title: Internalization and Subcellular Trafficking of Poly-l-lysine Dendrimers Are Impacted by the Site of Fluorophore Conjugation.
abstract: Internalization and intracellular trafficking of dendrimer-drug conjugates play an important role in achieving successful drug delivery. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the endocytosis mechanisms and subcellular localization of poly-l-lysine (PLL) dendrimers in Caco-2 cells. We also investigated the impact of fluorophore conjugation on cytotoxicity, uptake, and transepithelial transport. Oregon green 514 (OG) was conjugated to PLL G3 at either the dendrimer periphery or the core. Chemical inhibitors of clathrin-, caveolin-, cholesterol-, and dynamin-mediated endocytosis pathways and macropinocytosis were employed to establish internalization mechanisms, while colocalization with subcellular markers was used to determine dendrimer trafficking. Cell viability, internalization, and uptake were all influenced by the site of fluorophore conjugation. Uptake was found to be highly dependent on cholesterol- and dynamin-mediated endocytosis as well as macropinocytosis. Dendrimers were trafficked to endosomes and lysosomes, and subcellular localization was impacted by the fluorophore conjugation site. The results of this study indicate that PLL dendrimers exploit multiple pathways for cellular entry, and internalization and trafficking can be impacted by conjugation. Therefore, design of dendrimer-drug conjugates requires careful consideration to achieve successful drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.
authors.forename: Brittany R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Avaritt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Nanobiotechnology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States.
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Swaan
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry*; D050997:Nanomedicine
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D008239:Lysine
keywords: dendrimers; drug delivery; endocytosis; nanomedicine; trafficking