title: Maturation of human iPS cell-derived dopamine neuron precursors in alginate-Ca(2+) hydrogel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem/induced pluripotent stem cells) have been widely studied as a potential cell source for cell transplantation therapy of Parkinson's disease. However, some difficulties remain to be overcome. These include the need to prepare a large number of dopamine (DA) neurons for clinical use and to culture the cells for a long period to allow their functional maturation and the removal of undifferentiated cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, aggregates of DA neuron precursors were enclosed in alginate-Ca(2+) microbeads, and the encapsulated aggregates were cultured for 25days to induce cell maturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 60% of cells in the aggregates differentiated into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive DA neurons. The aggregates could release DA at the same level as aggregates maintained on culture dishes without encapsulation. In addition, by exposure to a citrate solution, the alginate-Ca(2+) gel layer could be easily removed from aggregates without damaging the DA neurons. When the aggregates were transplanted into rat brain, viable cells were found in the graft at one week post-transplantation, with cells extending neurites into the host tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell aggregates encapsulated in alginate-Ca(2+) beads successfully differentiated into mature DA neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alginate-Ca(2+) microbead is suitable for maintaining DA precursor aggregates for a long period to allow their functional maturation.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konagaya
authors.affiliation: Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Edgar Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Electronic address: iwata@frontier.kuoyo-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002449:Cell Aggregation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008863:Microspheres; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Alginate; Dopamine; Microencapsulation; Neuron precursor; iPS cell