title: Comparison of shear bond strength and bonding time of a novel flash-free bonding system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the bonding time, shear bond strength (SBS), and adhesive residue index (ARI) of APC(TM) Flash-Free bonding system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six extracted human maxillary premolars were randomly divided into three groups (12 per group) and used for this in vitro study: group 1, APC Flash-Free Adhesive Coated Appliance System; group 2, Clarity ADVANCED Ceramic Bracket pasted manually; group 3 (control group), 3M APC PLUS Adhesive prepasted brackets bonded with the extruded flash removed. Bonding time was measured using a stopwatch. Bond strength was measured using an Instron at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The ARI was graded on a scale from 1 to 5. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It took significantly (P < .001) less time to bond in the APC Flash-Free Adhesive group (30.7 ± 3.3 seconds) compared with the control group (41.8 ± 4.0 seconds) and the manual group (39.2 ± 2.8 seconds). The APC Flash-Free Adhesive coated bracket had significantly (P < .001) greater SBS (13.7 ± 2.2 MPa) compared with the control group (10.8 ± 2.0 MPa) and the manual group (10.4 ± 1.4 MPa). The ARI was significantly (P < .001) greater with the APC Flash-Free Adhesive coated bracket compared with that of the other two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with other methods of bonding, the APC Flash-Free Adhesive Coated System can potentially reduce bonding time while increasing SBS.
authors.affiliation: a  Program Director, Department of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Saint Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Moonyoung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b  Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kanavakis
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011897:Random Allocation; D033081:Shear Strength
keywords: Bonding systems; Bonding time; Flash free bonding; Shear bond strength