title: Cerebroprotective effects of RAS inhibitors: Beyond their cardio-renal actions.
abstract: Work on the brain renin-angiotensin system has been explored by various researchers and has led to elucidation of its basic physiologies and behavior, including its role in reabsorption and uptake of body fluid, blood pressure maintenance with angiotensin II being its prominent effector. Currently, this system has been implicated for its newly established effects, which are far beyond its cardio-renal effects accounting for maintenance of cerebral blood flow and cerebroprotection, seizure, in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and bipolar disorder. In this review, we have discussed the distribution of angiotensin receptor subtypes in the central nervous system (CNS) together with enzymatic pathways leading to active angiotensin ligands and its interaction with angiotensin receptor 2 (AT2) and Mas receptors. Secondly, the use of angiotensin analogues (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and AT1 and/or AT2 receptor blockers) in the treatment and management of the CNS disorders mentioned above has been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, India Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia atishkumar@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Atish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abu Bakar Abdul
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Majeed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Brain renin–angiotensin system; Parkinson’s disease; bipolar disorder; epilepsy; multiple sclerosis; stroke