title: Knee multi-ligament reconstruction: a historical note on the fundamental landmarks.
abstract: Several eminent surgeons made breakthroughs in knee surgery throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Before that, knee injuries were only treated conservatively and it was thanks to the progress made in the field of biomechanics and biology that new surgical treatments were proposed. The history of medicine recalls some illustrious surgeons such as Thomas Annandale and Mayo Robson who were the first to perform and describe their revolutionary experience regarding meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Less famous are the forefathers of multi-ligament reconstructive surgery: the purpose of this paper was to shed some light on the pioneers of this particular field of orthopaedic practice, which is gaining increasing interest in current clinical practice. Level of evidence V.
authors.affiliation: II Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n. 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy. berardo.dimatteo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Di Matteo
authors.affiliation: II Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n. 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tarabella
authors.affiliation: II Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n. 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filardo
authors.affiliation: Donazione Putti, Biblioteche Scientifiche Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Pupilli n. 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomba
authors.affiliation: Donazione Putti, Biblioteche Scientifiche Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Pupilli n. 1, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viganò
authors.affiliation: II Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n. 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcacci
authors.affiliation: II Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano n. 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaffagnini
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000266:history*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000266:history*
keywords: ACL; Collateral ligaments; History of surgery; Multi-ligament reconstruction; PLC