title: Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE): an entity different from emphysema or pulmonary fibrosis alone.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP), with different radiological, pathological, functional and prognostic characteristics, have been regarded as separate entities for a long time. However, there is an increasing recognition of the coexistence of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis in individuals. The association was first described as a syndrome by Cottin in 2005, named "combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE)", which is characterized by exertional dyspnea, upper-lobe emphysema and lower-lobe fibrosis, preserved lung volume and severely diminished capacity of gas exchange. CPFE is frequently complicated by pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury and lung cancer and prognosis of it is poor. Treatments for CPFE patients with severe pulmonary hypertension are less effective other than lung transplantation. However, CPFE has not yet attracted wide attention of clinicians and there is no research systematically contrasting the differences among CPFE, emphysema/COPD and IIP at the same time. The authors will review the existing knowledge of CPFE and compare them to either entity alone for the first time, with the purpose of improving the awareness of this syndrome and exploring novel effective therapeutic strategies in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 Sun Yat-Sen University Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Huijin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 Sun Yat-Sen University Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Shanping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
keywords: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); pulmonary emphysema; pulmonary hypertension