title: Thermal co-reduction approach to vary size of silver nanoparticle: its microbial and cellular toxicology.
abstract: In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of food, agriculture and pharmaceuticals mainly due to its antibacterial activity. AgNPs have also been reported to possess toxic behavior. The toxicological behavior of nanomaterials largely depends on its size and shape which ultimately depend on synthetic protocol. A systematic and detailed analysis for size variation of AgNP by thermal co-reduction approach and its efficacy toward microbial and cellular toxicological behavior is presented here. With the focus to explore the size-dependent toxicological variation, two different-sized NPs have been synthesized, i.e., 60 nm (Ag60) and 85 nm (Ag85). A detailed microbial toxicological evaluation has been performed by analyzing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), growth kinetics (GrK), and death kinetics (DeK). Comparative cytotoxicological behavior was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It has been concluded by this study that the size of AgNPs can be varied, by varying the concentration of reactants and temperature called as "thermal co-reduction" approach, which is one of the suitable approaches to meet the same. Also, the smaller AgNP has shown more microbial and cellular toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.|Research Wing, Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Trust, Chapra, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Shivendu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Bhavapriya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manickam
authors.affiliation: Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. cramalingam@vit.ac.in.
authors.forename: Chidambaram
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ganesh S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Avadhani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010316:Particle Size; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012834:Silver
keywords: Characterization; Cytotoxicology; Microbial toxicology; Nanoparticle; Size variation; Thermal co-reduction