title: Neuropsychological Impairment in Prodromal, First-Episode, and Chronic Psychosis: Assessing RBANS Performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive deficits are observed throughout all developmental phases of psychosis. However, prior studies have usually focused on a limited illness period and used a wide variety of cognitive instruments. Therefore, it has been difficult to characterize or highlight cognitive functioning in different stages of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the RBANS (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status) tests to 4 participant subgroups, including healthy volunteers (controls, HC, n = 28), subjects at high risk for clinical psychosis (prodrome, CHR, n = 27), first-episode schizophrenia patients (FE-Sz, n = 26), and mid-term and long-term chronic schizophrenia patients (Ch-Sz, n =147). Comparison, correlation, and regression analyses of RBANS index scores were assessed among groups. We examined clinical outcomes over 2 years between the CHR and HC subjects, and RBANS domains were used as possible predictors for conversion to psychosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on all RBANS domains was significantly impaired during a post-onset stage of psychosis (FE-Sz and Ch-Sz), and RBANS scores declined along with disease progression. Regression analyses showed that for CHR and HC subjects, baseline impairment in delayed memory (DM) significantly predicted conversion to psychosis. Additionally, partial correlations showed that for FE-Sz and Ch-Sz subjects, DM was the only correlate with a later stage of psychosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive deficits broadly emerged, and diminished functioning followed along with disease progression. Impairment in DM is perhaps one domain that helps us understand the development of psychosis. A critical need is to monitor and treat memory functioning for psychotic patients throughout all phases of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: TianHong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Florida A & M University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States of America; Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
authors.forename: HuiJun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Woodberry
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: YingYing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: KaiMing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: ZhenYing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: HuiRu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: YiKang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: LiJuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Changi General Hospital, Department of psychological medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of medical psychology, Faculty of Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: YunXiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: ChunBo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: KaiDa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: ZhengHui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: ZePing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
authors.forename: JiJun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult