title: The effect of polyploidy and hybridization on the evolution of floral colour in Nicotiana (Solanaceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Speciation in angiosperms can be accompanied by changes in floral colour that may influence pollinator preference and reproductive isolation. This study investigates whether changes in floral colour can accompany polyploid and homoploid hybridization, important processes in angiosperm evolution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spectral reflectance of corolla tissue was examined for 60 Nicotiana (Solanaceae) accessions (41 taxa) based on spectral shape (corresponding to pigmentation) as well as bee and hummingbird colour perception in order to assess patterns of floral colour evolution. Polyploid and homoploid hybrid spectra were compared with those of their progenitors to evaluate whether hybridization has resulted in floral colour shifts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Floral colour categories in Nicotiana seem to have arisen multiple times independently during the evolution of the genus. Most younger polyploids displayed an unexpected floral colour, considering those of their progenitors, in the colour perception of at least one pollinator type, whereas older polyploids tended to resemble one or both of their progenitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Floral colour evolution in Nicotiana is weakly constrained by phylogeny, and colour shifts do occur in association with both polyploid and homoploid hybrid divergence. Transgressive floral colour in N. tabacum has arisen by inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation from its paternal progenitor while having a plastid phenotype like its maternal progenitor. Potentially, floral colour evolution has been driven by, or resulted in, pollinator shifts. However, those polyploids that are not sympatric (on a regional scale) with their progenitor lineages are typically not divergent in floral colour from them, perhaps because of a lack of competition for pollinators.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah E J
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chittka
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Le Comber
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verity
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dodsworth
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovařík
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mhiri
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA-Versailles, 78026 Versailles cedex, France and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK a.r.leitch@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Leitch
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D003116:Color; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D010858:Pigmentation; D011123:Polyploidy; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Evolution, floral colour; Nicotiana; Solanaceae; flower pigmentation; hybridization; pollinator shifts; polyploidy; spectral reflectance; transgressive traits