title: Even Worse - Risk Factors and Protective Factors for Transition from Chronic Localized Low Back Pain to Chronic Widespread Pain in General Practice: A Cohort Study.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) at primary care setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to identify predictors for transition from localized CLBP to chronic widespread pain in general practice. In contrast to the typically investigated risk factors, this study also focuses intensively on protective factors, which decrease the probability of chronic widespread pain. For this, we investigated the resources resilience and coping strategies, which are suspected as potential protective factors for incident chronic pain syndromes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In primary care, about a quarter of patients with CLBP experience chronic widespread pain (CWP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients experiencing localized CLBP were included and evaluated after a 6- and 12-month follow-up period regarding the development of CWP. Potential risk factors (sociodemographic data, pain characteristics, depression, anxiety, somatization), protective factors (resilience, coping strategies), and sample characteristics were assessed at baseline. Predictor identification was done by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 1-year incidence for the onset of CWP among patients with CLBP was 23.8%. We identified the 3 risk factors, female sex, long duration of back pain, and a high rate of psychosomatic symptoms, for the onset of CWP among patients with CLBP. Coping resources and resilience had no impact on the transition from CLBP to CWP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that CWP is no independent entity but rather a particularly negative occurrence on a continuum of chronic pain. Processes of somatization play a major role in the development of this extreme.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; †Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; ‡Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; and §Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viniol
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jegan
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauch
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors