title: Glutamate detection by amino functionalized tetrahedral amorphous carbon surfaces.
abstract: In this paper, a novel amperometric glutamate biosensor with glutamate oxidase (GlOx) immobilized directly on NH2 functionalized, platinum doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) film, has been successfully developed. First, we demonstrate that direct GlOx immobilization is more effective on amino-groups than on carboxyl- or hydroxyl-groups. Second, we show that anodizing and plasma treatments increase the amount of nitrogen and the proportion of protonated amino groups relative to amino groups on the aminosilane coating, which subsequently results in an increased amount of active GlOx on the surface. This effect, however, is found to be unstable due to unstable electrostatic interactions between GlOx and NH3(+). We demonstrate the detection of glutamate in the concentration range of 10µM-1mM using the NH2 functionalized Pt doped ta-C surface. The biosensor showed high sensitivity (2.9nA μM(-1)cm(-2)), low detection limit (10μM) and good storage stability. The electrode response to glutamate was linear in the concentrations ranging from 10µM to 500µM. In conclusion, the study shows that GlOx immobilization is most effective on aminosilane treated ta-C surface without any pre-treatments and the fabricated sensor structure is able to detect glutamate in the micromolar range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haarmaninkatu Helsinki, PO Box 700, 00029 HUS, Finland. Electronic address: emilia.kaivosoja@aalto.fi.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaivosoja
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Noora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tujunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16200, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16200, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Protopopova
authors.affiliation: Center of Microscopy and Nanotechnology, University of Oulu, Erkki Koiso-Kanttilan katu 3, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Santtu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinilehto
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, PO Box 16200, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, PO Box 13500, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laurila
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D010984:Platinum; D002244:Carbon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; C023061:L-glutamate oxidase; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Electrochemical detection; Glutamate oxidase; Immobilization; Self-assembled monolayers; Tetrahedral amorphous carbon