title: Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with vulvodynia: evidence from the population-based woman to woman health study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological disorders may affect the pain experience of women with vulvodynia, but evidence remains limited. The present study aimed to describe the magnitude of the association of depression and posttraumautic stress disorder (PTSD) with the presence of vulvodynia in a nonclinical population from southeastern Michigan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data from 1,795 women participating in the Woman to Woman Health Study, a multiethnic population-based study, was used for this analysis. Validated screening questionnaires were conducted to assess vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD. Modified Poisson regression models with a robust variance estimation were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between vulvodynia status and two mental health conditions, depression and PTSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the adjusted models, women who screened positive for depression had a 53% higher prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.10) compared with women who screened negative for depression. Women who screened positive for PTSD had more than a two-fold increase in the prevalence of having vulvodynia (PR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.07, 5.25) compared with women who screened negative for PTSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased prevalence of vulvodynia among those screening positive for depression or PTSD suggests that these disorders may contribute to the likelihood of reporting vulvodynia. Alternatively, vulvodynia, depression, and PTSD may have a common pathophysiological and risk profile. Prospective studies are needed to improve our understanding of the temporal relation between mental health conditions and vulvar pain.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Iglesias-Rios
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Siobán D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Harlow
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Barbara D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D056650:Vulvodynia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American