title: Axillary lymphatic malformations: Prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to describe the prenatal findings and postnatal outcomes of fetuses with axillary lymphatic malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of fetuses with the prenatal diagnosis of isolated axillary lymphatic malformation detected between 2009 and 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 8 fetuses diagnosed with isolated axillary lymphatic malformation. Median gestational age at diagnosis was 20.5 (19-28) weeks. All fetuses were evaluated by serial ultrasound and ultrafast fetal MRI. Two pregnancies were electively terminated. All continued pregnancies reached term, and all fetuses were delivered by cesarean section. None of the fetuses developed polyhydramnios or hydrops fetalis. Only one patient had an associated malformation (coarctation of the aorta). All patients were evaluated postnatally by MRI. Treatment included sclerotherapy only (1), sclerotherapy followed by surgical resection (1), surgical resection only (3), and observation (1). The median postnatal hospital stay was 8 (6-15) days. Three cases recurred after the initial treatment, two after surgery and one after sclerotherapy. On a median follow up of 2.1 years, all patients have some degree of visible residual disease. There were no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis of axillary lymphatic malformation is increasing with improved technology. Axillary lymphatic malformations are usually isolated developmental anomalies that do not affect fetal health. Postnatal management options include surgery, sclerotherapy, and observation. Recurrences and residual disease after all types of treatment are frequent. This should be communicated to the parents at the time of prenatal counseling.
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Aliza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moldenhauer
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laje
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Beverly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Victoria
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Flake
authors.affiliation: Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: adzick@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: N Scott
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Adzick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: axillary lymphatic malformation; prenatal diagnosis; sclerotherapy