title: Effects of temperature on embryonic and early larval growth and development in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa).
abstract: We investigated the effects of temperature on the growth and development of embryonic and early larval stages of a western North American amphibian, the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). We assigned newt eggs to different temperatures (7, 14, or 21°C); after hatching, we re-assigned the newt larvae into the three different temperatures. Over the course of three to four weeks, we measured total length and developmental stage of the larvae. Our results indicated a strong positive relationship over time between temperature and both length and developmental stage. Importantly, individuals assigned to cooler embryonic temperatures did not achieve the larval sizes of individuals from the warmer embryonic treatments, regardless of larval temperature. Our investigation of growth and development at different temperatures demonstrates carry-over effects and provides a more comprehensive understanding of how organisms respond to temperature changes during early development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA. Electronic address: geoff.smith@usu.edu.
authors.forename: Geoffrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
authors.forename: Gareth R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, PO Box 647010, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: M Skinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
authors.forename: Edmund D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA; Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5205 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
authors.forename: Susannah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D012455:Salamandridae / Q000196:embryology*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Amphibian; Carry-over effects; Development; Egg; Growth; Larvae