title: Beyond the sticker price: including and excluding time in comparing food prices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An ongoing debate in the literature is how to measure the price of food. Most analyses have not considered the value of time in measuring the price of food. Whether or not the value of time is included in measuring the price of a food may have important implications for classifying foods based on their relative cost.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to compare prices that exclude time (time-exclusive price) with prices that include time (time-inclusive price) for 2 types of home foods: home foods using basic ingredients (home recipes) vs. home foods using more processed ingredients (processed recipes). The time-inclusive and time-exclusive prices are compared to determine whether the time-exclusive prices in isolation may mislead in drawing inferences regarding the relative prices of foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  We calculated the time-exclusive price and time-inclusive price of 100 home recipes and 143 processed recipes and then categorized them into 5 standard food groups: grains, proteins, vegetables, fruit, and dairy. We then examined the relation between the time-exclusive prices and the time-inclusive prices and dietary recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For any food group, the processed food time-inclusive price was always less than the home recipe time-inclusive price, even if the processed food's time-exclusive price was more expensive. Time-inclusive prices for home recipes were especially higher for the more time-intensive food groups, such as grains, vegetables, and fruit, which are generally underconsumed relative to the guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focusing only on the sticker price of a food and ignoring the time cost may lead to different conclusions about relative prices and policy recommendations than when the time cost is included.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; and ylyang@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Yanliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture and Applied Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; and.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Muth
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000191:economics; D004032:Diet / Q000191:economics; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000191:economics; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000191:economics*; D005638:Fruit / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors; D014675:Vegetables / Q000191:economics
keywords: food group recommendations; food price; preparation time; time-exclusive price; time-inclusive price