title: Exploring the Feasibility of Service Integration in a Low-Income Setting: A Mixed Methods Investigation into Different Models of Reproductive Health and HIV Care in Swaziland.
abstract: Integrating reproductive health (RH) with HIV care is a policy priority in high HIV prevalence settings, despite doubts surrounding its feasibility and varying evidence of effects on health outcomes. The process and outcomes of integrated RH-HIV care were investigated in Swaziland, through a comparative case study of four service models, ranging from fully integrated to fully stand-alone HIV services, selected purposively within one town. A client exit survey (n=602) measured integrated care received and unmet family planning (FP) needs. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the degree of integration per clinic and client demand for services. Logistic regression modelling was used to test the hypothesis that clients at more integrated sites had lower unmet FP needs than clients in a stand-alone site. Qualitative methods included in-depth interviews with clients and providers to explore contextual factors influencing the feasibility of integrated RH-HIV care delivery; data were analysed thematically, combining deductive and inductive approaches. Results demonstrated that clinic models were not as integrated in practice as had been claimed. Fragmentation of HIV care was common. Services accessed per provider were no higher at the more integrated clinics compared to stand-alone models (p>0.05), despite reported demand. While women at more integrated sites received more FP and pregnancy counselling than stand-alone models, they received condoms (a method of choice) less often, and there was no statistical evidence of difference in unmet FP needs by model of care. Multiple contextual factors influenced integration practices, including provider de-skilling within sub-specialist roles; norms of task-oriented routinised HIV care; perceptions of heavy client loads; imbalanced client-provider interactions hindering articulation of RH needs; and provider motivation challenges. Thus, despite institutional support, factors related to the social context of care inhibited provision of fully integrated RH-HIV services in these clinics. Programmes should move beyond simplistic training and equipment provision if integrated care interventions are to be sustained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wringe
authors.affiliation: Global Health Unit, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Quantitative Social Science, Institute of Education, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Ploubidis
authors.affiliation: PSI, Mbabane, Swaziland.
authors.forename: Phelele
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fakudze
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susannah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mayhew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003906:Developing Countries; D013541:Eswatini; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011247:Pregnancy; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D055815:Young Adult