title: Quantitative Analysis of Bladder Wall Thickness for Magnetic Resonance Cystoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find an effective way for quantitative evaluation on wall thickness variation of human bladder with/without bladder tumor, a novel pipeline of thickness measurement and analysis for magnetic resonance (MR) cystography is proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the acquisition of volumetric bladder images with a high-resolution T2-weighted 3-D sequence, the inner and outer borders of the bladder wall were segmented simultaneously by a coupled directional level-set method. Then, the bladder wall thickness (BWT) was estimated using the Laplacian method. To reducing the influence of individual variation and urine filling on wall thickness, a thickness normalization using Z-score is performed. Finally, a parametric surface mapping strategy was applied to map thickness distribution onto a unified sphere surface, for quantitative intra- and intersubject comparison between bladders of different shapes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed pipeline was tested with a database composed of MR bladder images acquired from 20 volunteers and 20 patients with bladder cancer. The results indicate that the thickness normalization step using Z-score makes the quantitative comparison of wall thickness quite possible and there is a significant difference on BWT between patients and volunteers. Using the proposed pipeline, we established a thickness template for a normal bladder wall based on dataset of all volunteers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a first attempt to establish a general pipeline for bladder wall analysis, the presented work provides an effective way to achieve the goal of evaluating the entire bladder wall for detection and diagnosis of abnormality. In addition, it can be easily extended to quantitative analyses of other bladder features, such as, intensity-based or texture features.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zengyue
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Guopeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Guangbin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Hongbing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*