title: The Minor Capsid Protein VP11 of Thermophilic Bacteriophage P23-77 Facilitates Virus Assembly by Using Lipid-Protein Interactions.
abstract: Thermus thermophilus bacteriophage P23-77 is the type member of a new virus family of icosahedral, tailless, inner-membrane-containing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses infecting thermophilic bacteria and halophilic archaea. The viruses have a unique capsid architecture consisting of two major capsid proteins assembled in various building blocks. We analyzed the function of the minor capsid protein VP11, which is the third known capsid component in bacteriophage P23-77. Our findings show that VP11 is a dynamically elongated dimer with a predominantly α-helical secondary structure and high thermal stability. The high proportion of basic amino acids in the protein enables electrostatic interaction with negatively charged molecules, including nucleic acid and large unilamellar lipid vesicles (LUVs). The plausible biological function of VP11 is elucidated by demonstrating the interactions of VP11 with Thermus-derived LUVs and with the major capsid proteins by means of the dynamic-light-scattering technique. In particular, the major capsid protein VP17 was able to link VP11-complexed LUVs into larger particles, whereas the other P23-77 major capsid protein, VP16, was unable to link VP11-comlexed LUVs. Our results rule out a previously suggested penton function for VP11. Instead, the electrostatic membrane association of VP11 triggers the binding of the major capsid protein VP17, thus facilitating a controlled incorporation of the two different major protein species into the assembling capsid.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study of thermophilic viruses with inner membranes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms used for stabilization and assembly of protein-lipid systems at high temperatures. Our results reveal a novel way by which an internal membrane and outer capsid shell are linked in a virus that uses two different major protein species for capsid assembly. We show that a positive protein charge is important in order to form electrostatic interactions with the lipid surface, thereby facilitating the incorporation of other capsid proteins on the membrane surface. This implies an alternative function for basic proteins present in the virions of other lipid-containing thermophilic viruses, whose proposed role in genome packaging is based on their capability to bind DNA. The unique minor capsid protein of bacteriophage P23-77 resembles in its characteristics the scaffolding proteins of tailed phages, though it constitutes a substantial part of the mature virion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland alice.pawlowski@jyu.fi jaana.bamford@jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Anni M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Ilona A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.affiliation: BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha A E
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Määttä
authors.affiliation: BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Vesa P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Hytönen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ihalainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Center of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland alice.pawlowski@jyu.fi jaana.bamford@jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Jaana K H
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bamford
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002213:Capsid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D055672:Static Electricity; D013824:Thermus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D014771:Virion / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019065:Virus Assembly
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D008055:Lipids