title: Mutation and duplication of arthropod acetylcholinesterase: Implications for pesticide resistance and tolerance.
abstract: A series of common/shared point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) confers resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in most arthropod pests. However, the mutations associated with reduced sensitivity to insecticides usually results in the reduction of catalytic efficiency and leads to a fitness disadvantage. To compensate for the reduced catalytic activity, overexpression of neuronal AChE appears to be necessary, which is achieved by a relatively recent duplication of the AChE gene (ace) as observed in the two-spotted spider mite and other insects. Unlike the cases with overexpression of neuronal AChE, the extensive generation of soluble AChE is observed in some insects either from a distinct non-neuronal ace locus or from a single ace locus via alternative splicing. The production of soluble AChE in the fruit fly is induced by chemical stress. Soluble AChE acts as a potential bioscavenger and provides tolerance to xenobiotics, suggesting its role in chemical adaptation during evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: shlee22@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Si Hyeock
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Jea
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000235:genetics; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007313:Insecta; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Bioscavenger; Chemical defense; Duplication; Mutation; Resistance