title: Excretory, Secretory, and Tissue Residues after Label and Extra-label Administration of Flunixin Meglumine to Saline- or Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Dairy Cows.
abstract: Twenty lactating dairy cattle were intravenously infused with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 10) or sterile saline (n = 10). Five cattle in each group received three doses of flunixin meglumine administered by either intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at 24 h intervals. Milk, urine, and tissues were collected. Thirty-six hours after the last flunixin administration, milk from six cows contained 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHF) levels greater than the milk tolerance of 2 ng/mL; by 48 h, milk from two cows, a saline and a LPS-treated animal, had violative milk concentrations of 5OHF. A single animal treated with LPS and intramuscular flunixin contained violative flunixin residues in liver. The ratio of urinary flunixin/5OHF was correlated (P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.946) with liver flunixin residues in LPS-treated animals, but not (P = 0.96; R(2) = 0.003) in cows treated with saline in lieu of LPS. Violative residues of flunixin in dairy cattle may be related to LPS inhibition of flunixin metabolism.
authors.affiliation: †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
authors.forename: Weilin L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shelver
authors.affiliation: #College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.affiliation: §School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.affiliation: ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
authors.forename: Ronette
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.affiliation: ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
authors.forename: Mengjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: ΔOffice of Public Health Science, Midwestern Laboratory, USDA-FSIS, 4300 Goodfellow Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63120, United States.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dutko
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: †Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herges
authors.affiliation: ⊥Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States.
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002417:Cattle; D003002:Clonixin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004348:Drug Labeling; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: C541241:5-hydroxyflunixin; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D003002:Clonixin
keywords: dairy; extra-label; flunixin; holstein; liver; metabolite ratio; milk; residue