title: Going above and beyond for implementation: the development and validity testing of the Implementation Citizenship Behavior Scale (ICBS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In line with recent research on the role of the inner context of organizations in implementation effectiveness, this study extends research on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to the domain of evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation. OCB encompasses those behaviors that go beyond what is required for a given job that contribute to greater organizational effectiveness. The goal of this study was to develop and test a measure of implementation citizenship behavior (ICB) or those behaviors that employees perform that go above and beyond what is required in order to support EBP implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary participants were 68 supervisors from ten mental health agencies throughout California. Items measuring ICB were developed based on past research on OCB and in consultation with experts on EBP implementation in mental health settings. Supervisors rated 357 of their subordinates on ICB and implementation success. In addition, 292 of the subordinates provided data on self-rated performance, attitudes towards EBPs, work experience, and full-time status. The supervisor sample was randomly split, with half used for exploratory factor analyses and the other half for confirmatory factor analyses. The entire sample of supervisors and subordinates was utilized for analyses assessing the reliability and construct validity of the measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor structure of the Implementation Citizenship Behavior Scale (ICBS): (1) Helping Others and (2) Keeping Informed. Confirmatory factor analyses with the other half of the sample supported the factor structure. Additional analyses supported the reliability and construct validity for the ICBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICBS is a pragmatic brief measure (six items) that captures critical behaviors employees perform to go above and beyond the call of duty to support EBP implementation, including helping their fellow employees on implementation-related activities and keeping informed about issues related to EBP and implementation efforts. The ICBS can be used by researchers to better understand the outcomes of improved organizational support for implementation (i.e., implementation climate) and the proximal predictors of implementation effectiveness. The ICBS can also provide insight for organizations, practitioners, and managers by focusing on key employee behaviors that should increase the probability of implementation success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. mehrhart@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ehrhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. gaarons@ucsd.edu.|Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA. gaarons@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. lfarahnak@ucsd.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. lfarahnak@ucsd.edu.|Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA. lfarahnak@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Farahnak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012944:Social Support