title: Diabetes, trekking and high altitude: recognizing and preparing for the risks.
abstract: Although regular physical activity is encouraged for individuals with diabetes, exercise at high altitude increases risk for a number of potential complications. This review highlights our current understanding of the key physiological and clinical issues that accompany high-altitude travel and proposes basic clinical strategies to help overcome obstacles faced by trekkers with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Although individuals with diabetes have adaptations to the hypoxia of high altitude (increased ventilation, heart rate, blood pressure and hormonal responses), elevated counter-regulatory hormones can impair glycaemic control, particularly if mountain sickness occurs. Moreover, high-altitude-induced anorexia and increased energy expenditure can predispose individuals to dysglycaemia unless careful adjustments in medication are performed. Frequent blood glucose monitoring is imperative, and results must be interpreted with caution because capillary blood glucose meter results may be less accurate at high elevations and low temperatures. It is also important to undergo pre-travel screening to rule out possible contraindications owing to chronic diabetes complications and make well-informed decisions about risks. Despite the risks, healthy, physically fit and well-prepared individuals with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes who are capable of advanced self-management can be encouraged to participate in these activities and attain their summit goals. Moreover, trekking at high altitude can serve as an effective means to engage in physical activity and to increase confidence with fundamental diabetes self-management skills.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohajeri
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brubaker
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Riddell
mesh_terms: D000532:Altitude Sickness / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D009051:Mountaineering; D010809:Physical Fitness; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012648:Self Care