title: Validity, Sensitivity, and Responsiveness of the 11-Face Faces Pain Scale to Postoperative Pain in Adult Orthopedic Surgery Patients.
abstract: Pain is common in patients after orthopedic surgery. The 11-face Faces Pain Scale has not been validated for use in adult patients with postoperative pain. To assess the validity of the 11-face Faces Pain Scale and its ability to detect responses to pain medications, and to determine whether the sensitivity of the 11-face Faces Pain Scale for detecting changes in pain intensity over time is associated with gender differences in adult postorthopedic surgery patients. The 11-face Faces Pain Scale was translated into Vietnamese using forward and back translation. Postoperative pain was assessed using an 11-point numerical rating scale and the 11-face Faces Pain Scale on the day of surgery, and before (Time 1) and every 30 minutes after (Times 2-5) the patients had taken pain medications on the first postoperative day. The 11-face Faces Pain Scale highly correlated with the numerical rating scale (r = 0.78, p < .001). When the scores from each follow-up test (Times 2-5) were compared with those from the baseline test (Time 1), the effect sizes were -0.70, -1.05, -1.20, and -1.31, and the standardized response means were -1.17, -1.59, -1.66, and -1.82, respectively. The mean change in pain intensity, but not gender-time interaction effect, over the five time points was significant (F = 182.03, p < .001). Our results support that the 11-face Faces Pain Scale is appropriate for measuring acute postoperative pain in adults.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Thainguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thainguyen, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Giang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Yean
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Thainguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thainguyen, Vietnam; Department of Internal Medicine, Thainguyen National General Hospital, Thainguyen, Vietnam; Training and Direction of Healthcare Activity Center, Thainguyen, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Duong Hong
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Science Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: ptsai@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics