title: Textile-based sampling for potentiometric determination of ions.
abstract: Potentiometric sensing utilizing textile-based micro-volume sampling was applied and evaluated for the determination of clinically (Na(+), K(+), Cl(-)) and environmentally (Cd(2+), Pb(2+) and pH) relevant analytes. In this technological design, calibration solutions and samples were absorbed into textiles while the potentiometric cells (ion-selective electrodes and reference electrode) were pressed against the textile. Once the liquid, by wicking action, reached the place where the potentiometric cell was pressed onto the textile, hence closing the electric circuit, the potentiometric response was obtained. Cotton, polyamide, polyester and their blends with elastane were applied for micro-volume sampling. The textiles were found to influence the determination of pH in environmental samples with pH close to neutral and Pb(2+) at low analyte concentrations. On the other hand, textile-based micro-volume sampling was successfully applied in measurements of Na(+) using solid-contact sodium-selective electrodes utilizing all the investigated textiles for sampling. It was found that in order to extend the application of textile-based sampling toward environmental analysis of ions it will be necessary to tailor the physio-chemical properties of the textile materials. In general, textile-based sampling opens new possibilities for direct chemical analysis of small-volume samples and provide a simple and low-cost method to screen various textiles for their effects on samples to identify which textiles are the most suitable for on-body sensing.
authors.affiliation: Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland. Electronic address: grzegorz.lisak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lisak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arnebrant
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tautgirdas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruzgas
authors.affiliation: Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bobacka
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Non-invasive wearable potentiometric sensors; Potentiometric determination of ions in clinical and environmental samples; Textile-based sampling