title: Intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation in children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography study--a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intranasal dexmedetomidine has been used for sedation in children undergoing nonpainful procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the success rate of intranasal dexmedetomidine sedation for children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study of 115 children under the age of 3 years undergoing echocardiography examination under sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine at 3 mcg·kg(-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 115 children, 100 (87%) had satisfactory sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine. The mean onset time was 16.7 ± 7 min (range 5-50 min). The mean wake up time was 44.3 ± 15.1 min (range 12-123 min). The wake up time was significantly correlated with duration of procedure with R = 0.540 (P < 0.001). Aside from one patient who required oxygen supplementation, all children in this investigation had an acceptable heart rate and blood pressure and required no medical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedation by intranasal dexmedetomidine at 3 mcg·kg(-1) is associated with acceptable success rate in children undergoing echocardiography with no adverse events in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Bi L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Jun X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xing R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Vivian M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine
keywords: echocardiogram; nasal; nonpainful procedure; pediatric; sedative