title: Post-traumatic stress and age variation in amygdala volumes among youth exposed to trauma.
abstract: Theoretically, normal developmental variation in amygdala volumes may be altered under conditions of severe stress. The purpose of this article was to examine whether posttraumatic stress moderates the association between age and amygdala volumes in youth exposed to traumatic events who are experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Volumetric imaging was conducted on two groups of youth aged 9-17 years: 28 with exposure to trauma and PTSD symptoms (boys = 15, girls = 13) and 26 matched (age, IQ) comparison youth (Controls; boys = 12, girls = 14). There was a significant group by age interaction in predicting right amygdala volumes. A positive association between age and right amygdala volumes was observed, but only in PTSD youth. These associations with age remained when controlling for IQ, total brain volumes and sex. Moreover, older youth with PTSD symptoms had relatively larger right amygdala volumes than controls. Findings provide evidence that severe stress may influence age-related variation in amygdala volumes. Results further highlight the importance of utilizing age as an interactive variable in pediatric neuroimaging research, in so far as age may act as an important moderator of group differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA and cweems@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Carl F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Weems
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klabunde
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA and.
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Carrión
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002648:Child; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: FreeSurfer; amygdala; development; sMRI; severe stress; traumatic