title: Age-dependent Müller glia neurogenic competence in the mouse retina.
abstract: The mechanisms limiting neuronal regeneration in mammals and their relationship with reactive gliosis are unknown. Müller glia (MG), common to all vertebrate retinas, readily regenerate neuron loss in some species, but normally not in mammals. However, experimental stimulation of limited mammalian retina regeneration has been reported. Here, we use a mouse retina organ culture approach to investigate the MG responses at different mouse ages. We found that MG undergo defined spatio-temporal changes upon stimulation. In EGF-stimulated juvenile postmitotic retinas, most MG upregulate cell-cycle regulators (Mcm6, Pcna, Ki67, Ccnd1) within 48 h ex vivo; some also express the neurogenic factors Ascl1, Pax6, and Vsx2; up to 60% re-enter the cell cycle, some of which delaminate to divide mostly apically; and the majority cease to proliferate after stimulation. A subpopulation of MG progeny starts to express transcription factors (Ptf1a, Nr4a2) and neuronal (Calb1, Calb2, Rbfox3), but not glial, markers, indicating neurogenesis. BrdU-tracking, genetic lineage-tracing, and transgenic-reporter experiments suggest that MG reprogram to a neurogenic stage and proliferate; and that some MG progeny differentiate into neuronal-like cells, most likely amacrines, no photoreceptors; most others remain in a de-differentiated state. The mouse MG regeneration potential becomes restricted, dependent on the age of the animal, as observed by limited activation of the cell cycle and neurogenic factors. The stage-dependent analysis of mouse MG revealed similarities and differences when compared with MG-derived regeneration in fish and chicks. Therefore, the mouse retina ex vivo approach is a potential assay for understanding and overcoming the limitations of mammalian MG-derived neuronal regeneration. Postmitotic MG in mouse retina ex vivo can be stimulated to proliferate, express neurogenic factors, and generate progeny expressing neuronal or glial markers. This potential regenerative competence becomes limited with increasing mouse age.
authors.affiliation: CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Löffler
authors.affiliation: CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Völkner
authors.affiliation: German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holdt
authors.affiliation: CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.|German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
authors.forename: Mike O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Karl
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C499317:Ascl1 protein, mouse
keywords: gliosis; mice; neuroglia; regeneration; reprogramming; stem cells