title: Relationship between Hyperuricemia and Haar-Like Features on Tongue Images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate differences in tongue images of subjects with and without hyperuricemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based case-control study was performed in 2012-2013. We collected data from 46 case subjects with hyperuricemia and 46 control subjects, including results of biochemical examinations and tongue images. Symmetrical Haar-like features based on integral images were extracted from tongue images. T-tests were performed to determine the ability of extracted features to distinguish between the case and control groups. We first selected features using the common criterion P < 0.05, then conducted further examination of feature characteristics and feature selection using means and standard deviations of distributions in the case and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 115,683 features were selected using the criterion P < 0.05. The maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of these features was 0.877. The sensitivity of the feature with the maximum AUC value was 0.800 and specificity was 0.826 when the Youden index was maximized. Features that performed well were concentrated in the tongue root region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symmetrical Haar-like features enabled discrimination of subjects with and without hyperuricemia in our sample. The locations of these discriminative features were in agreement with the interpretation of tongue appearance in traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China ; Department of Common Required Courses, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Shizhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors.forename: Hongwu
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0449-715X
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wuqing Chinese Medicine Hospital, 10 Jichang Road, Wuqing District, Tianjin 301700, China.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Wuqing Chinese Medicine Hospital, 10 Jichang Road, Wuqing District, Tianjin 301700, China.
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Common Required Courses, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012372:ROC Curve; D014059:Tongue / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid