title: Intrinsic disorder of human Yin Yang 1 protein.
abstract: YY1 (Yin Yang 1) is a zinc finger protein with an essential role in various biological functions via DNA- and protein-protein interactions with numerous partners. YY1 is involved in the regulation of a broad spectrum of cellular processes such as embryogenesis, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and snRNA transcription. The more than 100 reported targets of the YY1 protein suggest that it contains intrinsically disordered regions that are involved in such diverse interactions. Here, we present a study of the structural properties of human YY1 using several biochemical and biophysical techniques (fluorescence, circular dichroism, gel filtration chromatography, proteolytic susceptibility) together with various bioinformatics approaches. To facilitate our exploration of the YY1 structure, the full-length protein as well as an N-terminal fragment (residues 1-295) and the C-terminal DNA binding domain were used. We found the N-terminus to be a non-compact fragment of YY1 with little residual secondary structure and lacking a well-defined tertiary structure. The results of our study indicate that YY1 belongs to the family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which exist natively in a partially unfolded conformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Górecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam Kazimierz
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Górka
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Figiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilamowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
mesh_terms: D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D017510:Protein Folding; D058767:Protein Unfolding; D059748:Proteolysis; D014357:Trypsin / Q000737:chemistry; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D064267:Intrinsically Disordered Proteins; D050986:YY1 Transcription Factor; C494698:YY1 protein, human; D014357:Trypsin
keywords: CD; IDP; SEC; TFE; YY1; carcinogenesis; denaturation; fluorescence; hydrodynamics; transcription factor