title: Impact of alcohol checks and social norm on driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI).
abstract: This study investigated the influence of alcohol checks and social norm on self-reported driving under the influence of alcohol above the legal limit (DUI). The analysis was based on the responses of 12,507 car drivers from 19 European countries to the SARTRE-4 survey (2010). The data were analysed by means of a multiple logistic regression-model on two levels: (1) individual and (2) national level. On the individual level the results revealed that driving under the influence (DUI) was positively associated with male gender, young age (17-34), personal experience with alcohol checks, the perceived likelihood of being checked for alcohol, perceived drunk driving behaviour of friends (social norm) and was negatively associated with higher age (55+). On a national level, the results showed a negative association with a lower legal alcohol limit (BAC 0.2g/l compared with BAC 0.5g/l) and the percentage of drivers checked for alcohol. DUI was positively associated with the percentage of respondents in the country that reported that their friends drink and drive (social norm). The comparison of the results obtained on national and individual levels shows a paradoxical effect of alcohol checks: Countries with more alcohol checks show lower DUI (negative association) but respondents who have been personally checked for alcohol show a higher chance of DUI (positive association). Possible explanations of this paradox are discussed. The effects of the social norm variable (perceived drunk driving behaviour of friends) are positively associated with DUI on both levels.
authors.affiliation: Belgian Road Safety Institute, Haachtsesteenweg 1405, 1130 Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: uta.meesmann@bivv.be.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meesmann
authors.affiliation: Belgian Road Safety Institute, Haachtsesteenweg 1405, 1130 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martensen
authors.affiliation: Belgian Road Safety Institute, Haachtsesteenweg 1405, 1130 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001530:Belgium; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D066262:Social Norms; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol checks; Drunk driving; Enforcement; Multilevel modelling; Social norm