title: National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to compare estimation of nicotine use in Slovakia (SR) and the Czech Republic (CR) based on cotinine analysis in wastewater from seven selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional estimation based on tobacco product sales. Urinary bio-markers of nicotine use were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was performed concurrently at all the WWTPs (from 11 to 18 March 2014). Representative 24 h composite samples were analyzed with on line SPE/LC-MS/MS method. Based on the average residence time of wastewater in the sewers and the average time in the sampling device, specific correction coefficients were designed to improve estimation of nicotine consumption. Nicotine ingestion level was back-calculated and expressed as mass of pure drug consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants for selected cities of both countries (mean, 2.2 g for Piešťany and 8.0 g for Nitra, respectively). Consequently, the cigarette consumption results were recalculated for each country separately and compared with the data of both national statistical offices (2362 cigarettes/year/person--SR and 2088 cigarettes/year/person--CR). Our results highly correspond to the data of national statistical offices (up to 99.9% in SR and to 96% in CR). The average amount of money invested in cigarette sales was estimated in the capitals of both countries. It is about 1 million EUR/day for Prague and about 0.3 million EUR/day for Bratislava. The calculation of nicotine consumption, utilizing a specific correction coefficient, is the correct way to obtain more accurate data in drug studies of this kind, thus allowing a better drug abuse assessment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia, mackulakt@azet.sk.
authors.forename: Tomáš
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mackuľak
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birošová
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabic
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Škubák
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bodík
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002947:Cities; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000032:analysis*; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D062065:Wastewater