title: Do soft drinks affect metal ions release from orthodontic appliances?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of orange juice and Coca Cola(®) on the release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances.
  
  
  METHODS
  A continuous flow system designed for in vitro testing of orthodontic appliances was used. Orange juice/Coca Cola(®) was flowing through the system alternately with artificial saliva for 5.5 and 18.5h, respectively. The collected samples underwent a multielemental ICP-OES analysis in order to determine the metal ions release pattern in time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total mass of ions released from the appliance into orange juice and Coca Cola(®) (respectively) during the experiment was calculated (μg): Ni (15.33; 37.75), Cr (3.604; 1.052), Fe (48.42; ≥ 156.1), Cu (57.87, 32.91), Mn (9.164; 41.16), Mo (9.999; 30.12), and Cd (0.5967; 2.173).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found that orange juice did not intensify the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances, whereas Coca Cola(®) caused increased release of Ni ions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentofacial Orthopeadics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, ul. Krakowska 25, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: mikulewicz.marcin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikulewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wołowiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, ul. Montelupich 4/108, 30-383 Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartłomiej W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Loster
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chojnacka
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry; D003343:Corrosion; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000009:adverse effects; D000075322:Heavy Metal Poisoning; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008422:Materials Testing; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D008954:Models, Biological; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011041:Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D011042:Poisons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D011044:Poland; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011042:Poisons; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Artificial saliva; Coca Cola(®); Metal ions release; Orange juice; Orthodontic appliance; Stainless steel