title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates Arsenic-induced Oxidative Reproductive Toxicity in Male Mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the ability of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in alleviating arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty male Kunming mice received the following treatments by gavage: normal saline solution (control); arsenic trioxide (ATO; 4 mg/kg); GSPE (400 mg/kg); ATO+GSPE (100 mg/kg); ATO+GSPE (200 mg/kg) and ATO+GSPE (400 mg/kg). Thereafter, the mice were sacrificed and weighed, and the testis was examined for pathological changes. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, and quinone 1 (NQO1) expression in the testis was detected by real-time PCR. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidative capability (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and reproductive indexes were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ATO-treated mice showed a significantly decreased sperm count and testis somatic index and activity levels of SOD, GSH, and T-AOC than control group. Compared to the ATO-treated group, ATO +GSPE group showed recovery of the measured parameters. Mice treated with ATO+high-dose GSPE showed the highest level of mRNA expression of Nrf2, HO, NQO1, and GST.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSPE alleviates oxidative stress damage in mouse testis by activating Nrf2 signaling, thus counteracting arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Shu Gang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Yu Song
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Shang Zhi
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Li Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Ru Lin
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Ming Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Gang Ling
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Jia Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China.
authors.forename: Shu Xia
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; Nrf2 signaling; Reproductive toxicity