title: A crisis of visibility: The psychological consequences of false-positive screening mammograms, an interview study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the meaning of having a false-positive screening mammogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative interview study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one women, who had experienced false-positive screening mammograms, took part in semi-structured interviews that were analysed with Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. This research took place in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis revealed a wide range of response to having a false-positive mammogram, from nonchalance to extreme fear. These reactions come from the potential for the belief that one is healthy to be challenged by being recalled, as the worst is frequently assumed. For most, the image of the lesion on the X-ray brought the reality of this challenge into sharp focus, as they might soon discover they had breast cancer. Waiting, whether for the appointment, at the clinic or for biopsy results was considered the worst aspect of being recalled. Generally, the uncertainty was quickly resolved with the pronouncement of the 'all-clear', which brought considerable relief and the restoration of belief in the healthy self. However, for some, lack of information, contradictory information, or poor interpersonal communication meant that uncertainty about their health status lingered at least until their next normal screening mammogram. Mammography screening related anxiety lasted for up to 12 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer screening produces a 'crisis of visibility'. Accepting the screening invitation is taking a risk that you may experience unnecessary stress, uncertainty, fear, anxiety, and physical pain. Not accepting the invitation is taking a risk that malignant disease will remain invisible. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? More than 50,000 women a year in England have a false-positive mammogram (FPM). Having an FPM can cause anxiety compared with a normal mammogram. The anxiety can last up to 35 months. What does this study add? Refocuses attention from the average response found in quantitative studies to the wide range of individual response. Gives insight into the nature of the anxiety of having FPMs. Highlights the role of uncertainty in provoking distress from an FPM.
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7266-3183
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garside
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008327:Mammography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis; breast cancer; false positive; mammogram; qualitative; screening