title: Effects of mood inductions by meal ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption on endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in humans: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The endocannabinoid system is suggested to play a regulatory role in mood. However, the response of circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) to mood changes has never been tested in humans. In the present study, we examined the effects of mood changes induced by ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption on plasma ECs 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), and some N-acylethanolamine (NAE) congeners in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy women (n = 28) participated in a randomized cross-over study. They consumed sparkling white wine (340 mL; 30 g alcohol) or alcohol-free sparkling white wine (340 mL; <2 g alcohol) as part of a standard evening meal in a room with either a pleasant or an unpleasant ambiance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and stearoylethanolamide (SEA) increased after 30 min in the unpleasant ambiance, while they decreased in the pleasant ambiance. Changes in ECs and their NAE congeners correlated with mood states, such as happiness and fatigue, but in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol only. ECs and their NAE congeners were correlated with serum free fatty acids and cortisol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first human study to demonstrate that plasma NAEs are responsive to an unpleasant meal ambiance. Furthermore, associations between mood states and ECs and their NAE congeners were observed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01426022.
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilse C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Schrieks
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ripken
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafleu
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renger F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Witkamp
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk F J
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000577:Amides; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000097:blood*; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000097:blood; D013229:Stearic Acids / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; C022203:N-acylethanolamines; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D013229:Stearic Acids; C466089:stearoylethanolamide; C005958:palmidrol