title: Correlates With History of Injury in Youth and Adolescent Pitchers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors within pitcher demographic characteristics, pitching history, and pitch kinematics, including velocity, that correlate with a history of pitching-related injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and kinematic data were collected on healthy youth and adolescent pitchers aged 9 to 22 years in preseason training during a single preseason using dual orthogonal high-speed video analysis. Pitchers who threw sidearm and those who had transitioned to another position were excluded. Players were asked whether they had ever had a pitching-related shoulder or elbow injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on those variables that correlated with a history of injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred twenty pitchers were included, of whom 31% had a history of a pitching-related injury. Participant height (P = .009, R(2) = 0.023), pitching for more than 1 team (P = .019, R(2) = 0.018), and pitch velocity (P = .006, R(2) = 0.194) served as independent correlates of injury status. A model constructed with these 3 variables could correctly predict 77% of injury histories. Within our cohort, the presence of a 10-inch increase in height was associated with an increase in a history of injury by 20% and a 10-mph increase in velocity was associated with an increase in the likelihood of a history of injury by 12%. Playing for more than 1 team increased the likelihood of a history of injury by 22%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pitch velocity, pitcher height, and pitching for more than 1 team correlate with a history of shoulder and elbow injury. Current recommendations regarding breaking pitches may not prevent injury. Pitchers should be cautioned about pitching for more than 1 team. Taller pitchers and high-velocity pitchers may be at risk of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.. Electronic address: p.n.chalmers@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Chalmers
authors.affiliation: Accelerated Rehabilitation Centers, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Terrance
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sgroi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Riff
authors.affiliation: Accelerated Rehabilitation Centers, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesniak
authors.affiliation: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Eli T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Sayegh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Nikhil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romeo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004550:Elbow / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012399:Rotation; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D000092464:Elbow Injuries