title: Inosine and hypoxanthine as novel biomarkers for cardiac ischemia: from bench to point-of-care.
abstract: Cardiac ischemia associated with acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. A rapid detection of the ischemic events is critically important for achieving timely diagnosis, treatment and improving the patient's survival and functional recovery. This minireview provides an overview on the current biomarker research for detection of acute cardiac ischemia. We primarily focus on inosine and hypoxanthine, two by-products of ATP catabolism. Based on our published findings of elevated plasma concentrations of inosine/hypoxanthine in animal laboratory and clinical settings, since 2006 we have originally proposed that these two purine molecules can be used as rapid and sensitive biomarkers for acute cardiac ischemia at its very early onset (within 15 min), hours prior to the release of heart tissue necrosis biomarkers such as cardiac troponins. We further developed a chemiluminescence technology, one of the most affordable and sensitive analytical techniques, and we were able to reproducibly quantify and differentiate total hypoxanthine concentrations in the plasma samples from healthy individuals versus patients suffering from ischemic heart disease. Additional rigorous clinical studies are needed to validate the plasma inosine/hypoxanthine concentrations, in conjunction with other current cardiac biomarkers, for a better revelation of their diagnostic potentials for early detection of acute cardiac ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA Bioanalytical Services and Technologies, LLC, 12111 Parklawn Drive, Suite#123, Rockville MD 20852, USA.
authors.forename: Don E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Farthing
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Farthing
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298, USA lxi@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007288:Inosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019271:Hypoxanthine; D007288:Inosine; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: ATP breakdown by-products; Biomarker; cardiac ischemia; chemiluminescence; diagnostic methods; nucleoside