title: Longitudinal Increases in Knee Abduction Moments in Females during Adolescent Growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Knee abduction moment (KAM) is an injury risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury that shows divergent incidence between males and females during adolescence. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between skeletal growth and increased KAM. The hypotheses tested were that females would demonstrate peak KAM during landing at peak height velocity (PHV) and that they would diverge from males at PHV.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subject pool consisted of 674 females and 218 males (1387 female and 376 male assessments) who participated in a preseason testing session before their basketball or soccer seasons. They were tested longitudinally for multiple years (2 ± 1 yr) to capture maturation via estimates of percent (%) adult stature and biomechanical analysis during a drop vertical jump maneuver. Data were analyzed using three-dimensional motion analysis that used a 37 retroreflective marker body model and inverse dynamics to calculate segment joint centers and peak KAM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mature females, as defined as 92% adult stature or greater, displayed increased peak KAM and knee abduction angles relative to growing (≤91% adult stature) adolescent females (P < 0.001). A significant sex-maturation (% adult stature) interaction (P < 0.001) in peak KAM was observed. Post hoc analyses showed consistent sex differences in groups greater than or equal to, but not less than, 92% adult stature, which is approximately at PHV. Hence, sex differences in peak KAM and PHV coincide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in peak KAM during and after PHV seem to coincide with increased risk of ACL injury in females. KAM peaked in females at PHV. Tracking longitudinal increases in peak KAM may be useful for the identification of females at increased risk of ACL injury.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; 2Ohio State University Sports Medicine, Columbus, OH; 3Sports Health and Performance Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; 4Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, Family Medicine, and School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; 5Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Sports Medicine Biodynamics Center and Human Performance Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH; 6Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; 7Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; 8Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA; 9Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; 10Center for Cognition, Action, and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; and 11Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.forename: Adam W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001827:Body Height; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012741:Sexual Maturation