title: Video display during laparoscopy - where should it be placed?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During laparoscopy, the monitor is usually placed near the operating table, at eye level, which significantly affects hand-eye coordination. First, it is impossible for the surgeon to simultaneously observe the operative field and hand movement. Second, the axis of view of the endoscope rarely matches the natural axis of the surgeon's sight: it resembles a direct view into the operative field. Finally, as the arms of the tools act as levers with a fulcrum at the site of the skin incision, the action of the tool handles is a mirror image of the movement of the tool tips seen on the monitor. Studies have shown that a neutral position with the head flexed at 15-45° is the most ergonomically suitable.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether the level of monitor placement exerts an influence on laparoscopic performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 52 students of medicine were asked to pass a thread through 9 holes of different sizes, placed at different levels and angles, using a self-made laparoscopic simulator. Each student performed the task four times in two monitor positions: at eye level, and placed on a simulator. The order of monitor placement was randomized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The task was performed more quickly when the monitor was placed on the simulator and the sight was forced downwards. Lower placement was also found to be more beneficial for students with experience in laparoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New technologies which place the display on the patient, thus improving the ergonomics of the operation, should be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, John Paul II Memorial Hospital, Belchatow, Poland ; Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominik A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pawełczak
authors.affiliation: Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department, Technical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, John Paul II Memorial Hospital, Belchatow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Trzeciak
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, John Paul II Memorial Hospital, Belchatow, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jędrzejczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pasieka
keywords: ergonomics; laparoscopy; monitor; surgical training; video display