title: Habitual total water intake and dimensions of mood in healthy young women.
abstract: Acute negative and positive mood states have been linked with the development of undesirable and desirable health outcomes, respectively. Numerous factors acutely influence mood state, including exercise, caffeine ingestion, and macronutrient intake, but the influence of habitual total water intake remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to observe relationships between habitual water intake and mood. One hundred twenty healthy females (mean ± SD; age = 20 ± 2 y, BMI = 22.9 ± 3.5 kg⋅m(-2) ) recorded all food and fluids consumed for 5 consecutive days. Investigators utilized dietary analysis software to determine Total Water Intake (TWI; total water content in foods and fluids), caffeine, and macronutrient consumption (i.e. protein, carbohydrate, fat). On days 3 and 4, participants completed the Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire, which examined tension, depression, anger, vigor, and confusion, plus an aggregate measure of Total Mood Disturbance (TMD). For comparison of mood, data were separated into three even groups (n = 40 each) based on TWI: low (LOW; 1.51 ± 0.27 L/d), moderate (MOD; 2.25 ± 0.19 L/d), and high (HIGH; 3.13 ± 0.54 L/d). Regression analysis was performed to determine continuous relationships between measured variables. Group differences (p < 0.05) were observed for tension (MOD = 7.2 ± 5.4, HIGH = 4.4 ± 2.9), depression (LOW = 4.5 ± 5.9, HIGH = 1.7 ± 2.3), confusion (MOD = 5.9 ± 3.4, HIGH = 4.0 ± 2.1), and TMD (LOW=19.0 ± 21.8, HIGH=8.2 ± 14.2). After accounting for other mood influencers, TWI predicted TMD (r(2) = 0.104; p = 0.050). The above relationships suggest the amount of water a woman consumes is associated with mood state.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. Electronic address: colleen.d.munoz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Colleen X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Evan C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Hydration and Health Department, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guelinckx
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Hydration and Health Department, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graverholt
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Casa
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Department of Human Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Carl M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Maresh
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000786:Anger; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003863:Depression; D004032:Diet; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Beverage intake; Fluid intake; Hydration; Mood state; POMS; Thirst