title: Effect of topical anti-glaucoma medications on late pupillary light reflex, as evaluated by pupillometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The late post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR 10-30s ) to blue light is reduced in glaucoma, suggesting that pupillometry can be used in clinical glaucoma evaluation. Since animal studies have indicated that common anti-glaucomatous agents affect the iris muscle, we investigated the short-term effect of the anti-glaucoma drugs on the pupillary light reflex and in particular on the PIPR10-30s.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-masked, crossover trial, pupillometry was performed before and after topical administration of latanoprost, dorzolamide, and timolol in 20 healthy subjects. Stimulus was blue (463 nm) and red light (633 nm) of 2 log (lux). Main outcome was the PIPR10-30s to blue light. Additionally, pupil size, maximal contraction, and the early post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR 0-10s ) to blue and red light were investigated. Pupil response variations between 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. were also assessed. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and 3.5 h after drug instillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no drug effect on the blue light PIPR10-30s or any other blue light pupil parameters. During the control day, the only significant variation over time was observed for the red light PIPR0-10s (p = 0.02). Pupillary size decreased slightly with timolol (0.1 mm, p = 0.03) and dorzolamide (0.2 mm, p < 0.001), but not with latanoprost. Timolol also reduced the maximal contraction amplitude significantly during red light (p = 0.02). Intraocular pressure was significantly reduced by all three drugs after 3.5 h (p < 0.01), while it remained unchanged during the control day (p = 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-glaucoma medications did not interfere with the blue light elicited PIPR. Dorzolamide reduced pupil size, while timolol reduced both pupil size and maximal contraction to red light, but the effect was minute and not of clinical importance.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital , Glostrup , Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Shakoor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ba-Ali
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital , Glostrup , Denmark.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital , Glostrup , Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Adam Elias
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Brøndsted
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital , Glostrup , Denmark ; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lund-Andersen
keywords: dorzolamide; glaucoma; iris; latanoprost; melanopsin; pupillary light reflex; pupillometry; timolol