title: Aging increases microglial proliferation, delays cell migration, and decreases cortical neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging is not just a risk factor of stroke, but it has also been associated with poor recovery. It is known that stroke-induced neurogenesis is reduced but maintained in the aged brain. However, there is no consensus on how neurogenesis is affected after stroke in aged animals. Our objective is to determine the role of aging on the process of neurogenesis after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have studied neurogenesis by analyzing proliferation, migration, and formation of new neurons, as well as inflammatory parameters, in a model of cerebral ischemia induced by permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in young- (2 to 3 months) and middle-aged mice (13 to 14 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aging increased both microglial proliferation, as shown by a higher number of BrdU(+) cells and BrdU/Iba1(+) cells in the ischemic boundary and neutrophil infiltration. Interestingly, aging increased the number of M1 monocytes and N1 neutrophils, consistent with pro-inflammatory phenotypes when compared with the alternative M2 and N2 phenotypes. Aging also inhibited (subventricular zone) SVZ cell proliferation by decreasing both the number of astrocyte-like type-B (prominin-1(+)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)(+)/nestin(+)/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)(+) cells) and type-C cells (prominin-1(+)/EGFR(+)/nestin(-)/Mash1(+) cells), and not affecting apoptosis, 1 day after stroke. Aging also inhibited migration of neuroblasts (DCX(+) cells), as indicated by an accumulation of neuroblasts at migratory zones 14 days after injury; consistently, aged mice presented a smaller number of differentiated interneurons (NeuN(+)/BrdU(+) and GAD67(+) cells) in the peri-infarct cortical area 14 days after stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirm that stroke-induced neurogenesis is maintained but reduced in aged animals. Importantly, we now demonstrate that aging not only inhibits proliferation of specific SVZ cell subtypes but also blocks migration of neuroblasts to the damaged area and decreases the number of new interneurons in the cortical peri-infarct area. Thus, our results highlight the importance of using aged animals for translation to clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. amoraga@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moraga
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. jesuspradillo@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pradillo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. alicia-garcia-c@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Culebras
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. sptortosa@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palma-Tortosa
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. ivanbamartin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. macarenh@ucm.es.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernández-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. neurona@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. ignacio.lizasoain@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lizasoain
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000502:physiology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C000714847:Dcx protein, mouse; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine