title: Cost-utility of cognitive behavioral therapy for low back pain from the commercial payer perspective.
abstract: METHODS
  Markov cost-utility model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-utility of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of persistent nonspecific low back pain (LBP) from the perspective of US commercial payers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  CBT is widely deemed clinically effective for LBP treatment. The evidence is suggestive of cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed and validated a Markov intention-to-treat model to estimate the cost-utility of CBT, with 1-year and 10-year time horizons. We applied likelihood of improvement and utilities from a randomized controlled trial assessing CBT to treat LBP. The trial randomized subjects to treatment but subjects freely sought health care services. We derived the cost of equivalent rates and types of services from US commercial claims for LBP for a similar population. For the 10-year estimates, we derived recurrence rates from the literature. The base case included medical and pharmaceutical services and assumed gradual loss of skill in applying CBT techniques. Sensitivity analyses assessed the distribution of service utilization, utility values, and rate of LBP recurrence. We compared health plan designs. Results are based on 5000 iterations of each model and expressed as an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental cost-utility of CBT was $7197 per quality-adjusted life-year in the first year and $5855 per quality-adjusted life-year over 10 years. The results are robust across numerous sensitivity analyses. No change of parameter estimate resulted in a difference of more than 7% from the base case for either time horizon. Including chiropractic and/or acupuncture care did not substantively affect cost-effectiveness. The model with medical but no pharmaceutical costs was more cost-effective ($5238 for 1 yr and $3849 for 10 yr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CBT is a cost-effective approach to manage chronic LBP among commercial health plans members. Cost-effectiveness is demonstrated for multiple plan designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA †The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH ‡Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Department of Veterans Affairs §Boston University School of Management, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McDonough
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shwartz
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome