title: Ensuring sustainability of non-networked sanitation technologies: an approach to standardization.
abstract: Non-networked sanitation technologies use no sewer, water or electricity lines. Based on a review of 45 commercially distributed technologies, 12 (representing three concepts) were selected for a detailed audit. They were located in six countries of Africa and Asia. The safety of users was generally assured and the costs per use were not excessive, whereas costs were fully transparent for only one technology surveyed. A main drawback was insufficient quality of the byproducts from on-site treatment, making recycling in agriculture a hygienic and environmental risk. Further, no technology was sufficiently mature (requiring e.g. to shift wastes by hand). In order to promote further development and give producers of mature products a competitive advantage, the paper proposes a certification of technologies to confirm the fulfillment of basic requirements to make them attractive for future users.
authors.affiliation: †University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Wien, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Starkl
authors.affiliation: ‡CEMDS, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: §TÜV SÜD Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 3 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118223.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feil
authors.affiliation: §TÜV SÜD Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 3 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118223.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D003657:Decision Making; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D062069:Inventions; D012499:Sanitation / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013672:Technology / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards