title: ADHD symptomatology is best conceptualized as a spectrum: a dimensional versus unitary approach to diagnosis.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to build a case for the utility of conceptualizing ADHD, not as a unitary disorder that contains several subtypes, but rather as a marker of impairment in attention and/or impulsivity that can be used to identify one of several disorders belonging to a spectrum. The literature will be reviewed to provide an overview of what is known about ADHD in terms of heterogeneity in symptomatology, neuropsychology, neurobiology, as well as comorbidity with other diseases and treatment options. The data from these areas of research will be critically analyzed to support the construct of a spectrum of disorders that can capture the great variability that exists between individuals with ADHD and can discriminate between separate disorders that manifest similar symptoms. The symptoms associated with ADHD can be viewed as dimensional markers that point to a spectrum of related disorders that have as part of their characteristics impairments of attention and impulsivity. The spectrum can accommodate symmetrically and asymmetrically comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with ADHD as well as the wide heterogeneity known to be a part of the ADHD disorder. Individuals presenting with impairments associated with ADHD should be treated as having a positive marker for a spectrum disorder that has as part of its characteristics impairments of attention and/or impulsivity. The identification of impairment in attention and/or impulsivity should be a starting point for further testing rather than being an endpoint of diagnosis that results in pharmacological treatment that may or may not be the optimal therapy. Rather than continuing to attribute a large amount of heterogeneity in symptom presentation as well as a high degree of symmetric and asymmetric comorbidity to a single disorder, clinical evaluation should turn to the diagnosis of the type of attentional deficit and/or impulsivity an individual has in order to colocate the individual's disorder on a spectrum that captures the heterogeneity in symptomatology, the symmetrical and asymmetrical comorbidity, as well as subthreshold presentation and other variants often worked into the disorder of ADHD. The spectrum model can accommodate not only the psychophysiological profiles of patients, but is also consistent with what is known about the functional heterogeneity of the prefrontal cortex as well as the construct that cognitive processes are supported by overlapping and collaborative networks.
authors.affiliation: PsychResearchCenter, LLC, 3669 Michaux Mill Drive, Powhatan, VA, 23139, USA. rebeca.heidbreder@psychresearchcenter.com.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heidbreder
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology
keywords: ADHD; Attention; Comorbidity; Diagnosis; Heterogeneity; Impulsivity; Mental health disorders; Neural circuitry; Neural networks; Prefrontal cortex; Spectrum disorder