title: Blood pressure measurement at two years in offspring of women randomized to a trial of metformin for GDM: follow up data from the MiG trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Offspring born following maternal gestational diabetes are at risk of excessive childhood weight gain and Type 2 diabetes in childhood, which in turn is associated with an increased rate of hypertension. We aimed to determine the systolic and diastolic blood pressure at two years of age in a cohort of children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus using data from the MiG trial of metformin use in gestational diabetes. The secondary aim was to analyze these data by randomization of treatment to insulin or metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The offspring of women who had gestational diabetes and had been assigned to either open treatment with metformin (with supplemental insulin if required) or insulin in the MiG trial were followed up at 2 years of age. Oscillometric measurement of BP in the right arm was performed by a researcher using an appropriately sized cuff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 489 measurement blood pressure measurements were obtained in 170 of the 222 children who were seen at a median (range) age of 29 (22-38) months corrected gestational age. At the time of assessment the mean (SD) weight and height was 13.8(2) kg and 90 (4.2) cm respectively. For the whole group the mean (SD) systolic pressure was 90.9 (9.9) mmHg and mean (SD) diastolic pressure was 55.7 (8.1) mmHg. No difference was found between the metformin and insulin treatment arms. In a regression model, height and weight were only two factors associated with the levels of systolic blood pressure. For each additional kg the systolic blood pressure increased by 1.0 mmHg. For each additional cm of height the systolic blood pressure increased by 0.42 mmHg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood pressure data was obtained at approximately two years of age in a substantial cohort of children whose mothers received treatment for GDM. These novel data compare favorably with published norms.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was registered under the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12605000311651 ).
authors.affiliation: Newborn Services, Auckland City Hospital, 9th Floor, support building, Private Bag 92 024, Auckland, New Zealand. malcolmb@adhb.govt.nz.
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Battin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child Health Research, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. Victor.obolonkin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Obolonkin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child Health Research, School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. elaine.rush@aut.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. bill.hague@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hague
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. suzette.coat@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Suzette
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coat
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, National Women's Health, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. janetrowan1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rowan
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin