title: Impact of facial conformation on canine health: corneal ulceration.
abstract: Concern has arisen in recent years that selection for extreme facial morphology in the domestic dog may be leading to an increased frequency of eye disorders. Corneal ulcers are a common and painful eye problem in domestic dogs that can lead to scarring and/or perforation of the cornea, potentially causing blindness. Exaggerated juvenile-like craniofacial conformations and wide eyes have been suspected as risk factors for corneal ulceration. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between corneal ulceration risk and conformational factors including relative eyelid aperture width, brachycephalic (short-muzzled) skull shape, the presence of a nasal fold (wrinkle), and exposed eye-white. A 14 month cross-sectional study of dogs entering a large UK based small animal referral hospital for both corneal ulcers and unrelated disorders was carried out. Dogs were classed as affected if they were diagnosed with a corneal ulcer using fluorescein dye while at the hospital (whether referred for this disorder or not), or if a previous diagnosis of corneal ulcer(s) was documented in the dogs' histories. Of 700 dogs recruited, measured and clinically examined, 31 were affected by corneal ulcers. Most cases were male (71%), small breed dogs (mean± SE weight: 11.4±1.1 kg), with the most commonly diagnosed breed being the Pug. Dogs with nasal folds were nearly five times more likely to be affected by corneal ulcers than those without, and brachycephalic dogs (craniofacial ratio <0.5) were twenty times more likely to be affected than non-brachycephalic dogs. A 10% increase in relative eyelid aperture width more than tripled the ulcer risk. Exposed eye-white was associated with a nearly three times increased risk. The results demonstrate that artificially selecting for these facial characteristics greatly heightens the risk of corneal ulcers, and such selection should thus be discouraged to improve canine welfare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rowena M A
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.affiliation: Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlotte C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Burn
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D003315:Cornea / Q000002:abnormalities*; D003320:Corneal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005143:Eyelids / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019793:Fluorescein