title: IL-10-independent regulatory B-cell subsets and mechanisms of action.
abstract: Although classically B cells are known to play important roles in immune protection via humoral immunity, recently their regulatory mechanisms have been best appreciated in the context of autoimmunity. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells that vary not only in their phenotype but also in their mechanism of action. Although the best-studied mechanism of B-cell immune regulation is IL-10 production, other IL-10-independent mechanisms have been proposed. These include maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells; production of transforming growth factor-β, IL-35, IgM or adenosine or expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1) or FasL (Fas ligand). Given that B-cell-targeted therapy is being increasingly used in the clinic, a complete understanding of the mechanisms whereby B cells regulate inflammation associated with specific diseases is required for designing safe and effective immunotherapies targeting B cells.
authors.affiliation: BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Luman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA bonnie.dittel@bcw.edu.
authors.forename: Bonnie N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Dittel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060151:B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000276:immunology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C505661:FASLG protein, human; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D007378:Interleukins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C532417:interleukin-35, human; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: CIA; EAE; GVHD; SLE; autoimmunity; colitis; diabetes; regulatory B cell