title: The significance of cooking for early hominin scavenging.
abstract: Meat scavenged by early Homo could have contributed importantly to a higher-quality diet. However, it has been suggested that because carrion would normally have been contaminated by bacteria it would have been dangerous and therefore eaten rarely prior to the advent of cooking. In this study, we quantified bacterial loads on two tissues apparently eaten by hominins, meat and bone marrow. We tested the following three hypotheses: (1) the bacterial loads on exposed surfaces of raw meat increase within 24 h to potentially dangerous levels, (2) simple roasting of meat on hot coals kills most bacteria, and (3) fewer bacteria grow on marrow than on meat, making marrow a relatively safe food. Our results supported all three hypotheses. Our experimental data imply that early hominins would have found it difficult to scavenge safely without focusing on marrow, employing strategies of carrion selection to minimize pathogen load, or cooking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, 11 Divinity Ave., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: arsmith091@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alex R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: FAS Center for Systems Biology, 52 Oxford Street, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.affiliation: FAS Center for Systems Biology, 52 Oxford Street, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dutton
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, 11 Divinity Ave., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wrangham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000382:microbiology; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D005518:Food Preferences; D015186:Hominidae / Q000502:physiology*; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Bacteria; Chimpanzee; Diet; Hominin ecology; Marrow; Meat