title: Elective courses for medical students during the preclinical curriculum: a systematic review and evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical medical student electives are prevalent at medical schools across the United States, but the range of electives available and their impact on medical student education are not well described in the literature. The objective of this article is to review the literature relating to preclinical medical student electives and their impact on medical student educational outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed studies that met the following criteria: English-language articles describing preclinical US-based medical electives. We used PubMed journal databases and limited our search for the time period 1999-2014. We excluded electives based in other countries or electives designed for third or fourth year students. Data abstracted included the topic of the elective, qualitative descriptions of the electives, and any associated surveys or exam data associated with the electives. Data were synthesized using descriptive tables sorting electives by broad topic. Reported outcomes and statistical methods were analyzed to assess study quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a wide range of subjects taught in the form of preclinical medical school electives. We identified electives in clinical skills, the humanities, student lifestyle, specialty-specific electives, and an assortment of other miscellaneous electives. Surveys and exams administered to students showed that the electives were universally well received by students. Of the 37 electives identified, 15 electives used quantitative objective assessments, such as knowledge exams, while the remaining tended to use student self-reported results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preclinical medical student electives are prevalent at medical schools across the United States and have a significant impact on medical student education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; aagarwal@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Office of Academic Affairs, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarfaty
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devaiah
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ariel E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008511:Medicine; D010465:Perception; D014481:United States
keywords: curriculum; education; electives; humanities; medical student; preclinical; undergraduate