title: Physicochemical properties of calcium silicate cements associated with microparticulate and nanoparticulate radiopacifiers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of calcium silicate cements with different chemical compositions, associated with radiopacifying agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, calcium silicate cement with additives (CSC), and resinous calcium silicate cement (CSCR) were evaluated, with the addition of the following radiopacifiers: microparticles (micro) or nanoparticles (nano) of zirconium oxide (ZrO(2)), niobium oxide (Nb(2)O(5)), bismuth oxide (Bi(2)O(3)), or calcium tungstate (CaWO(4)). Setting time was evaluated using Gilmore needles. Solubility was determined after immersion in water. The pH and calcium ion release were analyzed after 3, 12, and 24 h and 7, 14, and 21 days. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, at a level of significance of 5 %.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSC + CaWO(4) and CSCR + ZrO(2) micro, Nb(2)O(5) and CaWO(4) presented results similar to MTA, with a shorter final setting time than the other associations. CSC and CSCR+ ZrO(2) micro presented a higher degree of flow. All the cements evaluated presented low solubility. The materials presented alkaline pH and released calcium ions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ZrO(2) micro radiopacifier may be considered a potential substitute for Bi(2)O(3) when associated with CSC or CSCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed materials, especially when associated with ZrO(2), are potential materials for use as alternatives to MTA.
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bosso-Martelo
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guerreiro-Tanomaru
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raqueli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viapiana
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Luiz C
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Berbert
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio Hungaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil. tanomaru@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanomaru-Filho
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009556:Niobium / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D017973:Tungsten Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D017640:Silicates; D017973:Tungsten Compounds; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D009556:Niobium; C018858:calcium tungstate; C033301:bismuth oxide; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide; C031293:calcium silicate; D001729:Bismuth
keywords: Calcium silicate cement; Portland cement; Radiopacifying agents; Radiopacity; Setting time