title: Study of the natural occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosyl derivatives from field barley to malt by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry.
abstract: This paper reports a new method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in cereals, and some survey data aimed at obtaining more comprehensive information on the co-occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in naturally contaminated cereal samples. For these purposes, barley samples originating from a Northern Italian area were analysed by LC-HRMS for the presence of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Quantitative analysis of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides was performed for the first time using a recently made available standard of T-2 glucoside. The glucosyl derivative of HT-2 was detected at levels up to 163 µg kg(-1) in 17 of the 18 analysed unprocessed barley grains, whereas the monoglucosyl derivative of T-2 toxin was detected in only a few samples and at low µg kg(-1) levels. The ratio between glucosylated toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides) and native toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2) ranged from 2% to 283%. Moreover, taking advantage of the possibility of retrospective analysis of full-scan HRMS chromatograms, samples were also screened for the presence of other type-A trichothecenes, namely neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and their monoglucosyl derivatives, which were detected at trace levels. A subset of nine different samples was subjected to micro-maltation in order to carry out a preliminary investigation on the fate of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosides along the malting process. Mycotoxin reduction from cleaned barley to malt was observed at rates ranging from 4% to 87%.
authors.affiliation: a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica M T
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lattanzio
authors.affiliation: a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Biancamaria
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciasca
authors.affiliation: b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Terzi
authors.affiliation: b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghizzoni
authors.affiliation: c US Department of Agriculture , Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens & Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Utilization Research Laboratory , Peoria , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Susan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Michelangelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascale
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D014255:Trichothecenes; C016009:neosolaniol; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C012351:HT-2 toxin; C001809:diacetoxyscirpenol
keywords: HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin; barley; diacetoxyscirpenol; high-resolution mass spectrometry; malt; modified mycotoxins; neosolaniol; trichothecene glucosides