title: Molecular markers: Implications for cytopathology and specimen collection.
abstract: Cytologic specimens obtained through minimally invasive biopsy techniques are increasingly being used as principle diagnostic specimens for tumors arising in multiple sites. The number and scope of ancillary tests performed on these specimens have grown substantially over the past decade, including many molecular markers that not only can aid in formulating accurate and specific diagnoses but also can provide prognostic or therapeutic information to help direct clinical decisions. Thus, the cytopathologist needs to ensure that adequate material is collected and appropriately processed for the study of relevant molecular markers, many of which are specific to tumor site. This brief review covers considerations for effective cytologic specimen collection and processing to ensure diagnostic and testing success. In addition, a general overview is provided of molecular markers pertinent to tumors from a variety of sites. The recognition of these established and emerging molecular markers by cytopathologists is an important step toward realizing the promise of personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: VanderLaan
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014021:Tissue Preservation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: ROSE; ancillary testing; cell block; cytology; molecular marker; molecular testing; rapid on-site evaluation