title: A Clinical Study Evaluating Changes in the Microbial Flora Around Dental Implants During Various Stages of Implant Restoration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the microbial colonization of dental implants in healthy patients before placing the implants and during the various stages of implant treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva (in completely edentulous patients) and gingival crevicular fluid samples (in partially edentulous patients) were collected from patients and analyzed to estimate the growth of microorganisms after culture. Samples were collected during 10 phases of implant placement and prosthesis insertion. Sixty dental implants, 18 of NobelReplace Select (Nobel Biocare) and 42 of GSIII/TSIII (Osstem), were evaluated. The microbial titer was estimated in colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter. The percentage distribution of the organisms during the various phases was noted and the average was compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most prevalent microorganism found was gram-positive Streptococci (3.59 × 10 CFU/mL). The titer of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Pseudomonas being 0.42 × 10 CFU/ml, 0.15 × 10 CFU/mL, 0.09 × 10 CFU/mL, and 0.03 × 10 CFU/mL, respectively. The titer of these organisms noted during the experimental phase was low. A similarity was observed in the maximum colony-forming unit per milliliter between baseline and completion of implant therapy indicating establishment of equilibrium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular microbial evaluation along with clinical and radiographic monitoring could help in recognizing the potential for periimplantitis and in prevention of the same.
authors.affiliation: *Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, India. †Postgraduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, India. ‡Dean, Director, Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College, Bangalore, India. §Professor, Department of Molecular Biology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, India. ¶Private Practice, Prosthodontics, Implantology, Goa, India. ‖Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herekar
authors.forename: Megha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Doddammane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Prithviraj
authors.forename: Kishore
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Aquaviva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Viraj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003757:Dental Implantation; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D018713:Prevotella intermedia; D011549:Pseudomonas; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013291:Streptococcus
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants