title: Towards a functional atlas of human white matter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and postmortem dissections improved the knowledge of white matter (WM) anatomy, functional information is lacking. Our aims are: to provide a subcortical atlas of human brain functions; to elucidate the functional roles of different bundles; to provide a probabilistic resection map of WM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 130 patients who underwent awake surgery for gliomas (82 left; 48 right) with electrostimulation mapping at cortical and subcortical levels. Different aspects of language, sensori-motor, spatial cognition, and visual functions were monitored. 339 regions of interest (ROIs) including the functional response errors collected during stimulation were co-registered in the MNI space, as well as the resections' areas and residual tumors. Functional response errors and resection areas were matched with DTI and cortical atlases. Subcortical maps for each function and a probability map of resection were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The medial part of dorsal stream (arcuate fasciculus) subserves phonological processing; its lateral part [indirect anterior portion of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF)] subserves speech planning. The ventral stream subserves language semantics and matches with the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle. Reading deficits match with the inferior longitudinal fascicle. Anomias match with the indirect posterior portion of the SLF. Frontal WM underpins motor planning and execution. Right parietal WM subserves spatial cognition. Sensori-motor and visual fibers were the most preserved bundles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report the first anatomo-functional atlas of WM connectivity in humans by correlating cognitive data, electrostimulation, and DTI. We provide a valuable tool for cognitive neurosciences and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, "S. Chiara" Hospital, Trento, Italy.|Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurological, Psychiatric and Psychological Sciences, "S. Anna" University-Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarubbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neurosurgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Benedictis
authors.affiliation: Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mandonnet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Ph.D. School in Surgery and Surgical Biotechnologies, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurological, Psychiatric and Psychological Sciences, "S. Anna" University-Hospital, Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Granieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France.|Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors," INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duffau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001271:Atlases as Topic; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D066127:White Matter / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: direct electrical stimulation; functional connectivity; subcortical atlas; white matter pathways