title: Dysregulation of energy balance by trichothecene mycotoxins: Mechanisms and prospects.
abstract: Trichothecenes are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that constitute a worldwide hazard for agricultural production and both animal and human health. More than 40 countries have introduced regulations or guidelines for food and feed contamination levels of the most prevalent trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), on the basis of its ability to cause growth suppression. With the development of analytical tools, evaluation of food contamination and exposure revealed that a significant proportion of the human population is chronically exposed to DON doses exceeding the provisional maximum tolerable daily dose. Accordingly, a better understanding of trichothecene impact on health is needed. Upon exposure to low or moderate doses, DON and other trichothecenes induce anorexia, vomiting and reduced weight gain. Several recent studies have addressed the mechanisms by which trichothecenes induce these symptoms and revealed a multifaceted action targeting gut, liver and brain and causing dysregulation in neuroendocrine signaling, immune responses, growth hormone axis, and central neurocircuitries involved in energy homeostasis. Newly identified trichothecene toxicosis biomarkers are just beginning to be exploited and already open up new questions on the potential harmful effects of chronic exposure to DON at apparently asymptomatic very low levels. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of DON and other trichothecenes on food intake and weight growth.
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.lebrun@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lebrun
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tardivel
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France; INRA U1189, Département AlimH, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Félix
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abysique
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France. Electronic address: j-d.troadec@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Denis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Troadec
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaigé
authors.affiliation: EA 4674, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux Somato-Moteur et Neurovégétatif, FST St Jérôme, Aix-Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13013 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dallaporta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000506:poisoning*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes
keywords: Anorexia; Brain; Cytokines; Gut; Liver; Satiation; Trichothecenes