title: Subcortical anatomy as an anatomical and functional landmark in insulo-opercular gliomas: implications for surgical approach to the insular region.
abstract: Little attention has been given to the functional challenges of the insular approach to the resection of gliomas, despite the potential damage of essential neural networks that underlie the insula. The object of this study is to analyze the subcortical anatomy of the insular region when infiltrated by gliomas, and compare it with the normal anatomy in nontumoral hemispheres.
  
  
  
  Ten postmortem human hemispheres were dissected, with isolation of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) and the uncinate fasciculus. Probabilistic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography was used to analyze the subcortical anatomy of the insular region in 10 healthy volunteers and in 22 patients with insular Grade II and Grade III gliomas. The subcortical anatomy of the insular region in these 22 insular gliomas was compared with the normal anatomy in 20 nontumoral hemispheres.
  
  
  
  In tumoral hemispheres, the distances between the peri-insular sulci and the lateral surface of the IFOF and uncinate fasciculus were enlarged (p < 0.05). Also in tumoral hemispheres, the IFOF was identified in 10 (90.9%) of 11 patients with an extent of resection less than 80%, and in 4 (36.4%) of 11 patients with an extent of resection equal to or greater than 80% (multivariate analysis: p = 0.03).
  
  
  
  Insular gliomas grow in the space between the lateral surface of the IFOF and uncinate fasciculus and the insular surface, displacing and compressing the tracts medially. Moreover, these tracts may be completely infiltrated by the tumor, with a total disruption of the bundles. In the current study, the identification of the IFOF with DTI tractography was significantly associated with the extent of tumor resection. If the IFOF is not identified preoperatively, there is a high probability of achieving a resection greater than 80%.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery and.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery and.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mato
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla and Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL);
authors.forename: Enrique Marco
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Cantabria University, Santander; and.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: García-Porrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabarrós
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Coello
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurological Surgery and.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Barquero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; DTI tractography; FLAIR = fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; IES = intraoperative electrical stimulation; IFOF = inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; ROI = region of interest; anatomy; fiber dissection; glioma; inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; insula; uncinate fasciculus