title: Adropin and apelin fluctuations throughout a season in professional soccer players: Are they related with performance?
abstract: Myokines are likely to be involved in the whole-body metabolic adaptive changes that occur in response to regular exercise. We aimed to investigate the association of the two myokines (adropin and apelin) with physical performance in professional soccer players. To this purpose, we analyzed the fluctuations of circulating levels of both adropin and apelin in professional soccer players during a season and evaluated the possible association of these myokines with the performance level. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as iron, transferrin and high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hsCRP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), free testosterone/cortisol ratio (FTCR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were also determined. Fifteen male professional soccer players from an Italian Serie A team were included in this study. Regarding the results of the biochemical analyses, the patterns of changes in the biomarkers of fatigue and inflammation, i.e., HsCRP, CK and LDH reflected the effects of the training throughout the season. No significant changes were observed in adropin, while apelin exhibited variations that seem not to be related with performance. In addition, both adropin and apelin did not represent valuable strategy to assist in the performance assessment of professional soccer players.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12"), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: fabian.sanchis@uv.es.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanchis-Gomar
authors.affiliation: Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain; School of Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alis
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Italy.
authors.forename: Ermanno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rampinini
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosio
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Center, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.affiliation: Sport Rehabilitation Department, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jincheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sansoni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perego
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12"), Madrid, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romagnoli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lombardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000073861:Apelin; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D012621:Seasons; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C115436:APLN protein, human; D000073861:Apelin; D001798:Blood Proteins; C568440:Enho protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: Cytokines; Performance; Skeletal muscle