title: Upregulation of K(2P)3.1 K+ Current Causes Action Potential Shortening in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiarrhythmic management of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a major clinical challenge. Mechanism-based approaches to AF therapy are sought to increase effectiveness and to provide individualized patient care. K(2P)3.1 (TASK-1 [tandem of P domains in a weak inward-rectifying K+ channel-related acid-sensitive K+ channel-1]) 2-pore-domain K+ (K(2P)) channels have been implicated in action potential regulation in animal models. However, their role in the pathophysiology and treatment of paroxysmal and chronic patients with AF is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right and left atrial tissue was obtained from patients with paroxysmal or chronic AF and from control subjects in sinus rhythm. Ion channel expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Membrane currents and action potentials were recorded using voltage- and current-clamp techniques. K(2P)3.1 subunits exhibited predominantly atrial expression, and atrial K(2P)3.1 transcript levels were highest among functional K(2P) channels. K(2P)3.1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in chronic AF. Enhancement of corresponding currents in the right atrium resulted in shortened action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90) compared with patients in sinus rhythm. In contrast, K(2P)3.1 expression was not significantly affected in subjects with paroxysmal AF. Pharmacological K(2P)3.1 inhibition prolonged APD90 in atrial myocytes from patients with chronic AF to values observed among control subjects in sinus rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhancement of atrium-selective K(2P)3.1 currents contributes to APD shortening in patients with chronic AF, and K(2P)3.1 channel inhibition reverses AF-related APD shortening. These results highlight the potential of K(2P)3.1 as a novel drug target for mechanism-based AF therapy.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiedmann
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Xiao-Bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heijman
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kallenberger
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruhparwar
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szabó
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallenbach
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karck
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borggrefe
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biliczki
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Joachim R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baczkó
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lugenbiel
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Birgit C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.).
authors.forename: Dobromir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dobrev
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Germany (C.S., F.W., V.A., P.L., P.A.S., H.A.K., D.T.); Division of Experimental Cardiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (N.V., X.-B.Z., J.H., S.L., M.B., D.D.); Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (N.V., J.H., D.D.); First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Germany (X.-B.Z., S.L., M.B.); Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Germany (S.K.); Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany (A.R., G.S., K.K., M.K.); Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Division of Cardiology, Deutsche Klinik für Diagnostik, Wiesbaden, Germany (P.B., J.R.E.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary (I.B.); and Department of Cardiology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Switzerland (B.C.D.). dierk.thomas@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Dierk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D024683:Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D024683:Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain; C420132:potassium channel subfamily K member 3
keywords: arrhythmias, cardiac; atrial fibrillation; electrophysiology