title: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Whitlockite Biocompatibility: Comparative Study with Hydroxyapatite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate.
abstract: Biomimicking ceramics have been developed to induce efficient recovery of damaged hard tissues. Among them, calcium phosphate-based bioceramics have been the most widely used because of their similar composition with human hard tissue and excellent biocompatibilities. However, the incomplete understanding of entire inorganic phases in natural bone has limited the recreation of complete bone compositions. In this work, broad biomedical evaluation of whitlockite (WH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12), which is the secondary inorganic phase in bone, is conducted to better understand human hard tissue and to seek potential application as a biomaterial. Based on the recently developed gram-scale method for synthesizing WH nanoparticles, the properties of WH as a material for cellular scaffolding and bone implants are assessed and compared to those of hydroxyapatite (HAP: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP: β-Ca3(PO4)2). WH-reinforced composite scaffolds facilitate bone-specific differentiation compared to HAP-reinforced composite scaffolds. Additionally, WH implants induce similar or better bone regeneration in calvarial defects in a rat model compared to HAP and β-TCP implants, with intermediate resorbability. New findings of the properties of WH that distinguish it from HAP and β-TCP are significant in understanding human hard tissue, mimicking bone tissue at the nanoscale and designing functional bioceramics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National, University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, China.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Guang Bin
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jungha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National, University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Ri
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Keunho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Heung Nam
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Choon-Ki
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National, University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyup
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Nam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; D014867:Water; C021767:whitlockite; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: bioceramics; bone implants; hydroxyapatite; whitlockite; β-tricalcium phosphate