title: Comparing the effectiveness of capecitabine versus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin therapy for elderly Taiwanese stage III colorectal cancer patients based on quality-of-life measures (QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CR38) and a new cost assessment tool.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developed countries and its incidence increases with age. Intravenous administration of bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) has been a standard treatment regime for stage III CRC. However, patients generally prefer oral therapy such as Capecitabine. Studies showed that combination of oxaliplatin and capecitabine demonstrated efficacy and safety on par with treatment involving various 5-FU/LV-based regimens in elderly patients as they are in younger ones. However, little is known regarding the cost of adjuvant therapy or the effect of therapy on HRQoL. Thus the aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of different adjuvant care for stage III CRC on the HRQoL of elderly patients and to compare the economic costs associated with capecitabine-based and 5-FU/LV-based adjuvant treatments from a societal perspective in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, open-label, observational, multicenter study involving 123 patients aged 70 and over from 11 different centers was conducted between July 2008 and July 2011 in Taiwan. The adjusted monthly costs per patient and HRQoL were evaluated from individual-level data. The HRQoL of patients was assessed before and after adjuvant treatment. Direct and indirect costs of adjuvant treatment were estimated from a number of sources, and QoL scores were compared between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After correcting for baseline characteristics of patients, no significant differences were observed in the global HRQoL scores between treatment groups during the study period. According to QLQ-CR38 results, capecitabine-based therapy appeared to alleviate problems related to defecation (4.54 vs. 8.5; P = 0.011); however, micturition problems increased (9.27 vs. 7.51; P = 0.04), compared with 5-FU/LV-based treatment. The adjusted monthly treatment cost per patient was NT$27,300 for capecitabine-based treatment and NT$53,671 for 5-FU/LV-based treatment. The total cost of 5-FU/LV-based treatment was 59 % greater than that of capecitabine-based treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyzing from the societal perspective in Taiwan, capecitabine-based therapy incurred lower treatment costs than 5-FU/LV-based therapy and did not jeopardize HRQoL. Therefore, capecitabine, with or without oxaliplatin, could be considered as an alternative treatment option for elderly patients with stage III CRC.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. jklin@vghtpe.gov.tw.|Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. jklin@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Jen-Kou
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. d95843007@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Elise Chia-Hui
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. mcyang637@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069287:Capecitabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D000069287:Capecitabine; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil