title: Nanodiamonds protect skin from ultraviolet B-induced damage in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes various deleterious effects, and UV blockage is recommended for avoiding sunburn. Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide offer effective protection and enhance cosmetic appearance but entail health concerns regarding their photocatalytic activity, which generates reactive oxygen species. These concerns are absent in nanodiamonds (NDs). Among the UV wavelengths in sunlight, UVB irradiation primarily threatens human health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficacy and safety of NDs in UVB protection were evaluated using cell cultures and mouse models. We determined that 2 mg/cm(2) of NDs efficiently reduced over 95% of UVB radiation. Direct UVB exposure caused cell death of cultured keratinocyte, fibroblasts and skin damage in mice. By contrast, ND-shielding significantly protected the aforementioned pathogenic alterations in both cell cultures and mouse models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NDs are feasible and safe materials for preventing UVB-induced skin damage.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No. 707 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. wmnsi@hotmail.com.|Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. wmnsi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Meng-Si
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. dssun@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. dssun@mail.tcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Der-Shan
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1 Sec. 2, University Road, Shoufeng Township, Hualien County, 974, Taiwan. adam7319@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Chung
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1 Sec. 2, University Road, Shoufeng Township, Hualien County, 974, Taiwan. clcheng@mail.ndhu.edu.tw.|Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1 Sec. 2, University Road, Shoufeng Township, Hualien County, 974, Taiwan. clcheng@mail.ndhu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. 102353113@gms.tcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shih-Che
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. imchenpk@mail.tcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Po-Kong
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. jh.med.edu@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. jh.med.edu@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No. 707 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. jh.med.edu@mail.tcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jen-Hung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. hhchang@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Research Center of Nanobiomedical Science, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. hhchang@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Nanotechnology Research Center, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1 Sec. 2, University Road, Shoufeng Township, Hualien County, 974, Taiwan. hhchang@mail.tcu.edu.tw.|Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701 Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan. hhchang@mail.tcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hsin-Hou
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D058612:Nanodiamonds; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide