title: Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and endocrine disrupting chemicals in reclaimed water and receiving groundwater in China.
abstract: Groundwater recharge using reclaimed water is considered a promising method to alleviate groundwater depletion. However, pollutants in reclaimed water could be recharged into groundwater during this process, thereby posing a risk to groundwater and human health. In this study, 12 cities in northern China were selected for reclaimed water and groundwater sampling. Analysis of the samples revealed the presence of nine pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and five endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). In reclaimed water, all the PPCPs and EDCs were found, with sulpiride (SP) and estriol (E3) being most frequently detected. In groundwater samples, only ketoprofen (KP), mefenamic acid (MA), nalidixic acid (NA) and SP were detected among PPCPs, while bisphenol-A (BPA) was dominant among the target EDCs. The risk quotients (RQs) of all target PPCPs and EDCs except 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and E3 were below 1 in groundwater samples, indicating that EE2 and E3 deserve priority preferential treatment before recharging.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Yeping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Life Science and Technology College, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150080, China. Electronic address: wangjihua333@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jihua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: x.liu@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003358:Cosmetics; D060766:Drinking Water; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Endocrine disrupting compounds; Groundwater; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products; Reclaimed water; Risk assessment