title: Dietary saturated fat intake and atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality in elderly women: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reduction of saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake has been the basis of long-standing dietary recommendations. However, recent epidemiologic studies have reported conflicting evidence in the relation between SFA consumption and risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association of SFA intake with serum lipid profiles and ASVD mortality in a population-based 10-y cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline (1998) 1469 women living in Perth, Western Australia, with a mean ± SD age of 75.2 ± 2.7 y had SFA intake measured by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Outcome data were serum lipids at baseline and ASVD deaths over 10 y (13,649 person-years of follow-up), retrieved from the Western Australian Data Linkage System. Other risk factors for ASVD were assessed and adjusted for in multivariable analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASVD deaths occurred in 9.1% (134) of participants. The highest quartile of SFA intake (>31.28 g/d) had an ~16% cumulative mortality risk compared with ~5% in the lowest quartile (<17.39 g/d) (HR: 3.07; 95% CI: 1.54, 6.11; P = 0.001). Baseline SFA intake was associated with baseline serum total and LDL cholesterol in multivariable-adjusted models (β: 0.199, SE: 0.056, P < 0.001 and β: 0.190, SE: 0.051, P < 0.001, respectively). However, baseline serum total and LDL cholesterol were not associated with ASVD mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High SFA intake was associated with the risk of ASVD mortality in this population of elderly women. Although there was a strong positive association between SFA intake and LDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol was not associated with ASVD mortality in this cohort. Nevertheless, these data support dietary advice to reduce SFA intake.
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD). lauren.blekkenhorst@research.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Blekkenhorst
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2567-0783
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6184-7764
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Wai H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-3572
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-6249
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre Unit, Perth, Australia (LCB, RLP, WHL, KZ, and JRL); the Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (RLP, KZ, and JRL), Renal Medicine (WHL), and Cardiology (PLT), Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (LCB and JMH); and the School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia (AD).
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1003-8443
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000401:mortality*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; dietary fats; epidemiological studies; fatty acids; vascular diseases