title: Effects of Specific Alcohol Control Policy Measures on Alcohol-Related Mortality in Russia from 1998 to 2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the possible effects of alcohol control policy measures on alcohol-related mortality in Russia between 1998 and 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in mortality, alcohol production and sales were analyzed in conjunction with alcohol control legislative measures. Correlation analysis of health and alcohol market indicators was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethyl alcohol production was the strongest correlate of alcohol-related mortality, which is probably due to the fact that ethyl alcohol is used for both recorded and unrecorded alcohol production. Measures producing greatest mortality reduction effect included provisions which reduced ethyl alcohol production (introduction of minimum authorized capital for ethyl alcohol and liquor producers in 2006 and the requirement for distillery dreg processing), as well as measures to tax and denaturize ethanol-containing liquids in 2006. Liquor tax decrease in real terms was associated with rising mortality in 1998-1999, while excise tax increase was associated with mortality reduction in 2004 and since 2012. Conventional alcohol control measures may also have played a moderately positive role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Countries with high alcohol-related mortality should aim for a reduction in spirits consumption as a major health policy. Alcohol market centralization and reduction of the number of producers can have immediate strong effects on mortality. These measures should be combined with an increase in alcohol taxes and prices, as well as other established alcohol policy measures. In 2015 in Russia, this is not being implemented. In Russia, legislation enforcement including excise tax collection remains the major challenge. Another challenge will be the integration into the Eurasian Economic Union.
authors.affiliation: Council for the Public Health and the Problems of Demography, Moscow, Russia National Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khaltourina
authors.affiliation: National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia akorotayev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korotayev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000639:trends*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends