title: Isoform-level brain expression profiling of the spermidine/spermine N1-Acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) gene in major depression and suicide.
abstract: Low brain expression of the spermidine/spermine N-1 acetyltransferase (SAT1) gene, the rate-limiting enzyme involved in catabolism of polyamines that mediate the polyamine stress response (PSR), has been reported in depressed suicides. However, it is unknown whether this effect is associated with depression or with suicide and whether all or only specific isoforms expressed by SAT1, such as the primary 171 amino acid protein-encoding transcript (SSAT), or an alternative splice variant (SSATX) that is involved in SAT1 regulated unproductive splicing and transcription (RUST), are involved. We applied next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) to assess gene-level, isoform-level, and exon-level SAT1 expression differences between healthy controls (HC, N = 29), DSM-IV major depressive disorder suicides (MDD-S, N = 21) and MDD non-suicides (MDD, N = 9) in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 9, BA9) of medication-free individuals postmortem. Using small RNA-seq, we also examined miRNA species putatively involved in SAT1 post-transcriptional regulation. A DSM-IV diagnosis was made by structured interview. Toxicology and history ruled out recent psychotropic medication. At the gene-level, we found low SAT1 expression in both MDD-S (vs. HC, p = 0.002) and MDD (vs. HC, p = 0.002). At the isoform-level, reductions in MDD-S (vs. HC) were most pronounced in four transcripts including SSAT and SSATX, while reductions in MDD (vs. HC) were pronounced in three transcripts, one of which was reduced in MDD relative to MDD-S (all p < 0.1 FDR corrected). We did not observe evidence for differential exon-usage (i.e. splicing) nor differences in miRNA expression. Results replicate the finding of low SAT1 brain expression in depressed suicides in an independent sample and implicate low SAT1 brain expression in MDD independent of suicide. Low expressions of both SSAT and SATX isoforms suggest that shared transcriptional mechanisms involved in RUST may account for low SAT1 brain expression in depressed suicides. Future studies are required to understand the functions and regulation of SAT1 isoforms, and how they relate to the pathogenesis of MDD and suicide.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Spiro P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Pantazatos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunning-Broadbent
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jiuhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yung-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: jjm@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: John Mann
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D017398:Alternative Splicing; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D013405:Suicide; D059467:Transcriptome; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase
chemical_list: D000123:Acetyltransferases; D035683:MicroRNAs; D000099228:Diamine N-Acetyltransferase
keywords: Major depressive disorder; Psychiatric genomics; RNAseq; Suicidal behavior; Transcriptome; ncRNA