title: Increases in hepatitis C virus infection related to injection drug use among persons aged ≤30 years - Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, 2006-2012.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States, with approximately three million persons living with current infection. Percutaneous exposure to contaminated blood is the most efficient mode of transmission, and in the United States, injection drug use (IDU) is the primary risk factor for infection. State surveillance reports from the period 2006-2012 reveal a nationwide increase in reported cases of acute HCV infection, with the largest increases occurring east of the Mississippi River, particularly among states in central Appalachia. Demographic and behavioral data accompanying these reports show young persons (aged ≤30 years) from nonurban areas contributed to the majority of cases, with about 73% citing IDU as a principal risk factor. To better understand the increase in acute cases of HCV infection and its correlation to IDU, CDC examined surveillance data for acute case reports in conjunction with analyzing drug treatment admissions data from the Treatment Episode Data Set-Admissions (TEDS-A) among persons aged ≤30 years in four states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia) for the period 2006-2012. During this period, significant increases in cases of acute HCV infection were found among persons in both urban and nonurban areas, with a substantially higher incidence observed each year among persons residing in nonurban areas. During the same period, the proportion of treatment admissions for opioid dependency increased 21.1% in the four states, with a significant increase in the proportion of persons admitted who identified injecting as their main route of drug administration (an increase of 12.6%). Taken together, these increases indicate a geographic intersection among opioid abuse, drug injecting, and HCV infection in central Appalachia and underscore the need for integrated health services in substance abuse treatment settings to prevent HCV infection and ensure that those who are infected receive medical care.
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Zibbell
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Rajiv C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suryaprasad
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore-Moravian
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrecchia
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007629:Kentucky / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014903:West Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult