title: Emerging nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin during chlorine disinfection of water.
abstract: As an environmental contaminant of anthropogenic origin metformin is present in the high ng/L- up to the low μg/L-range in most surface waters. Residues of metformin may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products during chlorine disinfection, when these waters are used for drinking water production. Investigations on the underlying chemical processes occurring during treatment of metformin with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous medium led to the discovery of two hitherto unknown transformation products. Both substances were isolated and characterized by HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, HPLC-ESI-TOF, (1)H-NMR and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The immediate major chlorination product is a cyclic dehydro-1,2,4-triazole-derivate of intense yellow color (Y; C4H6ClN5). It is a solid chlorimine of limited stability. Rapid formation was observed between 10 °C and 30 °C, as well as between pH 3 and pH 11, in both ultrapure and tap water, even at trace quantities of reactants (ng/L-range for metformin, mg/L-range for free chlorine). While Y is degraded within a few hours to days in the presence of light, elevated temperature, organic solvents and matrix constituents within tap water, a secondary degradation product was discovered, which is stable and colorless (C; C4H6ClN3). This chloroorganic nitrile has a low photolysis rate in ambient day light, while being resistant to heat and not readily degraded in the presence of organic solvents or in the tap water matrix. In addition, the formation of ammonia, dimethylamine and N,N-dimethylguanidine was verified by cation exchange chromatography.
authors.affiliation: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armbruster
authors.affiliation: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: oliver.happel@tzw.de.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Happel
authors.affiliation: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheurer
authors.affiliation: Philipps University Marburg, Faculty of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Brauch
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000737:chemistry; D004123:Dimethylamines / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D008687:Metformin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008760:Methylguanidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D010782:Photolysis; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004123:Dimethylamines; D060766:Drinking Water; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008760:Methylguanidine; C042632:N,N-dimethylguanidine; D000641:Ammonia; D008687:Metformin; C034516:dimethylamine; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Chlorination; Drinking water; Hypochlorite; Structure elucidation; Transformation products