title: Nerve growth factor in human semen: Effect of nerve growth factor on the normozoospermic men during cryopreservation process.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although routinely applied in assisted reproductive technology, human sperm cryopreservation is not a completely successful procedure. Adverse effects of cryopreservation on the fertilization capacity, motility, morphology, and viability of spermatozoa have been proven; cryopreservation has also shown a role in sperm DNA fragmentation and infertility. The post-thaw survival of spermatozoa improved after addition of supplementation of antioxidant molecules to freezing media. Nerve growth factor (NGF) as one of the prosurvival substances has gained great attention in recent years. The aim of this study was the usage of NGF as prosurvival factor after cryopreservation process of human semen samples to assess the motility and viability of sperm, nitric oxide (NO) concentration, and DNA fragmentation in normozoospermic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semen samples were collected from 25 normozoospermic men and were divided into fresh semen samples as control group, frozen-thawed semen samples without addition of exogenous NGF, and three groups of semen samples cryopreserved with addition of exogenous NGF (0.5, 1, and 5 ng/ml) in freezing medium. Viability was assessed by eosin-negrosin staining technique. Motility was evaluated with inverted microscope. NO concentration and apoptosis content were measured with flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that exogenous NGF at 0.5 ng/ml could significantly (P-value <0.05) influence viability, motility, nitric oxide, and DNA fragmentation content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous NGF as cryoprotectant improved sperm viability and motility, increased intracellular NO concentration, and decreased apoptosis content in normal human spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeednia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fardin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hosein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Asadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran ; Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naji
authors.affiliation: Department of Infertility, Shareati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fallahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nahid Ataie
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Nejad
keywords: Apoptosis; Cryopreservation; Human sperm; Nerve growth factor; Nitric oxide