title: 8-Mercapto-Cyclic GMP Mediates Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Plants are exposed to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) both exogenously, as it exists as a pollutant gas in the environment, and endogenously, as it is synthesized in cells. H2S has recently been found to function as a gaseous signaling molecule, but its signaling cascade remains unknown. Here, we examined H2S-mediated guard cell signaling in Arabidopsis. The H2S donor GYY4137 (morpholin-4-ium-4-methoxyphenyl [morpholino] phosphinodithioate) induced stomatal closure, which peaked after 150 min at 1 µM or after 90 min at 10 and 100 µM. After reaching maximal closure, stomatal apertures gradually increased in size in response to further exposure to GYY4137. GYY4137 induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in guard cells, and GYY4137-induced stomatal closure was reduced by an NO scavenger and inhibitors of NO-producing enzymes. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that GYY4137 induces the synthesis of 8-nitro-cGMP and 8-mercapto-cGMP and that this synthesis is mediated by NO. In addition, 8-mercapto-cGMP triggered stomatal closure. Moreover, inhibitor and genetic studies showed that calcium, cADP ribose and slow anion channel 1 act downstream of 8-mercapto-cGMP. This study therefore demonstrates that 8-mercapto-cGMP mediates the H2S signaling cascade in guard cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan.
authors.forename: Naotake
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan.
authors.forename: Riichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan.
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556 Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaike
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan k0532158@kadai.jp.
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwai
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D036226:Seedlings; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C525106:8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; C529376:GYY 4137; D009025:Morpholines; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide
keywords: 8-Mercapto-cGMP; 8-Nitro-cGMP, stomata; Arabidopsis thaliana L; Hydrogen sulfide; Nitric oxide