title: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with chitosan and interleukin-12 to control breast cancer metastasis.
abstract: Metastasis accounts for approximately 90% of breast cancer-related deaths. Therefore, novel approaches which prevent or control breast cancer metastases are of significant clinical interest. Interleukin-12 (IL-12)-based immunotherapies have shown promise in controlling metastatic disease, yet modest responses and severe toxicities due to systemic administration of IL-12 in early trials have hindered clinical application. We hypothesized that localized delivery of IL-12 co-formulated with chitosan (chitosan/IL-12) could elicit tumor-specific immunity and provide systemic protection against metastatic breast cancer while minimizing systemic toxicity. Chitosan is a biocompatible polysaccharide derived primarily from the exoskeletons of crustaceans. In a clinically relevant resection model, mice bearing spontaneously metastatic 4T1 mammary adenocarcinomas received intratumoral injections of chitosan/IL-12, or appropriate controls, prior to tumor resection. Neoadjuvant chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy resulted in long-term tumor-free survival in 67% of mice compared to only 24% or 0% of mice treated with IL-12 alone or chitosan alone, respectively. Antitumor responses following chitosan/IL-12 treatment were durable and provided complete protection against rechallenge with 4T1, but not RENCA renal adenocarcinoma, cells. Lymphocytes from chitosan/IL-12-treated mice demonstrated robust tumor-specific lytic activity and interferon-γ production. Cell-mediated immune memory was confirmedin vivovia clinically relevant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assays. Comprehensive hematology and toxicology analyses revealed that chitosan/IL-12 induced transient, reversible leukopenia with no changes in critical organ function. Results of this study suggest that neoadjuvant chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy prior to breast tumor resection is a promising translatable strategy capable of safely inducing to tumor-specific immunity and, in the long term, reducing breast cancer mortality due to progressive recurrences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Jimmy Ln
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Sean G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Bhanu Prasanth
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Koppolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: Sruthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravindranathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Arkansas ; Fayetteville, AR USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Zaharoff
keywords: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; CBC, complete blood count; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity; ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot; Gy, gray; IFNγ, interferon-γ;. IL-12, interleukin-12; RENCA, renal cell adenocarcinoma; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; chitosan; cytokine delivery; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.t., intratumoral; interleukin-12; metastatic breast cancer; neoadjuvant immunotherapy; s.c., subcutaneous