title: Accuracy of vertical radial plume mapping technique in measuring lagoon gas emissions.
abstract: Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) posted a ground-based optical remote sensing method on its Web site called Other Test Method (OTM) 10 for measuring fugitive gas emission flux from area sources such as closed landfills. The OTM 10 utilizes the vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) technique to calculate fugitive gas emission mass rates based on measured wind speed profiles and path-integrated gas concentrations (PICs). This study evaluates the accuracy of the VRPM technique in measuring gas emission from animal waste treatment lagoons. A field trial was designed to evaluate the accuracy of the VRPM technique. Control releases of methane (CH4) were made from a 45 m×45 m floating perforated pipe network located on an irrigation pond that resembled typical treatment lagoon environments. The accuracy of the VRPM technique was expressed by the ratio of the calculated emission rates (QVRPM) to actual emission rates (Q). Under an ideal condition of having mean wind directions mostly normal to a downwind vertical plane, the average VRPM accuracy was 0.77±0.32. However, when mean wind direction was mostly not normal to the downwind vertical plane, the emission plume was not adequately captured resulting in lower accuracies. The accuracies of these nonideal wind conditions could be significantly improved if we relaxed the VRPM wind direction criteria and combined the emission rates determined from two adjacent downwind vertical planes surrounding the lagoon. With this modification, the VRPM accuracy improved to 0.97±0.44, whereas the number of valid data sets also increased from 113 to 186.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The need for developing accurate and feasible measuring techniques for fugitive gas emission from animal waste lagoons is vital for livestock gas inventories and implementation of mitigation strategies. This field lagoon gas emission study demonstrated that the EPA's vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) technique can be used to accurately measure lagoon gas emission with two downwind vertical concentration planes surrounding the lagoon.
authors.affiliation: a NEIKER-Tecnalia, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development , Derio , Bizkaia , Spain.
authors.forename: Maialen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viguria
authors.forename: Kyoung S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Melvin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062305:Geographic Mapping; D008697:Methane / Q000737:chemistry*; D035501:Uncertainty; D014481:United States; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008697:Methane