title: The Predictive Validity of the Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy Scale for Return-to-Work Outcomes in Claimants with Musculoskeletal Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the predictive validity of the Return-to-Work Self-Efficacy (RTWSE) Scale in terms of the scale's baseline absolute values and of changes in self-efficacy scores, with the outcome of return-to-work (RTW) status in a sample of injured workers with upper extremity and back musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  RTWSE was measured with a 10-item scale assessing Overall RTWSE and three self-efficacy subdomains: (1) ability to cope with pain, (2) ability to obtain help from supervisor and (3) ability to obtain help from co-workers. Outcome measures included RTW status (yes/no) measured at 6- and 12-month follow-up. RTWSE improvement was defined as an increase in self-efficacy scores between baseline and 6-month follow-up time points. Logistic regression analyses were performed with RTW status as the dependent variable and adjusted for age, gender, educational level, personal income, pain site, pain severity, functional status, and depressive symptoms, and for baseline RTWSE scores in the improvement score analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 632 claimants completed the baseline telephone interview 1 month post-injury; 446 subjects completed the 6-month interview (71 %) and 383 subjects completed the 12-month interview (61 %). The baseline Pain RTWSE scores were found to be useful to predict RTW status 6 months post-injury, with a trend for baseline Overall RTWSE. Improvements over time in Overall RTWSE and in Co-worker RTWSE were found to be useful to predict 12-month RTW status, with trends for improvements in Supervisor RTWSE and Pain RTWSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study found evidence supporting the predictive validity of the RTWSE scale within 12 months after injury. The RTWSE scale may be a potentially valuable scale in research and in managing work disabled claimants with musculoskeletal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Building 3217, Room 620, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. sandra.brouwer@umcg.nl.|Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. sandra.brouwer@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Department of Health Policy and Management, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Amick
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Hyunmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|WorkSafe BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Renée-Louise
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Franche
authors.affiliation: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sheilah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hogg-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D062707:Return to Work; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Disability; Improvement; Musculoskeletal; Pain; Predictive validity; Psychiatric; Questionnaire; Return-to-work; Self-efficacy