title: Enteral supplementation with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide modulates incretin and glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A dietary supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber and oligosaccharide (GFO) is widely applied for enteral nutrition support in Japan. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GFO ingestion on secretion of incretins, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a cross-over study involving 20 healthy Japanese volunteers. The participants received GFO or 17 g of glucose, the equivalent carbohydrate in GFO as the control. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma total GIP, total GLP-1 and total GLP-2 levels during GFO or glucose loading were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GFO loading produced significantly higher plasma GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 60 min, area under the curve-GLP-1 value, and area under the curve-GLP-2 value after administration compared with those by glucose loading. In contrast, plasma GIP levels at both 30 and 60 min, and area under the curve-GIP value after glucose loading were significantly higher than those after GFO loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that GFO ingestion stimulates GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion, and reduces GIP secretion compared with glucose ingestion. Therefore, GFO could have an intestinotrophic effect as well as an ameliorating effect on metabolic disorders through modification of release of gut hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Erina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yaeko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nasteska
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibue
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shide
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inagaki
keywords: Glucagon-like peptide-2; Incretin; Oligosaccharide