title: Ecology and geographic distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica among livestock and wildlife in China.
abstract: The results in this study show the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica varies in different animal species and regions of China. The highest prevalence is among pigs (12.91%), followed by dogs (9.80%), Ochotona curzoniae (plateau pica) (6.76%), chickens (4.50%), rodents (3.40%), cattle (2.78%) and sheep (0.89%). Pathogenic isolates comprised the majority of the Y. enterocolitica recovered from pigs (73.50%) and dogs (59.44%); whereas the nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica made up most of poultry and wildlife recovered strains. A correlation analysis comparing the prevalence and geographic factors showed the isolation rate of Y. enterocolitica in pigs and dogs was negatively correlated with elevation (r=-0.50, P<0.05) and annual average air temperature (r=-0.43, P<0.05), but there was positive correlation with annual precipitation (r=0.43, P<0.05); conversely, the isolation rate from wildlife is positively correlated with elevation (r=0.3, P<0.05) contrary to the result seen in livestock. Twelve novel biotype 2 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica carried ail and ystB virulence genes, and one biotype 1A nonpathogenic strain positive with ail, ystB and ystA genes were isolated from Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) on plague foci of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau. The PFGE pattern K6GN11C30021 was predominant in pigs (44.25%) and patients (41.18%); K6GN11C30068 was predominant in dogs (40.16%). Animal isolates from the same region shared the same pattern (K6GN11C30021 and K6GN11C30012), indicating they may be from the same clone and arose through cross infection. Moreover, the identical PFGE pattern among local animals and diarrhea patients suggested that the animals may be the source of infections in these areas.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Henan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shengli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Xuzhou Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jinchuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guoxiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Yuxi Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi, China.
authors.forename: Shukun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Wenpeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, China.
authors.forename: Chunxiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Mingliu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China.
authors.forename: Kecheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Longze
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Jiangxi Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jiazheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China. Electronic address: jinghuaiqi@icdc.cn.
authors.forename: Huaiqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangxin@icdc.cn.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004285:Dogs / Q000382:microbiology*; D005843:Geography; D058751:Livestock / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011891:Rain; D012377:Rodentia / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014774:Virulence; D015009:Yersinia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D015008:Yersinia enterocolitica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity
keywords: Ecology distribution of Yersinia; Livestock; Multi-host pathogens; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; Wildlife; Zoonosis