title: Ammonia concentration and relative humidity in poultry houses affect the immune response of broilers.
abstract: To investigate the effect of ammonia (NH3) and humidity on the immune response of broilers, broilers were exposed to 30 or 70 mg/kg atmospheric NH3 for 21 days. Additionally, birds were exposed to 35, 60, and 85% relative humidity (RH). The relative weights of lymphoid organs, serum total protein, serum globulin, serum albumin, serum lysozyme, proliferation index of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and splenic cytokine gene expression were determined. Exposure to 70 mg/kg NH3 decreased the relative weight of the spleen during the experimental period, serum lysozyme concentration in the first and second weeks, and serum globulin concentration in the third week. The proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was reduced. High levels of NH3 caused increase in IL-1β gene expression in the experimental period and IL-4 gene expression in the first week. Birds exposed to 85% RH had lower thymus and bursa of Fabricius weights in the third week and serum lysozyme concentration in the first week; IL-1β and IL-4 expressions were higher in the second and third weeks and first and second weeks, respectively, than in birds exposed to 60% RH. IL-4 expression was lower during the first week, and IL-1β expression was higher during the second week with 35% RH than with 60% RH. In conclusion, high NH3 level in the poultry house suppressed the immune response of broiler chickens. Neither high nor low RH benefited the immune response of broilers. Furthermore, there was an interactive effect between NH3 and RH on the immune response of broilers.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: F X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Henan Key Lab of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Henan, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China zmh66@126.com.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002645:Chickens; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006813:Humidity; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000097:blood; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012712:Serum Globulins / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012712:Serum Globulins; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000641:Ammonia; D009113:Muramidase