title: Older Brazilian women's experience of psychological domestic violence: a social phenomenological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Domestic violence is a global public health issue, as it is in Brazil. The psychological violence is one of the most prevalent forms of domestic violence, affecting more women than men. However, many older adults do not consider it as a type of domestic violence. In addiction, psychological violence has received little attention from researchers. So, this study aims to further understand the phenomenon of psychological domestic violence perpetrated by relatives against older adult women (60 years and older).
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study was conducted using a social phenomenological approach proposed by Alfred Schütz. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 older Brazilian women from three different agencies, two in Campina Grande and one in São Bernardo do Campo. Data collection took place between November 2012 and February 2013. We performed data analysis using the key concepts (such as the world of everyday life, natural attitude, intersubjetivity, stock of knowledge, biographical situation, social action, motivation and typification) proposed by Alfred Schutz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the fact that participants reported being psychologically abused, they also referred to being neglected and financially abused. They revealed being threatened, disrespected, neglected, financially abused, forced to do housework, and humiliated. Older women expressed feelings of sadness, anger, grief, and fear, which had negative effects on their health. Attempts by the participants to change their current situations were unsuccessful and resulted in feelings of helplessness. The abuser's behaviour will change, and leaving the abusive situation were two possible outcomes pointed for participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A support network is crucial to help changing the behaviour of aggressors and/or to help older adult women leave the abusive situation. Further research is needed to understand the risk factors linked to abuse behaviours, to develop educational programs for the abusers, and to design social support for the victims.
authors.affiliation: RN PhD candidate, University of Sao Paulo, Nursing, 419 Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar Av. 05403, Sao Paulo, 05403-000., Brazil. rafaellaqueiroga7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafaella Queiroga
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.affiliation: Vice-director and professor, University of Sao Paulo, Nursing, 419 Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar Av. 05403, Sao Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil. merigui@usp.br.
authors.forename: Miriam Aparecida Barbosa
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Merighi
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Ryerson University, School of Nursing, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B2K3, Canada. sguruge@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Sepali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guruge
authors.affiliation: Visiting professor, University of Sao Paulo, Nursing, 419 Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar Av. 05403, Sao Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil. mariacristinapintojesus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Pinto de
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jesus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D036301:Qualitative Research; D016387:Women's Health