title: An integrated assessment of two decades of air pollution policy making in Spain: Impacts, costs and improvements.
abstract: This paper analyses the effects of policy making for air pollution abatement in Spain between 2000 and 2020 under an integrated assessment approach with the AERIS model for number of pollutants (NOx/NO2, PM10/PM2.5, O3, SO2, NH3 and VOC). The analysis of the effects of air pollution focused on different aspects: compliance with the European limit values of Directive 2008/50/EC for NO2 and PM10 for the Spanish air quality management areas; the evaluation of impacts caused by the deposition of atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen on ecosystems; the exceedance of critical levels of NO2 and SO2 in forest areas; the analysis of O3-induced crop damage for grapes, maize, potato, rice, tobacco, tomato, watermelon and wheat; health impacts caused by human exposure to O3 and PM2.5; and costs on society due to crop losses (O3), disability-related absence of work staff and damage to buildings and public property due to soot-related soiling (PM2.5). In general, air quality policy making has delivered improvements in air quality levels throughout Spain and has mitigated the severity of the impacts on ecosystems, health and vegetation in 2020 as target year. The findings of this work constitute an appropriate diagnosis for identifying improvement potentials for further mitigation for policy makers and stakeholders in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Ricardo-AEA, Air & Environment Quality, 55 Bryanston Street, W1H 7AA London, UK. Electronic address: michel.vedrenne@ricardo-aea.com.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vedrenne
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borge
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lumbreras
authors.affiliation: Ricardo-AEA, Air & Environment Quality, 55 Bryanston Street, W1H 7AA London, UK.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María Encarnación
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Andrés
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de la Paz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narros
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058735:Environmental Policy / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011050:Policy Making; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013030:Spain
keywords: Air pollution; Decision support; Integrated assessment model; Spain