title: Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of lichen-derived compound protolichesterinic acid are not mediated by its lipoxygenase-inhibitory activity.
abstract: Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their products are involved in several biological functions and have been associated with carcinogenesis. Protolichesterinic acid (PA), a lichen metabolite, inhibits 5- and 12-LOX and has anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell lines. Here, PA was shown to inhibit proliferation of multiple myeloma cells, RPMI 8226 and U266, and pancreatic cancer cells AsPC-1. Apoptosis was induced only in multiple myeloma cells. Cell-cycle associated changes in expression and sub-cellular localization of 5- and 12-LOX were not affected by PA but increased cytoplasmic localisation was found to accompany morphological changes at later stages. Assessment by mass spectrometry showed that PA entered the pancreatic cancer cells. However, effects on LOX metabolites were only evident after treatment with concentrations exceeding those having anti-proliferative effects and no effects were measurable in the myeloma cells. We conclude that the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of PA are not mediated directly through inhibition of LOX activity.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bessadóttir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Eiríksson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ögmundsdóttir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ómarsdóttir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsdóttir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland. Electronic address: helgaogm@hi.is.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ögmundsdóttir
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: C095781:protolichesterinic acid; D001092:Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase; C476558:ALOX12 protein, human; D001094:Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase; C583212:ALOX5 protein, human; D015107:4-Butyrolactone
keywords: Cancer; Lipoxygenase; Mass spectrometry; Protolichesterinic acid