title: Phylogenetic and expression analysis of the NPR1-like gene family from Persea americana (Mill.).
abstract: The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) forms an integral part of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway in plants and is involved in cross-talk between the SA and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways. Therefore, NPR1 is essential to the effective response of plants to pathogens. Avocado (Persea americana) is a commercially important crop worldwide. Significant losses in production result from Phytophthora root rot, caused by the hemibiotroph, Phytophthora cinnamomi. This oomycete infects the feeder roots of avocado trees leading to an overall decline in health and eventual death. The interaction between avocado and P. cinnamomi is poorly understood and as such limited control strategies exist. Thus uncovering the role of NPR1 in avocado could provide novel insights into the avocado - P. cinnamomi interaction. A total of five NPR1-like sequences were identified. These sequences were annotated using FGENESH and a maximum-likelihood tree was constructed using 34 NPR1-like protein sequences from other plant species. The conserved protein domains and functional motifs of these sequences were predicted. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of the five NPR1-like sequences in the roots of avocado after treatment with salicylic and jasmonic acid, P. cinnamomi infection, across different tissues and in P. cinnamomi infected tolerant and susceptible rootstocks. Of the five NPR1-like sequences three have strong support for a defensive role while two are most likely involved in development. Significant differences in the expression profiles of these five NPR1-like genes were observed, assisting in functional classification. Understanding the interaction of avocado and P. cinnamomi is essential to developing new control strategies. This work enables further classification of these genes by means of functional annotation and is a crucial step in understanding the role of NPR1 during P. cinnamomi infection.
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Genetics, Fruit Tree Biotechnology Program, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Genetics, Fruit Tree Biotechnology Program, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Waheed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Genetics, Fruit Tree Biotechnology Program, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bianca J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Reeksting
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Genetics, Fruit Tree Biotechnology Program, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Juanita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engelbrecht
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Langebio/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del - Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, México ; Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, México.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibarra-Laclette
authors.affiliation: Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa ; Department of Genetics, Fruit Tree Biotechnology Program, University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Noëlani
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van den Berg
keywords: NPR1; Phytophthora cinnamomi; avocado; expression analysis; jasmonic acid; pathogenesis-related; salicylic acid