title: Evaluation of heat transfer in acupuncture needles: convection and conduction approaches.
abstract: Originating in ancient China, acupuncture using needles has been developed for thousands of years and has received attention for its reported medical remedies, such as pain relief and chronic disease treatment. Heat transfer through the needles, which might have effects on the biomechanism of acupuncture, providing a stimulus and regulating homeostasis, has never been studied. This article analyzes the significance of heat transfer through needles via convection and conduction, approached by means of computational analysis. The needle is a cylindrical body, and an axis symmetrical steady-state heat-transfer model that viscosity and static pressure was not applied. This article evaluates heat transfer via acupuncture needles by using five metal materials: silver, copper, brass, iron, and stainless steel. A silver needle of the type extensively applied in acupuncture can dissipate more than seven times as much heat as a stainless steel needle of the same type. Heat transfer through such a needle is significant, compared to natural body-energy consumption over a range of ambient temperatures. The mechanism by which heat flows in or out of the body through the needles may be crucial in the remedial efficacy of acupuncture.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Chieh-Han John
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tzou
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taipei Chengshih University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzyy-Yih
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taipei Chengshih University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ycchung@tpcu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ya-Chien
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018481:Convection; D006358:Hot Temperature; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D009339:Needles
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: acupuncture; heat transfer; homeostasis; needles; silver; traditional Chinese medicine