title: Effects of ischemic preconditioning on the systemic and renal hemodynamic changes in renal ischemia reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could protect against subsequent renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the mechanisms underlying IPC remain far from complete. Hence, we explored the effects of IPC on the renal and systemic hemodynamic changes, renal function and morphology, as well the involvement of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS/iNOS), and nitric oxide (NO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups after right-side nephrectomy: Sham group (surgery without vascular clamping); IRI group (the left renal artery was clamped for 45 min); IPC group (pretreated with 15 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion); IPC + vehicle group (administrated with 0.9% saline 5 min before IPC); and IPC + N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) group (pretreated with L-NAME 5 min prior to IPC). The renal and systemic hemodynamic parameters, renal function and morphology, as well as eNOS, iNOS, and NO expression levels in the kidneys were measured at the indicated time points after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IPC rats exhibited significant improvements in renal function, morphology, and renal artery blood flow (RABF), without obvious influence on the systemic hemodynamics and renal vein blood flow. Increased eNOS, iNOS, and NO expression levels were detected in the kidneys of IPC rats 24 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, the beneficial effects were fully abolished by the administration of L-NAME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that IPC contributes to early restoration of RABF, probably through eNOS/iNOS-mediated NO production, thereby alleviating the renal dysfunction and histological damage caused by IRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Zheng
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Tian-Ze
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: You-Cai
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Department of Ultrasound and Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Jiang-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Department of Ultrasound and Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Kai
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang University 128 Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang 330008, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Liu-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Lu-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Geng
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China ; Center for Renal Transplantation, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Peng
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Ischemic preconditioning; eNOS/iNOS; ischemia reperfusion injury; nitric oxide; renal/systemic hemodynamics