title: Developing the Person-Environment Apathy Rating for persons with dementia.
abstract: To develop the Person-Environment Apathy Rating (PEAR) scale that measures environmental stimulation and apathy in persons with dementia and to evaluate its psychometrics.
  
  
  
  The PEAR scale consists of the PEAR-Environment subscale and PEAR-Apathy subscales. The items were developed via literature review, field testing, expert review, and pilot testing. The construct validity and reliability were examined through video observation. The parent study enrolled 185 institutionalized residents with dementia. For this study, 96 videos were selected from 24 participants. The PEAR-Environment subscale was validated using the Ambiance Scale and the Crowding Index. The PEAR-Apathy subscale was validated using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI)-Apathy, Passivity in Dementia Scale (PDS), and NPI-Depression.
  
  
  
  The PEAR-Environment subscale and PEAR-Apathy subscales each consists of six items rated on a 1-4 scale. For validity, the Crowding Index slightly, yet significantly, correlated with the PEAR-Environment subscale total score and three of the individual scores. Ambiance Scale scores, both engaging and soothing, did not correlate with the PEAR-Environment subscale. The PEAR-Apathy highly correlated with the PDS and NPI-Apathy and moderately correlated with the NPI-Depression, suggesting good convergent validity and moderate discriminant validity. For reliability, both environment and apathy subscales demonstrated excellent internal consistency. Although facial expression and eye contact showed moderate inter-rater reliability, all other items showed good to excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability.
  
  
  
  This study has successfully developed the PEAR scale and established its psychometrics based on the compatible scales available. The PEAR scale is the first scale that concurrently assesses apathy and environmental stimulation, and is recommended for use in persons with dementia.
authors.affiliation: a College of Nursing , The Pennsylvania State University , 201 Health and Human Development East, State College , PA , USA.|b College of Nursing , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA.
authors.forename: Ying-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Jao
authors.affiliation: c School of Nursing , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Algase
authors.affiliation: b College of Nursing , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA.|d John A. Hartford Center for Geriatric Nursing Excellence , Iowa City , IA , USA.
authors.forename: Janet K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Specht
authors.affiliation: b College of Nursing , The University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA.|d John A. Hartford Center for Geriatric Nursing Excellence , Iowa City , IA , USA.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057565:Apathy; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; apathy; care environment; dementia and cognitive disorders; neuropsychiatric symptom