title: Oral methylphenidate for the treatment of refractory facial dystonias.
abstract: Oral methylphenidate (Ritalin, Novartis) has been reported to alleviate symptoms of benign essential blepharospasm in an off-label application. This series presents 3 patients with refractory periorbital and facial dystonias, including blepharospasm, apraxia of eyelid opening, and oromandibular dystonia unresponsive to standard treatments who experienced a response to oral methylphenidate therapy. While the mechanisms for facial dystonias have not been elucidated, there is evidence to suggest that they are on the spectrum with Parkinson disease. Given the role of dopamine loss in the pathogenesis of Parkinson, the authors' speculate that methylphenidate may be acting on the pathway directly involved in facial dystonias. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a case of successful treatment of blepharospasm refractory to upper eyelid myectomy with methylphenidate monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: *Oculofacial and Orbital Surgery Division, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and †Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eftekhari
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vagefi
authors.forename: Roberta E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gausas
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Eckstein
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001072:Apraxias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008774:Methylphenidate