title: General Reagent Free Route to pH Responsive Polyacryloyl Hydrazide Capped Metal Nanogels for Synergistic Anticancer Therapeutics.
abstract: Herewith, we report a facile synthesis of pH responsive polyacryloyl hydrazide (PAH) capped silver (Ag) or gold (Au) nanogels for anticancer therapeutic applications. A cost-effective instant synthesis of PAH-Ag or PAH-Au nanoparticles (NPs) possessing controllable particle diameter and narrow size distribution was accomplished by adding AgNO3 or AuCl to the aqueous solution of PAH under ambient conditions without using any additional reagent. PAH possessing carbonyl hydrazide pendant functionality served as both reducing and capping agent to produce and stabilize the NPs. The stability analysis by UV-vis, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy techniques suggested that these NPs may be stored in a refrigerator for at least up to 2 weeks with negligible change in conformation. The average hydrodynamic size of PAH-Ag NPs synthesized using 0.2 mmol/L AgNO3 changed from 122 to 226 nm on changing the pH of the medium from 5.4 to 7.4, which is a characteristic property of pH responsive nanogel. Camptothecin (CPT) with adequate loading efficiency (6.3%) was encapsulated in the PAH-Ag nanogels. Under pH 5.4 conditions, these nanogels released 78% of the originally loaded CPT over a period of 70 h. The antiproliferative potential of PAH-Ag-CPT nanogels (at [CPT]=0.6 μg/mL) against MCF-7 breast adeno-carcinoma cells were ∼350% higher compared to that of the free CPT as evidenced by high cellular internalization of these nanogels. Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast adeno-carcinoma cells by PAH-Ag-CPT nanogels was evidenced by accumulation of late apoptotic cell population. Drug along with the PAH-Ag NPs were also encapsulated in a pH responsive hydrogel through in situ gelation at room temperature using acrylic acid as the cross-linker. The resulting hydrogel released quantitative amounts of both drug and PAH-Ag NPs over a period of 16 h. The simplicity of synthesis and ease of drug loading with efficient release render these NPs a viable candidate for various biomedical applications, and moreover this synthetic procedure may be extended to other metal NPs.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Ratapur Chowk, Rae Bareli UP-229316, India.
authors.forename: Rewati Raman
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ujjwal
authors.affiliation: ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Mahaveer Prasad
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.affiliation: ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow 226001, India.
authors.forename: Satyakam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patnaik
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Ratapur Chowk, Rae Bareli UP-229316, India.
authors.forename: Umaprasana
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ojha
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004058:Diffusion; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005782:Gels; D006834:Hydrazines; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D053769:Nanocapsules; C029424:hydrazine; D002166:Camptothecin
keywords: apoptosis; controlled release; metal nanoparticles; nanogels; nanomedicine; polyacryloyl hydrazide