title: Effects of water matrix on virus inactivation using common virucidal techniques for condensate urine disinfection.
abstract: Three common virucidal techniques (chlorine, UV and UV/TiO2) were applied to inactivate virus (MS2 and Phi X174) in condensate water after the evaporation of source-separated urine for reclaimed water. The inactivation efficiencies were compared with the results of previous studies, with the emphasis on the analysis of water matrix effects. Results showed that all virus inactivation in condensate water were lower than the control (in sterilized DI water). As for UV/TiO2 disinfection, both nitrate and ammonia nitrogen could promote slightly viral inactivation, while the inhibition by urea was dominant. Similarly, ammonia nitrogen had greater impacts on chlorine disinfection than urea and nitrate. In contrast, all water matrices (urea, nitrate and ammonia nitrogen) had little influence on UV disinfection. Based on the findings in this study, UV disinfection could be recommended for disinfecting the reclaimed water from the evaporation of source-separated urine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xiaona
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore. Electronic address: ceehujy@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Jiangyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*; D038301:Virus Inactivation; D014867:Water; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Ammonia nitrogen; Disinfection; Evaporation; Human urine; Nitrate; Urea