title: Absence of an association between socioeconomic indicators and traumatic dental injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and search for scientific evidence on the association between socioeconomic indicators and traumatic dental injury (TDI) in the primary dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed, ISI, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for articles addressing possible associations between socioeconomic indicators and TDI in the primary teeth in journals dating from the inception of the databases through to December 2013. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and analyzed the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis was undertaken. Pooled estimates were calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and odds ratios (OR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen articles were included in the systematic review. Children from families with household income less than two times average salary (U$ 592) (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66-0.90) or more than three times the average salary (U$ 888) (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.65-0.89) had a significantly lower chance of having TDI in the primary dentition. TDI was not associated with socioeconomic status (high vs low - OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.43-1.36; high vs medium - OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.72-1.48; medium vs low - OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.42-1.19), house ownership (owned vs rented - OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.98-1.66), mother's schooling (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.74-1.08), or father's schooling (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.62-2.74).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scientific evidence demonstrates that socioeconomic indicators are not associated with TDI in the primary dentition. The evidence of an association between a low income and TDI is weak. In general, studies had low risk of bias. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corrêa-Faria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bönecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saul M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Letícia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ramos-Jorge
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Pordeus
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous
keywords: socioeconomic factors; systematic review; tooth deciduous; tooth injuries