title: Quitting smoking: The importance of non-smoker identity in predicting smoking behaviour and responses to a smoking ban.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined how 'smoker' and 'non-smoker' self- and group-identities and socio-economic status (SES) may predict smoking behaviour and responses to antismoking measures (i.e., the Dutch smoking ban in hospitality venues). We validated a measure of responses to the smoking ban.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal online survey study with one-year follow-up (N = 623 at T1 in 2011; N = 188 at T2 in 2012) among daily smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intention to quit, quit attempts and 'rejecting', 'victimizing', 'socially conscious smoking' and 'active quitting' responses to the smoking ban.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-smoker identities are more important than smoker identities in predicting intention to quit, quit attempts and responses to the smoking ban, even when controlling for other important predictors such as nicotine dependence. Smokers with stronger non-smoker identities had stronger intentions to quit, were more likely to attempt to quit between measurements, and showed less negative and more positive responses to the smoking ban. The association between non-smoker self-identity and intention to quit was stronger among smokers with lower than higher SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antismoking measures might be more effective if they would focus also on the identity of smokers, and help smokers to increase identification with non-smoking and non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: a Health, Medical and Neuropsychology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: a Health, Medical and Neuropsychology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Winifred A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
authors.affiliation: b Department of Social Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: c Department of Health Promotion , CAPHRI, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|d Alliantie Nederland Rookvrij , The Hague , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: e Social and Cultural Psychology , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Laar
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012649:Self Concept; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012923:Social Class; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder
keywords: antismoking measures; identity; responses; smoking ban; smoking cessation; socio-economic status/educational level