title: Animal models of surgically manipulated flow velocities to study shear stress-induced atherosclerosis.
abstract: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial tree that develops at predisposed sites, coinciding with locations that are exposed to low or oscillating shear stress. Manipulating flow velocity, and concomitantly shear stress, has proven adequate to promote endothelial activation and subsequent plaque formation in animals. In this article, we will give an overview of the animal models that have been designed to study the causal relationship between shear stress and atherosclerosis by surgically manipulating blood flow velocity profiles. These surgically manipulated models include arteriovenous fistulas, vascular grafts, arterial ligation, and perivascular devices. We review these models of manipulated blood flow velocity from an engineering and biological perspective, focusing on the shear stress profiles they induce and the vascular pathology that is observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leah C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Winkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ayla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoogendoorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ruoyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolanda J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wentzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.vanderheiden@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van der Heiden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D008026:Ligation; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D058017:Vascular Grafting / Q000295:instrumentation
keywords: Animal models; Atherosclerosis; Endothelium; Fluid dynamics; Shear stress; Vulnerable plaque