title: The undiagnosed chronically-infected HCV population in France. Implications for expanded testing recommendations in 2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent HCV therapeutic advances make effective screening crucial for potential HCV eradication. To identify the target population for a possible population-based screening strategy to complement current risk-based testing in France, we aimed to estimate the number of adults with undiagnosed chronic HCV infection and age and gender distribution at two time points: 2004 and 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model taking into account mortality, HCV incidence and diagnosis rates was applied to the 2004 national seroprevalence survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2014, an estimated 74,102 individuals aged 18 to 80 were undiagnosed for chronic HCV infection (plausible interval: 64,920-83,283) compared with 100,868 [95%CI: 58,534-143,202] in 2004. Men aged 18-59 represented approximately half of the undiagnosed population in 2014. The proportion of undiagnosed individuals in 2004 (43%) varied from 21.9% to 74.1% in the 1945-1965 and 1924-1944 birth cohorts. Consequently, age and gender distributions between the chronically-infected (diagnosed and undiagnosed) and undiagnosed HCV populations were different, the 1945-1965 birth cohort representing 48.9% and 24.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many individuals were still undiagnosed in 2014 despite a marked reduction with respect to 2004. The present work contributed to the 2014 recommendation of a new French complementary screening strategy, consisting in one-time simultaneous HCV, HBV and HIV testing in men aged 18-60. Further studies are needed to assess the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of such a strategy. We also demonstrated that data on the undiagnosed HCV population are crucial to help adapt testing strategies, as the features of the chronically-infected HCV population are very distinct.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brouard
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Strat
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France; Cermes3 (Inserm U988/CNRS UMR8211/EHESS/Université Paris-Descartes), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauffret-Roustide
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lot
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pillonel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical