title: Change in Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Weight Gain: Dallas Heart Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite a proposed connection between neighborhood environment and obesity, few longitudinal studies have examined the relationship between change in neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, as defined by moving between neighborhoods, and change in body weight. The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationship between moving to more socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods and weight gain as a cardiovascular risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight (kilograms) was measured in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS), a multiethnic cohort aged 18-65 years, at baseline (2000-2002) and 7-year follow-up (2007-2009, N=1,835). Data were analyzed in 2013-2014. Geocoded addresses were linked to Dallas County, TX, census block groups. A block group-level neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) was created. Multilevel difference-in-difference models with random effects and a Heckman correction factor (HCF) determined weight change relative to NDI change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine percent of the DHS population moved (263 to higher NDI, 586 to lower NDI, 47 within same NDI), with blacks more likely to move than whites or Hispanics (p<0.01), but similar baseline BMI and waist circumference were observed in movers versus non-movers (p>0.05). Adjusting for HCF, sex, race, and time-varying covariates, those who moved to areas of higher NDI gained more weight compared to those remaining in the same or moving to a lower NDI (0.64 kg per 1-unit NDI increase, 95% CI=0.09, 1.19). Impact of NDI change on weight gain increased with time (p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moving to more-socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods was associated with weight gain among DHS participants.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung. Electronic address: powelltm2@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Tiffany M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Powell-Wiley
authors.affiliation: Blood Institute; Clinical Center, Office of Clinical Research Training and Medical Education, NIH, Bethesda.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper-McCann
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
authors.forename: Colby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berrigan
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClurkin
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
authors.forename: Sandeep R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Independent Consultant, St. Louis.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hoehner
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Dallas, Irving, Texas.
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013781:Texas; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult