title: Carotid intimal medial thickness and its relation to endothelial dysfunction and echocardiographic changes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess carotid intimal medial thickness (cIMT) in adolescent type 1 diabetic patients and to detect its relation with echocardiographic changes and flow mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 62 type 1 diabetic patients and 30 healthy volunteer of the same age and sex. A blood sample was taken for analysis of glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile and a urine sample was taken for analysis of albumin/creatinine ratio. cIMT, echocardiography, and FMD via ultrasound were also done; t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test (for non-symmetrically distributed data) for independent variables and Pearson's or Spearman correlation were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 16.3 ± 1.5 years and mean duration of diabetes was 9.4 ± 2.9 years. cIMT (Rt, Lt, and both Rt and Lt) were significantly higher, while FMD and FMD/nitrate mediated dilatation (NMD) ratio was significantly lower in diabetics. Rt cIMT had a significant negative correlation with FMD and FMD/NMD. cIMT had a significant positive correlation with left ventricular end diastolic dimension, inter ventricular septum thickness, peak mitral flow velocity during early diastole/peak mitral flow velocity during late diastole, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular mass index (p<0.05). In addition, cIMT had a significant correlation with waist circumference, waist/height ratio, albumin/ creatinine ratio, total cholesterol, and triglyceride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that alteration in myocardial function and vascular endothelial dysfunction induced by diabetes mellitus may begin early with the association of early atherosclerotic changes.
authors.forename: Soha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abd El Dayem
authors.forename: Abo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Magd El Bohy
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Battah
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male