title: In silico tools used for compound selection during target-based drug discovery and development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The target-based drug discovery process, including target selection, screening, hit-to-lead (H2L) and lead optimization stage gates, is the most common approach used in drug development. The full integration of in vitro and/or in vivo data with in silico tools across the entire process would be beneficial to R&D productivity by developing effective selection criteria and drug-design optimization strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review focuses on understanding the impact and extent in the past 5 years of in silico tools on the various stage gates of the target-based drug discovery approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a large number of in silico tools available for establishing selection criteria and drug-design optimization strategies in the target-based approach. However, the inconsistent use of in vitro and/or in vivo data integrated with predictive in silico multiparameter models throughout the process is contributing to R&D productivity issues. In particular, the lack of reliable in silico tools at the H2L stage gate is contributing to the suboptimal selection of viable lead compounds. It is suggested that further development of in silico multiparameter models and organizing biologists, medicinal and computational chemists into one team with a single accountable objective to expand the utilization of in silico tools in all phases of drug discovery would improve R&D productivity.
authors.affiliation: Janssen Research & Development LLC, Discovery Sciences , Spring House, PA , USA gcaldwel@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy
keywords: high-throughput screening; hit-to-lead; in silico tools; lead optimization; pharmaceutical crisis; target selection; target-based