title: Bactericidal efficacy of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) against the ESKAPE pathogens.
abstract: The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens within the clinical environment is presenting a mounting problem in hospitals worldwide. The 'ESKAPE' pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) have been highlighted as a group of causative organisms in a majority of nosocomial infections, presenting a serious health risk due to widespread antimicrobial resistance. The stagnating pipeline of new antibiotics requires alternative approaches to the control and treatment of nosocomial infections. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) is attracting growing interest as an alternative infection control approach within the clinical setting. This study presents a comprehensive bactericidal assessment of an in-house-designed APNTP jet both against biofilms and planktonic bacteria of the ESKAPE pathogens. Standard plate counts and the XTT metabolic assay were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of APNTP, with both methods demonstrating comparable eradication times. APNTP exhibited rapid antimicrobial activity against all of the ESKAPE pathogens in the planktonic mode of growth and provided efficient and complete eradication of ESKAPE pathogens in the biofilm mode of growth within 360s, with the exception of A. baumannii where a >4log reduction in biofilm viability was observed. This demonstrates its effectiveness as a bactericidal treatment against these pathogens and further highlights its potential application in the clinical environment for the control of highly antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
authors.forename: Padrig B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nid'a H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Alshraiedeh
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
authors.forename: Sean P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. Electronic address: b.gilmore@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Brendan F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Gilmore
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D058626:Plasma Gases
keywords: Atmospheric pressure plasma; Biocide; Biofilm; ESKAPE pathogens; Non-thermal plasma; Plasma medicine