title: Characterization and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides from Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing.
abstract: Sulfated polysaccharides (SP) isolated from freshwater green algae, Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing, and fractionated SPs were examined to investigate their molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory activity. The crude and fractionated SPs (F1, F2, and F3) consisted mostly of carbohydrates (68.5-85.3%), uronic acids (3.2-4.9%), and sulfates (2.2-12.2%) with various amounts of proteins (2.6-17.1%). D-galactose (23.5-27.3%), D-glucose (11.5-24.8%), L-fucose (19.0-26.7%), and L-rhamnose (16.4-18.3%) were the major monosaccharide units of these SPs with different levels of L-arabinose (3.0-9.4%), D-xylose (4.6-9.8%), and D-mannose (0.4-2.3%). The SPs contained two sub-fractions with molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 164 × 10(3) to 1460 × 10(3) g/mol. The crude and fractionated SPs strongly stimulated murine macrophages, producing considerable amounts of nitric oxide and various cytokines via up-regulation of their mRNA expression by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. The main backbone of the most immunoenhancing SP was (1→3)-L-Fucopyranoside, (1→4,6)-D-Glucopyranoside, and (1→4)-D-Galactopyranoside.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Marine Food Science and Technology , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Utoomporn
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Surayot
authors.forename: JianGuo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ju Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chartchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kanongnuch
authors.forename: Yuwadee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peerapornpisal
authors.forename: SangGuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: You
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D001089:Arabinose / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005643:Fucose / Q000737:chemistry; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D008358:Mannose / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D012210:Rhamnose / Q000737:chemistry; D058131:Spirogyra / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014574:Uronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014994:Xylose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D005960:Glucosides; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013431:Sulfates; D014574:Uronic Acids; D005643:Fucose; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014994:Xylose; D001089:Arabinose; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose; D008358:Mannose; D012210:Rhamnose; D005690:Galactose
keywords: MAPK; NF-κB; Spirogyra; immunostimulation; sulfated polysaccharides