title: Management of Proximal Hypospadias with 2-Stage Repair: 20-Year Experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe our experience with 2-stage proximal hypospadias repair. We report outcomes, and patient and procedure characteristics associated with surgical complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied patients with proximal hypospadias who underwent staged repair between January 1993 and December 2012. Demographics, preoperative management and operative technique were reviewed. Complications included glans dehiscence, fistula, meatal stenosis, nonmeatal stricture, urethrocele/diverticula and residual chordee. Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the associations between time to surgery for complications and patient and procedure level factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 134 patients were included. Median patient age was 8.8 months at first stage surgery and 17.1 months at second stage surgery, and median time between surgeries was 8 months. Median followup was 3.8 years. Complications were seen in 71 patients (53%), with the most common being fistula (39 patients, 29.1%). Reoperation was performed in 66 patients (49%). Median time from urethroplasty to surgery for complication was 14.9 months. Use of preoperative testosterone decreased risk of undergoing surgery for complication by 27% (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.98, p = 0.04). In addition, patients identified as Hispanic were at increased risk for undergoing surgery for complications (HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.28-4.53, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We review the largest cohort of patients undergoing 2-stage hypospadias repair at a single institution. Complications and reoperation rates were approximately 50% in the setting of complex genital reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard-Wide Pediatric Health Services Research Fellowship, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: erin.mcnamara@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Erin R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Logvinenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seager
authors.affiliation: Divison of Urology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Ilina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosoklija
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Caleb P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cendron
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods
keywords: hypospadias; pediatrics; postoperative complications; urologic surgical procedures