title: Controlling Taenia solium and soil transmitted helminths in a northern Lao PDR village: Impact of a triple dose albendazole regime.
abstract: Taenia solium taeniasis-cysticercosis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases endemic throughout Southeast Asia. Within Lao PDR, a remote northern hill tribe village had previously been identified as a hyper endemic focus for T. solium. To reduce this observed prevalence, a One Health intervention covering both pigs and humans was implemented, which included two Mass drug administrations (MDA1 and MDA2) for village residents using a triple dose albendazole 400mg treatment regime. In addition to the effect on T. solium levels, the dual impact of this anthelmintic regime on STHs within the community was also monitored. Faecal samples were collected pre and post MDA1 and MDA2 and analysed for the presence of Taenia species and the STHs Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm species. The McMaster technique was used to measure the changes in both prevalence and intensity of infection. Molecular characterisation of Taenia and hookworm species was conducted to detect zoonotic species. The level of taeniasis within the sampled population decreased by 79.4% after MDA1, remained steady during the five month inter-treatment interval and decreased again by 100% after MDA2. The prevalence of STHs decreased by 65.5% and 62.8% after MDA1 and MDA2 respectively; however an increase to 62.1% of pre MDA1 levels was detected during the inter-treatment interval. Individually, hookworm prevalence decreased by 83.4% (MDA1) and 84.5% (MDA2), A. lumbricoides by 95.6% and 93.5% and T. trichiura by 69.2% and 61%. The intensity of infection within the sampled population also decreased, with egg reduction rates of 94.4% and 97.8% for hookworm, 99.4% and 99.3% for A. lumbricoides and 77.2% and 88.5% for T. trichiura. Molecular characterisation identified a T. solium tapeworm carrier from 21.6% (13/60) of households in the village. T. saginata was identified in 5% (3/60) of households. The zoonotic hookworm A. ceylanicum was detected in the resident dog population. These results suggest that the triple dose albendazole 400mg treatment regime achieved a significant reduction in the level of taeniasis whilst simultaneously reducing the STH burden within the village. The increased STH prevalence detected between MDAs reflects the need for behavioural changes and a sustained chemotherapy programme, which may also need to include the resident dog population.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. Electronic address: a.ash@murdoch.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) Regional Program, Geelong, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos.
authors.forename: Boualam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khamlome
authors.affiliation: National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Laos.
authors.forename: Phouth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Inthavong
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) Regional Program, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: R C Andrew
authors.initials: RCA
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000723:Ancylostomatoidea / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001196:Ascariasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017164:Ascaris lumbricoides / Q000187:drug effects; D003551:Cysticercosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006725:Hookworm Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007812:Laos / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D013552:Swine; D041201:Taenia solium / Q000187:drug effects; D013622:Taeniasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014257:Trichuriasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014258:Trichuris / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D012987:Soil; D015766:Albendazole
keywords: Albendazole; Mass drug administration; Neglected zoonotic diseases; One health; Soil-transmitted helminths; Taenia solium