title: Oral Articulatory Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to examine spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory control in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), children with speech delay characterized by an articulation/phonological impairment (SD), and controls with typical development (TD) during speech tasks that increased in word length.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 33 children (11 CAS, 11 SD, and 11 TD) between 3 and 7 years of age. A motion capture system was used to track jaw, lower lip, and upper lip movement during a naming task. Movement duration, velocity, displacement, and variability were measured from accurate word productions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Movement variability was significantly higher in the children with CAS compared with participants in the SD and TD groups. Differences in temporal control were seen between both groups of children with speech impairment and the controls with TD during accurate word productions. As word length increased, movement duration and variability differed between the children with CAS and those with SD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that movement variability distinguishes children with CAS from speakers with SD. Kinematic differences between the participants with CAS and those with SD suggest that these groups respond differently to linguistic challenges.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Grigos
authors.forename: Aviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000503:physiopathology; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009055:Mouth / Q000503:physiopathology; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013997:Time Factors