title: A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Method for Evaluation of In Vivo Poly-l-Lactide Biodegradation Kinetics From Stent-Polymer Matrices: An Experimental Study Utilizing Porcine Model of In-Stent Restenosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to comprehensively evaluate poly-lactide polymer degradation and sirolimus release kinetics from a drug-eluting stent matrix in the in vivo setting using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 22 domestic swine, 18 biodegradable polymer-only coated stents (BPSs) and 36 biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stents (BP-SES) were implanted in coronary arteries with 115% overstretch. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days following baseline procedures. Vessel segments with BPS were harvested to evaluate polymer degradation with a NMR method, whereas BP-SES to analyze sirolimus tissue uptake and retention. Additionally, 8 BP-SES were implanted for histological analysis for 90 days of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NMR showed a gradual absorption of the polymer over the 6 consecutive time points, from 5.48 µg of the polymer on the stent at 1-day follow-up, through 4.33 µg at 3 days, 3.16 µg at 7 days, 2.42 µg at 14 days, 1.92 µg at 28 days to 1.24 µg in the last day of the study. The curve of polymer degradation corresponds well with the pharmacokinetic profile of sirolimus eluted from its surface and measured at identical time points. In histopathology, at 90 days, complete healing and biocompatibility were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The utilization of NMR method for BP absorption kinetics evaluation is a useful tool, which may be widely adopted to test other biodegradable implants. Further, it may substantially improve their safety and efficacy by facilitating programmed polymer and drugs elution.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartłomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Orlik
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland Third Clinical Department of Cardiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Buszman
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krauze
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gąsior
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desperak
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pająk
authors.affiliation: Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kasperczyk
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jelonek
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Handzlik-Orlik
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Buszman
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland k.milewski@ahp-ccrd.org.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Milewski
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D005260:Female; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); D020123:Sirolimus
keywords: NMR spectroscopy; biodegradable polymer; coronary stents; porcine model; sirolimus-eluting stent