title: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with smoke-free laws but not urban/rural status.
abstract: The objective was to determine secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure with and without smoke-free laws in urban and rural communities. The research hypothesis was that SHS exposure in public places could be improved by smoke-free law regardless of urban and rural status. Indoor air quality in hospitality venues was assessed in 53 communities (16 urban and 37 rural) before smoke-free laws; 12 communities passed smoke-free laws during the study period. Real-time measurements of particulate matter with 2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter or smaller (PM2.5) were taken 657 times from 586 distinct venues; about 71 venues had both pre- and post-law measurements. Predictors of log-transformed PM2.5 level were determined using multilevel modeling. With covariates of county-level percent minority population, percent with at least high school education, adult smoking rate, and venue-level smoker density, indoor air quality was associated with smoke-free policy status and venue type and their interaction. The geometric means for restaurants, bars, and other public places in communities without smoke-free policies were 22, 63, and 25 times higher than in those with smoke-free laws, respectively. Indoor air quality was not associated with urban status of venue, and none of the interactions involving urban status were significant. SHS exposure in public places did not differ by urban/rural status. Indoor air quality was associated with smoke-free law status and venue type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study analyzed 657 measurements of indoor PM2.5 level in 53 communities in Kentucky, USA. Although indoor air quality in public places was associated with smoke-free policy status and venue type, it did not differ by urban and rural status. The finding supports the idea that population in rural communities can be protected with smoke-free policy. Therefore, it is critical to implement smoke-free policy in rural communities as well as urban areas.
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Kiyoung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yunhyung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Hilarie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bratset
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Mary Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rayens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D058735:Environmental Policy; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution