title: Fruit calcium accumulation coupled and uncoupled from its transpiration in kiwifruit.
abstract: Accumulation of Ca in several fleshy fruit is often supposed to depend, among others, by climatic variables driving fruit transpiration. This study tests the whole causal chain hypothesis: VPD → fruit transpiration → Ca accumulation. Also there are evidences that relationship between fruit transpiration and Ca content is not always clear, hence the hypothesis that low VPD reduces the fraction of xylemic water destined to transpiration was tested by examining the water budget of fruit. Attached fruits of Actinidia deliciosa were subjected to Low (L) and High (H) VPD. Their transpiration was measured from early after fruit-set to day 157 after full bloom (DAFB). Fruits were picked at 70, 130 and 157 DAFB for Ca and K determinations and for water budget analysis. Cumulative transpired water was ∼ 70 g and ∼ 16 g H2O f(-1) in HVPD and LVPD, respectively. Calcium accumulated linearly (R(2) = 0.71) with cumulative transpiration when VPD was high, while correlation was weaker (R(2) = 0.24) under LVPD. Under low VPD the fraction of xylem stream destined to transpiration declined to 40-50%. Results suggest that Ca accumulation is coupled to cumulative transpiration under high VPD because under that condition cumulative transpiration equals xylem stream (which carry the nutrient). At LVPD, Ca gain by fruit is uncoupled from transpiration because ∼ 60% of the xylemic water is needed to sustain fruit growth. Results will apply to most fruits (apples, tomatoes, capsicum, grapes etc.) since most suffer Ca deficiency disorders and grow in changing environments with variable VPD, also they could be supportive for the implementation of fruit quality models accounting also for mineral compositions and for a reinterpretation of certain field practices aimed at naturally improve fruit Ca content.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.montanaro@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montanaro
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy. Electronic address: bartolomeo.dichio@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Bartolomeo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dichio
authors.affiliation: Sandy Lang Ltd., 402 Muritai Road, Eastbourne 5013, New Zealand. Electronic address: slang@xtra.co.nz.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy. Electronic address: alba.mininni@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Alba N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mininni
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo: Architettura, Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali (DiCEM), Via S. Rocco, 3, 75100 Matera, Italy. Electronic address: cristos.xiloyannis@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Cristos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiloyannis
mesh_terms: D029042:Actinidia / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000502:physiology*; D055548:Vapor Pressure; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Fruit water budget; Microenvironment; Nutrient transport; Phloem; VPD; Water loss; Xylem