title: Serological evidence of influenza A viruses in frugivorous bats from Africa.
abstract: Bats are likely natural hosts for a range of zoonotic viruses such as Marburg, Ebola, Rabies, as well as for various Corona- and Paramyxoviruses. In 2009/10, researchers discovered RNA of two novel influenza virus subtypes--H17N10 and H18N11--in Central and South American fruit bats. The identification of bats as possible additional reservoir for influenza A viruses raises questions about the role of this mammalian taxon in influenza A virus ecology and possible public health relevance. As molecular testing can be limited by a short time window in which the virus is present, serological testing provides information about past infections and virus spread in populations after the virus has been cleared. This study aimed at screening available sera from 100 free-ranging, frugivorous bats (Eidolon helvum) sampled in 2009/10 in Ghana, for the presence of antibodies against the complete panel of influenza A haemagglutinin (HA) types ranging from H1 to H18 by means of a protein microarray platform. This technique enables simultaneous serological testing against multiple recombinant HA-types in 5 μl of serum. Preliminary results indicate serological evidence against avian influenza subtype H9 in about 30% of the animals screened, with low-level cross-reactivity to phylogenetically closely related subtypes H8 and H12. To our knowledge, this is the first report of serological evidence of influenza A viruses other than H17 and H18 in bats. As avian influenza subtype H9 is associated with human infections, the implications of our findings from a public health context remain to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Department of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gudrun Stephanie
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Freidl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Tabea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Binger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcel Alexander
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Department of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Bruin
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Department of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Victor Max
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Corman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasche
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.affiliation: Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Augustina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sylverken
authors.affiliation: Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Oppong
authors.affiliation: Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Yaw
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Adu-Sarkodie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tschapka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronika M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cottontail
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drosten
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Department of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koopmans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus