title: Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: clinical data in relation to disease demographics, bone mineral density and fracture risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common type of secondary osteoporosis. Patient selection and the treatment choice remain to be controversial. None of the proposed management guidelines are widely accepted. We evaluate the available clinical data, the efficacy of current medication and we propose an overall algorithm for managing GIOP.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article provides a critical review of in vivo and clinical evidence regarding GIOP and developing evidence-based algorithm of treatment. Data base used includes MEDLINE® (1950 to May 2014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-specific treatment is the gold standard of care. Glucocorticoid (GC)-treated patients must comply with a healthy lifestyle and receive 1000 mg of calcium and at least 800 mg of Vitamin D daily. Bisphosphonate (BP) therapy is the current standard of care for prevention and treatment of GIOP. Most of bisphosphonates demonstrated benefit in lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and some in hip BMD. Alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate showed vertebral anti-fracture efficacy in postmenopausal women and men. Scarce data however when compared head to head with BP efficacy. In post-menopausal women, early antiresorptive BP treatment appears to be efficient and safe. In premenopausal women and patients at high risk of fracture receiving long-term GC therapy however, teriparitide may be advised alternatively.
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University Medical School, Academic Orthopaedic Unit , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: Eustathios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kenanidis
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Potoupnis
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kakoulidis
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonidou
authors.forename: Grigorios T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sakellariou
authors.forename: Fares E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Sayegh
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsiridis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000379:methods*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: glucocorticoid; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; management; osteoporosis