title: Perfluoroalkyl substances in a firefighting training ground (FTG), distribution and potential future release.
abstract: The present study investigates the occurrence and fate of 15 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and one fluorotelomer sulfonate from a firefighting training ground (FTG) that was contaminated by intensive use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF). The contamination levels and their spatial and vertical distribution are assessed in the structure. At the surface of the pad, perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) is the dominant PFASs measured, with concentration varying from 10 to 200 μg g(-1). PFASs were also detected in a concrete core at up to 12 cm depth, suggesting the vertical movement and higher transport potential of shorter chain compounds. The estimated mass load of linear PFOS in this specific pad was >300 g with a total of 1.7 kg for the sum of all PFASs analyzed. The kinetics of desorption of PFOS, PFOA and 6:2FTS from the concrete into an overlaying static water volume has been measured under field conditions at two constant temperatures. Fitting the desorption data and estimated rainfall/runoff to a kinetic model suggests that this and similar firefighting training pads will likely remain a source of PFASs for many decades (t0.5=25 years for PFOS).
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: chris_baduel@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baduel
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Paxman
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, (Entox), Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jochen F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D001315:Australia; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D061388:Firefighters; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007318:Inservice Training; D007700:Kinetics; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: AFFF; Contaminated infrastructure; Firefighting training ground; Leaching; Perfluorinated chemicals; Transport model