title: Identification and evaluation of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in hospitalized geriatric patients using Beers criteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in geriatric patients using Beers criteria and also to identify adverse drug events (ADEs) due to PIMs and various drug-drug interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medications in the prescriptions of patients above 60 years of age, their dosage regimen respective of their diagnosis were analyzed. Each medication was then checked with Beers list tables, and any medication if mentioned in the Beers list, was noted along with its strength of recommendation and quality of evidence. Any adverse drug event (ADE) due to PIM was identified. Causality of the events was assessed by Naranjo's Scale. The number of drug-drug interactions per prescription and the severity of each interaction were also analyzed. The collected data from 200 subjects were subjected to statistical treatments using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.0 for WINDOWS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the Beers criteria 2012, 106 out of 200 (53%) prescriptions had at least one PIM prescribed. A sum of 1690 medications was prescribed as a whole for the entire study subjects. Among which, 134 PIMs were identified. Most commonly prescribed PIMs were benzodiazepines (39, 19.5%), followed by sliding scale use of insulin (31, 15.5%), and prazosin at a rate of 11.5% (23). A total of 10 ADEs were identified during the study. The average number of drug interactions observed among total samples was found to be 3.0±6.0 with 0±5.0 serious interactions, 2±4.0 significant interactions requiring close monitoring, and 0±6.0 minor interactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows high prevalence of prescribing PIMs in hospitalized elderly patients; PIM also caused incidence of ADEs; and serious drug-drug interactions were scarce among the patients.
authors.forename: Pattani
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Danisha
authors.forename: Chandrasekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dilip
authors.forename: Panakkal Linu
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Cholamugath
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shinu
authors.forename: Jaffer Chalil
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Parambil
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajid
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004347:Drug Interactions; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D000067561:Potentially Inappropriate Medication List / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*