title: Prostate-specific membrane antigen-radioguided surgery for metastatic lymph nodes in prostate cancer.
abstract: With the advent of (68)Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen-N,N'-bis[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid ((68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC) positron emission tomography (PET) hybrid imaging in prostate cancer (PCa), even small metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) can be visualized. However, intraoperative detection of such LNs may not be easy owing to their inconspicuous morphology and/or atypical localization. The aim of our feasibility study was to evaluate PSMA-radioguided surgery for detection of metastatic LNs. One patient with primary PCa and evidence of LN metastases and four PCa patients with evidence of recurrent disease to regional LNs on (68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET hybrid imaging received an intravenous injection of an (111)In-PSMA investigation and therapy agent 24h before surgery. Metastatic LNs were tracked intraoperatively using a gamma probe with acoustic and visual feedback. All radioactive-positive LN specimens detected in vivo were confirmed by ex vivo measurements and corresponded to PSMA-avid metastatic disease according to histopathology analysis. Intraoperative use of the gamma probe detected all PSMA-positive lesions identified on preoperative (68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET. Detection of small subcentimeter metastatic LNs was facilitated, and PSMA-radioguided surgery in two patients revealed additional lesions close to known tumor deposits that were not detected by preoperative (68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET. However, greater patient numbers and long-term follow-up data are needed to determine the future role of PSMA-radioguided surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: t.maurer@lrz.tum.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weirich
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schottelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weineisen
authors.affiliation: Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany; Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okur
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thalgott
authors.affiliation: Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nassir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Navab
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gschwend
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eiber
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005029:Ethylenediamines; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005709:Gallium Isotopes; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D005029:Ethylenediamines; D005709:Gallium Isotopes; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; C524457:N,N'-di(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid; D009842:Oligopeptides; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C000718244:gallium 68 PSMA-11; D004492:Edetic Acid; C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Positron emission tomography; Prostate cancer; Prostate-specific membrane antigen; Radioguided