title: Diaphragmatic breathing and its effectiveness for the management of motion sickness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motion sickness is an unpleasant physiological state that may be controlled via nonpharmacological methods. Controlled breathing has been shown to maximize parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) tone and may have the ability to decrease motion sickness symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of slow diaphragmatic breathing (DB) in a motion sickness-inducing environment were examined within motion sickness susceptible individuals. Subjects (N = 43) were assigned randomly to either an experimental group trained in slow DB or a control group breathing naturally at a normal pace. The experimental group was trained using a digital video that helped them pace their diaphragmatic breathing at six breaths/min. During the study, subjects viewed a virtual reality (VR) experience of a boat in rough seas for 10 min. Motion sickness ratings along with heart rate and respiration rate were collected before, during, and after the VR experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that the experimental group was able to decrease their breathing to eight breaths/min during the VR experience. This breathing rate was significantly slower than those in the control group. We found that DB subjects, compared to those in the control group, displayed significantly greater heart rate variability and reported feeling less motion sickness during exposure to the VR experience than those in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate possible benefits of using slow DB techniques in a motion sickness inducing environment.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Stromberg
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000628:therapy*; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D063367:Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult