title: The effect of shear flow on nanoparticle agglomeration and deposition in in vitro dynamic flow models.
abstract: Traditional in vitro toxicity experiments typically involve exposure of a mono- or co-culture of cells to nanoparticles (NPs) in static conditions with the assumption of 100% deposition (i.e. dose) of well-dispersed particles. However, cellular dose can be affected by agglomeration and the unique transport kinetics of NPs in biological media. We hypothesize that shear flow can address these issues and achieve more predictable dosage. Here, we compare the behavior of gold NPs with diameters of 5, 10 and 30 nm in static and dynamic in vitro models. We also utilize transport modeling to approximate the shear rate experienced by the cells in dynamic conditions to evaluate physiological relevance. The transport kinetics show that NP behavior is governed by both gravity and diffusion forces in static conditions and only diffusion in dynamic conditions. Our results reveal that dynamic systems are capable of producing a more predictable dose compared to static systems, which has strong implications for improving repeatability in nanotoxicity assessments.
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base , OH , USA .|b Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA , and.
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grabinski
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base , OH , USA .|c Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Monita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base , OH , USA .
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sulentic
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA , and.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohan Sankaran
authors.affiliation: a Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base , OH , USA .|c Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004058:Diffusion; D006046:Gold / Q000633:toxicity*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D033081:Shear Strength
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: Agglomerate density; dosimetry; exposure methods; nanoparticle transport