title: Is Pupil Diameter Influenced by Refractive Error?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between pupil diameter and refractive error and how refractive correction, target luminance, and accommodation modulate this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic subjects (age range, 18 to 35 years) viewed an illuminated target (luminance: 10, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, and 4100 cd/m) within a Badal optical system, at 0 diopters (D) and -3 D vergence, with and without refractive correction. Refractive error was corrected using daily disposable contact lenses. Pupil diameter and accommodation were recorded continuously using a commercially available photorefractor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in pupil diameter was found between the refractive groups at 0 D or -3 D target vergence, in the corrected or uncorrected conditions. As expected, pupil diameter decreased with increasing luminance. Target vergence had no significant influence on pupil diameter. In the corrected condition, at 0 D target vergence, the accommodation response was similar in all refractive groups. At -3 D target vergence, the emmetropic and myopic groups accommodated significantly more than the hyperopic group at all luminance levels. There was no correlation between accommodation response and pupil diameter or refractive error in any refractive group. In the uncorrected condition, the accommodation response was significantly greater in the hyperopic group than in the myopic group at all luminance levels, particularly for near viewing. In the hyperopic group, the accommodation response was significantly correlated with refractive error but not pupil diameter. In the myopic group, accommodation response level was not correlated with refractive error or pupil diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refractive error has no influence on pupil diameter, irrespective of refractive correction or accommodative demand. This suggests that the pupil is controlled by the pupillary light reflex and is not driven by retinal blur.
authors.affiliation: *PhD Department of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (JBO); and Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom (DS, MD, LSG).
authors.forename: Janis B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Mhairi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Lyle S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D055815:Young Adult