title: Effect of vitamin D supplementation alone on muscle function in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
abstract: The present study investigates the effects of vitamin D on muscle function in postmenopausal women. It has been shown that vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women with hypovitaminosis D provides significant protective factor against sarcopenia, with significant increases in muscle strength and control of progressive loss of lean mass.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of vitamin D (VITD) alone on muscle function in younger postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 160 Brazilian postmenopausal women were randomized into two groups: VITD group consisting of patients receiving vitamin D3 1000 IU/day orally (n = 80) or placebo group (n = 80). Women with amenorrhea for more than 12 months and age 50-65 years, with a history of falls (previous 12 months), were included. The intervention time was 9 months, with assessments at two points, start and end. Lean mass was estimated by total-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and muscle strength by handgrip strength and chair rising test. The plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Statistical analysis was by intention to treat (ITT), using ANOVA, Student's t test, and Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 9 months, average values of 25(OH)D increased from 15.0 ± 7.5 to 27.5 ± 10.4 ng/ml (+45.4%) in the VITD group and decreased from 16.9 ± 6.7 to 13.8 ± 6.0 ng/ml (-18.5%) in the placebo group (p < 0.001). In the VITD group, there was significant increase in muscle strength (+25.3%) of the lower limbs by chair rising test (p = 0.036). In women in the placebo group, there was considerable loss (-6.8%) in the lean mass (p = 0.030).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supplementation of vitamin D alone in postmenopausal women provided significant protective factor against the occurrence of sarcopenia, with significant increases in muscle strength and control of progressive loss of lean mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. lucianacangussu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cangussu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. netonahas@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nahas-Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. claudiorsatti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Orsatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. flaviabueloni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: F N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Bueloni-Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. epetri@fmb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: E A P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-8535
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nahas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Lean mass; Menopause; Muscle function; Vitamin D