title: Investigations into the feasibility of optical-CT 3D dosimetry with minimal use of refractively matched fluids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In optical-CT, the use of a refractively matched polyurethane solid-tank in place of a fluid bath has the potential to greatly increase practical convenience, reduce cost, and possibly improve the efficacy of flood corrections. This work investigates the feasibility of solid-tank optical-CT imaging for 3D dosimetry through computer simulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matlab ray-tracing simulation platform, ScanSim, was used to model a parallel-source telecentric optical-CT imaging system through a polyurethane solid-tank containing a central cylindrical hollow into which PRESAGE radiochromic dosimeters can be placed. A small amount of fluid fills the 1-5 mm gap between the dosimeter and the walls of the tank. The use of the solid-tank reduces the required amount of fluid by approximately 97%. To characterize the efficacy of solid-tank, optical-CT scanning simulations investigated sensitivity to refractive index (RI) mismatches between dosimeter, solid-tank, and fluid, for a variety of dosimeter (RI = 1.5-1.47) and fluid (RI = 1.55-1.0) combinations. Efficacy was evaluated through the usable radius (ru) metric, defined as the fraction of the radius of the dosimeter where measured dose is predicted to be within 2% of the ground truth entered into the simulation. Additional simulations examined the effect of increasing gap size (1-5 mm) between the dosimeter and solid-tank well. The effects of changing the lens tolerance (0.5°-5.0°) were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the RI mismatch between the dosimeter and solid-tank increased from 0 to 0.02, the usable radius decreased from 97.6% to 50.2%. The optimal fluid RI decreased nonlinearly from 1.5 to 1.34 as the mismatch increased and was up to 9% lower than the tank. Media mismatches between the dosimeter and solid-tank also exacerbate the effects of changing the gap size, with no easily quantifiable relationship with usable radius. Generally, the optimal fluid RI value increases as gap size increases and is closely matched to the dosimeter at large gap sizes (> 3 mm). Increasing the telecentric lens tolerance increases the usable radius for all refractive media combinations and improves the maximum usable radius of mismatched media to that of perfectly matched media for tolerances > 5.0°. The maximum usable radius can be improved up to a factor of 2 when lens tolerances are small (< 1.0°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dry solid-tank optical-CT imaging in a telecentric system is feasible if the dosimeter RI is a close match with the solid-tank (< 0.01 difference), providing accurate dose measurements within ± 2% of true dose to over 80% of the dosimeter volume. In order to achieve accurate measurements over 96% of the dosimeter volume (representing out to 2 mm from the dosimeter edge), the dosimeter-tank RI mismatch must be less than 0.005. Optimal results occur when the RI of the dosimeter and tank is the same, in which case the fluid will have the same RI. If mismatches between the tank and dosimeter RI occur, the RI of the matching fluid needs to be fine tuned to achieve the highest usable radius.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Leith
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rankine
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oldham
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011140:Polyurethanes; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes