title: Factor Structure and Stability of Smoking-Related Health Beliefs in the National Lung Screening Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Absolute and comparative risk perceptions, worry, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy are important theoretical determinants of tobacco use, but no measures have been validated to ensure the discriminant validity as well as test-retest reliability of these measures in the tobacco context. The purpose of the current study is to examine the reliability and factor structure of a measure assessing smoking-related health cognitions and emotions in a national sample of current and former heavy smokers in the National Lung Screening Trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sub-study of the National Lung Screening Trial assessed current and former smokers' (age 55-74; N = 4379) self-reported health cognitions and emotions at trial enrollment and at 12-month follow-up. Items were derived from the Health Belief Model and Self-Regulation Model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An exploratory factor analysis of baseline responses revealed a five-factor structure for former smokers (risk perceptions, worry, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy) and a six-factor structure for current smokers, such that absolute risk and comparative risk perceptions emerged as separate factors. A confirmatory factor analysis of 12-month follow-up responses revealed a good fit for the five latent constructs for former smokers and six latent constructs for current smokers. Longitudinal stability of these constructs was also demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to examine tobacco-related health cognition and emotional constructs over time in current and former heavy smokers undergoing lung screening. This study found that the theoretical constructs were stable across time and that the factor structure differed based on smoking status (current vs. former).
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD; kaufmana@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Annette R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;
authors.forename: Amber R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Koblitz
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persoskie
authors.affiliation: Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;
authors.forename: William M P
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviors Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD;
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Mongan Institute for Health Policy and Cancer Center, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Elyse R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology