title: Vigilance impossible: Diligence, distraction, and daydreaming all lead to failures in a practical monitoring task.
abstract: In laboratory studies of vigilance, participants watch for unusual events in a "sit and stare" fashion as their performance typically declines over time. But watch keepers in practical settings seldom approach monitoring in such simplistic ways and controlled environments. We observed airline pilots performing routine monitoring duties in the cockpit. Unlike laboratory studies, pilots' monitoring did not deteriorate amidst prolonged vigils. Monitoring was frequently interrupted by other pop-up tasks and misses followed. However, when free from these distractions, pilots reported copious mind wandering. Pilots often confined their mind wandering to times in which their monitoring performance would not conspicuously suffer. But when no convenient times were available, pilots mind wandered anyway and misses ensued. Real-world monitors may be caught between a continuous vigilance approach that is doomed to fail, a dynamic environment that cannot be fully controlled, and what may be an irresistible urge to let one's thoughts drift.
authors.affiliation: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Mail Stop 262-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Electronic address: stephen.casner@nasa.gov.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Casner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. Electronic address: jonathan.schooler@psych.ucsb.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schooler
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal; D001288:Attention; D001359:Aviation; D005201:Fantasy; D006801:Humans; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Airline pilots; Cockpit; Distraction; Divided attention; Mind wandering; Monitoring; Task-unrelated thought; Vigilance