title: Development of titanium oxide layer containing nanocrystalline zirconia particles with tetragonal structure: Structural and biological characteristics.
abstract: This study investigated the microstructural, mechanical and biological properties of oxide layers containing tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) particles on pure titanium produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. For this purpose, PEO processes were carried out at an AC current density of 200mA/cm(2) for 180s in potassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7) electrolytes with and without t-ZrO2 powder. Structural investigations using transmission electron microscopy exhibited that the present nanocrystalline oxide layer evidenced the successful incorporation of a myriad of t-ZrO2 particles working as an intermediate medium to reinforce the adhesion strength between the substrate and oxide layer. Regarding biomimetic apatite formation, the t-ZrO2 particles uniformly spread were of considerable importance in triggering the nucleation and growth of biomimetic apatite on the surface of the oxide layer immersed in a simulated body fluid solution. The growth and proliferation rates of the osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) cultured on the oxide layer with t-ZrO2 particles were higher than that without t-ZrO2 particles due to the higher roughness providing the better sites for the filopodia extension and interlocking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Ryong
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gye Won
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: younggun@ynu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Gun
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhshin@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dong Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; C009495:titanium dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: Adhesion; Osteoblast; Plasma electrolytic oxidation; Tetragonal zirconia; Titanium