title: Management of endocrine disease: Secondary osteoporosis: pathophysiology and management.
abstract: Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by decreased mass and compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fractures. Although idiopathic osteoporosis is the most common form of osteoporosis, secondary factors may contribute to the bone loss and increased fracture risk in patients presenting with fragility fractures or osteoporosis. Several medical conditions and medications significantly increase the risk for bone loss and skeletal fragility. This review focuses on some of the common causes of osteoporosis, addressing the underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approach and treatment of low bone mass in the presence of these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartments of MedicineOrthopaedic SurgeryUConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA fmirza@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Faryal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartments of MedicineOrthopaedic SurgeryUConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartments of MedicineOrthopaedic SurgeryUConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-5456, USA.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canalis
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000150:complications; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications; D012080:Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000819:agonists; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000150:complications; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000150:complications; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000150:complications; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000009:adverse effects; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; D013974:Thyroxine