title: Adaption of pregnancy anxiety questionnaire-revised for all pregnant women regardless of parity: PRAQ-R2.
abstract: The 10-item Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R) is a widely used instrument to assess and identify pregnancy-specific anxiety in nulliparous women. It has good psychometric values and predictive validity for birth and childhood outcomes. Nonetheless, the PRAQ-R is not designed for use in parous women, as particularly one item of the questionnaire is not relevant for women who gave birth before. We tested the factorial and scalar invariance of a modified PRAQ-R2 across nulliparous and parous women with an adapted item to fit both groups of pregnant women. A longitudinal study among 1144 pregnant women (n = 608 nulliparous and n = 536 parous) with two repeated measures of the PRAQ-R2 was used to test for measurement invariance of the instrument. Results show metric and scalar invariance, indicating that the PRAQ-R2 measures similar constructs on the same scale for all pregnant women at two different times during pregnancy. We conclude that the PRAQ-R2 can be used, compared, or combined in a sample of nulliparous and parous women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands. a.c.huizink@vu.nl.
authors.forename: A C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-4819
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Delforterie
authors.affiliation: FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Scheinin
authors.affiliation: FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolvanen
authors.affiliation: FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Anxiety; Measurement invariance; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire–revised