title: Zymosan Induces Immune Responses Comparable with Those of Adults in Monocytes, Dendritic Cells, and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Cord Blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the differences in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune responses between human neonates and adults, focusing on the cytokine profiles of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) in cord and adult blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purified monocytes, DCs, and MoDCs were stimulated with the following TLR ligands: lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), flagellin (TLR5), zymosan (TLR2), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (TLR3), imiquimod (TLR7), and CpG (TLR9). Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-10 concentrations were analyzed in culture supernatants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the effects in adult blood, lipopolysaccharide-, Pam3CSK4-, flagellin-, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production in cord blood was generally weak in monocytes, comparable in DCs, and elevated in MoDCs. CpG- and imiquimod-stimulated cytokine production in DCs was comparable in cord blood and adult blood, but cytokine production was almost absent in monocytes and MoDCs in both cord blood and adult blood. In contrast, zymosan stimulation produced comparable inflammatory cytokine profiles in the monocytes, DCs, and MoDCs of cord blood and adult blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immaturity of TLR-mediated innate immunity in neonates depends on monocytes rather than on DCs. Our results indicate that zymosan-mediated TLR2 signaling may be useful for developing a neonatal vaccine adjuvant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nohmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: m1155519@med.osaka-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tokuhara
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shintaku
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology*; D005408:Flagellin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055666:Lipopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000494:pharmacology; D015054:Zymosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000634:Aminoquinolines; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D016207:Cytokines; D055666:Lipopeptides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; C508075:Pam(3)CSK(4) peptide; D005408:Flagellin; D015054:Zymosan; D011070:Poly I-C; D000077271:Imiquimod