title: Short-latency crossed responses in the human biceps femoris muscle.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first to show short-latency crossed-spinal reflexes in the human upper leg muscles following mechanical rotations to the ipsilateral knee (iKnee) joint. The short-latency reflex in the contralateral biceps femoris (cBF) was inhibitory following iKnee extension perturbations, and facilitatory following iKnee flexion perturbations. The onset latency was 44 ms, indicating that purely spinal pathways mediate the cBF reflexes. The short-latency cBF inhibitory and facilitatory reflexes followed the automatic gain control principle, becoming larger as the level of background contraction in the cBF increased. The short-latency cBF reflexes were observed at the motor unit level using i.m. electromyography recordings, and the same population of cBF motor units that was inhibited following iKnee extensions was facilitated following iKnee flexions. Parallel interneuronal pathways from ipsilateral afferents to common motoneurons in the contralateral leg can therefore probably explain the perturbation direction-dependent reversal in the sign of the short-latency cBF reflex.
  Interlimb reflexes contribute to the central neural co-ordination between different limbs in both humans and animals. Although commissural interneurons have only been directly identified in animals, spinally-mediated interlimb reflexes have been discovered in a number of human lower limb muscles, indicating their existence in humans. The present study aimed to investigate whether short-latency crossed-spinal reflexes are present in the contralateral biceps femoris (cBF) muscle following ipsilateral knee (iKnee) joint rotations during a sitting task, where participants maintained a slight pre-contraction in the cBF. Following iKnee extension joint rotations, an inhibitory reflex was observed in the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the cBF, whereas a facilitatory reflex was observed in the cBF following iKnee flexion joint rotations. The onset latency of both cBF reflexes was 44 ms, which is too fast for a transcortical pathway to contribute. The cBF inhibitory and facilitatory reflexes followed the automatic gain control principle, with the size of the response increasing as the level of background pre-contraction in the cBF muscle increased. In addition to the surface EMG, both short-latency inhibitory and facilitatory cBF reflexes were recorded directly at the motor unit level by i.m. EMG, and the same population of cBF motor units that were inhibited following iKnee extension joint rotations were facilitated following iKnee flexion joint rotations. Therefore, parallel interneuronal pathways (probably involving commissural interneurons) from ipsilateral afferents to common motoneurons in the contralateral leg can probably explain the perturbation direction-dependent reversal in the sign of the short-latency cBF reflex.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andrew J T
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ernest N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Kamavuako
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Svend S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Geertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mrachacz-Kersting
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult