title: Techniques to Reduce the Placebo Effect in Glaucoma Clinical Trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate techniques used to reduce the placebo effect in prior well-controlled, single or double-masked placebo-controlled glaucoma trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a retrospective, non-patient-based, observational review of phase I-III trials with a placebo arm for glaucoma medicines available after 1977.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study included 20 articles with 20 placebo control arms consisting of 458 patients evaluating 10 different glaucoma medications with 58 treatment arms. There was no statistical difference across the evaluated types of study designs to limit the placebo effect either for the morning trough or diurnal curve. The average reduction of the intraocular pressure in the placebo groups was 1.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg for the morning trough and 1.3 ± 1.3 mm Hg for the diurnal curve across all studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that current design techniques described in the literature to limit the placebo effect appear ineffective compared to no additional techniques.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: R Allan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: Jami
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Jeanette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents