title: Inhibition of differentiation of monocyte to macrophages in atherosclerosis by oligomeric proanthocyanidins -In-vivo and in-vitro study.
abstract: Monocyte to macrophage differentiation is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis. An understanding on the fundamental molecular mechanisms and the identification of regulatory mechanisms behind this differentiation may aid in the identification of new therapeutic strategies. Inhibition of this phenomenon will form first line of defense in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. In the current study we explored hypercholesterolemia induced monocyte to macrophage differentiation in-vivo (Wistar rats) leading to atherosclerosis and OxyLDL, M-CSF induced monocyte differentiation in-vitro (U937 cells). Oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) isolated from Crataegus oxyacantha was tested for its efficacy in downregulating this differentiation and in preventing atherogenic disturbances. Cholesterol cholic acid diet induced an increased monocyte to macrophage differentiation by upregulating MCP1 and VCAM1 which induced the inflammatory cytokines that further substantiated the monocyte conversion and infiltration into the vascular walls. On addition of OxyLDL and M-CSF to U937 cells, macrophage markers CD36 and CD 68, PPARγ, MMP2 and 9 were elevated, suggesting differentiation. OPC downregulated this differentiation and thus could prevent the initiation of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Thiruchenduran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohana
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Alukkathara Vijayan
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Navin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Sanker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed Sadullah
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sakeena Sadullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India. Electronic address: niranjali@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sivasithamparam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niranjali Devaraj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D027825:Crataegus / Q000737:chemistry; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Crataegus Oxyacantha; Hypercholesterolemia; Monocyte differentiation; Oxidative injury; U937 cells