title: Exosome-mediated transfer of microRNAs within the tumor microenvironment and neuroblastoma resistance to chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  How exosomic microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the development of drug resistance in the context of the tumor microenvironment has not been previously described in neuroblastoma (NBL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Coculture experiments were performed to assess exosomic transfer of miR-21 from NBL cells to human monocytes and miR-155 from human monocytes to NBL cells. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess miR-155 targeting of TERF1 in NBL cells. Tumor growth was measured in NBL xenografts treated with Cisplatin and peritumoral exosomic miR-155 (n = 6 mice per group) CD163, miR-155, and TERF1 levels were assessed in 20 NBL primary tissues by Human Exon Arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Student's t test was used to evaluate the differences between treatment groups. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  miR-21 mean fold change (f.c.) was 12.08±0.30 (P < .001) in human monocytes treated with NBL derived exosomes for 48 hours, and miR-155 mean f.c. was 4.51±0.25 (P < .001) in NBL cells cocultured with human monocytes for 48 hours. TERF1 mean luciferase activity in miR-155 transfected NBL cells normalized to scrambled was 0.36 ± 0.05 (P <.001). Mean tumor volumes in Dotap-miR-155 compared with Dotap-scrambled were 322.80±120mm(3) and 76.00±39.3mm(3), P = .002 at day 24, respectively. Patients with high CD163 infiltrating NBLs had statistically significantly higher intratumoral levels of miR-155 (P = .04) and lower levels of TERF1 mRNA (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate a unique role of exosomic miR-21 and miR-155 in the cross-talk between NBL cells and human monocytes in the resistance to chemotherapy, through a novel exosomic miR-21/TLR8-NF-кB/exosomic miR-155/TERF1 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Kishore B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Challagundla
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Petra M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neviani
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Haritha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chava
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murtadha
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ivan
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Xinna
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fanini
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amadori
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Calin
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadjidaniel
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Ambrose
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jong
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Shahab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgharzadeh
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA).
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goldkorn
authors.affiliation: Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (KBC, PMW, PN, HC, MM, MF); Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA (TX, AG); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (RK, MH, AJ, RCS, SA); Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (CI, GAC); Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine and The Center for RNA interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (XZ); Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) s.r.l., IRCCS, Gene Therapy Unit, Meldola (FC) 47014, Italy (IV, FF, DA); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (HS, SA). mfabbri@chla.usc.edu.
authors.forename: Muller
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabbri
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002450:Cell Communication; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk; D000089804:Shelterin Complex; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C524942:MIRN155 microRNA, human; C524940:MIRN21 microRNA, human; D035683:MicroRNAs; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000089804:Shelterin Complex; C059329:TERF1 protein, human; C495349:TLR8 protein, human; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8; D002945:Cisplatin