title: R&D implementation in a department of laboratory medicine and pathology: a systematic review based on pharmaceutical companies.
abstract: A systematic literature review on pharmaceutical companies may be a tool for guiding some procedures of R&D implementation in a department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. The use of pharmaceutical companies for this specific analysis arises from less variability of standards than healthcare facilities. In this qualitative and quantitative analysis, we focused on three useful areas of implementation, including R&D productivity, commercialization strategies, and expenditures determinants of pharmaceutical companies. Studies and reports of online databases from 1965 to 2014 were reviewed according to specific search terms. Initially, 218 articles and reports were found and examined, but only 91 were considered appropriate and used for further analysis.  We identified some suggested implementation strategies relevant for marketing to enhance companies' own R&D strategies; such as reliability of companies on "sourcing-in" R&D facilities and "think-tank" events. Regardless of the study and of the country, cash flow and profitability always positively influenced R&D expenditure, while sales and firm size did not. We consider that handling R&D determinants should require caution. It seems critical that implementation of R&D systems is directly related with productivity, if it reflects dual embodiment of efficiency and effectiveness. Scrutinizing the determinants of R&D expenditures emphasizes significant factors that are worth to highlight when planning an R&D investment strategy. Although there is no receipt fitting every situation, we think that health care plan makers may find relevant data in this systematic review in creating an initial implementation framework.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feulefack
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, AB, Canada. sergi@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Consolato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sergi
mesh_terms: D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012106:Research