title: DLX4 is associated with orofacial clefting and abnormal jaw development.
abstract: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common structural birth defects in humans. We used exome sequencing to study a patient with bilateral CL/P and identified a single nucleotide deletion in the patient and her similarly affected son—c.546_546delG, predicting p.Gln183Argfs*57 in the Distal-less 4 (DLX4) gene. The sequence variant was absent from databases, predicted to be deleterious and was verified by Sanger sequencing. In mammals, there are three Dlx homeobox clusters with closely located gene pairs (Dlx1/Dlx2, Dlx3/Dlx4, Dlx5/Dlx6). In situ hybridization showed that Dlx4 was expressed in the mesenchyme of the murine palatal shelves at E12.5, prior to palate closure. Wild-type human DLX4, but not mutant DLX4_c.546delG, could activate two murine Dlx conserved regulatory elements, implying that the mutation caused haploinsufficiency. We showed that reduced DLX4 expression after short interfering RNA treatment in a human cell line resulted in significant up-regulation of DLX3, DLX5 and DLX6, with reduced expression of DLX2 and significant up-regulation of BMP4, although the increased BMP4 expression was demonstrated only in HeLa cells. We used antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to target the orthologous Danio rerio gene, dlx4b, and found reduced cranial size and abnormal cartilaginous elements. We sequenced DLX4 in 155 patients with non-syndromic CL/P and CP, but observed no sequence variants. From the published literature, Dlx1/Dlx2 double homozygous null mice and Dlx5 homozygous null mice both have clefts of the secondary palate. This first finding of a DLX4 mutation in a family with CL/P establishes DLX4 as a potential cause of human clefts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Shyamali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: August
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prochazkova
authors.affiliation: Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Gil-Da-Silva-Lopes
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and.
authors.forename: Paul Ling-Fung
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pui-yan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94114, USA.
authors.forename: Ophir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
authors.forename: Bian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, slavotia@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Slavotinek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D059472:Exome / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006367:HeLa Cells; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007569:Jaw Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D060172:Morpholinos; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D015027:Zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; C105304:DLX4 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060172:Morpholinos; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C498152:dlx3b protein, zebrafish