title: Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Inhibitors in Failing Filters during Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: Effect of Anticoagulation Modalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms of early filter failure and clotting with different anticoagulation modalities during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) are largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Citrate, heparin and no anticoagulation were compared. Blood was drawn pre- and post filter up to 720 min. Concentrations of the thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), activated protein C-protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In case of early filter failure (<24 h), inlet concentrations of TAT and APC-PCI were higher over time, irrespective of anticoagulation. There was more production of APC-PCI and platelet-derived PAI-1 in the filter after 10 min in the heparin group than in other groups. In clotting filters, production of APC-PCI and PAI was also higher with heparin than citrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coagulation activation in plasma and inhibition of anticoagulation in plasma and filter may partly determine early CVVH filter failure due to clotting, particularly when heparin is used. Regional anticoagulation by citrate circumvents the inhibition of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis by platelet activation following heparin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, VU University Medical Center and Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schilder
authors.forename: S Azam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nurmohamed
authors.forename: Pieter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: ter Wee
authors.forename: Nanne J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Paauw
authors.forename: Armand R J
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Girbes
authors.forename: Albertus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beishuizen
authors.forename: Robert H J
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Beelen
authors.forename: A B Johan
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Groeneveld
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006440:Hemofiltration / Q000009:adverse effects; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008851:Micropore Filters / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D019774:Blood Coagulation Factor Inhibitors; D019343:Citric Acid; D006493:Heparin