title: N-acetyl cysteine and mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus supplementation decreased parasitaemia and pulmonary oxidative stress in a mice model of malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria infection can cause high oxidative stress, which could lead to the development of severe forms of malaria, such as pulmonary malaria. In recent years, the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of the disease has been discussed, as well as the potential benefit of antioxidants supplementation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or mushroom Agaricus sylvaticus supplementation on the pulmonary oxidative changes in an experimental model of malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss male mice were infected with P. berghei and treated with NAC or AS. Samples of lung tissue and whole blood were collected after one, three, five, seven or ten days of infection for the assessment of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), nitrites and nitrates (NN) and to assess the degree of parasitaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although parasitaemia increased progressively with the evolution of the disease in all infected groups, there was a significant decrease from the seventh to the tenth day of infection in both antioxidant-supplemented groups. Results showed significant higher levels of TEAC in both supplemented groups, the highest occurring in the group supplemented with A. sylvaticus. In parallel, TBARS showed similar levels among all groups, while levels of NN were higher in animals supplemented with NAC in relation to the positive control groups and A. sylvaticus, whose levels were similar to the negative control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress arising from plasmodial infection was attenuated by supplementation of both antioxidants, but A. sylvaticus proved to be more effective and has the potential to become an important tool in the adjuvant therapy of malaria.
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. bhrunoquadros@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Bruno A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Quadros Gomes
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. luciodemetrio@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Lucio F D
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. rafaelquadros13@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Quadros Gomes
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. alydan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Danilo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. fani@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Maria Fani
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dolabela
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. rogeriosst@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rogério S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G49, Atlanta, GA, USA. mdg4@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. elicar28@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Eliete P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil. spercario49@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Percário
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000364:Agaricus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D008288:Malaria / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000111:Acetylcysteine