title: The ameliorated longevity and pharmacokinetics of valsartan released from a gel system of ultradeformable vesicles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study traces the development and characterization of the gel formulation of valsartan-loaded ultradeformable vesicles for management of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prepared gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles was evaluated for in vitro skin permeation, release kinetics, skin irritation, pharmacokinetics, and stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro skin permeation study showed that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles presented a flux value of 368.74 μg/cm(2)/h, in comparison to that of the traditional liposomal gel formulation, with an enhancement ratio of 26.91, through rat skin. The data for release kinetics showed that the release profile followed zero-order kinetics, and that the drug release mechanism was non-Fickian. The results of the skin irritation study demonstrated that the prepared formulation was safe, less irritant, and well-tolerated for transdermal delivery. The results of the pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the AUC value of valsartan after transdermal administration was apparently increased. The formulation stored under a refrigerated condition showed greater stability, and results were found to be within the specification under storage conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is evident from this study that the gel formulation of ultradeformable vesicles of valsartan is a promising delivery system for lipophilic drugs, and has reasonably good stability characteristics.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahad
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aqil
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Kanchan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sultana
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , M. B. Road, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mujeeb
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068756:Valsartan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D000068756:Valsartan
keywords: pharmacokinetics; release kinetics; stability study; ultradeformable vesicles gel; valsartan