title: Effect of transcatheter arterial embolization with a mixture of n-butyl cyanoacrylate, lipiodol, and ethanol on the vascular wall: macroscopic and microscopic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pathologic effect of a mixture of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA), lipiodol, and ethanol (NLE) with a mixture of NBCA and lipiodol (NL) on the embolized vascular wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embolization was performed using four swine with NBCA and lipiodol in a volume ratio of 1:1 (NL11 group) in the common hepatic artery (n = 1) and the internal iliac artery (n = 2); and with NBCA, lipiodol, and ethanol in a volume ratio of 1:1:2 (NLE112 group) in the common hepatic artery (n = 3) and the internal iliac artery (n = 6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NL11 casts had an intricate appearance in reticular configuration with red thrombus, while NLE112 casts presented in a single round configuration with surrounding ring-like red thrombus. Desquamation of endothelial cells and infiltration of neutrophils into the adventitial layer were found in all embolized vessels in both groups. Infiltration of neutrophils into the intermediate layer was found in the NL11 group but not in the NLE112 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The damage to the vascular wall caused by NLE112 was milder than that by NL11, implying the adverse effects of NLE112 are within tolerable limits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayamashi, Wakayama, 641-8510, Japan, arida_fumi_mikan@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Fumihiro
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Morio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minamiguchi
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sonomura
authors.forename: Ibu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matuzaki
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D000431:Ethanol; D004998:Ethiodized Oil