title: In Vivo 7T MRI of the Non-Human Primate Brainstem.
abstract: Structural brain imaging provides a critical framework for performing stereotactic and intraoperative MRI-guided surgical procedures, with procedural efficacy often dependent upon visualization of the target with which to operate. Here, we describe tools for in vivo, subject-specific visualization and demarcation of regions within the brainstem. High-field 7T susceptibility-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain were collected using a customized head coil from eight rhesus macaques. Fiber tracts including the superior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, and lateral lemniscus were identified using high-resolution probabilistic diffusion tractography, which resulted in three-dimensional fiber tract reconstructions that were comparable to those extracted from sequential application of a two-dimensional nonlinear brain atlas warping algorithm. In the susceptibility-weighted imaging, white matter tracts within the brainstem were also identified as hypointense regions, and the degree of hypointensity was age-dependent. This combination of imaging modalities also enabled identifying the location and extent of several brainstem nuclei, including the periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine nucleus, and inferior colliculus. These clinically-relevant high-field imaging approaches have potential to enable more accurate and comprehensive subject-specific visualization of the brainstem and to ultimately improve patient-specific neurosurgical targeting procedures, including deep brain stimulation lead implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Zitella
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: YiZi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Teplitzky
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kastl
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duchin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jerrold L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vitek
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adriany
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Essa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yacoub
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic