title: Epigenetic mechanisms in cancer: push and pull between kneaded erasers and fate writers.
abstract: Research concerning the epigenome over the years has systematically and sequentially shown substantial development and we have moved from global inhibition of modifications of the epigenome toward identification and targeted therapy against tumor-specific epigenetic mechanisms. In accordance with this approach, several drugs with epigenetically modulating activity have received considerable attention and appreciation, and recently emerging scientific evidence is uncovering details of their mode of action. High-throughput technologies have considerably improved our existing understanding of tumor suppressors, oncogenes, and signaling pathways that are key drivers of cancer. In this review, we summarize the general epigenetic mechanisms in cancer, including: the post-translational modification of DNA methyltransferase and its mediated inactivation of Ras association domain family 1 isoform A, Sonic hedgehog signaling, Wnt signaling, Notch signaling, transforming growth factor signaling, and natural products with epigenetic modification ability. Moreover, we introduce the importance of nanomedicine for delivery of natural products with modulating ability to epigenetic machinery in cancer cells. Such in-depth and comprehensive knowledge regarding epigenetic dysregulation will be helpful in the upcoming era of molecular genomic pathology for both detection and treatment of cancer. Epigenetic information will also be helpful when nanotherapy is used for epigenetic modification.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), KRL Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ammad Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Farooqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jen-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ruei-Nian
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), KRL Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Doctor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University/Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shyng-Shiou F
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jing-Ru
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), KRL Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; Research Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: cancer; epigenetic; methylation; modification; natural products