title: A retrospective analysis of 334 cases of hemoptysis treated by bronchial artery embolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the safety and efficacy of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in the management of hemoptysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study of 334 patients who had undergone BAE for hemoptysis from January 2007 to July 2013. Our study included 255 (76.3%) males and 79 (23.7%) females with an age range from five to 81 years old. All relevant arteries were evaluated but only those arteries that showed hypertrophy and significant blush were targeted. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used in all patients and gel foam was used in combination with PVA where there was significant shunting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild hemoptysis was seen in 70 patients, moderate in 195 patients, and severe in 69 patients. On imaging, right side disease was seen in 101 patients, left side involvement in 59 patients, and bilateral involvement in 174 patients. Post-tubercular changes were the predominant pathology seen in 248 patients. Among 334 patients (386 procedures), 42 patients underwent the procedure twice and five patients underwent the procedure thrice. A total of 485 arteries were attempted of which 440 arteries were successfully embolized. Right intercosto-bronchial was the most common culprit artery present in 157 patients, followed by common bronchial (n=97), left bronchial (n=55), and right bronchial (n=45). We embolized a maximum of four arteries in one session. Immediate complications such as dissection and rupture occurred in only nine sessions (2.3%). Twenty-five procedures (6.5%) were repeated within two months, which were due to technical or clinical failure and 27 procedures (7%) were repeated after two months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BAE is a safe and effective procedure with a negligible complication rate. Our approach of targeting hypertrophied arteries was effective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ashu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Devasenathipathy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veedu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anant
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shivanand
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamanagatti
keywords: Bronchial Artery Embolization; Hemoptysis; Recurrent Hemoptysis