title: Serological patterns, antibody half-life and shedding in urine of Leptospira spp. in naturally exposed sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine within-farm prevalence, longitudinal pattern of exposure measured by serology, antibody titre longevity and point prevalence of shedding in urine of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona in naturally infected sheep on a sample of commercial farms in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  On eight commercial sheep farms, between September 2011 and January 2014, blood samples were collected from 115-217 ewe lambs on each farm, at intervals of 2-11 months. They were analysed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies to L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, using a titre cut-point of 48. Urine from 98 animals was tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The half-life of antibodies was estimated in 185 sheep for serovar Hardjo and 21 for Pomona, and the seroprevalence and mean titre of animals lost to follow-up was compared with those remaining in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within-flock seroprevalence for serovar Hardjo reached a maximum at 17-22 months of age, ranging from 79 to 100%. Seroprevalence for serovar Pomona rose above 10% on three farms and increased to 21-54% by 4-14 months. Seroconversions occurred mainly from late autumn to early summer at 7-15 months of age. Seroprevalences ranging from 3 to 76% for serovar Hardjo and 0.5 to 15% for serovar Pomona were observed up to 3 months of age, likely due to maternally derived immunity. The half-life of antibody in response to infection was estimated to be 6.7 (95% CI=5.8-7.9) months for serovar Hardjo and 6.3 (95% CI=4.8-9.0) months for Pomona. The prevalence of sheep with urine positive for leptospires on qPCR on each farm ranged from 11 to 88%. All but one of the qPCR-positive animals were seropositive for serovar Hardjo. On two farms where Pomona exposure was observed, animals that were lost to follow-up had a higher geometric mean titre for serovar Pomona than those remaining in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated seasonal exposure from autumn to early summer in young sheep, a wide range of within-flock serological and shedding prevalence, and gives an estimation of the half-life of MAT titres in sheep. More extensive data are needed to fully understand the epidemiology of leptospirosis in sheep flocks across New Zealand and, along with economic analysis, to justify and design cost-effective and efficient control measures to protect human and animal health.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vallée
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collins-Emerson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benschop
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D007919:Leptospira / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial
keywords: Hardjo; Leptospirosis; PCR; Pomona; antibody; epidemiology; half-life; seroprevalence; shedding; sheep