title: Nano-ropinirole for the management of Parkinsonism: blood-brain pharmacokinetics and carrier localization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the brain targeting potential of chitosan-coated oil in water nanoemulsions (CSNE(ROP)) delivered intranasally in haloperidol-induced Parkinson's disease rat models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chitosan-coated nanoemulsion (CSNE(ROP)) was developed through aqueous titration followed by a high pressure homogenization method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gamma-scintigraphy study showed a significantly high mucoadhesive potential of CSNE(ROP) and least for conventional and homogenized formulations. Confocal study showed deep localization of formulations in the brain confirming the permeation potential of CSNE(ROP). Pharmacokinetic results of CSNE(ROP) in Wistar rat brain and plasma showed a significantly high (p** < 0.005) AUC0→24 and amplified Cmax over i.v treatment group. Neurobehavioral activity (rotarod and swim tests) and biochemical parameters (glutathion, TBARS and SOD) corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. The order of dopamine recovery in haloperidol-induced Wistar rats was found to be (i.n)CSNEROP group>(i.n)SolnROP group>(i.v)SolnROP group>haloperidol group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finally, the investigation demonstrated that intranasal delivery of mucoadhesive nanocarrier might play as a potential candidate in the management of Parkinson's disease and related brain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
authors.forename: Gulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Abdulmohsen H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al Rohaimi
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muslim
authors.forename: Allam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Sanjula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baboota
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D017348:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D007211:Indoles; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C046649:ropinirole; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D006220:Haloperidol; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Confocal microscopy; Parkinsonism; brain targeting; intranasal drug delivery; nano-ropinirole