title: Unveiling the origin of a nonequilibrium dynamic process detected by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy via a finite element analysis approach.
abstract: It is a scientific and engineering challenge to characterize materials under nonequilibrium conditions. In recent years, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), a synchrotron-based coherent X-ray scattering technique, has been found useful in determining the timescales associated with various nonequilibrium processes, with detailed descriptions of the underlying processes lacking. Here, both static ultra small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) and dynamic USAXS-based XPCS were used to investigate a transient structural change (a nonequilibrium process) associated with an isothermal anneal in a glass polymer composite system. While the bulk USAXS technique lacked the required sensitivity to detect the change in the microstructures, the local structural reorganization was apparent in the XPCS study. The structural changes were modeled using a three-dimensional finite element analysis approach and wave-propagation theory was used to simulate the resulting reciprocal-space coherent scattering intensity. Qualitative agreement was found between the modeling and experimental results, which validates that stress relaxation in the viscous polymer matrix was responsible for the observed changes. This analysis demonstrates that multi-physics modeling of complex systems can be used to interpret XPCS measurements of nonequilibrium processes.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
authors.forename: Lyle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levine
keywords: X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy; finite element analysis; nonequilibrium dynamics; small-angle scattering