title: Symptomatic males and female carriers in a large Caucasian kindred with XIAP deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency caused by mutations in BIRC4 was originally described in male patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP2). Recent observations have highlighted a critical role of XIAP for the regulation of NOD2 signaling and are probably the molecular basis for increasingly recognized further immune dysregulatory symptoms of XIAP deficient patients, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe a large Caucasian family in which IBD and erythema nodosum (EN) also manifested in female carriers of XIAP mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data and laboratory findings including flow cytometric analysis of XIAP protein expression and sequencing of the BIRC4 gene. NOD2 signaling was investigated by determination of TNFα production in monocytes upon L18-MDP stimulation in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BIRC4 nonsense mutation p.P225SfsX226 was identified as the genetic cause of XIAP deficiency in our family. Surprisingly, clinical symptoms were not restricted to male patients, but also occurred in several female carriers. The most severely affected carrier demonstrated random X-inactivation, leading to a significant expression of mutated XIAP protein in monocytes, and consequently to impaired NOD2 responses in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our report provides further evidence that clinical symptoms of XIAP deficiency are not restricted to male patients. Random X-inactivation may be associated with EN and mild IBD also in female carriers of BIRC4 mutations. Analysis of the X-inactivation pattern reflected by XIAP protein expression can identify such carriers and the analysis of NOD2 signaling by flow cytometry can confirm the functional significance. XIAP expression patterns should be investigated in female patients with a family history of EN and/or IBD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dziadzio
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ammann
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canning
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Amel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cale
authors.forename: Mamoun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elawad
authors.forename: Berthe Katrine
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Fiil
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gyrd-Hansen
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Salzer
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Speckmann
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grimbacher
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002353:Carrier State; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004893:Erythema Nodosum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D040181:Genetic Diseases, X-Linked / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D010375:Pedigree; D012737:Sex Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; C496866:XIAP protein, human; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; C035295:6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-alanylisoglutamine