title: Insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae in Greece: long-term surveys and new diagnostics for resistance mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myzus persicae nicotianae is an important pest in Greece, controlled mainly by neonicotinoids. Monitoring of the aphid populations for resistance mechanisms is essential for effective control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two new RFLP-based diagnostics for the detection of the M918T (super-kdr pyrethroid resistance) and nAChR R81T (neonicotinoid resistance) mutations were applied, along with other established assays, on 131 nicotianae multilocus genotypes (MLGs) collected from tobacco and peach in Greece in 2012-2013. Furthermore, we present resistance data from aphid clones (>500, mainly nicotianae) collected in 2006-2007. About half of the clones tested with a diagnostic dose of imidacloprid were tolerant. The R81T mutation was not found in the 131 MLGs and 152 clones examined. Over half (58.6%) of a subset of 29 clones showed a 9-36-fold overexpression of CYP6CY3. M918T was found at low to moderate frequencies. The kdr and MACE mechanisms and carboxylesterase-based resistance were found at high frequency in all years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aphid retains costly resistance mechanisms even in the absence of pressure from certain insecticides, which could be attributed to factors related to climate and genetic properties of the populations. The indication of build-up of resistance/tolerance to neonicotinoids, related to CYP6CY3 overexpression, is a matter of concern. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.|Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Costas Ch
authors.initials: CCh
authors.lastname: Voudouris
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Amalia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kati
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Eldem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadikoglou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technologies, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Skouras
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ourania
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dimotsiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, Scottish Rural University College, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skavdis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Margaritopoulos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000235:genetics; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006115:Greece; D007093:Imidazoles; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D009154:Mutation; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D000068239:Prunus persica; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; D043182:Carboxylesterase
keywords: insecticide resistance; nAChR; neonicotinoids; nicotianae; super-kdr; tobacco aphid