title: Can application of universal primers alone be a substitute for airborne-particle abrasion to improve adhesion of resin cement to zirconia?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether universal primers alone can deliver similar levels of adhesion of resin cement to zirconia ceramic when compared to their application in conjunction with airborne-particle abrasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sintered zirconia blocks (N = 160) (Lava, 3M ESPE), (5.25 × 5.25 × 3 mm3) were embedded in acrylic resin, polished, and randomly distributed into 16 groups (n = 10 per group), according to the factors "universal primer" (8 levels) and "air-particle abrasion" (2 levels): 1. ctr: control, without application of a universal primer; 2. AP: Alloy Primer; 3. MP: Monobond Plus; 4. MZP: Metal Zirconia Primer; 5. MZ: MZ Primer; 6. Sg: Signum Zirconia Bond; 7. SbU: Singlebond Universal; 8. ZP: Z Prime Plus. The universal primers were also used after air abrasion (A) of zirconia to form the following 8 groups: Ctr-A, AP-A, MP-A, MZP-A, MZ-A, Sg-A, SbU-A, and ZP-A. After ultrasonic cleaning, air abrasion was performed using Al2O3 particles (110 μm, 2.5 bar, 20 s at 10 mm) in a chairside air-abrasion device. After ultrasonic cleaning again, universal primers were applied according to each manufacturer's recommendation. The resin cement (RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE) was built up incrementally and photopolymerized on the zirconia surface using a silicone mold (Ø = 3.5, height = 3 mm). All specimens were stored in distilled water (60 days at 37°C) and then subjected to shear bond strength testing (SBS) in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). On a separate set of zirconia specimens, contact angle measurements were made using the sessile drop technique with a goniometer after the application of universal primers on control and air-abraded zirconia surfaces. Data (MPa) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Student's t-test (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When universal primers were used alone, SbU presented significantly higher mean SBS (19.5 ± 5.8) that did the other primers (0 to 9.9 ± 6.6) (p = 0.001). When air abraded, the groups AP-A (14.1 ± 6.1), MP-A (15.9 ± 5.4), ZP-A (16.9 ± 7.3), SG-A (19.1 ± 2.1), SbU-A (12 ± 1.5) showed significant differences (p = 0.03). Adhesive performance of all universal primers was enhanced after air abrasion, with the exception of the SbU and MZ primers. After air abrasion, contact angle measurements were lower for the each primer (without air abrasion: 28.9 to 83.9; with air abrasion: 27.1 to 63.0), except for MZP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Air abrasion with 110 μm Al2O3 followed by universal primer application increased the bond strength of tested resin cement to zirconia, with the exception of SbU and MZ.
authors.forename: Laudenice de Lucena
authors.initials: Lde L
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Amanda Maria de Oliveira
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dal Piva
authors.forename: Laísa Daniel
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.forename: Rodrigo Othávio de Assunção
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Mutlu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özcan
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D058105:Polymerization; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013871:Thiones / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C521707:Alloy Primer; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; C076808:Monobond S; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C462240:RelyX ARC; D019279:Resin Cements; D013871:Thiones; C115612:single bond; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; D014867:Water; C100646:Metal Primer; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D015019:Yttrium; D015040:Zirconium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; C028541:zirconium oxide