title: Comparison of outcomes after 3-month methadone maintenance treatment between heroin users with and without HIV infection: a 3-month follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to compare the changes in primary (heroin use-related) and secondary (depressive symptoms and quality of life, QOL) outcome indicators of 3-month methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) between heroin users with and without HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 242 intravenous heroin-dependent individuals (30 with and 212 without HIV infection) receiving MMT were recruited. Primary (severity of heroin dependence, harm caused by heroin use and current heroin use) and secondary (depressive symptoms and QOL) outcome indicators were determined before and after receiving 3-month MMT. Changes in primary and secondary outcome indicators between the two groups were compared using mixed-model analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heroin users both with and without HIV infection showed significant improvement in three primary outcome indicators after 3-month MMT, and there was no difference in the changes of these primary outcome indicators between the two groups. However, improvements in depressive symptoms and the physical domain of QOL among HIV-infected heroin users were poorer than in those without HIV infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that heroin users with HIV infection did improve in the primary but not the secondary outcomes after 3-month MMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. wistar.huang@gmail.com.|Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. wistar.huang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peng-Wei
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. cochigi@yahoo.com.tw.|Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. cochigi@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Huang-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan. wistar.huang2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chia-Nan
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. y7552156@gmail.com.|Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. y7552156@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kaisyuan 2nd Rd., Lingya Dist, Kaohsiung City, 80276, Taiwan. oldtype@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chih-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kaisyuan 2nd Rd., Lingya Dist, Kaohsiung City, 80276, Taiwan. littleulysses@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Kuan-Sheng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan. wistar.huang4@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hsun-Cheng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kaisyuan 2nd Rd., Lingya Dist, Kaohsiung City, 80276, Taiwan. wuhcmail@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hung-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. chfaye@cc.kmu.edu.tw.|Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. chfaye@cc.kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D013624:Taiwan; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone