title: Perioperative implications and management of dextrocardia.
abstract: Dextrocardia, a term used to describe all varieties of developmental malformations resulting in the positioning of the heart in the right hemithorax, is linked to a number of highly significant cardiac disorders. Current estimates vary tremendously in the literature. Only about 10 % of patients with diagnosed dextroversion show no substantial cardiac pathology; however, the incidence of congenital heart defects associated with dextrocardia is close to 100 %. The majority of studies previously reported include dextrocardia associated with situs inversus and cases of Kartagener syndrome. There is complex embryology and pathogenesis that results in dextrocardia. Physical examinations of the heart, such as percussion and palpation during routine exams, are vitally important initial diagnostic instruments. X-ray, CT scan, echocardiography (ECHO), and MRI are all invaluable imaging modalities to confirm and classify the diagnosis of dextrocardia. In summary, heart malposition is a group of complex pathologic associations within the human body, rather than just a single congenital defect. Clinicians such as anesthesiologists have unique challenges managing patients with dextrocardia. An appreciation of associated pathogenesis, appropriate diagnosis, and management is paramount in ensuring the best outcome for these patients perioperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
authors.forename: Yury
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, LSUHSC-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
authors.forename: Parth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Khade
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 656, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Urman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Room 656, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. alankaye44@hotmail.com.|Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA. alankaye44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D003914:Dextrocardia / Q000601:surgery*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D012857:Situs Inversus / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Anesthetic management; Dextrocardia; Heart looping; Kartagener syndrome; Situs inversus