title: Characteristic points and cycles in planar kinematics with application to the human gait.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present a novel method to process kinematical data typically coming from measurements of joints. This method will be illustrated through two examples.
  
  
  METHODS
  We adopt theoretical kinematics together with the principle of least action. We use motion and inverse motion for describing the whole experimental situation theoretically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By using the principle of least action, the data contain information about inherent reference points, which we call characteristic points. These points are unique for direct and inverse motion. They may be viewed as centers of the fixed and moving reference systems. The respective actions of these characteristic points are analytically calculated. The sum of these actions defines the kinematical action. This sum is by design independent of the choice of reference system. The minimality of the kinematical action can be used again to select numerically one representative cycle in empirically given, approximately periodic motions. Finally, we illustrate the theoretical approach making use of two examples worked out, hinge movement and the sagittal component of the movement of a human leg during gait.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach enables automatic cycle choices for evaluating large databases in order to compare and to distinguish empirically given movements. The procedure can be extended to three dimensional movements.
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanical Research Group, Department of Orthodontics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dathe
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanical Research Group, Department of Orthodontics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gezzi
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanical Research Group, Department of Orthodontics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubein-Meesenburg
authors.affiliation: Joint Biomechanical Research Group, Department of Orthodontics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nägerl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult