title: Dynamic phenotypes of degenerative myxomatous mitral valve disease: quantitative 3-dimensional echocardiographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fibro-elastic deficiency (FED) and diffuse myxomatous degeneration (DMD) are phenotypes of degenerative mitral valve disease defined morphologically. Whether physiological differences in annular and valvular dynamics exist between these phenotypes remains unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed triple quantitation of cardiac remodeling and of mitral regurgitation severity and of annular and valvular dimensions by real-time 3-dimensional-transesophageal-echocardiography. Forty-nine patients with degenerative mitral valve disease classified as FED (n=31) and DMD (n=18) by surgical observation showed no difference in age (65±10 versus 59±13; P=0.5), body surface area (2.0±0.2 versus 2.0±0.2 m(2); P=0.5), left ventricular and atrial dimensions (all P>0.55), and mitral regurgitation regurgitant orifice (P=0.62). On average, annular dimensions were larger in DMD versus FED, but height was similar resulting in lower saddle shape. Dynamically, annular DMD versus FED display poorer contraction and saddle-shape accentuation in early systole and abnormal enlargement, particularly intercommissural, in late-systole (all P<0.05). Valvular dynamics showed stable valvular area in systole in FED versus considerable systolic increased area in DMD (P<0.001). Prolapse height and volume increased little throughout systole in FED versus marked increase in DMD (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our novel observations show that FED and DMD, although both labeled myxomatous, display considerable physiological phenotypic differences. In DMD, the annular increased size and profoundly abnormal dynamics demonstrate DMD-specific annular degeneration compared with the enlarged but relatively normal FED annulus. DMD does not incur more severe mitral regurgitation, despite larger prolapse and valve redundancy, underscoring potential compensatory role of tissue redundancy of DMD (or aggravating role of tissue paucity of FED) on mitral regurgitation severity.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Marie-Annick
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clavel
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malouf
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Hector I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Michelena
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vatury
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Mothilal Sonia
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Sunil V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Mankad
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Rakesh M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. sarano.maurice@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enriquez-Sarano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: echocardiography, three-dimensional; heart valve diseases; mitral valve insufficiency