title: Ethical reasons for narrowing the scope of biotech patents.
abstract: Patents on biotech products have a scope that goes well beyond what is covered by the most widely applied ethical justifications of intellectual property. Neither natural rights theory from Locke, nor public interest theory of IP rights justifies the wide scope of legal protection. The article takes human genes as an example, focusing on the component that is not invented but persists as unaltered gene information even in the synthetically produced complementary DNA, the cDNA. It is argued that patent on cDNA holds this information captive, or illegitimately appropriates it in limiting other researchers and inventors' opportunity to explore new functions and uses based on this non-invented information. A tighter connection between legal IP protection and the use description stated in the patent claim is suggested. By binding protection to the product's foreseeable functions and use, instead of the product itself and all future uses of it, legitimacy of biotech product patents is restored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, NTNU Dragvoll, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway. tom.andreassen@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andreassen
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D018973:Intellectual Property; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011640:Public Policy; D014481:United States
keywords: Biotech patents; IP rights; Myriad Genetics; Patent scope; Purpose-bound compound protection