title: Socioeconomic inequality and mortality--a regional Danish cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality pose a serious impediment to enhance public health even in highly developed welfare states. This study aimed to improve the understanding of socioeconomic disparities in all-cause mortality by using a comprehensive approach including a range of behavioural, psychological, material and social determinants in the analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from The North Denmark Region Health Survey 2007 among residents in Northern Jutland, Denmark, were linked with data from nationwide administrative registries to obtain information on death in a 5.8-year follow-up period (1(st) February 2007- 31(st) December 2012). Socioeconomic position was assessed using educational status as a proxy. The study population was assigned to one of five groups according to highest achieved educational level. The sample size was 8,837 after participants with missing values or aged below 30 years were excluded. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of death from all causes according to educational level, with a step-wise inclusion of explanatory covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants' mean age at baseline was 54.1 years (SD 12.6); 3,999 were men (45.3%). In the follow-up period, 395 died (4.5%). With adjustment for age and gender, the risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the two least-educated levels (HR = 1.5, 95%, CI = 1.2-1.8 and HR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.4-5.9, respectively) compared to the middle educational level. After adjustment for the effect of subjective and objective health, similar results were obtained (HR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.7 and HR = 3.5, 95% CI = 2.0-6.3, respectively). Further adjustment for the effect of behavioural, psychological, material and social determinants also failed to eliminate inequalities found among groups, the risk remaining significantly higher for the least educated levels (HR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9 and HR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.3-6.8, respectively). In comparison with the middle level, the two highest educated levels remained statistically insignificant throughout the entire analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Socioeconomic inequality influenced mortality substantially even when adjusted for a range of determinants that might explain the association. Further studies are needed to understand this important relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. lchris@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Line R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ullits
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. lej@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ejlskov
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark. rnm@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Rikke N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. sh@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Steen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. srjk@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Stella R J
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kræmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. hvn@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vardinghus-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. kfo@hst.aau.dk.|Department of Social Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Havrevangen 1, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark. kfo@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fonager
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. boggild@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bøggild
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. ctp@hst.aau.dk.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark. ctp@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark. co@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Overgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012923:Social Class