title: Effects of Previous Fruit Intake, Descriptive Majority Norms, and Message Framing on Fruit Intake Intentions and Behaviors in Dutch Adults Across a 1-Week Period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effects of descriptive norm and message framing on fruit intake (intentions) in Dutch adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized pretest-posttest study using a 2 × 2 design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internet-based.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dutch adults recruited via leaflets and announcements on intranet and Internet and who provided immediate intention (n = 294) and 1-week follow-up intention and fruit intake data (n = 177).
  
  
  METHODS
  Messages combining information on intake of others (low vs high intake) with information about positive or negative outcomes of (in)sufficient fruit intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fruit intake intentions and fruit intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of covariance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Those already consuming sufficient fruit and receiving negative information about insufficient fruit intake increased their motivation to consume sufficient fruit immediately (P = .03), but not at 1-week follow-up. Those who read positive information about sufficient fruit intake reported higher fruit consumption than those who read negative information about insufficient fruit intake (P = .03). This was stronger in those already consuming sufficient fruit. There were no effects of descriptive norm information (P > .19).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information about outcomes was more persuasive than descriptive majority norm information. Effects were generally stronger in those already consuming sufficient fruit.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: g.j.debruijn@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mollen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adult; communication; fruit; health behavior; message framing