title: The urine sediment as a biomarker of kidney disease.
abstract: The modern era of medicine has ushered in new diagnostic technologies to assist the clinician in evaluating patients with kidney disease. The birth of automated urine analysis technology and centralized laboratory testing has unfortunately made examination of urine sediment by physicians a rare event. At the same time, identifying novel urine biomarkers for kidney disease has become a research priority in nephrology, and the search for the "renal troponin" has progressed at a fast pace. Despite this, urine sediment examination remains a time-honored test that provides a wealth of information about the patient's kidney condition and performs favorably as a urinary biomarker. It alerts the clinician to the presence of kidney disease and provides diagnostic information that often identifies the compartment of kidney injury. In addition, sediment findings may guide therapy and assist in prognostication. As such, it is premature to abandon urine sediment examination. It may be more appropriate to combine urine sediment examination with new candidate biomarkers that enter clinical practice to create a "diagnostic panel" that provides clinicians with a useful battery of diagnostic tests. To accomplish this, we as nephrologists must encourage continued training and maintenance of competency in urine sediment examination.
authors.affiliation: Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Electronic address: mark.perazella@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perazella
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D000419:Albuminuria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004912:Erythrocytes; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007673:Kidney Cortex Necrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D007962:Leukocytes; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D011379:Prognosis; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Urine sediment examination; acute kidney injury (AKI); acute renal failure (ARF); biomarker; casts; diagnosis; hematuria; prognosis; proteinuria; red blood cells; risk prediction; urinalysis; white blood cells