title: Regulators and effectors of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in the cardiovascular system.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play key roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in various tissues and organs, including the cardiovascular system. BMPs signal through both Smad-dependent and -independent cascades to exert a wide spectrum of biological activities. Cardiovascular disorders such as abnormal angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy have been linked to aberrant BMP signalling. To correct the dysregulated BMP signalling in cardiovascular pathogenesis, it is essential to get a better understanding of how the regulators and effectors of BMP signalling control cardiovascular function and how the dysregulated BMP signalling contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. We hence highlight several key regulators of BMP signalling such as extracellular regulators of ligands, mechanical forces, microRNAs and small molecule drugs as well as typical BMP effectors like direct downstream target genes, mitogen-activated protein kinases, reactive oxygen species and microRNAs. The insights into these molecular processes will help target both the regulators and important effectors to reverse BMP-associated cardiovascular pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jiang-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.|Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D015290:Second Messenger Systems
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs