title: Phylogeography of Nanorana parkeri (Anura: Ranidae) and multiple refugia on the Tibetan Plateau revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
abstract: Quaternary climatic changes have been recognized to influence the distribution patterns and evolutionary histories of extant organisms, but their effects on alpine species are not well understood. To investigate the Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the genetic structure of amphibians, we sequenced one mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments in Nanorana parkeri, a frog endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, across its distribution range in the southern plateau. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and three nuclear genes (c-Myc2, Rhod, and Tyr) revealed two distinct lineages (i.e. the lineages East and West), which were strongly geographically structured. The split of the two divergent lineages was dated back earlier than the Middle Pleistocene, probably being associated with climatic and ecological factors. Species distribution modeling, together with the phylogeographic structuring, supported the hypothesis of multiple refugia for N. parkeri on the Tibetan Plateau during the Pleistocene glaciations, and suggested the Yarlung Zangbo valley and the Kyichu catchment to be the potential refugia. Our findings indicate that Pleistocene climatic changes have had a great impact on the evolution and demographic history of N. parkeri. Our study has important implications for conservation of this and other frog species in the Tibetan Plateau.
authors.affiliation: 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China [2] Deep-Sea Research Department, Sanya Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya 572000, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China [2] College of Life Sciences, University of the Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Cuimin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
authors.forename: Dongli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China [2] College of Life Sciences, University of the Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoju
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xiangmo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China [2] College of Life Sciences, University of the Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011898:Ranidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D000068236:Refugium; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial