title: Clinical manifestation and risk factors of tuberculosis infection in Malaysia: case study of a community clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical manifestation of tuberculosis infection cases in Malaysia and to determine the individual risk factors for their occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study adopted a quantitative research approach with use of descriptive statistical approach. The study setting was a community clinic which treats walk in patients who are mainly living and working in the surrounding areas. The study was conducted for a period of one year. All tuberculosis patients who sought treatment in the clinic during the time were included in this study. The total number of cases was 40. Data was collected from the medical records of the tuberculosis patients. The risk factors selected for investigation were demographic characteristics of age and sex, personal habits such as smoking, drug use and alcohol and presence of diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+), diabetes mellitus, cancer, cyanotic heart disease, renal failure and steroid use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the age group ranging from 41 to 50 years had the highest incidence of the infection. Smoking appears to be the most important risk factor for contracting followed by drug abuse, HIV+ infection and diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People with diseases such as diabetes mellitus and HIV that are high risk factors for TB should be screened for TB so that early detection and intervention is possible. Educational programs should be carried out to create awareness among the at risk groups.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanmuganathan
authors.affiliation: Multimedia University Cyberjaya, Malaysia. indra@mmu.edu.my.
authors.forename: Indra Devi
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003151:Community Health Centers; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult