title: Children's recognition of pride.
abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to examine when children identify their own experience as one of pride after they complete a difficult and competitive task (i.e., race a confederate in building a tower of blocks). A sample of 144 children between 3 and 6 years of age participated in one of three conditions. Children were told to try to build a tower of blocks taller than a confederate's tower (exceed standard) or tried and failed to build a tower of blocks taller than the confederate's tower (fail standard), or children were asked to build a tower of blocks alongside a confederate (no standard). Results revealed a developmental progression of recognizing pride in which children first began showing nonverbal behaviors that were reliably coded as conveying pride at around 4 years of age. Children began to apply the label/term "pride" to a photograph conveying pride in another peer at around 4 years of age and recognized their own experience as one of pride following a competitive task at around 5 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Penn State University, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. Electronic address: flom@byu.edu.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flom
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D012938:Social Perception
keywords: Affective cognition; Emotion; Emotion recognition; Pride; Self-conscious emotions; non-Verbal Expression