title: The effect of nonrecurring alcohol administration on pain perception in humans: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol is believed to have pain-dampening effects and is often used as self-medication by persons with pain problems; however, experimental evidence confirming this effect is scarce. We conducted a systematic review of experimental studies on the effects of nonrecurring alcohol administration on pain perception in healthy human subjects and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant studies using a predefined algorithm. In a next step, irrelevant articles were excluded by screening titles and abstracts. Finally, articles were checked regarding a set of methodological criteria; only publications meeting these criteria were selected for this review. A total of 14 experimental studies were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, most of the studies were able to show a pain-dampening effect of alcohol. However, many of them had methodological shortcomings (eg, lack of placebo control, insufficient blinding, or very small sample sizes). In addition, comparability is limited due to considerable variations in alcohol administration and pain measurement. More importantly, potential mechanisms of action and moderating variables have scarcely been investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the frequent use of alcohol as self-medication by persons with pain problems, there are to date only a few experimental investigations of alcohol effects on pain perceptions. The results of these studies suggest that alcohol does in fact have pain-dampening effects. However, the mechanisms implicated in these effects are still unknown, and experimental research has been limited to pain-free subjects. Future research should provide more knowledge about alcohol effects on pain, especially in chronic pain patients.
authors.affiliation: Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany ; Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Horn-Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Büscher
authors.affiliation: Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lautenbacher
authors.affiliation: Pathopsychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolstein
keywords: alcohol; experimental pain; pain