title: Evaluation of Glaucomatous Damage via Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Correlations Thereof with Anatomical and Psychophysical Ocular Findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to binocular visual stimulation and the association thereof with structural ocular findings and psychophysical test results in patients with glaucoma, and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including Humphrey 24-2 visual field (VF) testing and optical coherence tomography. Binocular VF in each quadrant was determined using an integrated method. Patients with glaucoma were assigned to three subgroups: initial, asymmetrical and severe glaucoma. Regions of interest (ROIs) were determined anatomically. fMRI (3 T) was performed using a bilaterally presented polar angle stimulus, and the accompanying changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals were obtained from the occipital poles and calcarine ROIs. We used generalized estimation equation models to compare anatomical and functional data between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 subjects were enrolled, of whom 17 had glaucoma and 8 were controls. Significant associations between quadrant binocular VF sensitivities and fMRI responses were found in the occipital pole ROIs (p = 0.033) and the calcarine ROIs (p = 0.045). In glaucoma severity subgroup analysis, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was associated with the BOLD response of the calcarine and occipital pole ROIs (p = 0.002 and 0.026, respectively). The initial and asymmetrical glaucoma subgroups had similar binocular VF sensitivities and RNFL thicknesses, but distinct BOLD responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The response of the visual cortex to binocular stimulation was associated with binocular VF sensitivity. RNFL thickness was associated with the BOLD response of the calcarine and occipital pole ROIs.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Gerente
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruth R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Schor
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Khallil T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chaim
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo de Maria
authors.initials: Mde M
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dora F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lottenberg
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paranhos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000473:pathology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011601:Psychophysics; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014794:Visual Fields