title: Chlorpyrifos-induced biomarkers in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).
abstract: Chlorpyrifos (CHL) is an organophosphate compound that is widely used as an insecticide. Due to its repeated use and high environmental residual property, CHL is frequently passed into aquatic environments by runoff. Consequently, there may be an adverse effect on aquatic vertebrate animals, including fish. Therefore, in this study, we assessed how CHL affected Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The acute toxicity of CHL in adult fish after 96 h of exposure was determined to be 212.50, 266.79, and 412.28 μg L(-1) (LC25, LC50, and LC95, respectively). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and carboxylesterase (CE) activities were obtained from the livers of dead or surviving fish, and the results showed 4.8-fold lower, 4.5-fold higher, and 18.6-fold lower activities for the AChE, GST, and CE, respectively, for 64-h exposure at a concentration of 400 μg L(-1) of CHL. In the embryo toxicity test, curved spines were observed in embryos that were exposed to CHL for 48 h in a concentration-dependent manner. With identification of biomarkers for CHL in the fish, two protein peaks, 5550.86 and 5639.79 m/z, were found to be upregulated. These two proteins can be used as protein biomarkers for CHL contamination in aquatic systems. A phosphatidyl choline with an m/z ratio of 556.32 dramatically decreased after CHL exposure in the fish; thus, it may be considered as a lipid biomarker for CHL. It is assumed as the first report to identify a phospholipid biomarker using a lipidomics approach in fish toxicology. Taken together, these results demonstrated the adverse effects of CHL on Japanese medaka and reveal several candidate biomarkers that can be used as diagnostic tools for determining CHL.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Hwang-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecological Phytochemistry, Department of Plant Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 456-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung-ho
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Saudi Biochar Research Group (SBRG), Department of Soil Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 89770, Riyadh, 11692, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Al-Wabel
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yongeun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Kijong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecological Phytochemistry, Department of Plant Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 456-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Wan
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Center, Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea. selpest@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009990:Oryzias / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Carboxylesterase; Chlorpyrifos; Japanese medaka; Phosphatidylcholine biomarker