title: Treatment of hypogonadotropic male hypogonadism: Case-based scenarios.
abstract: The aim of this study is to review four case-based scenarios regarding the treatment of symptomatic hypogonadism in men. The article is designed as a review of published literature. We conducted a PubMed literature search for the time period of 1989-2014, concentrating on 26 studies investigating the efficacy of various therapeutic options on semen analysis, pregnancy outcomes, time to recovery of spermatogenesis, as well as serum and intratesticular testosterone levels. Our results demonstrated that exogenous testosterone suppresses intratesticular testosterone production, which is an absolute prerequisite for normal spermatogenesis. Cessation of exogenous testosterone should be recommended for men desiring to maintain their fertility. Therapies that protect the testis involve human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) therapy or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), but may also include low dose hCG with exogenous testosterone. Off-label use of SERMs, such as clomiphene citrate, are effective for maintaining testosterone production long-term and offer the convenience of representing a safe, oral therapy. At present, routine use of aromatase inhibitors is not recommended based on a lack of long-term data. We concluded that exogenous testosterone supplementation decreases sperm production. It was determined that clomiphene citrate is a safe and effective therapy for men who desire to maintain fertility. Although less frequently used in the general population, hCG therapy with or without testosterone supplementation represents an alternative treatment.
authors.affiliation: Lindsey E Crosnoe-Shipley, Osama O Elkelany, Cyrus D Rahnema, Edward D Kim, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
authors.forename: Lindsey E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Crosnoe-Shipley
authors.affiliation: Lindsey E Crosnoe-Shipley, Osama O Elkelany, Cyrus D Rahnema, Edward D Kim, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
authors.forename: Osama O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Elkelany
authors.affiliation: Lindsey E Crosnoe-Shipley, Osama O Elkelany, Cyrus D Rahnema, Edward D Kim, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
authors.forename: Cyrus D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rahnema
authors.affiliation: Lindsey E Crosnoe-Shipley, Osama O Elkelany, Cyrus D Rahnema, Edward D Kim, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, United States.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Clomiphene; Human chorionic gonadotropin; Hypogonadism; Male fertility; Selective estrogen receptor modulator