title: Associations of Ozone and PM2.5 Concentrations With Parkinson's Disease Among Participants in the Agricultural Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes associations of ozone and fine particulate matter with Parkinson's disease observed among farmers in North Carolina and Iowa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used logistic regression to determine the associations of these pollutants with self-reported, doctor-diagnosed Parkinson's disease. Daily predicted pollutant concentrations were used to derive surrogates of long-term exposure and link them to study participants' geocoded addresses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed positive associations of Parkinson's disease with ozone (odds ratio = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.98) and fine particulate matter (odds ratio = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.93) in North Carolina but not in Iowa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plausibility of an effect of ambient concentrations of these pollutants on Parkinson's disease risk is supported by experimental data demonstrating damage to dopaminergic neurons at relevant concentrations. Additional studies are needed to address uncertainties related to confounding and to examine temporal aspects of the associations we observed.
authors.affiliation: From the National Center for Environmental Assessment (Drs Kirrane, Bowman, Davis, Patel, Luben, and Vinikoor-Imler), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Drs Hoppin, Chen, Sandler, and Kamel), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC; Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch (Drs Blair and Ward), Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, Md; Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Dr Tanner); and Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco (Dr Tanner).
authors.forename: Ellen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kirrane
authors.forename: Christal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: J Allen
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoppin
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Honglei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Molini M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vinikoor-Imler
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Freya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D000067565:Farmers; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone