title: Metabolic Disposition and Elimination of Cyadox in Pigs, Chickens, Carp, and Rats.
abstract: The metabolism, distribution, and elimination of cyadox (CYA) is investigated in pigs, chickens, carp, and rats to identify the marker residue and target tissue of CYA in food animals for food safety concerns. Following a single oral gavage of [(3)H]-CYA, the total radioactivity was rapidly excreted, with more than 95% of the dose excreted within 14 days in the four species. Fecal excretion of the total radioactivity was 66.2% and 51.6%, and urinary excretion of the total radioactivity was 28.35% and 44.3% in rats and pigs, respectively. Radioactivity was observed in nearly all of the tissues in the first 6 h after 7 days of consecutive oral dosing. The highest radioactivity and longest persistence were in the livers and kidneys, where the majority of the radioactivity was cleared within 7 days. A total of 15 metabolites were identified in rats, pigs, chickens, and carp, and eight new metabolites were identified for the first time in vivo. No parent drug could be detected in the tissues of rats and pigs. The major metabolites of CYA were Cy1, Cy3, and Cy6 in pigs, Cy1, Cy5, and Cy6 in chickens, Cy1, Cy2, and Cy4 in carp, and Cy1, Cy2, Cy4, and Cy5 in rats. Cy1 was suggested to be the marker residue, and the kidneys were identified as the target tissue of CYA in pigs and chickens. These results provide comprehensive information for the food safety evaluation of CYA in food animals and will improve the understanding of the pharmacology and toxicology of CYA in animals.
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lingli
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sechenchogt
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harnud
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuanhu
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dongmei
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanfei
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhenli
authors.affiliation: †MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, and §Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zonghui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002347:Carps; D002645:Chickens; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D059022:Food Safety; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011810:Quinoxalines; C020728:cyadox
keywords: [3H]-cyadox; disposition; isotopic tracing; marker residue; metabolism; target residue; tissue depletion