title: The effect of mustard gas on salivary trace metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Mo, Sr, Cd, Ca, Pb, Rb).
abstract: We have determined and compared trace metals concentration in saliva taken from chemical warfare injures who were under the exposure of mustard gas and healthy subjects by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for the first time. The influence of preliminary operations on the accuracy of ICP-OES analysis, blood contamination, the number of restored teeth in the mouth, salivary flow rate, and daily variations in trace metals concentration in saliva were also considered. Unstimulated saliva was collected at 10:00-11:00 a.m. from 45 subjects in three equal groups. The first group was composed of 15 healthy subjects (group 1); the second group consisted of 15 subjects who, upon chemical warfare injuries, did not use Salbutamol spray, which they would have normally used on a regular basis (group 2); and the third group contained the same number of patients as the second group, but they had taken their regular medicine (Salbutamol spray; group 3). Our results showed that the concentration of Cu in saliva was significantly increased in the chemical warfare injures compared to healthy subjects, as follows: healthy subjects 15.3± 5.45 (p.p.b.), patients (group 2) 45.77±13.65, and patients (Salbutamol spray; group 3) 29 ±8.51 (P <0.02). In contrast, zinc was significantly decreased in the patients, as follows: healthy subjects 37 ± 9.03 (p.p.b.), patients (group 2) 12.2 ± 3.56, and patients (Salbutamol spray; group 3) 20.6 ±10.01 (P < 0.01). It is important to note that direct dilution of saliva samples with ultrapure nitric acid showed the optimum ICP-OES outputs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School Faculty, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamani Pozveh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Lorestan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seif
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Parichehr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghalayani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Lorestan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School Faculty, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mottaghi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002618:Chemical Warfare; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D058993:Oral Sprays; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D058993:Oral Sprays; D014131:Trace Elements; D000420:Albuterol; D009151:Mustard Gas