title: Impact of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Carboxymethyllysine (an Advanced Glycation End Product) on Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers of oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products (AGE) have been linked to the development of prostate cancer, but evidence from human studies is scarce or controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective nested case-control study among 48 men (24 prostate cancer cases and 24 controls) aged 48 to 76 years at baseline. The participants of our study were a part of the Fernald Community Cohort. Prostate cancer cases and controls were matched individually on age (± 3 years) with a 1:1 ratio. Biomarkers included urine F2-isoprostanes (markers of lipid oxidation), plasma fluorescent oxidation products (markers of global oxidation), and carboxymethyllysine (CML) (a major end-stage AGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, cases had similar age, body mass index, proportion of family history of prostate cancer, history of benign prostatic hyperplasia, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, number of smokers, and plasma glucose levels compared with controls. Levels of plasma CML were significantly higher in cases than in controls (182 vs. 152 μg/mL, P < .05). In the conditional logistic regression model, an increase in CML equivalent to 1 standard deviation was associated with an increased risk of incident prostate cancer (relative risk, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-3.21) and accounted for approximately 8% variance of prostate cancer liability. Urine F2-isoprostanes and plasma fluorescent oxidation products were not associated with prostate cancer incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of plasma CML were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. This suggests a potential new pathway for prostate cancer prediction and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Shuman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pinney
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Palash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Shuk-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bracken
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH. Electronic address: tianying.wu@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Tianying
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C048496:N(6)-carboxymethyllysine; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Carboxymethyllysine; F2-isoprostanes; Fluorescent oxidation products; Prostate cancer