title: Characteristics of Handwriting of People With Cerebellar Ataxia: Three-Dimensional Movement Analysis of the Pen Tip, Finger, and Wrist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are several functional tests for evaluating manual performance; however, quantitative manual tests for ataxia, especially those for evaluating handwriting, are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cerebellar ataxia by analyzing handwriting, with a special emphasis on correlation between the movement of the pen tip and the movement of the finger or wrist.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven people who were right-handed and had cerebellar ataxia and 17 people to serve as controls were recruited. The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia was used to grade the severity of ataxia. Handwriting movements of both hands were analyzed. The time required for writing a character, the variability of individual handwriting, and the correlation between the movement of the pen tip and the movement of the finger or wrist were evaluated for participants with ataxia and control participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The writing time was longer and the velocity profile and shape of the track of movement of the pen tip were more variable in participants with ataxia than in control participants. For participants with ataxia, the direction of movement of the pen tip deviated more from that of the finger or wrist, and the shape of the track of movement of the pen tip differed more from that of the finger or wrist. The severity of upper extremity ataxia measured with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia was mostly correlated with the variability parameters. Furthermore, it was correlated with the directional deviation of the trajectory of movement of the pen tip from that of the finger and with increased dissimilarity of the shapes of the tracks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results may have been influenced by the scale and parameters used to measure movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ataxic handwriting with increased movement noise is characterized by irregular pen tip movements unconstrained by the finger or wrist. The severity of ataxia is correlated with these unconstrained movements.
authors.affiliation: Y. Fujisawa, PT, MS, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Shinkawa 6-20-2, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan. yfujisawa@ks.kyorin-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yuhki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Y. Okajima, MD, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University.
authors.forename: Yasutomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okajima
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002524:Cerebellar Ataxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014953:Wrist / Q000503:physiopathology*