title: Online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography using bonded zwitterionic stationary phases and tandem mass spectrometry for rapid environmental trace analysis of highly polar hydrophilic compounds - Application for the antiviral drug Zanamivir.
abstract: Zanamivir (Za) is a highly polar and hydrophilic antiviral drug used for the treatment of influenza A viruses. Za has been detected in rivers of Japan and it's environmental occurrence has the risk of inducing antiviral resistant avian influenza viruses. In this study, a rapid automated online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography method using bonded zwitterionic stationary phases and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/LC-MS/MS) for trace analysis of Za was developed. Furthermore, an internal standard (IS) calibration method capable of quantifying Za in Milli-Q, surface water, sewage effluent and sewage influent was evaluated. Optimum pre-extraction sample composition was found to be 95/5 v/v acetonitrile/water sample and 1% formic acid. The developed method showed acceptable linearities (r(2)≥0.994), filtration recovery (≥91%), and intra-day precisions (RSD≤16%), and acceptable and environmentally relevant LOQs (≤20ngL(-1)). Storage tests showed no significant losses of Za during 20 days and +4/-20°C (≤12%) with the exception of influent samples, which should be kept at -20°C to avoid significant Za losses. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in a study on phototransformation of Za in unfiltered and filtered surface water during 28 days of artificial UV irradiation exposure. No significant (≤12%) phototransformation was found in surface water after 28 days suggesting a relatively high photostability of Za and that Za should be of environmental concern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ganna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fedorova
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Warszawska 24, Strasse, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pulit-Prociak
authors.affiliation: Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Zoonotic Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.affiliation: Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; Zoonotic Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Järhult
authors.affiliation: Merck Millipore, Frosundaviks Alle 1, SE-16970 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Appelblad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: Hanna.Soderstrom@umu.se.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Söderström
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007564:Japan; D009862:Online Systems; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D053243:Zanamivir / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005561:Formates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030544:formic acid; D053243:Zanamivir; C032159:acetonitrile
keywords: Antivirals; Liquid chromatography; Online solid phase extraction; Tandem mass spectrometry; ZIC-HILIC; Zanamivir