title: Impact of cell wall encapsulation of almonds on in vitro duodenal lipolysis.
abstract: Although almonds have a high lipid content, their consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. One explanation for this paradox could be limited bioaccessibility of almond lipids due to the cell wall matrix acting as a physical barrier to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. We aimed to measure the rate and extent of lipolysis in an in vitro duodenum digestion model, using raw and roasted almond materials with potentially different degrees of bioaccessibility. The results revealed that a decrease in particle size led to an increased rate and extent of lipolysis. Particle size had a crucial impact on lipid bioaccessibility, since it is an indicator of the proportion of ruptured cells in the almond tissue. Separated almond cells with intact cell walls showed the lowest levels of digestibility. This study underlines the importance of the cell wall for modulating lipid uptake and hence the positive health benefits underlying almond consumption.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: myriam.grundy@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Myriam M L
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grundy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Electronic address: peter.wilde@ifr.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: peter.butterworth@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Butterworth
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: robert.gray@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: peter.r.ellis@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry*; D018914:Cells, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004063:Digestion; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008066:Lipolysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D010316:Particle Size; D000068181:Prunus dulcis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Almond; Encapsulation; Lipid bioaccessibility; Lipolysis; Plant cell walls