title: Critical Changes in Cortical Neuronal Interactions in Anesthetized and Awake Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuronal interactions are fundamental for information processing, cognition, and consciousness. Anesthetics reduce spontaneous cortical activity; however, neuronal reactivity to sensory stimuli is often preserved or augmented. How sensory stimulus-related neuronal interactions change under anesthesia has not been elucidated. In this study, the authors investigated the visual stimulus-related cortical neuronal interactions during stepwise emergence from desflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parallel spike trains were recorded with 64-contact extracellular microelectrode arrays from the primary visual cortex of chronically instrumented, unrestrained rats (N = 6) at 8, 6, 4, and 2% desflurane anesthesia and wakefulness. Light flashes were delivered to the retina by transcranial illumination at 5- to 15-s randomized intervals. Information theoretical indices, integration and interaction complexity, were calculated from the probability distribution of coincident spike patterns and used to quantify neuronal interactions before and after flash stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Integration and complexity showed significant negative associations with desflurane concentration (N = 60). Flash stimulation increased integration and complexity at all anesthetic levels (N = 60); the effect on complexity was reduced in wakefulness. During stepwise withdrawal of desflurane, the largest increase in integration (74%) and poststimulus complexity (35%) occurred before reaching 4% desflurane concentration-a level associated with the recovery of consciousness according to the rats' righting reflex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuronal interactions in the cerebral cortex are augmented during emergence from anesthesia. Visual flash stimuli enhance neuronal interactions in both wakefulness and anesthesia; the increase in interaction complexity is attenuated as poststimulus complexity reaches plateau. The critical changes in cortical neuronal interactions occur during transition to consciousness.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (A.G.H., J.A.V., S.P.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (J.A.V., K.M.R.).
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hudetz
authors.forename: Jeannette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vizuete
authors.forename: Siveshigan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ropella
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation