title: Complexity of the cell-cell interactions in the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia.
abstract: In response to brain ischemia a cascade of signals leads to the activation of the brain innate immune system and to the recruitment of blood borne derived cells to the ischemic tissue. These processes have been increasingly shown to play a role on stroke pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the key features of resident microglia and different leukocyte subsets implicated in cerebral ischemia with special emphasis of neutrophils, monocytes and microglia. We focus on how leukocytes are recruited to injured brain through a complex interplay between endothelial cells, platelets and leukocytes and describe different strategies used to inhibit their recruitment. Finally, we discuss the possible existence of different leukocyte subsets in the ischemic tissue and the repercussion of different myeloid phenotypes on stroke outcome. The knowledge of the nature of these heterogeneous cell-cell interactions may open new lines of investigation on new therapies to promote protective immune responses and tissue repair after cerebral ischemia or to block harmful responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Cuartero
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lizasoain
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: neurona@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cerebral ischemia; Interactions; Leukocyte; Microglia; Neuroimmune; Neuroinflammation; Stroke