title: Innate immunity components and cytokines in gastric mucosa in children with Helicobacter pylori infection.
abstract: PURPOSE. To investigate the expression of innate immunity components and cytokines in the gastric mucosa among H. pylori infected and uninfected children. Materials and Methods. Biopsies of the antral gastric mucosa from children with dyspeptic symptoms were evaluated. Gene expressions of innate immunity receptors and cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression of selected molecules was tested by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. H. pylori infection did not lead to a significant upregulation of MyD88, TLR2, TLR4, CD14, TREM1, and TREM2 mRNA expression but instead resulted in high mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CD163. H. pylori cagA(+) infection was associated with higher IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA expression, as compared to cagA(-) strains. H. pylori infected children showed increased IFN-γ and TNF-α protein levels. IFN-γ mRNA expression correlated with both H. pylori density of colonization and lymphocytic infiltration in the gastric mucosa, whereas TNF-α protein expression correlated with bacterial density. CONCLUSION. H. pylori infection in children was characterized by (a) Th1 expression profile, (b) lack of mRNA overexpression of natural immunity receptors, and (c) strong anti-inflammatory activities in the gastric mucosa, possibly resulting from increased activity of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This may explain the mildly inflammatory gastric inflammation often observed among H. pylori infected children.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Immunology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7773-1766
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Chair of Immunology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1501-1637
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helmin-Basa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3733-2506
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grzywa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Gastroenterology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Mieczyslawa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czerwionka-Szaflarska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Function Testing, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szaflarska-Poplawska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Allergology and Gastroenterology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mierzwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Department of Oncologic Pathology, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15, 61-866 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marszalek
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3748-1058
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland ; Institute of Nursery and Public Health, Rzeszow University, Al. Rejtana 16A, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dzierzanowska-Fangrat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000276:immunology; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005838:Genotype; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; C573415:IFNG protein, human; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma