title: Relationship of Various Open Quotients With Acoustic Property, Phonation Types, Fundamental Frequency, and Intensity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study, we examined the relationship between various open quotients (Oqs) and phonation types, fundamental frequency (F0), and intensity by multivariate linear regression analysis (MVA) to determine which Oq best reflects vocal fold vibratory characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using high-speed digital imaging (HSDI), a sustained vowel /e/ at different phonation types, F0s, and intensities was recorded from six vocally healthy male volunteers: the types of phonation included modal, falsetto, modal breathy, and modal pressed phonations; and each phonation was performed at different F0s and intensities. Electroglottography (EGG) and sound signals were simultaneously recorded with HSDI. From the obtained data, 10 conventional Oqs (four Oqs from the glottal area function, four kymographic Oqs, and two EGG-derived Oqs) and two newly introduced Oqs (Oq(edge)+ and Oq(edge)) were evaluated. And, relationships between various Oqs and phonation types, F0, and intensity were evaluated by MVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the various Oqs, Oq(edge)+ and Oq(edge) revealed the strongest correlations with an acoustic property and could best describe changes in phonation types: Oq(edge) was found to be better than Oq(edge)¯. Oq(MLK), the average of five Oqs from five-line multiline kymography was a very good alternative to Oq(edge)¯. EGG-derived Oqs were able to differentiate between modal phonation and falsetto phonation, but it was necessary to consider the change of F0 simultaneously. MVA showed the changes in Oq values between modal and other phonation types, the degree of involvement of intensity, and no relationship between F0 and Oqs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Oqs evaluated in this study, Oq(edge)+ and Oq(edge) were considered to best reflect the vocal fold vibratory characteristics.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. Electronic address: yokonishi-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hisayuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokonishi
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imagawa
authors.affiliation: The Department of Communication Disorders, The Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nito
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamasoba
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology and Tracheo-Esophagology, The National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Niro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayama
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004568:Electrodiagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007734:Kymography; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010699:Phonation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breathy; Electroglottgraphy; Falsetto; High-speed digital imaging; Kymogram; Kymography; Modal; Multivariate linear regression analysis; Normal; Open quotient; Pressed; Voice