title: Early Detection of Infection in Pigs through an Online Monitoring System.
abstract: Late detection of emergency diseases causes significant economic losses for pig producers and governments. As the first signs of animal infection are usually fever and reduced motion that lead to reduced consumption of water and feed, we developed a novel smart system to monitor body temperature and motion in real time, facilitating the early detection of infectious diseases. In this study, carried out within the framework of the European Union research project Rapidia Field, we tested the smart system on 10 pigs experimentally infected with two doses of an attenuated strain of African swine fever. Biosensors and an accelerometer embedded in an eartag captured data before and after infection, and video cameras were used to monitor the animals 24 h per day. The results showed that in 8 of 9 cases, the monitoring system detected infection onset as an increase in body temperature and decrease in movement before or simultaneously with fever detection based on rectal temperature measurement, observation of clinical signs, the decrease in water consumption or positive qPCR detection of virus. In addition, this decrease in movement was reliably detected using automatic analysis of video images therefore providing an inexpensive alternative to direct motion measurement. The system can be set up to alert staff when high fever, reduced motion or both are detected in one or more animals. This system may be useful for monitoring sentinel herds in real time, considerably reducing the financial and logistical costs of periodic sampling and increasing the chances of early detection of infection.
authors.affiliation: Visavet Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-3829
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Avilés
authors.affiliation: Visavet Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández-Carrión
authors.affiliation: Visavet Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: López García-Baones
authors.affiliation: Visavet Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Vizcaíno
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000379:methods*; D000357:African Swine Fever / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000358:African Swine Fever Virus / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000821:virology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: African swine fever; early detection; fever; motion; sensor; sentinel farms; surveillance