title: Comparison of the Proinflammatory and Procoagulant Properties of Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Bacterial DNA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cell-free DNA (CFDNA) is elevated in sepsis and correlates with mortality. This DNA may come from nuclear, mitochondrial, or bacterial sources. Cell-free DNA from all three sources may play a pathogenic role in sepsis via activation of coagulation through the contact pathway, whereas CpG motifs on bacterial and mitochondrial DNA may additionally stimulate inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 9. This study elucidates the relative effects of nuclear, mitochondrial, and bacterial DNA on inflammatory and procoagulant pathways with relevance to sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA was extracted from plasma of septic patients and control subjects, and nuclear and mitochondrial CFDNA concentrations were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Viability of primary cultured human neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry for phosphatidyl serine exposure and cell permeability to propidium iodide. Continuous thrombin generation was measured with a fluorogenic substrate (Technothrombin, Vienna, Austria). Interleukin 6 secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Platelet activation was measured by flow cytometry for P-selectin and activated αIIbβ3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA were elevated in plasma from septic patients compared with control subjects. Both mitochondrial and bacterial DNA prolonged neutrophil viability. Bacterial DNA increased neutrophil interleukin 6 secretion, but mitochondrial and nuclear DNA did not. Nuclear, mitochondrial, and bacterial DNA increased thrombin generation in platelet-poor plasma to a similar degree in a FXI- and FXII-dependent manner, indicating dependence on the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Independently of coagulation, DNA from all three sources was capable of causing activation of platelet integrin αIIbβ3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell-free DNA from nuclear, mitochondrial, and bacterial sources have varying proinflammatory effects, although all three have similar procoagulant and platelet-stimulating potential. The pathophysiological effects of CFDNA in sepsis may vary with the source of DNA.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of *Medical Sciences †Medicine, McMaster University; and the ‡Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Vinai C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Bhagirath
authors.forename: Dhruva J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Liaw
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002474:Cell-Free System / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D013917:Thrombin / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D013917:Thrombin