title: Household Food Insecurity is Associated with Respiratory Infections Among 6-11-Month Old Infants in Rural Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the relationship between household food insecurity (HHFI) and symptoms of respiratory infections among infants in rural Ghana.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was cross-sectional. The outcome variables were symptoms of respiratory infections (cough and nasal discharge) in infants. HHFI was measured using a 15-item modified U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) household food security module. Households were classified as food insecure if they had an affirmative answer for at least 1 item. Associations were examined using multiple logistic regression analysis. Data were collected in 32 communities located in 3 rural subdistricts in the Upper Manya Krobo district of the Eastern region of Ghana. The sample included 367 infants aged 6-11 months who attended a community-based growth monitoring session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 20.5% of households reported experiencing food insecurity in the last month. Compared with infants in food secure households, infants living in food insecure households were about twice as likely to experience cough (adjusted odds ratio: 2.25, 95% confidence intervals: 1.25, 4.04) and nasal discharge (adjusted odds ratio: 1.87, 95% confidence intervals: 1.05, 3.36).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants living in food insecure households are at an increased risk of respiratory tract morbidity. Interventions that address HHFI might be important to improve infant health in rural Ghana.
authors.affiliation: From the *School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; and †Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Agartha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohemeng
authors.forename: Grace S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Marquis
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lartey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult