title: Text-to-speech accommodations for the reading challenges of adults with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study's purpose was two-fold: (a) to confirm differences in silent reading rates of individuals with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI) and (b) to determine the effect of text-to-speech (TTS) on reading comprehension and efficiency by individuals with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten adults with severe TBI answered comprehension questions about written passages presented in three conditions: reading only (RO), listening to TTS presentation only (LO) or reading and listening to TTS simultaneously (RL). The researchers compared reading rate, comprehension accuracy and comprehension rate (efficiency) across conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis revealed significantly slower silent reading rates for the participants with TBI than for readers without TBI (n = 75). Also, participants with TBI achieved higher comprehension accuracy for factual than inferential questions; however, no significant main effect for comprehension accuracy emerged across reading conditions. In contrast, using comprehension rate as the dependent measure, analysis confirmed a significant main effect for reading condition and question type; post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that the RL condition yielded higher comprehension rate scores than the RO condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a group, adults with TBI appear to benefit in reading efficiency when simultaneously listening to and reading written passages; however, differences exist that reinforce the importance of individualizing treatment.
authors.affiliation: Barkley Memorial Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE , USA.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D032882:Comprehension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009329:Nebraska; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013067:Speech Perception; D049250:Speech Recognition Software / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Brain injury; reading; text-to-speech technology