title: The Essential Oil from Origanum vulgare L. and Its Individual Constituents Carvacrol and Thymol Enhance the Effect of Tetracycline against Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an ongoing project to evaluate essential oils as modulators of antibiotic resistance, the essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (OVEO), as well as its individual constituents carvacrol (CAR) and thymol (THY), were investigated using Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing efflux mechanisms of resistance to norfloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antibiotics were determined by agar dilution method, in the absence and in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of OVEO, CAR or THY.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Along with relevant antistaphylococcal activity, OVEO, CAR and THY modulated the activity of tetracycline, i.e. in combination with antibiotics a reduction in the MIC was observed (up to fourfold).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results presented here represent, as far as we know, the first report of OVEO, CAR and THY as putative efflux pump inhibitors. Broadly, these findings indicate that essential oils could serve as potential sources of compounds capable of modulating drug resistance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética de Microrganismos, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brasil.
authors.forename: Isis Caroline S
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Cirino
authors.forename: Suellen Maria P
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Menezes-Silva
authors.forename: Helena Tainá D
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Evandro Leite
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Siqueira-Júnior
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000081007:Cymenes; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D031341:Origanum; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013943:Thymol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013943:Thymol; C073316:carvacrol; D013752:Tetracycline