title: Antibacterial Properties Associated with Chitosan Nanoparticle Treatment on Root Dentin and 2 Types of Endodontic Sealers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNps) to inactivate bacteria and prevent biofilm formation at sealer-dentin interfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was divided into 3 stages: first stage, the experiment was conducted to analyze the antibacterial properties of CMCS in different formulations against biofilms; second stage, direct-contact and membrane-restricted methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of an epoxy resin (ThermaSeal Plus; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) and calcium silicate (MTA Fillapex; Angelus SA, Londrina, PR, Brazil) based-sealers with or without CNps; and third stage, biofilm formation at the sealer dentin interfaces of root dentin treated with CMCS and filled with gutta-percha and CNp incorporated sealer were analyzed after 1- and 4-week aging periods. The samples were treated and filled as follows: (1) distilled water: unaltered sealer (control group), (2) CMCS: sealer+CNps (CMCS group), and (3) CMCS/rose bengal: sealer+CNps (CMCS/RB group). Enterococcus faecalis was used to infect all the samples. Microbiological and microscopic analyses were used to assess the antibacterial characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMCS-based treatments effectively killed bacteria adherent on root dentin (P < .05). The addition of CNps to ThermaSeal enhanced its antibacterial ability by direct-contact and membrane-restricted tests (P < .05). The CNp incorporation significantly increased the antibacterial efficacy of root canal sealers even after a 4-week aging time (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlighted the ability of CMCS to disinfect root canal dentin and inhibit bacterial adhesion. CNps in root canal sealers are capable of maintaining their antibacterial activity even after prolonged aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: aldodelcp@usp.br.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Carpio-Perochena
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clovis Monteiro
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bramante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002417:Cattle; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010895:Pit and Fissure Sealants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D010895:Pit and Fissure Sealants; D017640:Silicates; C514968:carboxymethyl-chitosan; D012395:Rose Bengal; D048271:Chitosan; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: Biofilm; carboxymethyl chitosan; chitosan; dentin; nanoparticles; sealer