title: Immediate and long-term efficacy of laterally-wedged insoles on persons with bilateral medial knee osteoarthritis during walking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study aimed to investigate the immediate and long-term effects of laterally-wedged (LW) insoles on the knee loadings, the knee abductor moment (KAM) in particular, and the compensatory changes at other lower limb joints in patients with bilateral medial knee osteoarthritis during level walking with and without LW insoles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older adults with bilateral medial knee OA (age 66 ± 5.3 years; height 156 ± 4.9 cm; mass 60 ± 5.1 kg; leg length 83.72 ± 3.64 cm) were studied using computerized gait analysis initially (Baseline) and 6 weeks after using LW insoles (Follow-up) during barefoot walking and walking with LW insoles (7° of lateral inclination, with medial arch support). The three-dimensional angles and internal moments at the lower limb joints, as well as the ground reaction forces, were obtained using a motion analysis system and two forceplates. Key features of all the variables were compared using paired t tests for immediate effects (barefoot vs. LW) and for long-term effects (Baseline vs. Follow-up). The symptomatic severity (WOMAC Index) was also evaluated (Baseline vs. Follow-up).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The KAM with LW insoles at Baseline was significantly reduced when compared to the barefoot condition (p < 0.05), suggesting that the LW insoles were effective in reducing unfavorable loadings at the knee immediately upon wearing the insoles. After 6 weeks of wearing LW insoles (Follow-up), no significant changes were found in most of the biomechanical variables, including KAM (p > 0.05), when compared to Baseline with LW insoles. However, a specific gait adaptation with reduced knee loading was revealed when walking without LW insoles, i.e., for the barefoot condition (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After long-term use of LW insoles, the pain and physical function were improved with decreased peak KAM. A specific gait adaptation with reduced KAM was also found when walking without LW insoles. These results indicate a positive long-term effect in persons with bilateral medial knee OA, both as an orthosis to assist walking, and as a treatment intervention to facilitate gait adaptations in favor of reduced KAM.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. wchsu@mail.ntust.edu.tw.|National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. wchsu@mail.ntust.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wei-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. M10123004@mail.ntust.edu.tw.
authors.forename: You-Cai
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Jhong
authors.affiliation: School of Occupational Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. hlchen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hao-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. dawn49241@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. T000229@ms.skh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Li-Fei
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. M001026@ms.skh.org.tw.|School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. M001026@ms.skh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Lin-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology*; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing