title: Looking Beyond Income and Education: Socioeconomic Status Gradients Among Future High-Cost Users of Health Care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare spending occurs disproportionately among a very small portion of the population. Research on these high-cost users (HCUs) of health care has been overwhelmingly cross-sectional in nature and limited to the few sociodemographic and clinical characteristics available in health administrative databases. This study is the first to bridge this knowledge gap by applying a population health lens to HCUs. We investigate associations between a broad range of SES characteristics and future HCUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of adults from two cycles of large, nationally representative health surveys conducted in 2003 and 2005 was linked to population-based health administrative databases from a universal healthcare plan for Ontario, Canada. Comprehensive person-centered estimates of annual healthcare spending were calculated for the subsequent 5 years following interview. Baseline HCUs (top 5%) were excluded and healthcare spending for non-HCUs was analyzed. Adjusted for predisposition and need factors, the odds of future HCU status (over 5 years) were estimated according to various individual, household, and neighborhood SES factors. Analyses were conducted in 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low income (personal and household); less than post-secondary education; and living in high-dependency neighborhoods greatly increased the odds of future HCUs. After adjustment, future HCU status was most strongly associated with food insecurity, personal income, and non-homeownership. Living in highly deprived or low ethnic concentration neighborhoods also increased the odds of becoming an HCU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that addressing social determinants of health, such as food and housing security, may be important components of interventions aiming to improve health outcomes and reduce costs.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Ontario.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Public Health Ontario; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; Dalla Lana School of Public Health. Electronic address: laura.rosella@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rosella
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calzavara
authors.affiliation: Healthy Debate; St Michael's Hospital.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petch
authors.affiliation: St Michael's Hospital; Centre for Research on Inner City Health.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Public Health Ontario; Dalla Lana School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.affiliation: Public Health Ontario; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Institute of Health Management Policy and Evaluation, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; Institute of Health Management Policy and Evaluation, University of Toronto; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Walter P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Wodchis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult