title: Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on sepsis induced mortality and NF-κB signaling in cultured macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles could be used for the treatment of severe sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cecal peritonitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence and absence of CeO2 nanoparticles. Cultured macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were challenged with lipopolysaccharide in the absence and presence of CeO2 nanoparticles. The effect of nanoparticles on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was determined in culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanoparticle treatment decreased sepsis-induced mortality, organ damage, serum IL-6, blood urea nitrogen and inflammatory markers. Nanoparticle treatment diminished lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release and p65-nuclear factor-KB (NF-KB) activation in cultured RAW264.7 cells. Exposure to CeO2 nanoparticles inhibited E. coli growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicate that CeO2 nanoparticles may be useful for the treatment of sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Diagnostic Nanosystems, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Vellaisamy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.forename: Nandini Dpk
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Manne
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arvapalli
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nandyala
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fankenhanel
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Blough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002460:Cell Line; D002563:Cerium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide
keywords: NF-κB; ROS; cerium oxide nanoparticles; inflammatory cytokines; reactive oxygen species; sepsis