title: Capacitive Deionization using Biomass-based Microporous Salt-Templated Heteroatom-Doped Carbons.
abstract: Microporous carbons are an interesting material for electrochemical applications. In this study, we evaluate several such carbons without/with N or S doping with regard to capacitive deionization. For this purpose, we extent the salt-templating synthesis towards biomass precursors and S-doped microporous carbons. The sample with the largest specific surface area (2830 m(2)  g(-1) ) showed 1.0 wt % N and exhibited a high salt-sorption capacity of 15.0 mg g(-1) at 1.2 V in 5 mM aqueous NaCl. While being a promising material from an equilibrium performance point of view, our study also gives first insights to practical limitations of heteroatom-doped carbon materials. We show that high heteroatom content may be associated with a low charge efficiency. The latter is a key parameter for capacitive deionization and is defined as the ratio between the amounts of removed salt molecules and electrical charge.
authors.affiliation: INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany).
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porada
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloids Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam (Germany).
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany).
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslan
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloids Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam (Germany).
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonietti
authors.affiliation: INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany). volker.presser@inm-gmbh.de.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany). volker.presser@inm-gmbh.de.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Presser
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Colloids Department, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam (Germany). fellinger@mpikg.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Tim-Patrick
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Fellinger
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D058105:Polymerization; D016062:Porosity; D054712:Salinity; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002244:Carbon
keywords: capacitive deionization; charge efficiency; desalination; heteroatom carbon; salt templating