title: Noninvasive evaluation of renal oxygenation in primary nephrotic syndrome with blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance imaging: Initial experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate renal oxygenation in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and test the hypothesis that renal tissue oxygenation correlates with renal function, tubulointerstitial alterations and treatment response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with untreated first-onset PNS and healthy control subjects underwent BOLD MRI. Blood and urine samples were obtained on the day of MRI, and patients underwent renal biopsy the day after MRI. Renal tubulointerstitial damage scores (TIDS) were determined using Katafuchi criteria. All patients received corticosteroids within 7 days after MRI and were followed up for 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medullary R2* values were significantly lower in patients with PNS (n = 20) than controls (n = 18). Medullary R2* values were negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rates and positively correlated with TIDS in patients with PNS. There were no significant differences in medullary or cortical R2* values when patients were classified according to treatment response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The medullary oxygen concentration was higher in patients with PNS than in control subjects. BOLD MRI was a useful noninvasive method for the evaluation of renal function and tubulointerstitial impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasonography, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Qidong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Kidney Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yilun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China xiaowb.111@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen; D011241:Prednisone
keywords: Blood oxygen level dependent; magnetic resonance imaging; oxygenation; renal function; renal pathology; treatment response