title: Change in the Prevalence of HIV-1 and the Rate of Transmitted Drug-Resistant HIV-1 in Haiphong, Northern Vietnam.
abstract: We previously reported a significant decrease in HIV-1 prevalence, with no increase in drug-resistant HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU), female sex workers (FSW), and blood donors (BD), in Haiphong, Vietnam, from 2007 to 2009. In 2012, 388 IDU, 51 FSW, and 200 BD were recruited for further analysis. None had a history of antiretroviral treatment. From 2007 to 2012, HIV-1 prevalence was reduced from 35.9% to 18.6% (p<0.001), 23.1% to 9.8% (p<0.05), and 2.9% to 1% (p=0.29) in IDU, FSW, and BD, respectively. Of 79 anti-HIV-1 antibody-positive samples, 61 were successfully analyzed for the pol-reverse transcriptase (RT) region. All HIV-1 strains were CRF01_AE. Nonnucleoside RT inhibitor-resistant mutations, Y181C/I, were detected in three subjects; one had the nucleoside RT inhibitor-resistant mutations L74V and M184V and one had E138K. The prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 in Haiphong increased slightly from 1.8% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2012 (p=0.06).
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Hung Viet
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Azumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .|2 Hai Phong Medical University , Hai Phong, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Cuong Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Matilda Chelimo
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Saina
authors.affiliation: 2 Hai Phong Medical University , Hai Phong, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Huyen Thi Thanh
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .|2 Hai Phong Medical University , Hai Phong, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Vuong Thi
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Xiuqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: 2 Hai Phong Medical University , Hai Phong, Vietnam .
authors.forename: Thuc Van
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Japan .
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichimura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D011477:Sex Work; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase