title: Translational potential of cancer stem cells: A review of the detection of cancer stem cells and their roles in cancer recurrence and cancer treatment.
abstract: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with many clinical implications in most cancer types. One important clinical implication of CSCs is their role in cancer metastases, as reflected by their ability to initiate and drive micro and macro-metastases. The other important contributing factor for CSCs in cancer management is their function in causing treatment resistance and recurrence in cancer via their activation of different signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. Thus, many different therapeutic approaches are being tested for prevention and treatment of cancer recurrence. These may include treatment strategies targeting altered genetic signalling pathways by blocking specific cell surface molecules, altering the cancer microenvironments that nurture cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation of CSCs, immunotherapy based on CSCs associated antigens, exploiting metabolites to kill CSCs, and designing small interfering RNA/DNA molecules that especially target CSCs. Because of the huge potential of these approaches to improve cancer management, it is important to identify and isolate cancer stem cells for precise study and application of prior the research on their role in cancer. Commonly used methodologies for detection and isolation of CSCs include functional, image-based, molecular, cytological sorting and filtration approaches, the use of different surface markers and xenotransplantation. Overall, given their significance in cancer biology, refining the isolation and targeting of CSCs will play an important role in future management of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Farhadul
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gopalan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia; Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia; Department of Pathology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia. Electronic address: a.lam@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alfred K-Y
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Cancer stem cell; Metastases; Resistant to therapy; Targeted therapy; Treatment