title: Perilunate dislocations treated with external fixation and percutaneous pinning.
abstract: Background The purpose of this study was to review clinical and radiographic outcomes of perilunate dislocations (PLDs) and fracture-dislocations (PLFDs) treated with external fixation and Kirschner wires (K-wires). Materials and Methods Twenty patients (18 males and 2 females) with a mean age of 38 years (range 18-59) with an acute PLD or PLFD were treated with external fixator and K-wires. There were 12 PLDs and seven transscaphoid and one transstyloid PLFDs. The median time from trauma to operation was 8 hours (range 2-12 hours). Indirect reduction via ligamentotaxis was achieved in 17 patients with a mean age of 38years (range 18-59). There were 12 PLDs and 5 trans-scaphoid PLFDs; however, in three cases (two transscaphoid and one transstyloid PLFDs), indirect reduction failed and an open reduction was required. The intercarpal ligaments were not repaired even after open reduction. Results The mean follow-up was 39 months (range 18-68 months). The flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) and grip strength of the injured wrist averaged 80% and 88%, respectively, of the corresponding values for the contralateral wrists. According to Cooney's scoring system, overall functional outcomes of the 17 patients were rated as excellent in 4 patients, good in 8, fair in 4, and poor in 1. Fifteen patients returned to their former occupations. Two patients with a trans-scaphoid perilunate injury developed nonunion of the scaphoid, and two developed posttraumatic arthritis. Conclusion External fixation plus percutaneous K-wires for the treatment of acute PLDs has satisfactory midterm functional and radiographic outcomes. When successful, this minimally invasive technique is simple and provides restoration of the carpal alignment. It may especially be useful in the polytrauma patient, thanks to its decreased operative time and diminished blood loss, when other emergent surgical procedures may be necessary. An open reduction with possible fixation may be necessary for PLDs and PLFDs, especially in the presence of polytrauma and scaphoid comminution.
  
  
  METHODS
  IV.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Orthopaedics, Athens University Medical School, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Chaidari, Greece.
authors.forename: Olga D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Savvidou
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Thriassio General Hospital, Magoula, Greece.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beltsios
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Orthopaedics, Athens University Medical School, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Chaidari, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasileios I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Sakellariou
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Orthopaedics, Athens University Medical School, ATTIKON University General Hospital, Chaidari, Greece.
authors.forename: Panayiotis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Papagelopoulos
keywords: carpal dislocation; ligamentotaxis; percutaneous pinning; wrist external fixation