title: Estimating the frequency of Candida in oral squamous cell carcinoma using Calcofluor White fluorescent stain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of Candida in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using Calcofluor White (CFW) fluorescent stain and to evaluate the association of the same in different grades of OSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues of diagnosed cases of OSCC were retrieved. The samples comprised of 81, 18 and 1 case of well, moderately, and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (WSCC, MSCC, PSCC) respectively. Each section was subjected to staining with CFW fluorescent stain for the detection of frequency of candidal hyphae. A chi square test was used to compare the proportion of occurrence of candidal hyphae between different grades of OSCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten of the 100 cases of OSCCs stained positive for Candida with CFW. Positive staining for Candida was seen in six out of 81 and four out of 18 cases of WSCCs and MSCCs respectively. The chi square test used for comparison of the proportion of occurrence of candidal hyphae between WSCC and MSCC (P = 0.059) and all grades of OSCC (P = 0.157) did not yield any statistically significant value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of Candida in OSCC solely does not justify its role in carcinogenesis. Further appraisal to evaluate a direct causal role of the micro-organism in potentially malignant disorders and OSCC is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sanketh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Shankargouda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Roopa S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002175:Candida / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D060787:Neoplasm Grading
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C007061:C.I. Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28
keywords: Candida; leukoplakia; oral squamous cell carcinoma