title: Espresso coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in a large Italian cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been investigated in several studies with discrepant results. We examined the association between Italian-style (espresso and mocha) coffee consumption and CHD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 12,800 men and 30,449 women without history of cardiovascular disease recruited to the EPICOR prospective cohort study. Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline. In a random sub-cohort of 1472 subjects, plasma triglycerides, and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol were determined to investigate the effect of coffee consumption on plasma lipids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow up of 10.9 years, 804 cases of CHD (500 acute events, 56 fatal events and 248 revascularizations, all first events) were identified. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for CHD were: 1.18 (95% CI 0.87-1.60) for drinking 1-2 cups/day, 1.37 (95% CI 1.03-1.82) for >2-4 cups/day and 1.52 (95% CI 1.11-2.07) for over 4 cups/day (P trend <0.001) compared to reference (<1 cup/day). Plasma triglycerides, and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol did not vary significantly (ANOVA) with coffee consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of over 2 cups/day of Italian-style coffee is associated with increased CHD risk, but coffee consumption was not associated with plasma lipid changes, so the adverse effect of consumption appears unrelated to lipid profile.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grioni
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agnoli
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricceri
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Masala
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saieva
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Public Health, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry, Department of Prevention, Provincial Health Centre 7, Ragusa, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry, Department of Prevention, Provincial Health Centre 7, Ragusa, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frasca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Italy.
authors.forename: Licia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iacoviello
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Italy.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Curtis
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy; School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D008055:Lipids