title: Risk factors for visible lesions or positive laboratory tests in bovine tuberculosis reactor cattle in Northern Ireland.
abstract: An observational case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for confirmed bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in cattle reacting positively to the single intradermal comparative cervical test (SICCT) in Northern Ireland in the years 1998, 2002 and 2006. Macroscopic lesions were detected at slaughter (positive visible lesion (VL) status) in 43.0% of reactor cattle, whilst 45.3% of those sampled were confirmed as bTB positive due to the presence of lesions or positive histopathology/mycobacterial culture (positive bTB status). In 97.5% of the reactors, the VL status and bTB status were either both negative or both positive. Generalized linear mixed model analyses were conducted on data of 24,923 reactor cattle with the variables herd identifier, local veterinary office (DVO) and abattoir being used as random effects within all the models generated at univariable and multivariable level. The other variables within the dataset were used as fixed effects. Significant risk factors associated with VL status and bTB status at multivariable level (p<0.05) included age at death, breed, sex, test year, net increase in skin thickness at bovine tuberculin injection site, epidemiological status of skin test, total number of reactors at the disclosure test, mean herd size and prior response to the skin test. These risk factors are likely related to the time since infection, the strength of the challenge of infection and the susceptibility of the animal. These findings are important as the detection of visible lesions and the confirmation of bTB are an integral part of the overall bTB control programme in Northern Ireland and the veterinary meat inspection and hygiene programme. The visible lesion status and bTB status of an animal can affect the way in which bTB breakdowns are managed, since failure to detect visible lesions and recovery of Mycobacterium bovis can lead to a less stringent follow-up after other risk factors have been taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Electronic address: Maria.O'Hagan@dardni.gov.uk.
authors.forename: M J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Hagan
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Courcier
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, England.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Drewe
authors.affiliation: Biometrics and Information Systems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, Northern Ireland; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Abernethy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D007428:Intradermal Tests / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009660:Northern Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000662:veterinary*; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Case–control study; Disease control; Risk factors