title: Heritability of dietary traits that contribute to nephrolithiasis in a cohort of adult sibships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney stones and their risk factors aggregate in families, yet few studies have estimated the heritability of known risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Estimate the heritability of dietary risk factors for kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intakes were assessed using the Viocare Food Frequency Questionnaire in sibships enrolled in the Rochester, MN cohort of the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy. Measures of urinary supersaturation were determined using 24 h urine samples. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated using variance components methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples were available from 620 individuals (262 men, 358 women, mean (SD) age 65 (9) years). Dietary intakes of protein, sucrose, and calcium had strong evidence for heritability (p < 0.01) after adjustment for age, sex, height and weight. Among the significantly heritable dietary intakes (p < 0.05), genetic factors explained 22-50 % of the inter-individual variation. Significant genetic correlations were observed among dietary protein, dietary sucrose, and dietary calcium intakes (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from this relatively large cohort suggests a strong heritable component to dietary intakes of protein, sucrose and calcium that contributes to nephrolithiasis risk. Further efforts to understand the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors in kidney stone pathogenesis are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. lieske.john@mayo.edu.|Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. lieske.john@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lieske
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Edeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kardia
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D058685:Genetic Pleiotropy; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Diet; Heritability; Nephrolithiasis; Supersaturation