title: Low arterial blood oxygenation is associated with calcification of the coronary arteries in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cigarette smoking is a well-known major cause of both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerosis. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between COPD and coronary atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 54 patients with stable COPD (51 men, 3 women) but without angina symptoms. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed, pulmonary function was assessed, and calcification of the coronary arteries was evaluated by computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcification of the coronary arteries was noted in 25 patients. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, respiratory function, and levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, glucose, or C-reactive protein between patients with or without calcification of the coronary arteries. Arterial blood oxygenation was significantly lower in patients with calcification of the coronary arteries. On both univariate and multivariate analyses, low arterial blood oxygenation was an independent risk factor for calcification of the coronary arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with COPD, low arterial blood oxygenation was strongly associated with calcification of the coronary arteries and may be a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: sinoue@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Sumito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: shibata@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: laugh.the.best.medicine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: hhasegawa-ygt@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiromasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: nitobe@shinoda-hp.or.jp.
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nitobe
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: iwayama@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tadateru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwayama
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: y-yashiro@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yashiro
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: n.takako@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: k-sato@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kento
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: henyohiro@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: m-satoh@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: n.keikoi@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nunomiya
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: y-aida@saiseikan.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aida
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: kyamauchi@rose.plala.or.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: akigaras@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: sabe@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Yamagata University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan. Electronic address: ikubota@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Calcification; Cardiac multi-detector computed tomography; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Coronary artery; Low arterial blood oxygenation