title: Access all areas? An area-level analysis of accessibility to general practice and community pharmacy services in England by urbanity and social deprivation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To determine the percentage of the population in England that has access to a general practitioner (GP) premises within a 20 min walk (the accessibility); (2) explore the relationship between the walking distance to a GP premises and urbanity and social deprivation and (3) compare accessibility of a GP premises to that of a community pharmacy--and how this may vary by urbanity and social deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This area-level analysis spatial study used postcodes for all GP premises and community pharmacies in England. Each postcode was assigned to a population lookup table and Lower Super Output Area (LSOA). The LSOA was then matched to urbanity (urban, town and fringe, or village, hamlet and isolated dwellings) and deprivation decile (using the Index of Multiple Deprivation score 2010).
  
  
  METHODS
  Living within a 20 min walk of a GP premises.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 84.8% of the population is estimated to live within a 20 min walk of a GP premises: 81.2% in the most affluent areas, 98.2% in the most deprived areas, 94.2% in urban and 19.4% in rural areas. This is consistently lower when compared with the population living within a 20 min walk of a community pharmacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that the vast majority of the population live within a 20 min walk of a GP premises, with higher proportions in the most deprived areas--a positive primary care law. However, more people live within a 20 min walk of a community pharmacy compared with a GP premises, and this potentially has implications for the commissioning of future services from these healthcare providers in England.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Centre of Health and Inequalities Research (CIHR), Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Husband
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
authors.forename: Adetayo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasim
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK Centre of Health and Inequalities Research (CIHR), Durham University, Durham, UK Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D058006:General Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D011203:Poverty; D011634:Public Health; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D014505:Urban Population; D016138:Walking
keywords: PRIMARY CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH