title: Comparison of Metabolic Pathways in Escherichia coli by Using Genetic Algorithms.
abstract: In order to understand how cellular metabolism has taken its modern form, the conservation and variations between metabolic pathways were evaluated by using a genetic algorithm (GA). The GA approach considered information on the complete metabolism of the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12, as deposited in the KEGG database, and the enzymes belonging to a particular pathway were transformed into enzymatic step sequences by using the breadth-first search algorithm. These sequences represent contiguous enzymes linked to each other, based on their catalytic activities as they are encoded in the Enzyme Commission numbers. In a posterior step, these sequences were compared using a GA in an all-against-all (pairwise comparisons) approach. Individual reactions were chosen based on their measure of fitness to act as parents of offspring, which constitute the new generation. The sequences compared were used to construct a similarity matrix (of fitness values) that was then considered to be clustered by using a k-medoids algorithm. A total of 34 clusters of conserved reactions were obtained, and their sequences were finally aligned with a multiple-sequence alignment GA optimized to align all the reaction sequences included in each group or cluster. From these comparisons, maps associated with the metabolism of similar compounds also contained similar enzymatic step sequences, reinforcing the Patchwork Model for the evolution of metabolism in E. coli K-12, an observation that can be expanded to other organisms, for which there is metabolism information. Finally, our mapping of these reactions is discussed, with illustrations from a particular case.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales y Automatización, IIMAS, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortegon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales y Automatización, IIMAS, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico ; Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Augusto C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Poot-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico ; Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Sisal Facultad de Ciencias, Sisal, Yucatán, UNAM, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez-Rueda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales y Automatización, IIMAS, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Vazquez
keywords: Comparative genomics; Genetic algorithms; KEGG database; Metabolism; k-medoids