title: Assessment of early cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndromes and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Objective. The aim of our study was to investigate the frequency and pattern of cognitive impairment in patients with clinically isolated syndromes and definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis within the last 2 years. Methods. We assessed the cognitive status of 46 patients aged 18-49 years with clinically isolated syndromes or definite diagnosis of multiple sclerosis who have onset of their symptoms within the last 2 years. Patients were matched with 40 healthy participants for age, sex, and educational level. Neuropsychological assessment was performed by stroop test, paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), controlled oral word association test (COWAT), clock drawing test, trail making test (TMT), faces symbol test (FST). Hamilton Depression Scale and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale were used to quantify the severity of any depression and fatigue the subjects might suffer. Results. 19.6% of early MS/CIS group failed at 4 and more tests and had significant cognitive impairment focused on attention, executive functions, memory, and learning. No significant relationship was found between cognitive impairment and disability and fatigue scores. Discussion. Cognitive impairment can be present from the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis. It should be considered among the main manifestations of MS even in the earliest stages of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Leyla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baysal Kıraç
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgül
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Ekmekçi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yüceyar
authors.affiliation: Neurology Department, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sağduyu Kocaman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult