title: Normothermia for pediatric and congenital heart surgery: an expanded horizon.
abstract: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in pediatric cardiac surgery is generally performed with hypothermia, flow reduction and hemodilution. From October 2013 to December 2014, 55 patients, median age 6 years (range 2 months to 52 years), median weight 18.5 kg (range 3.2-57 kg), underwent surgery with normothermic high flow CPB in a new unit. There were no early or late deaths. Fifty patients (90.9%) were extubated within 3 h, 3 (5.5%) within 24 h, and 2 (3.6%) within 48 h. Twenty-four patients (43.6%) did not require inotropic support, 31 (56.4%) received dopamine or dobutamine: 21 ≤5 mcg/kg/min, 8 5-10 mcg/kg/min, and 2 >10 mcg/kg/min. Two patients (6.5%) required noradrenaline 0.05-0.1 mcg/kg/min. On arrival to ICU and after 3 and 6 h and 8:00 a.m. the next morning, mean lactate levels were 1.9 ± 09, 2.0 ± 1.2, 1.6 ± 0.8, and 1.4 ± 0.7 mmol/L (0.6-5.2 mmol/L), respectively. From arrival to ICU to 8:00 a.m. the next morning mean urine output was 3.8 ± 1.5 mL/kg/h (0.7-7.6 mL/kg/h), and mean chest drainage was 0.6 ± 0.5 mL/kg/h (0.1-2.3 mL/kg/h). Mean ICU and hospital stay were 2.7 ± 1.4 days (2-8 days) and 7.2 ± 2.2 days (4-15 days), respectively. In conclusion, normothermic high flow CPB allows pediatric and congenital heart surgery with favorable outcomes even in a new unit. The immediate post-operative period is characterized by low requirement for inotropic and respiratory support, low lactate production, adequate urine output, minimal drainage from the chest drains, short ICU, and hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad Mahir
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shamsuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad Mohd
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nikman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saedah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Rizal Mohd
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zain
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II , Kota Bharu, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul Rahim
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia ; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Kubang Kerian, Kelantan , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Antonio Francesco
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Corno
keywords: cardiopulmonary bypass; congenital and pediatric heart surgery; congenital heart defects; hemodilution; high flow; modified ultrafiltration; normothermia; surgical outcomes