title: A Tale of Two Hyper-diversities: Diversification dynamics of the two largest families of lichenized fungi.
abstract: Renewed interests in macroevolutionary dynamics have led to the proliferation of studies on diversification processes in large taxonomic groups, such as angiosperms, mammals, and birds. However, such a study has yet to be conducted in lichenized fungi--an extremely successful and diverse group of fungi. Analysing the most comprehensive time-calibrated phylogenies with a new analytical method, we illustrated drastically different diversification dynamics between two hyper-diverse families of lichenized fungi, Graphidaceae and Parmeliaceae, which represent more than a fourth of the total species diversity of lichenized fungi. Despite adopting a similar nutrition mode and having a similar number of species, Graphidaceae exhibited a lower speciation rate, while Parmeliaceae showed a sharp increase in speciation rate that corresponded with the aridification during the Oligocene-Miocene transition, suggesting their adaptive radiation into a novel arid habitat.
authors.affiliation: 1] Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA [2] Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand.
authors.forename: Ekaphan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kraichak
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Divakar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Leavitt
authors.affiliation: 1] Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA [2] Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nelsen
authors.affiliation: Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lücking
authors.affiliation: Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
authors.forename: H Thorsten
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lumbsch
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D044822:Biodiversity; D002980:Climate; D008011:Lichens / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity