title: Free-breathing liver perfusion imaging using 3-dimensional through-time spiral generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition acceleration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to develop free-breathing high-spatiotemporal resolution dynamic contrast-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging using non-Cartesian parallel imaging acceleration, and quantitative liver perfusion mapping.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by the local institutional review board and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ten healthy subjects and 5 patients were scanned on a Siemens 3-T Skyra scanner. A stack-of-spirals trajectory was undersampled in-plane with a reduction factor of 6 and reconstructed using 3-dimensional (3D) through-time non-Cartesian generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition. High-resolution 3D images were acquired with a true temporal resolution of 1.6 to 1.9 seconds while the subjects were breathing freely. A dual-input single-compartment model was used to retrieve liver perfusion parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data, which were coregistered using an algorithm designed to reduce the effects of dynamic contrast changes on registration. Image quality evaluation was performed on spiral images and conventional images from 5 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Images with a spatial resolution of 1.9 × 1.9 × 3 mm3 were obtained with whole-liver coverage. With an imaging speed of better than 2 s/vol, free-breathing scans were achieved and dynamic changes in enhancement were captured. The overall image quality of free-breathing spiral images was slightly lower than that of conventional long breath-hold Cartesian images, but it provided clinically acceptable or better image quality. The free-breathing 3D images were registered with almost no residual motion in liver tissue. After the registration, quantitative whole-liver 3D perfusion maps were obtained and the perfusion parameters are all in good agreement with the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This high-spatiotemporal resolution free-breathing 3D liver imaging technique allows voxelwise quantification of liver perfusion.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, †Department of Biomedical Engineering, and ‡Division of Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Chaitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Badve
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Schluchter
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seiberlich
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012119:Respiration; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media