title: Monitoring cerebral autoregulation after brain injury: multimodal assessment of cerebral slow-wave oscillations using near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous monitoring of cerebral autoregulation might provide novel treatment targets and identify therapeutic windows after acute brain injury. Slow oscillations of cerebral hemodynamics (0.05-0.003 Hz) are visible in multimodal neuromonitoring and may be analyzed to provide novel, surrogate measures of autoregulation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical neuromonitoring technique, which shows promise for widespread clinical applicability because it is noninvasive and easily delivered across a wide range of clinical scenarios. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between NIRS signal oscillations and multimodal neuromonitoring, examining the utility of near infrared derived indices of cerebrovascular reactivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven sedated, ventilated, brain-injured patients were included in this observational study. Intracranial pressure, transcranial Doppler-derived flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, and ipsilateral cerebral NIRS variables were continuously monitored. Signals were compared using wavelet measures of phase and coherence to examine the spectral features involved in reactivity index calculations. Established indices of autoregulatory reserve such as the pressure reactivity index (PRx) and mean velocity index (Mx) and the NIRS indices such as total hemoglobin reactivity index (THx) and tissue oxygen reactivity index (TOx) were compared using correlation and Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NIRS indices correlated significantly between PRx and THx (rs = 0.63, P < 0.001), PRx and TOx (r = 0.40, P = 0.04), and Mx and TOx (r = 0.61, P = 0.004) but not between Mx and THx (rs = 0.26, P = 0.28) and demonstrated wide limits between these variables: PRx and THx (bias, -0.06; 95% limits, -0.44 to 0.32) and Mx and TOx (bias, +0.15; 95% limits, -0.34 to 0.64). Analysis of slow-wave activity throughout the intracranial pressure, transcranial Doppler, and NIRS recordings revealed statistically significant interrelationships, which varied dynamically and were nonsignificant at frequencies <0.008 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although slow-wave activity in intracranial pressure, transcranial Doppler, and NIRS is significantly similar, it varies dynamically in both time and frequency, and this manifests as incomplete agreement between reactivity indices. Analysis informed by a priori knowledge of physiology underpinning NIRS variables combined with sophisticated analysis techniques has the potential to deliver noninvasive surrogate measures of autoregulation, guiding therapy.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurocritical Care, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; and the Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Highton
authors.forename: Arnab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tachtsidis
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panovska-Griffiths
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Elwell
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009991:Oscillometry; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives