title: Aflatoxin M₁ in raw milk from different regions of São Paulo state--Brazil.
abstract: A total of 635 raw milk samples from 45 dairy farms, from three regions of São Paulo state - Brazil, were evaluated during 15 months for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). AFM1 was determined by high performance liquid chromatograph with fluorescence detection. AFM1 was detected (>0.003 µg kg(-1)) in 72.9%, 56.3% and 27.5% of the samples from Bauru, Araçatuba and Vale do Paraíba regions, respectively. The mean AFM1 contamination considering all the samples was 0.021 µg kg(-1). Furthermore, the concentration of AFM1 was quite different among Bauru (0.038 µg kg(-1)), Araçatuba (0.017 µg kg(-1)) and Vale do Paraíba (<0.01 µg kg(-1)) regions. Only three samples (0.5%) had higher contamination than the tolerated limit in Brazil (0.50 µg kg(-1)) and 64 samples (10.1%) had a higher contamination than the maximum limit as set by the European Union (0.050 µg kg(-1)). The estimated AFM1 daily intake was 0.358 and 0.120 ng kg(-1) body weight per day for children and adults, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition , "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Beatriz Nappi
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Santili
authors.forename: Adriano Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Camargo
authors.forename: Raquel de Syllos Rosa
authors.initials: Rde S
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Eduardo Micotti
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: da Gloria
authors.forename: Paulo Fernando
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Laerte Dagher
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Cassoli
authors.forename: Carlos Tadeu dos Santos
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Calori-Domingues
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003612:Dairying; D005062:European Union; D005506:Food Contamination; D005513:Food Inspection; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence
chemical_list: D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D016607:Aflatoxin M1
keywords: Brazil; HPLC; aflatoxin M1; human exposure; milk; somatic cell count