title: Chest ultrasonography in patients with HIV: a case series and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary disease is common in HIV-infected patients. Diagnostic means, however, are often scarce in areas where most HIV patients are living. Chest ultrasonography has recently evolved as a highly sensitive and specific imaging tool for diagnosing chest conditions such as pneumothorax, pneumonia and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients. This article addresses the issue of imaging and differentiating common pulmonary conditions in HIV-infected patients by chest ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report chest ultrasound features of five different common pulmonary diseases in HIV-infected patients (bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) and review the respective literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed characteristic ultrasound patterns especially in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and pulmonary lymphoma. Further exploration of chest ultrasonography in HIV-infected patients appears promising and may translate into new diagnostic approaches for pulmonary conditions in patients living with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Charlotte C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Heuvelings
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. sabine.belard@charite.de.|Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. sabine.belard@charite.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bélard
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Klinikum Muenchen-Perlach, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wallrauch
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Grobusch
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.affiliation: Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.affiliation: Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D013909:Thorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Chest ultrasonography; Diagnostic imaging; HIV; Infection; Lung disease; Pulmonary