title: Triceps tendon rupture: the knowledge acquired from the anatomy to the surgical repair.
abstract: Triceps injuries are relatively uncommon in most traumatic events, and the distal triceps tendon ruptures are rare. Recently, the knowledge of this tendon lesion has increased, and it seems to be related to more precise diagnostic and clinical assessments. The most common mechanism of injury remains a forceful eccentric contraction of the muscle, while several other risk factors have been studied as chronic renal failure, endocrine disorders, metabolic bone diseases as well as steroid use. Olecranon bursitis and local corticosteroid injections may also play a role. The commonest site of rupture is at the tendon's insertion into the olecranon and rarely at the myotendinous junction or intramuscularly. The surgical intervention is recommended in acute complete ruptures, and non-operative treatment is reserved for patients with major comorbidities, as well as for partial ruptures with little functional disability and in low demanding patients. Various techniques and approaches as the direct repair to bone, the tendon augmentation, the anconeus rotation flap and the Achilles tendon allograft have been proposed for the management of these challenging injuries. The goal of surgical management should be an anatomical repair of the injured tendon by selection of a procedure with a low complication rate and one that allows early mobilization. This manuscript focuses the triceps tendon ruptures starting from the anatomy to the diagnosis and entity of the triceps tendon injuries, as well as the indications and guidelines for the management.
authors.affiliation: Shoulder and Elbow Unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hesperia Hospital, Via Emilia Est 380\1, 41124, Modena, Italy. celli.andrea1970@libero.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Celli
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000637:transplantation*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012421:Rupture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Achilles tendon allograft; Anconeus rotational flap; Direct repair; Elbow replacement; Olecranon bone deficiency; Triceps rupture