title: Effective application of freezing lipid precipitation and SCX-SPE for determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in high lipid foodstuffs by LC-ESI-MS/MS.
abstract: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins associated with serious hepatic disease in humans and animals. In this study, rapid and sensitive analytical method was developed for the determination of 9 toxic PAs in popularly high lipid foodstuffs by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). PAs in lipid foodstuff were effectively purified by freezing lipid precipitation (FLP) and strong cation exchange (SCX)-solid-phase extraction (SPE). Especially, FLP could easily remove the large amounts of triacylglycerols in the lipid sample extract and effectively combine with SPE cleanup. During the FLP procedure, over 77% of the lipids in the foodstuff extracts were rapidly eliminated without any significant loss of the PAs with over 81% recovery. The elimination efficiency of lipids by FLP was tested with LC-atmospheric chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. For further purification, SCX-SPE cartridge could successfully purify PAs from the remaining interfering substances by the variation pH with 5% NH4OH in methanol. For precise quantification and confirmation of PAs in complicate sample matrices, appropriate transition ions in LC-MS/MS-multiple-ion reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were selected on the basis of MS/MS fragmentation pathways of PAs. The established analytical method was validated in terms of the linearity, limits of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. The method was deemed satisfactory by inter- and intra-day validation and exhibited both high accuracy and precision (relative standard deviation<11.06%). Overall limits of detection and quantitation of PAs were approximately 0.06-0.60ng/mL at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 and were about 0.20-1.99ng/mL at a S/N of 10 for all foodstuffs. The established method was successfully applied for the monitoring of toxic PAs in several types of high lipid foodstuffs such as soybeans, seed oil, milk, and margarine.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Mee
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heesoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pyo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongjoo 362-763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhong@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jongki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000379:methods*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
keywords: Freezing lipid precipitation; High lipid foodstuffs; LC-ESI-MS/MS-MRM; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids; SCX-SPE