title: Targeted nanoparticles for image-guided treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: clinical significance and technological advances.
abstract: Effective treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with its aggressive tumor biology, highly heterogeneous tumor cells, and poor prognosis requires an integrated therapeutic approach that addresses critical issues in cancer therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticles with the abilities of targeted drug delivery and noninvasive imaging for monitoring drug delivery and responses to therapy, such as theranostic nanoparticles, hold great promise toward the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TNBC using a single therapeutic platform. The biological and pathological characteristics of TNBC provide insight into several potential molecular targets for current and future nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Extensive tumor stroma, highly proliferative cells, and a high rate of drug resistance are all barriers that must be appropriately addressed in order for these nanotherapeutic platforms to be effective. Utilization of the enhanced permeability and retention effect coupled with active targeting of cell surface receptors expressed by TNBC cells, and tumor-associated endothelial cells, stromal fibroblasts, and macrophages is likely to overcome such barriers to facilitate more effective drug delivery. An in-depth summary of current studies investigating targeted nanoparticles in preclinical TNBC mouse and human xenograft models is presented. This review aims to outline the current status of nanotherapeutic options for TNBC patients, identification of promising molecular targets, challenges associated with the development of targeted nanotherapeutics, the research done by our group as well as by others, and future perspectives on the nanomedicine field and ways to translate current preclinical studies into the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jasmine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Miller-Kleinhenz
authors.affiliation: Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Erica N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Bozeman
authors.affiliation: Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D058975:Folate Receptor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010539:Permeability; D011379:Prognosis; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497483:CD44 protein, human; C527276:CXCR4 protein, human; D004337:Drug Carriers; D058975:Folate Receptor 1; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D008081:Liposomes; C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D018396:Mucin-1; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1