title: Development of a Time-Intensity Evaluation System for Consumers: Measuring Bitterness and Retronasal Aroma of Coffee Beverages in 106 Untrained Panelists.
abstract: In order to develop products that are acceptable to consumers, it is necessary to incorporate consumers' intentions into products' characteristics. Therefore, investigation of consumers' perceptions of the taste or smell of common beverages provides information that should be useful in predicting market responses. In this study, we sought to develop a time-intensity evaluation system for consumer panels. Using our system, we performed time-intensity evaluation of flavor attributes (bitterness and retronasal aroma) that consumers perceived after swallowing a coffee beverage. Additionally, we developed quantitative evaluation methods for determining whether consumer panelists can properly perform time-intensity evaluation. In every trial, we fitted an exponential function to measured intensity data for bitterness and retronasal aroma. The correlation coefficients between measured time-intensity data and the fitted exponential curves were greater than 0.8 in about 90% of trials, indicating that we had successfully developed a time-intensity system for use with consumer panelists, even after just a single training trial using a nontrained consumer. We classified participants into two groups based on their consumption of canned coffee beverages. Significant difference was observed in only AUC of sensory modality (bitterness compared with retronasal aroma) among conventional TI parameters using two-way ANOVA. However, three-way ANOVA including a time course revealed significant difference between bitterness and retronasal aroma in the high-consumption group. Moreover, the high-consumption group more easily discriminated between bitterness and retronasal aroma than the low-consumption group. This finding implied that manufacturers should select consumer panelists who are suitable for their concepts of new products.
authors.affiliation: Human Technology Research Inst, National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gotow
authors.affiliation: Global R&D-Human Health Care, Kao Corp, 2-3-1 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moritani
authors.affiliation: Global R&D-Human Health Care, Kao Corp, 2-3-1 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.affiliation: Global R&D-Human Health Care, Kao Corp, 2-3-1 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akutagawa
authors.affiliation: Global R&D-Human Health Care, Kao Corp, 2-3-1 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Human Technology Research Inst, National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003069:Coffee; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003679:Deglutition; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D012903:Smell; D013649:Taste; D055697:Taste Perception
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D005421:Flavoring Agents
keywords: common beverage; consumer panel; flavor attribute; time-intensity