title: A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach.
abstract: An improved "dilute and shoot" LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach was used to monitor urinary excretion of 23 mycotoxins and their metabolites in human populations from Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Germany), and the Caribbean region (Haiti). Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL), and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, β-ZEL, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OTα) as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were among these compounds. Eight urinary mycotoxin biomarkers were detected (AFM1, DH-CIT, DON, DON-GLcA, EnB, FB1, OTA, and α-ZEL). DON and DON-GlcA were exclusively detected in urines from Germany and Haiti whereas urinary OTA and DH-CIT concentrations were significantly higher in Bangladeshi samples. AFM1 was present in samples from Bangladesh and Haiti only. Exposure was estimated by the calculation of probable daily intakes (PDI), and estimates suggested occasional instances of toxin intakes that exceed established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). The detection of individual mycotoxin exposure by biomarker-based approaches is a meaningful addition to the classical monitoring of the mycotoxin content of the food supply.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerding
authors.forename: Nurshad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartzbord
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: Dan L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Gisela H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Humpf
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005858:Germany; D006205:Haiti; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009183:Mycotoxins