title: Advanced Noncontrast MR Imaging in Musculoskeletal Radiology.
abstract: Multiple nonmorphologic magnetic resonance sequences are available in musculoskeletal imaging that can provide additional information to better characterize and diagnose musculoskeletal disorders and diseases. These sequences include blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD), arterial spin labeling (ASL), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). BOLD and ASL provide different methods to evaluate skeletal muscle microperfusion. The BOLD signal reflects the ratio between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. ASL uses selective tagging of inflowing blood spins in a specific region for calculating local perfusion. DWI and DTI provide information about the structural integrity of soft tissue including muscles and fibers as well as pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Electronic address: sasan.partovi@uhhospitals.org.
authors.forename: Sasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Partovi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital University Hospitals Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: von Tengg-Kobligk
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhojwani
authors.affiliation: MRI Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6565 Fannin ST944, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karmonik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital University Hospitals Bern, Freiburgstrasse 4, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Robbin
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Arterial spin labeling; Blood-oxygen-level-dependent MR imaging; Diffusion-tensor imaging; Diffusion-weighted imaging; Peripheral arterial occlusive disease; Skeletal muscle; Soft-tissue and bone tumors