title: Expectant management for men with early stage prostate cancer.
abstract: Since the dissemination of prostate-specific antigen screening, most men with prostate cancer are now diagnosed with localized, low-risk prostate cancer that is unlikely to be lethal. Nevertheless, nearly all of these men undergo primary treatment with surgery or radiation, placing them at risk for longstanding side effects, including erectile dysfunction and impaired urinary function. Active surveillance and other observational strategies (ie, expectant management) have produced excellent long-term disease-specific survival and minimal morbidity for men with prostate cancer. Despite this, expectant management remains underused for men with localized prostate cancer. In this review, various approaches to the expectant management of men with prostate cancer are summarized, including watchful waiting and active surveillance strategies. Contemporary cancer-specific and health care quality-of-life outcomes are described for each of these approaches. Finally, contemporary patterns of use, potential disparities in care, and ongoing research and controversies surrounding expectant management of men with localized prostate cancer are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Fellow, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Filson
authors.affiliation: Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Leonard S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: Chair and Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Professor of Health Services, Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Litwin
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D057832:Watchful Waiting
keywords: active surveillance; expectant management; prostate cancer; watchful waiting