title: Psychosocial risk factors for excessive gestational weight gain: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive weight gain during pregnancy can have adverse health outcomes for mother and infant throughout pregnancy. However, few studies have identified the psychosocial factors that contribute to women gaining excessive weight during pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the existing literature that explores the impact of psychosocial risk factors (psychological distress, body image dissatisfaction, social support, self-efficacy and self-esteem) on excessive gestational weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of peer-reviewed English articles using Academic Search Complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, Informit, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted. Quantitative studies that investigated psychosocial factors of excessive GWG, published between 2000 and 2014 were included. Studies investigating mothers with a low risk of mental health issues and normally-developing foetuses were eligible for inclusion. From the total of 474 articles located, 12 articles were identified as relevant and were subsequently reviewed in full.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were found between depression, body image dissatisfaction, and social support with excessive gestational weight gain. No significant relationships were reported between anxiety, stress, self-efficacy, or self-esteem and excessive gestational weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between psychosocial factors and weight gain in pregnancy is complex; however depression, body dissatisfaction and social support appear to have a direct relationship with excessive gestational weight gain. Further research is needed to identify how screening for, and responding to, psychosocial risk factors for excessive gestational weight gain can be successfully incorporated into current antenatal care.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. Electronic address: skye.mcphie@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Skye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McPhie
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skouteris
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Briony
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Body Mass Index (BMI); Obesity; Pregnancy; Psychosocial factors; Weight gain