title: Caries prevalence and enamel defects in 5- and 10-year-old children with cleft lip and/or palate: A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of dental caries and enamel defects in 5- and 10-year-old Swedish children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL(P)) in comparison to non-cleft controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 139 children with CL(P) (80 subjects aged 5 years and 59 aged 10 years) and 313 age-matched non-cleft controls. All children were examined by one of two calibrated examiners. Caries was scored according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) and enamel defects as presence and frequency of hypoplasia and hypomineralization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The caries prevalence among the 5-year-old CL(P) children and the non-cleft controls was 36% and 18%, respectively (p < 0.05). The CL(P) children had higher caries frequency (initial and cavitated lesions) in the primary dentition than their controls (1.2 vs 0.9; p < 0.05). A significantly higher prevalence of enamel defects was found in CL(P) children of both age groups and anterior permanent teeth were most commonly affected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preschool children with cleft lip and/or palate seem to have more caries in the primary dentition than age-matched non-cleft controls. Enamel defects were more common in CL(P) children in both age groups.
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education , Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sundell
authors.affiliation: a 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education , Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: b 2 Institute for Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ullbro
authors.affiliation: c 3 Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Twetman
authors.affiliation: d 4 Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics, Maxillofacial Unit, Linköping University Hospital , Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcusson
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000002:abnormalities*; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000002:abnormalities
keywords: Cleft palate; cleft lip and palate; dental caries; hypomineralization; hypoplasia