title: Pattern of multiresistant to antimicrobials and heavy metal tolerance in bacteria isolated from sewage sludge samples from a composting process at a recycling plant in southern Brazil.
abstract: The composting process is a viable alternative for the recycling of household organic waste and sewage sludge generated during wastewater treatment. However, this technique can select microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials and heavy metals as a result of excess chemicals present in compost windrow. This study evaluates the antimicrobial multiresistant and tolerance to heavy metals in bacteria isolated from the composting process with sewage sludge. Fourteen antimicrobials were used in 344 strains for the resistance profile and four heavy metals (chromium, copper, zinc, and lead) for the minimum biocide concentration assay. The strains used were from the sewage sludge sample (beginning of the process) and the compost sample (end of the process). Strains with higher antimicrobial and heavy metal profile were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed a multiresistant profile in 48 % of the strains, with the highest percentage of strains resistant to nitrofurantoin (65 %) and β-lactams (58 %). The strains isolated from the sewage sludge and the end of the composting process were more tolerant to copper, with a lethal dose of approximately 900 mg L(-1) for about 50 % of the strains. The genera that showed the highest multiresistant profile and increased tolerance to the metals tested were Pseudomonas and Ochrobactrum. The results of this study may contribute to future research and the revision and regulation of legislation on sewage sludge reuse in soils.
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Microbiologia, Immunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Évilin Giordana
authors.initials: ÉG
authors.lastname: De Marco
authors.forename: Mariana Wanderlei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Sabrina Pinto
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Salamoni
authors.forename: Sueli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Der Sand
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D001419:Bacteria; D001938:Brazil; D003300:Copper; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D059027:Recycling; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012987:Soil; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc