title: The reproductive toxicity on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis induced by BDE-47 and studies on the effective mechanism based on antioxidant defense system changes.
abstract: 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a low-brominated Tetra-BDE that is widely distributed in the marine ecosystem, was selected to investigate the reproductive toxicity on the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, and the possible mechanism based on antioxidant defense system changes were studied. The results showed the following: (1) A low concentration of BDE-47 had a slight effect on the egg production of individual females and the egg production rate (EPR) of the population. In fact, BDE-47 exerted reproductive inhibition effects in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The obtained life tables indicated that BDE-47 at a high concentration prolonged the generation time, whereas low and moderate concentrations of BDE-47 had the opposite effects. BDE-47 at a medium concentration significantly decreased the life expectancy and net reproductive rate (P<0.05). Additionally, a high concentration of BDE-47 markedly decreased the net reproductive rate and intrinsic increase rate (P<0.05). The ultra-structure of the ovary showed that BDE-47 severely damaged the ovary. (2) BDE-47 stress elevated the ROS level in B. plicatilis. The GST activity was induced significantly by the low concentration of BDE-47 and inhibited by the highest concentration tested. The GPx activity and GSH content were significant decreased in all the tested groups, and GR activity was induced. GST and GSH appeared to be sensitive to oxidative stress, and all of the glutathione-related enzymes were found to play an important role in maintaining the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance based on Pearson's correlation analysis. The results indicated that BDE-47 causes reproductive toxicity in B. plicatilis and that the ROS-mediated pathway is responsible for the observed toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: WH8805@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: tangxx@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xuexi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: shajingjingouc@163.com.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: melissa821@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: suntianli89@126.com.
authors.forename: Tianli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Electronic address: wangyou@ouc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); Brachionus plicatilis; Glutathione antioxidant enzymes; Reactive oxidative species (ROS); Reproductive toxicity