title: New generation Amberlite XAD resin for the removal of metal ions: A review.
abstract: The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially available Amberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: akilchem@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Akil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Thakurova-716629, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jamal Akhter
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Asaduddin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Laskar
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sitihamidah@cheme.utm.my.
authors.forename: Siti Hamidah
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mohd-Setapar
authors.affiliation: Centre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khatoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, PO Box 30002, Al Madinah Al Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rayees Ahmad
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shiekh
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011145:Polyvinyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C074337:Amberlite XAD-16; C012101:XAD-4 resin; C003771:Amberlite XAD-2 resin
keywords: Amberlite XAD; Chelating resin; Preconcentration; Sorption capacity; Toxic metals