NBP) performed ten shuttle runs (SR) with 30 s of passive recovery in-between, over a distance of 5 + 5 m (with a 180° change of direction); these experiments were repeated at different speeds (range 2-3.5 m s(-1)). The values of average (v mean) and maximal (v max) speed during each run were determined by means of kinematic analysis and C netK was calculated as: 0.96[Formula: see text]. C netSR was calculated based on data of oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration and distance covered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationships between C (J m(-1) kg(-1)) and v (m(.)s(-1)) are well described by C netK (all subjects) = 11.76v - 13.09, R (2) = 0.853; C netSR (BP) = 11.94v - 12.82, R (2) = 0.636; and C netSR (NBP) = 14.09v - 14.53, R (2) = 0.738. Hence C netSR ≈ C netK in BP, whereas C netSR > C netK in NBP (un-familiar with this specific motor task).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The calculations proposed in this study allow to estimate C of short SR based on simple measures of v max and can be utilized to develop training protocols in basketball as well as in other team sports (characterized by repeated sprints over short distances).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, paola.zamparo@univr.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamparo
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolomini
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nardello
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beato
mesh_terms: D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid