title: Depression Among People Who Inject Drugs and Their Intimate Partners in Kazakhstan.
abstract: This paper examines individual, social, and structural factors associated with depression among 728 people who inject drugs (PWID) and their intimate partners in Kazakhstan, with separate multivariate models by gender. Depression scores were higher on average among participants of both genders who recently experienced sexual intimate partner violence, food insecurity, and who had lower levels of self-rated health. Among females, higher depression scores were associated with experiencing childhood sexual abuse, lower levels of social support, and not having children. Findings highlight a need to incorporate gender differences and factors associated with depression in designing mental health services for PWID in Kazakhstan.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, 809, New York, NY, 10027, USA. sas2268@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, 809, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Nabila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El-Bassel
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, 809, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Assel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terlikbayeva
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, 809, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Sholpan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Primbetova
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rozental
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, 809, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
authors.forename: Mingway
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D057566:Self Report; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Central Asia; Depression; Injection drug use; Kazakhstan