title: Pharmacotherapy with 17β-estradiol and progesterone prevents development of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS) show disease remission in the third trimester concomitant with high circulating levels of sex steroids. Rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an accepted model for MS. Previous studies have shown that monotherapy with estrogens or progesterone exert beneficial effects on EAE. The aim of the present study was to determine if estrogen and progesterone cotherapy of C57BL/6 female mice provided substantial protection from EAE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of mice received single pellets of progesterone (100 mg) and 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) subcutaneously 1 week before EAE induction, whereas another group were untreated before EAE induction. On day 16 we compared the two EAE groups and control mice in terms of clinical scores, spinal cord demyelination, expression of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein, macrophage cell infiltration, neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein, and the number of glial fribrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive astrocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical signs of EAE were substantially attenuated by estrogen and progesterone treatment. Steroid cotherapy prevented spinal cord demyelination, infiltration of inflammatory cells and GFAP+ astrogliocytes to a great extent. In motoneurons, expression of BDNF mRNA and protein was highly stimulated, indicating concomitant beneficial effects of the steroid on neuronal and glial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cotherapy with estrogen and progesterone inhibits the development of major neurochemical abnormalities and clinical signs of EAE. We suggest that a combination of neuroprotective, promyelinating and immuno-suppressive mechanisms are involved in these beneficial effects.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garay
authors.forename: Maria Claudia
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gonzalez Deniselle
authors.forename: Lobke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gierman
authors.forename: Analia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.forename: Alejandro F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: De Nicola