title: Evaluation of Trapper-Collected Nobuto Filter-Paper Blood Samples for Distemper and Parvovirus Antibody Detection in Coyotes (Canis latrans) and Raccoons (Procyon lotor).
abstract: Blood samples are often collected from free-ranging wildlife for antibody detection. However, filter-paper (FP) strips are more cost efficient and easy to collect and store. We evaluated trapper-collected FP strips and body-cavity blood for canine distemper (CDV) and parvovirus (CPV-2) antibody detection in raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans). From 2008 to 2010, licensed trappers near Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US collected paired samples from harvested animals. Canine distemper antibodies were detected using virus neutralization and parvovirus antibodies were detected using hemagglutination inhibition. Titers ≥ 1:32 for CDV and ≥ 1:25 for CPV-2 were considered evidence of exposure. Using Cohen's kappa test of agreement, FP strip titers agreed with sera for CDV in coyotes (n = 28, K = 0.772) and raccoons (n = 29, K = 0.858) and for CPV-2 in coyotes (n = 40, K = 0.775) and raccoons (n = 70, K = 0.646). However, raccoons determined to be exposed to CPV-2 from sera were unexposed by FP strips in 35% of the samples. Titer results may be affected by quality and volume of blood samples, interval between collection and processing, small sample sizes, and diagnostic testing procedures. Filter-paper strips can be useful for detecting CDV and CPV-2 exposure in coyotes and raccoons with correct field sample collection and appropriate diagnostic testing procedures.
authors.affiliation: 1  College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2100 Main Street, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA.|2  Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 5301 Rib Mountain Drive, Wausau, Wisconsin 54401, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kamps
authors.affiliation: 1  College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2100 Main Street, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA.
authors.forename: Shelli A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dubay
authors.affiliation: 3  International Crane Foundation, E11376 Shady Lane Road, Baraboo, Wisconsin 53913, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langenberg
authors.affiliation: 4  Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, Michigan 48910, USA.
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D046029:Coyotes / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D004216:Distemper / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D004217:Distemper Virus, Canine / Q000276:immunology; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017993:Parvovirus, Canine / Q000276:immunology; D011821:Raccoons / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Canine distemper; Canis latrans; Procyon lotor; Wisconsin; coyote; filter paper; parvovirus; raccoon