title: Multiple roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in fracture healing.
abstract: This review presents a summary of basic science evidence examining the influence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on secondary fracture healing. Multiple studies suggest that TNF-α, in combination with the host reservoir of peri-fracture mesenchymal stem cells, is a main determinant in the success of bone healing. Disease states associated with poor bone healing commonly have inappropriate TNF-α responses, which likely contributes to the higher incidence of delayed and nonunions in these patient populations. Appreciation of TNF-α in fracture healing may lead to new therapies to augment recovery and reduce the incidence of complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States. Electronic address: jmkarnes@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Karnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States. Electronic address: sdaffner@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Daffner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States. Electronic address: cwatkins@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000502:physiology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Bone healing; Metabolic bone disease; TNF-α