title: Effect of Combining Ivabradine and β-Blockers: Focus on the Use of Carvedilol in the SHIFT Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the prescription of β-blockers with ivabradine in patients with systolic heart failure, focusing on the most frequently coprescribed β-blocker, carvedilol.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed outcomes in SHIFT patients with systolic heart failure who were prescribed β-blockers (carvedilol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, or nebivolol) with ivabradine or placebo. Analysis was by intention to treat in patients prescribed a β-blocker at the time of the event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 2,596 patients receiving carvedilol, 1,483 bisoprolol, 1,424 metoprolol, and 197 nebivolol. Mean treatment duration was 19 months. There was no difference in the effect of ivabradine on the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization between the various β-blockers [hazard ratios (HR) for risk reduction, 0.75-0.89; p for interaction=0.86]. Patients prescribed carvedilol with ivabradine had lower rates of primary composite endpoint (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.94), heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.88), and cardiovascular hospitalization (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69-0.92) versus carvedilol with placebo. The dosage of carvedilol had no detectable effect and there were no unexpected safety issues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whatever β-blocker was coprescribed with ivabradine, there were improvements in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure, especially with the most prescribed β-blocker--carvedilol.
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edimar Alcides
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komajda
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Swedberg
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017298:Bisoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068577:Nebivolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D002227:Carbazoles; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D011412:Propanolamines; D000068577:Nebivolol; D000077261:Carvedilol; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008790:Metoprolol; D017298:Bisoprolol