title: Utility of SAM68 in the progression and prognosis for bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is often lethal and non-MIBC (NMIBC) can recur and progress, yet prognostic markers are currently inadequate. SAM68, a member of RNA-binding proteins, has been reported to contribute to progression of other cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential utility of SAM68 in the progression and prognosis of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized to examine the expression of SAM68 in ten pairs of MIBC and adjacent normal bladder urothelium, and eight pairs of MIBC and non-MIBC (NMIBC) tissues from the same patient. Moreover, SAM68 protein expression level and localization were examined by immunohistochemistry in 129 clinicopathologically characterized MIBC samples. Prognostic associations were determined by multivariable analysis incorporating standard prognostic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAM68 expression was elevated in MIBC tissues compared with adjacent normal bladder urothelium, and was increased at both transcriptional and translational levels in MIBC tissues compared with NMIBC tissues of the same patient. For MIBC, high expression and nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression of SAM68 were associated with higher T-stage, higher N-stage and worse recurrence-free survival. Five-year recurrence-free survival was 80% and 52.9% for MIBC patients with low and high SAM68 expression, respectively (p = 0.001). SAM68 nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression associated with worse 5-year recurrence-free survival rate (49.2%) than SAM68 expression confined to the nucleus (82.5%) or cytoplasm (75.5%) alone. On multivariable analysis SAM68 expression level, SAM68 nucleus-cytoplasm co-expression, T-stage, and N-stage were all independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival of MIBC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAM68 expression is increased in MIBC when compared to normal urothelium and NMIBC, and appears to be a potentially useful prognostic marker for MIBC.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China. zhzhlyuchp@gmail.com.|Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. zhzhlyuchp@gmail.com.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. zhzhlyuchp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhiling
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China. 13632350652@139.com.
authors.forename: Chunping
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China. liyongh@sysucc.org.cn.|Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. liyongh@sysucc.org.cn.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. liyongh@sysucc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China. jianglij@sysucc.org.cn.|Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. jianglij@sysucc.org.cn.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. jianglij@sysucc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China. zhoufj@sysucc.org.cn.|Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. zhoufj@sysucc.org.cn.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China. zhoufj@sysucc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Fangjian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C489559:KHDRBS1 protein, human; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins