title: Increased clearance of reactive aldehydes and damaged proteins in hypertension-induced compensated cardiac hypertrophy: impact of exercise training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously reported that exercise training (ET) facilitates the clearance of damaged proteins in heart failure. Here, we characterized the impact of ET on cardiac protein quality control during compensated ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SHR were randomly assigned into sedentary and swimming-trained groups. Sedentary SHR displayed cardiac hypertrophy with preserved ventricular function compared to normotensive rats, characterizing a compensated cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertensive rats presented signs of cardiac oxidative stress, depicted by increased lipid peroxidation. However, these changes were not followed by accumulation of lipid peroxidation-generated reactive aldehydes and damaged proteins. This scenario was explained, at least in part, by the increased catalytic activity of both aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and proteasome. Of interest, ET exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy, improved ventricular function, induced resting bradycardia, and decreased blood pressure in SHR. These changes were accompanied by reduced cardiac oxidative stress and a consequent decrease in ALDH2 and proteasome activities, without affecting small chaperones levels and apoptosis in SHR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased cardiac ALDH2 and proteasomal activities counteract the deleterious effect of excessive oxidative stress in hypertension-induced compensated cardiac hypertrophy in rats. ET has a positive effect in reducing cardiac oxidative stress without affecting protein quality control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliane Cruz
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Roberto Grassmann
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bechara
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathalie Alves
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: da Paixão
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia Chakur
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-030 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edilamar Menezes
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julio Cesar Batista
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D000071396:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; C505112:Aldh2 protein, rat; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex