title: Novel protein-repellent and biofilm-repellent orthodontic cement containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to develop the first protein-repellent resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) by incorporating 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) for orthodontic applications, and to investigate the MPC effects on protein adsorption, biofilm growth, and enamel bond strength. MPC was incorporated into RMGI at 0% (control), 1.5%, 3%, and 5% by mass. Specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 1 and 30 days. Enamel shear bond strength (SBS) was measured, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assessed. Protein adsorption onto the specimens was determined by a micro bicinchoninic acid method. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used. The results showed that adding 3% of MPC into RMGI did not significantly reduce the SBS (p > 0.1). There was no significant loss in SBS for RMGI containing 3% MPC after water-aging for 30 days, as compared to 1 day (p > 0.1). RMGI with 3% MPC had protein adsorption that was 1/10 that of control. RMGI with 3% MPC greatly reduced the bacterial adhesion, and lactic acid production and colony-forming units of biofilms, while substantially increasing the medium solution pH containing biofilms. The protein-repellent and biofilm-repellent effects were not decreased after water-aging for 30 days. In conclusion, the MPC-containing RMGI is promising to reduce biofilms and white spot lesions without compromising orthodontic bracket-enamel bond strength. The novel protein-repellent method may have applicability to other orthodontic cements, dental composites, adhesives, sealants, and cements to repel proteins and biofilms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 949-959, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.
authors.forename: Mary Anne S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.
authors.forename: Ashraf F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland, 21250.
authors.forename: Hockin H K
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000737:chemistry*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D010767:Phosphorylcholine
keywords: bacteria repellent; human saliva microcosm biofilm; orthodontic cement; protein repellent; shear bond strength; white spot lesions