title: Differences Among Deviations, Genders, and Observers in the Perception of Eye and Nose Asymmetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the degree and range of recognition of canting of the interpupillary line and deviation of the nose, which were regarded as "normal," "acceptable," and "needing surgical correction," according to different observer groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different groups (40 each for laypeople, dental students, general dentists, and orthodontists) rated 11 simulated asymmetric images with canted eyes and a deviated nose separately. The raters categorized each image as normal, socially "acceptable" and not requiring correction, or abnormal and would benefit from correction. Survival analysis was used to evaluate the scope of perception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of recognition for eye-canting and nose deviation was 2.31 and 2.92, respectively. Eye-canting and nose deviation had lower degrees of recognition in the clockwise direction (2.13°) and on the left side (2.65°), respectively. Women showed a lower degree of the "upper limit of the acceptable range" for canted eyes, and men showed a lower "degree of recognition" and "upper limit of the acceptable range" for a deviated nose. Orthodontists showed a larger upper limit of the acceptable range for eye-canting (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The perceptions of asymmetry of canted eyes and deviated nose were affected by gender, direction of asymmetry, and observer groups.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea. Electronic address: kimyongil@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Byung
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Sung
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D005123:Eye; D005146:Facial Asymmetry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009666:Nose; D015588:Observer Variation