title: Neuroprotective effect of ketamine on acute spinal cord injury in rats.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ketamine during acute spinal cord injury in rats. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (N = 70) were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated (N = 10), control (N = 30), and treatment (N = 30) groups. The moderate spinal cord injury model was established. After injury, the sham-operated group received no drug, the treatment group received intraperitoneal ketamine injections, and the control group received intraperitoneal normal saline injections. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and spinal cord malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed, and nerve cell apoptosis was evaluated in each group at varying time points. After spinal cord injury, TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells among 2500 cells significantly increased (P < 0.05). Further, compared with the control group, the treatment group showed significantly lower TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels, and fewer TUNEL-positive cells among 2500 cells at each time point (P < 0.05). Our data indicate that ketamine exerts a neuroprotective effect on injured spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China jinguiyucn@163.com.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007649:Ketamine