title: Double ovulation and occurrence of twinning in alpacas (Vicugna pacos).
abstract: Twin births are rare in alpacas despite the high incidence of double ovulation and are undesirable because they contribute to early and late pregnancy loss, abortion, and birth of nonviable neonates. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and outcome of twin pregnancy in double-ovulating alpacas by retrospective and prospective analysis. Data from double-ovulating females (N = 41) presented for pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed to determine pregnancy status at three stages after mating (14-16, 25-30, and 45-53 days). In a prospective study, adult reproductively sound alpacas (n = 21) were examined by ultrasonography to determine the incidence of multiple ovulations. A subset of those alpacas (n = 10) were euthanized either at 9 days (n = 5) or 14 days (n = 5) after a single mating and administration of GnRH to determine presence and number of embryos. A total of 31 cycles were included in the study to determine the incidence of multiple ovulations. In the retrospective study, twin pregnancies were identified between 25 and 30 days in 47.1% of double-ovulating females. There were more twins from bilateral ovulations (62.5%) than from unilateral ovulations (37.5%). Twin pregnancies were either reduced to a singleton (62.5%) or lost completely (37.5%). One set of twins remained viable until Day 52. In the prospective study, double ovulation occurred in 18.8% of the cycles. Two embryos were collected from two of the four double-ovulating females. In conclusion, twin conception is not rare in alpacas. A high rate of spontaneous reduction of twin pregnancies occurs before Day 45. However, a significant proportion of twin pregnancy may result in loss of both embryos. Determination of the number of ovulations (CL) at the time of early pregnancy diagnosis (14-16 days) should be an integral part of any pregnancy evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA. Electronic address: ajcampbell@vetmed.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA; Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tibary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D010053:Ovary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Camelid; Diagnosis; Embryo loss; Pregnancy; Ultrasonography