title: Streptozotocin-induced diabetes disrupts the body temperature daily rhythm in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mammals, the temperature rhythm is regulated by the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, and is considered a "marker rhythm". Melatonin, the pineal gland hormone, is a major regulator of the endogenous rhythms including body temperature. Its production is influenced by many factors, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. In rats, diabetes leads to hypothermia and reduced melatonin synthesis; insulin treatment reestablishes both.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the body temperature daily rhythm of diabetic animals and the effects of insulin and/or melatonin treatment on its structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (60 mg/kg) on the body temperature rhythm of Wistar rats and the possible modifications resulting from early and late treatments with insulin (6U/day) and/or melatonin (daily 0.5 mg/kg). We monitored the daily body temperature rhythm, its rhythmic parameters (MESOR, amplitude and acrophase), glycemia and body weight for 55 days. Data were classified by groups and expressed as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed followed by Bonferroni posttest. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes led to complete disruption of the temperature rhythm and hypothermia, which were accentuated over time. All early treatments (insulin or/and melatonin) prevented the temperature rhythm disruption and hypothermia. Insulin plus melatonin restored the body temperature rhythm whereas insulin alone resulted less efficient; melatonin alone did not restore any of the parameters studied; however, when supplemented close to diabetes onset, it maintained the temperature rhythmicity. All these corrective effects of the early treatments were dependent on the continuous maintenance of the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our findings show the disruption of the body temperature daily rhythm, a new consequence of insulin-dependent diabetes, as well as the beneficial effect of the complementary action of melatonin and insulin restoring the normal rhythmicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ramos-Lobo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniella C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Buonfiglio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cipolla-Neto
keywords: Daily rhythms; Insulin; Melatonin; Type 1 diabetes mellitus