title: Molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy: potential therapeutic targets.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults in United States. Research indicates an association between oxidative stress and the development of diabetes complications. However, clinical trials with general antioxidants have failed to prove effective in diabetic patients. Mounting evidence from experimental studies that continue to elucidate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and inflammation in both vascular and neural retina suggest its critical role in the pathogenesis of DR. This review will outline the current management of DR as well as present potential experimental therapeutic interventions, focusing on molecules that link oxidative stress to inflammation to provide potential therapeutic targets for treatment or prevention of DR. Understanding the biochemical changes and the molecular events under diabetic conditions could provide new effective therapeutic tools to combat the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA ; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Georgia, USA ; Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coucha
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA ; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Georgia, USA ; Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Sally L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Elshaer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA ; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Georgia, USA ; Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Wael S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Eldahshan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA ; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Georgia, USA ; Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mysona
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA ; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Georgia, USA ; Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta 30912, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Azza B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: El-Remessy
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D019255:NADPH Oxidases
keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy; Endoplasmic Reticulum-stress; Inflammation; Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase; Oxidative Stress; Peroxynitrite; Therapeutics