title: Chemical compounds from anthropogenic environment and immune evasion mechanisms: potential interactions.
abstract: An increasing number of studies suggest an important role of host immunity as a barrier to tumor formation and progression. Complex mechanisms and multiple pathways are involved in evading innate and adaptive immune responses, with a broad spectrum of chemicals displaying the potential to adversely influence immunosurveillance. The evaluation of the cumulative effects of low-dose exposures from the occupational and natural environment, especially if multiple chemicals target the same gene(s) or pathway(s), is a challenge. We reviewed common environmental chemicals and discussed their potential effects on immunosurveillance. Our overarching objective was to review related signaling pathways influencing immune surveillance such as the pathways involving PI3K/Akt, chemokines, TGF-β, FAK, IGF-1, HIF-1α, IL-6, IL-1α, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 could individually or collectively impact immunosurveillance. A number of chemicals that are common in the anthropogenic environment such as fungicides (maneb, fluoxastrobin and pyroclostrobin), herbicides (atrazine), insecticides (pyridaben and azamethiphos), the components of personal care products (triclosan and bisphenol A) and diethylhexylphthalate with pathways critical to tumor immunosurveillance. At this time, these chemicals are not recognized as human carcinogens; however, it is known that they these chemicalscan simultaneously persist in the environment and appear to have some potential interfere with the host immune response, therefore potentially contributing to promotion interacting with of immune evasion mechanisms, and promoting subsequent tumor growth and progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; julia.krauchanka@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kravchenko
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, School of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.affiliation: MEDCOM Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio - Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Baltimore, MD 21010, USA;
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
authors.forename: Masoud H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Manjili
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takemi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otsuki
authors.affiliation: Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India.
authors.forename: Neetu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Faha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Mulla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Rabeah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Temaimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy.
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amedei
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Colacci
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mondello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: A Ivana
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Scovassi
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Jayadev
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roslida A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Memeo
authors.affiliation: Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Rabindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodrick
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hosni K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, julia.krauchanka@duke.edu bissonw@science.oregonstate.edu.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.affiliation: Getting to Know Cancer, Nova Scotia, Canada and.
authors.forename: Leroy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: H Kim
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lyerly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007157:Immunologic Surveillance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances