title: Sleep disruption and the sequelae associated with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Sleep disruption, which includes a loss of sleep as well as poor quality fragmented sleep, frequently follows traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacting a large number of patients each year in the United States. Fragmented and/or disrupted sleep can worsen neuropsychiatric, behavioral, and physical symptoms of TBI. Additionally, sleep disruption impairs recovery and can lead to cognitive decline. The most common sleep disruption following TBI is insomnia, which is difficulty staying asleep. The consequences of disrupted sleep following injury range from deranged metabolomics and blood brain barrier compromise to altered neuroplasticity and degeneration. There are several theories for why sleep is necessary (e.g., glymphatic clearance and metabolic regulation) and these may help explain how sleep disruption contributes to degeneration within the brain. Experimental data indicate disrupted sleep allows hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid β plaques to accumulate. As sleep disruption may act as a cellular stressor, target areas warranting further scientific investigation include the increase in endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress following acute periods of sleep deprivation. Potential treatment options for restoring the normal sleep cycle include melatonin derivatives and cognitive behavioral therapy.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lucke-Wold
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Aric F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Logsdon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Garrett J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA. Electronic address: dum6@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Diane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008550:Melatonin
keywords: Maintenance insomnia; Neurodegeneration; Neuropsychiatric symptoms; Sleep disruption; Traumatic brain injury