title: A multi-country Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b outbreak associated with eggs from a German producer: 'near real-time' application of whole genome sequencing and food chain investigations, United Kingdom, May to September 2014.
abstract: We report an outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b (PT14b) in the United Kingdom (UK) between May and September 2014 where Public Health England launched an investigation to identify the source of infection and implement control measures. During the same period, outbreaks caused by a Salmonella Enteritidis strain with a specific multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) profile occurred in other European Union Member States. Isolates from a number of persons affected by the UK outbreak, who had initially been tested by MLVA also shared this particular profile. Cases were defined as any person infected with S. Enteritidis PT14b, resident in England or Wales and without history of travel outside of this geographical area during the incubation period, reported from 1 June 2014 onwards, with a MLVA profile of 2–11–9-7–4-3–2-8–9 or a single locus variant thereof. In total, 287 cases met the definition. Food traceback investigations in the UK and other affected European countries linked the outbreaks to chicken eggs from a German company. We undertook whole genome sequencing of isolates from UK and European cases, implicated UK premises, and German eggs: isolates were highly similar. Combined with food traceback information, this confirmed that the UK outbreak was also linked to a German producer.
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology Services Liverpool, Public Health England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inns
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dallman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chatt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neal
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Adak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cleary
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D001434:Bacteriophage Typing / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012147:Restaurants; D012478:Salmonella Food Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012483:Salmonella Phages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult