title: Man versus Machine: Comparison of Automated and Manual Methodologies for Measuring the QTc Interval: A Prospective Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrocardiographic (ECG) safety evaluation is a required element of drug development. Performance characteristics of ECG measurement methodologies have rarely been studied prospectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 24 subjects to evaluate effects of moxifloxacin on the Fridericia rate-corrected QT (QTcF) interval. Five ECG replicates were obtained at 30 time points. Change from baseline QTcF (ΔQTcF) was fit by mixed-model analysis of variance to evaluate residual standard deviation. Precision was defined as intrasubject QTcF variance. Two core lab approaches were compared: QTinno, fully automated, 5 replicates and HeartSignals, computer-assisted manual, 3 replicates. Core lab values were then compared to an automated commercial algorithm (VERITAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three subjects provided 3450 ECGs potentially available for analysis. QTinno QTcF values were based upon 3419 ECGs, HeartSignals data on 2028 ECGs. Variance was similar between the QTinno and HeartSignals approaches (41.5 and 44 ms(2)). After excluding VERITAS QTcF measurements that deviated by >40 ms on visual review, variance in a set of 1907 common ECGs was lowest for HeartSignal, followed by QTinno and VERITAS (43.8, 52.6, 89.4 ms(2)) P = 0.02 HeartSignals versus QTinno, P < 0.0001 for both HeartSignals and QTinno versus VERITAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fully automated core lab approach using 5 replicates and a computer-assisted manual approach using 3 replicates were equally precise. When an identical number of ECGs were compared, the computer-assisted manual method was most precise, while the commercial algorithm was relatively imprecise. Although suitable for clinical assessment the standard commercial algorithm cannot be recommended for regulated safety research.
authors.affiliation: Social & Scientific Systems, Inc, Silver Spring, MD.
authors.forename: Jean T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Barbey
authors.affiliation: PAREXEL International Corp, Waltham, MA.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beaty
authors.affiliation: Denver Health and Hospitals, Denver, CO.|CPC Clinical Research, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Mori J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krantz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077266:Moxifloxacin
keywords: ECG core laboratories; QTc interval; automated; electrocardiography; manual