title: Gambling behaviors and attitudes in adolescent high-school students: Relationships with problem-gambling severity and smoking status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is associated with more severe/extensive gambling in adults. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between smoking and gambling in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses utilized survey data from 1591 Connecticut high-school students. Adolescents were classified by gambling (Low-Risk Gambling [LRG], At Risk/Problem Gambling [ARPG]) and smoking (current smoker, non-smoker). The main effects of smoking and the smoking-by-gambling interactions were examined for gambling behaviors (e.g., type, location), and gambling attitudes. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression; the latter controlled for gender, race/ethnicity, grade, and family structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For APRG adolescents, smoking was associated with greater online, school, and casino gambling; gambling due to anxiety and pressure; greater time spent gambling; early gambling onset; perceived parental approval of gambling; and decreased importance of measures to prevent teen gambling. For LRG adolescents, smoking was associated with non-strategic gambling (e.g., lottery gambling); school gambling; gambling in response to anxiety; gambling for financial reasons; greater time spent gambling; and decreased importance of measures to prevent teen gambling. Stronger relationships were found between smoking and casino gambling, gambling due to pressure, earlier onset of gambling, and parental perceptions of gambling for ARPG versus LRG adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with more extensive gambling for both low- and high-risk adolescent gamblers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking may be a marker of more severe gambling behaviors in adolescents and important to consider in gambling prevention and intervention efforts with youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: andrea.weinberger@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Electronic address: caf419@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; National Center for PTSD, Evaluation Division, VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Electronic address: Rani.Hoff@va.gov.
authors.forename: Rani A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: corey.pilver@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Corey E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pilver
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Clinton, CT 06413, USA. Electronic address: ctcl@comcast.net.
authors.forename: Marvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Problem Gambling Services, Middletown, CT 06457, USA. Electronic address: Lrugle@psych.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Loreen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rugle
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services Problem Gambling Services, Middletown, CT 06457, USA. Electronic address: Jeremy.Wampler@ct.gov.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wampler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Electronic address: dana.cavallo@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Dana A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Electronic address: suchitra.krishnan-sarin@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan-Sarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Electronic address: marc.potenza@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Marc N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Potenza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D017668:Age of Onset; D001290:Attitude; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Adolescents; Attitudes; Gambling; Smoking; Substance use