title: Flow cytometric applicability to evaluate UV inactivation of phytoplankton in marine water samples.
abstract: Disinfection of microbes is of importance to prevent the spread of pathogens and non-indigenous species in the environment. Here we test the applicability of using flow cytometry (FCM) to evaluate inactivation of the phytoplankter Tetraselmis suecica after UV irradiation and labeling with the esterase substrate 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM). Non-irradiated and UV irradiated samples were analyzed with the plate count technique and FCM for 24 days. The numbers of colony forming units were used as a standard to develop a FCM protocol. Our protocol readily distinguishes live and dead cells, but challenges were encountered when determining whether UV damaged cells are dying or repairable. As damaged cells can represent a risk to aquatic organisms and/or humans, this was taken into account when developing the FCM protocol. In spite of the above mentioned challenges we argue that FCM represents an accurate and rapid method to analyze T. suecica samples.
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Ranveig Ottoey
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Thormoehlensgt. 53 D, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole-Kristian
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Hess-Erga
authors.affiliation: Uni Research Environment, Thormoehlensgt. 49 B, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Aud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thuestad
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: August
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tobiesen
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Bjoernsonsgt. 45, 5528 Haugesund, Norway. Electronic address: ingunn.hoell@hsh.no.
authors.forename: Ingunn Alne
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Hoell
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005452:Fluoresceins; D010839:Phytoplankton; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: C505935:5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester; D005452:Fluoresceins; C027780:carboxyfluoresceindiacetate
keywords: CFDA-AM; Flow cytometry; Live/dead detection; Marine phytoplankton; Ultraviolet irradiation; Viability