title: Bilingual term alignment from comparable corpora in English discharge summary and Chinese discharge summary.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electronic medical record (EMR) systems have become widely used throughout the world to improve the quality of healthcare and the efficiency of hospital services. A bilingual medical lexicon of Chinese and English is needed to meet the demand for the multi-lingual and multi-national treatment. We make efforts to extract a bilingual lexicon from English and Chinese discharge summaries with a small seed lexicon. The lexical terms can be classified into two categories: single-word terms (SWTs) and multi-word terms (MWTs). For SWTs, we use a label propagation (LP; context-based) method to extract candidates of translation pairs. For MWTs, which are pervasive in the medical domain, we propose a term alignment method, which firstly obtains translation candidates for each component word of a Chinese MWT, and then generates their combinations, from which the system selects a set of plausible translation candidates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compare our LP method with a baseline method based on simple context-similarity. The LP based method outperforms the baseline with the accuracies: 4.44% Acc1, 24.44% Acc10, and 62.22% Acc100, where AccN means the top N accuracy. The accuracy of the LP method drops to 5.41% Acc10 and 8.11% Acc20 for MWTs. Our experiments show that the method based on term alignment improves the performance for MWTs to 16.22% Acc10 and 27.03% Acc20.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We constructed a framework for building an English-Chinese term dictionary from discharge summaries in the two languages. Our experiments have shown that the LP-based method augmented with the term alignment method will contribute to reduction of manual work required to compile a bilingual sydictionary of clinical terms.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China. xuyan04@gmail.com.|Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China. xuyan04@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China. arcduke7@163.com.
authors.forename: Luoxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China. weijunsheng90@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Junsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: The National Centre for Text Mining, School of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. sophia.ananiadou@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ananiadou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China. yubofan@buaa.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Jinhua People's Hospital, Jinhua, China. qianyicosta@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China. eric.chang@microsoft.com.
authors.forename: Eric I-Chao
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China. jtsujii@microsoft.com.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsujii
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D008490:Medical Informatics; D019303:Multilingualism; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000592:standards*; D012984:Software; D014175:Translating