title: Effects of hybrid cycle and handcycle exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of a 16-week exercise programme, using either a hybrid cycle or a handcycle, on cardiovascular disease risk factors in people with spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen individuals with spinal cord injury ≥ 8 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicentre randomized controlled trial. Both the hybrid cycle group (n = 9) and the handcycle group (n = 10) trained twice a week for 16 weeks on the specific cycle. Outcome measures obtained pre and post the programme were: metabolic syndrome components (waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin resistance), inflammatory status (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and -10), and visceral adiposity (trunk and android fat).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all outcome measures, there were no significant differences over time between the 2 training groups. Overall significant reductions were found for waist circumference (p = 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), insulin resistance (p = 0.006), CRP (p = 0.05), IL-6 (p = 0.04), IL-6/IL-10 ratio (p = 0.03), and trunk (p = 0.04) and android (p = 0.02) fat percentage. No significant main effects for time were observed for systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-10, and trunk and android fat mass.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 16-week exercise programme, using either a hybrid cycle or a handcycle, found similar beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome components, inflammatory status and visceral adiposity, indicating that there were no additional benefits of functional electrical stimulation-induced leg exercise over handcycle exercise alone.
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center, Reade, PO Box 58271, NL-1040 HG Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: s.d.groot@reade.nl.
authors.forename: Arjan J T
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bakkum
authors.forename: Thomas A W
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.forename: Nicolette C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Goosey-Tolfrey
authors.forename: Janneke M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stolwijk-Swüste
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van Kuppevelt
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Thomas W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein