title: [Human plague and pneumonic plague : pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical presentations and therapy].
abstract: Yersinia pestis is a highly pathogenic gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of human plague. In the last 1500 years and during three dreaded pandemics, millions of people became victims of Justinian's plague, the Black Death, or modern plague. Today, Y. pestis is endemic in natural foci of Asian, African and American countries. Due to its broad dissemination in mammal species and fleas, eradication of the pathogen will not be possible in the near future. In fact, plague is currently classified as a "re-emerging disease". Infection may occur after the bite of an infected flea, but also after oral ingestion or inhalation of the pathogen. The clinical presentations comprise the bubonic and pneumonic form, septicemia, rarely pharyngitis, and meningitis. Most human cases can successfully be treated with antibiotics. However, the high transmission rate and lethality of pneumonic plague require international and mandatory case notification and quarantine of patients. Rapid diagnosis, therapy and barrier nursing are not only crucial for the individual patient but also for the prevention of further spread of the pathogen or of epidemics. Therefore, WHO emergency schedules demand the isolation of cases, identification and surveillance of contacts as well as control of zoonotic reservoir animals and vectors. These sanctions and effective antibiotic treatment usually allow a rapid containment of outbreaks. However, multiple antibiotic resistant strains of Y. pestis have been isolated from patients in the past. So far, no outbreaks with such strains have been reported.
authors.affiliation: Zentrales Institut des Sanitätsdienstes der Bundeswehr, Ingolstädter Landstr. 102, 85748, München, Deutschland, juliariehm@bundeswehr.org.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Riehm
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löscher
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010930:Plague / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D011790:Quarantine / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents