title: Enzyme therapeutics for systemic detoxification.
abstract: Life relies on numerous biochemical processes working synergistically and correctly. Certain substances disrupt these processes, inducing living organism into an abnormal state termed intoxication. Managing intoxication usually requires interventions, which is referred as detoxification. Decades of development on detoxification reveals the potential of enzymes as ideal therapeutics and antidotes, because their high substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency are essential for clearing intoxicating substances without adverse effects. However, intrinsic shortcomings of enzymes including low stability and high immunogenicity are major hurdles, which could be overcome by delivering enzymes with specially designed nanocarriers. Extensive investigations on protein delivery indicate three types of enzyme-nanocarrier architectures that show more promise than others for systemic detoxification, including liposome-wrapped enzymes, polymer-enzyme conjugates, and polymer-encapsulated enzymes. This review highlights recent advances in these nano-architectures and discusses their applications in systemic detoxifications. Therapeutic potential of various enzymes as well as associated challenges in achieving effective delivery of therapeutic enzymes will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: luucla@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057487:Enzyme Therapy; D004798:Enzymes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D004798:Enzymes
keywords: Detoxification; Nanocarrier; PEGylation; Protein delivery; Protein nanocapsule