title: Detecting Elementary Arm Movements by Tracking Upper Limb Joint Angles With MARG Sensors.
abstract: This paper reports an algorithm for the detection of three elementary upper limb movements, i.e., reach and retrieve, bend the arm at the elbow and rotation of the arm about the long axis. We employ two MARG sensors, attached at the elbow and wrist, from which the kinematic properties (joint angles, position) of the upper arm and forearm are calculated through data fusion using a quaternion-based gradient-descent method and a two-link model of the upper limb. By studying the kinematic patterns of the three movements on a small dataset, we derive discriminative features that are indicative of each movement; these are then used to formulate the proposed detection algorithm. Our novel approach of employing the joint angles and position to discriminate the three fundamental movements was evaluated in a series of experiments with 22 volunteers who participated in the study: 18 healthy subjects and four stroke survivors. In a controlled experiment, each volunteer was instructed to perform each movement a number of times. This was complimented by a seminaturalistic experiment where the volunteers performed the same movements as subtasks of an activity that emulated the preparation of a cup of tea. In the stroke survivors group, the overall detection accuracy for all three movements was 93.75% and 83.00%, for the controlled and seminaturalistic experiment, respectively. The performance was higher in the healthy group where 96.85% of the tasks in the controlled experiment and 89.69% in the seminaturalistic were detected correctly. Finally, the detection ratio remains close ( ±6%) to the average value, for different task durations further attesting to the algorithms robustness.
authors.forename: Evangelos B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Mazomenos
authors.forename: Dwaipayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cranny
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Koushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maharatna
authors.forename: Josy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Achner
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klemke
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jobges
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ortmann
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langendorfer
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000379:methods; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*