title: CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 serum levels increase with age but are not altered by treatment with hydroxychloroquine in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of morbidity and incapacity in the elderly. This study evaluates serum levels of the chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in 16 patients with primary OA of the knees, and investigates how treatment with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for 4 months affects these chemokine levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen elderly patients received a placebo. Healthy control groups consisted of 10 elderly individuals (age > 60 years) with no clinical or radiological evidence of OA (CT-O), and 10 young adult individuals, (CT-Y group, age < 40 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CT-Y group presented lower levels of all chemokines studied, in comparison to the other groups. HCQ treatment did not alter the serum levels of CCL2 (P = 0.80), CXCL8 (P = 0.76), CXCL9 (P = 0.95) and CXCL10 (P = 0.74) in OA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxychloroquine treatment did not alter the serum levels of CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9 or CXCL10 in patients with OA of the knees, although increased serum levels correlated with aging for all subjects, including controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Herval de Lacerda
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bonfante
authors.affiliation: Department Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline de Souza
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abramo
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrine Teixeira Ferraz
authors.initials: STF
authors.lastname: Grunewald
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roger Abramino
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Couto
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood*; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; D016209:Interleukin-8; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine
keywords: aging; arthritis; chemokines; hydroxychloroquine; pain