title: Evaluation of calcium alginate gel as electrode material for alternating current iontophoresis of lidocaine using excised rat skin.
abstract: Iontophoresis (IOP) is a noninvasive method of delivering medication transcutaneously through the skin. The electrodes used in this method should tightly fit to rough and irregular surfaces and be biologically safe, easy to handle and prepare, and cost-effective. To satisfy these requirements, calcium alginate gel can be a candidate electrode for IOP. Using calcium alginate gel electrodes, we examined whether lidocaine can be effectively transported across an excised rat skin by squarewave alternating current (AC) application. A squarewave AC with either a 70% or 80% duty cycle was continuously applied to 0.5% calcium alginate gel electrodes containing 10% lidocaine at 10 V and 1 kHz for 60 min. Lidocaine concentration was measured using a spectrophotometer and the temperature of the gel was determined. The lidocaine concentrations for AC-IOP at the 70% and 80% duty cycles were significantly higher than that without AC-IOP. Furthermore, the group with the 80% duty cycle showed higher lidocaine concentrations than the group with the 70% duty cycle. The temperatures of all the groups were lower than 28 °C throughout the procedure. In conclusion, the calcium alginate gel can be used as a possible matrix for IOP electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebisawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haida
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wakita
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikoma
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Junzo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukayama
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005782:Gels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005782:Gels; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D008012:Lidocaine