title: Thermal reversibility of vitamin E-enriched emulsion-based delivery systems produced using spontaneous emulsification.
abstract: The influence of temperature scanning and isothermal storage conditions on turbidity, particle size, and thermal reversibility of vitamin E-enriched emulsions produced by spontaneous emulsification was examined. Initially, the mini-emulsions formed were optically transparent and contained small droplets (d ≈ 44 nm). When heated (20-90 °C), emulsions exhibited a complex turbidity-temperature profile with a phase inversion temperature (PIT) at ≈ 75-80 °C. Temperature scanning rate had a major influence on emulsion thermal reversibility. Slow heating (0.5 °C/min) above the PIT followed by quench cooling (≈ 67 °C min(-1)) to 30 °C did not appreciably increase turbidity or droplet diameter (d ≈ 50 nm), suggesting these systems were thermo-reversible. However, slow heating to temperatures below the PIT followed by rapid cooling appreciably increased droplet size and turbidity (thermo-irreversible). Cooling rate also affected emulsion thermo-reversibility: the turbidity and droplet size after heating above the PIT decreased with increasing cooling rate.
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Amir Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.affiliation: PepsiCo Global R&D, 100 Stevens Ave, Valhalla, NY 1059, USA.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Biopolymers and Colloids Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 12 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mcclements@foodsci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: David Julian
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McClements
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004355:Drug Stability; D004655:Emulsions; D010316:Particle Size; D013696:Temperature; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: Emulsion; Nanoemulsion; PIT; Spontaneous emulsification; Thermoreversibility; Vitamin E