title: An Adjustable-Traction Technique for Correction of Inverted Nipples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inverted nipples are a common problem in female patients. This deformity impairs the function and appearance of the breast and may cause psychological distress. Existing correctional techniques may result in nipple necrosis, recurrence, infection, and scarring. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a minimally invasive inverted nipple correction method involving an adjustable-traction device designed by the authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent correction of inverted nipples at the authors' hospital from April 2003 to March 2014 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the correction technique. In group A, 41 nipples in 25 patients underwent traditional (conventional) surgical correction. In group B, 74 nipples in 40 patients underwent continuous traction using our traction device for 2 to 4 months. All patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months postoperatively (group A) or after finish the course of therapy (group B). Complications and patient satisfaction were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No infection occurred in either group. In group A, 9 patients were dissatisfied, and a severe complication occurred in 1 nipple. In group B, all inverted nipples were corrected, and nipple inversion recurred in 2 patients; repeat traction produced a good outcome. Group B had fewer complications and higher patient satisfaction than group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This adjustable continuous-traction technique provided better correction of inverted nipples with fewer complications and higher patient satisfaction than did traditional surgical correction. This safe, simple, effective, minimally invasive technique is suitable for correction of various types of inverted nipples.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; and †Department of Plastic Surgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guo Sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009558:Nipples / Q000002:abnormalities*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014143:Traction / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult