title: Amino acid-derived betaines dominate as urinary markers for rye bran intake in mice fed high-fat diet--A nontargeted metabolomics study.
abstract: METHODS
  Bioprocessing of whole grain cereals may affect the bioavailability of phytochemicals associated with grain fiber and ultimately lead to different health outcomes. Here, we studied the impact of long-term feeding with intact and bioprocessed rye bran on the urinary phytochemical profile of mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nontargeted hydrophilic interaction chromatography-ESI-qTOF-MS metabolite profiling approach was applied on urine samples collected from three groups of diet-induced obese mice fed for 8 weeks with one of the three diets: high-fat (HF) control diet, HF diet enriched with intact rye bran, or HF diet enriched with bioprocessed rye bran. The most striking finding was the increased urinary excretion of several amino-acid derived betaines after both rye diets. These included proline betaine, alanine betaine, valine betaine, phenylalanine betaine, pipecolic acid betaine, and trigonelline, but not glycine betaine. Furthermore, bioprocessing may have improved the bioavailability of rye-derived phytochemicals, as higher increase in, e.g. ferulic acid and benzoxazinoid metabolites were observed in urine of mice fed with bioprocessed than intact rye bran.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary excretion of various betaines was greatly increased in mice fed rye brans. Furthermore, bioprocessing of rye bran appears to serve as a beneficial way to improve the bioavailability of various phytochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pekkinen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.|JRU Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies (UMR IATE 1208) SupAgro-INRA-UM2-CIRAD, Montpellier, France.|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosa-Sibakov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.|JRU Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies (UMR IATE 1208) SupAgro-INRA-UM2-CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Micard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keski-Rahkonen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.|VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanhineva
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D001622:Betaine; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases
keywords: Betaines; Dietary fiber; HILIC; Metabolite profiling; Rye