title: Age- and sex-specific differences in blood-borne microvesicles from apparently healthy humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex differences in incidence of cardiovascular disease may reflect age-associated intravascular cellular activation resulting in shedding of cell membrane-derived bioactive microvesicles (MV or microparticles) into the blood. Concentrations of cell-specific MV in blood have the potential to be a diagnostic/prognostic marker of pathology, but ranges of MV must first be established in healthy individuals. This study identified cellular origin of blood-borne MV >0.2 μm in blood of apparently healthy women and men aged from 20-70 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood from apparently healthy participants in the Mayo Clinic Biobank was collected into tubes containing protease inhibitors as the anticoagulant. MV were isolated by standardized differential centrifugation and characterized by digital flow cytometer. Each cellular origin of MV was verified by two different antibodies with strong correlation between the two distinct antibodies (e.g., for platelet-derived MV, r (2) = 0.97).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MV derived from platelets were the most abundant type of MV in blood from women and men in all age groups. Total numbers of phosphatidylserine, P-selectin, and platelet- and endothelium-derived MV were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in women than men. Numbers of MV from erythrocytes and stem/progenitor cells were significantly lower in premenopausal women than age-matched men. Number of tissue factor pathway inhibitor positive MV were significantly (P < 0.05) lower whereas erythrocyte-derived MV were significantly higher in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. In women, there was a positive relationship between age and erythrocyte-derived MV (ρ = 0.28; P = 0.009), while in men adipocyte-derived MV increased with age (ρ = 0.33; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides ranges for cellular origin of blood-borne MV in age-matched, apparently healthy women and men from which to compare diagnostic and prognostic uses of blood-borne MV in larger studies and patient population. In addition, sex- and age-specific differences in phosphatidylserine, platelet-, endothelium-, erythrocyte-, and adipocyte-derived blood-borne MV may contribute to differential progression of cardiovascular disease in women compared to men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
authors.forename: Callie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ; Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ; Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
authors.forename: Muthuvel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jayachandran
keywords: Anticoagulant vesicles; Extracellular vesicles; Flow cytometry; Microparticles; Procoagulant vesicles; Sex differences