title: Modulation of immunity and gut microbiota after dietary administration of alginate encapsulated Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.).
abstract: The potential benefits of probiotics when administering to fish could improve aquaculture production. The objective of this study was to examine the modulation of immune status and gut microbiota of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) specimens by a probiotic when administered encapsulated. Commercial diet was enriched with Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11, at a concentration of 10(8) cfu g(-1)) before being encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. Fish were fed non-supplemented (control) or supplemented diet for 4 weeks. After 1, 2 and 4 weeks the main humoral and cellular immune parameters were determined. Furthermore, gene expression profile of five immune relevant genes (il1β, bd, mhcIIα, ighm and tcrβ) was studied by qPCR in head kidney. On the other hand, intestinal microbiota of fish was analysed at 7 and 30 days by DGGE. Results demonstrated that administration of alginate encapsulated SpPdp11 has immunostimulant properties on humoral parameters (IgM level and serum peroxidase activity). Although no immunostimulant effects were detected on leucocyte activities, significant increases were detected in the level of mRNA of head-kidney leucocytes for mhcIIα and tcrβ after 4 weeks of feeding the encapsulated-probiotic diet. The administration of SpPdp11 encapsulated in alginate beads produced important changes in the DGGE patterns corresponding to the intestinal microbiota. Predominant bands related to lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactococcus and Lactobacillus strains, were sequenced from the DGGE patterns of fish fed the probiotic diet, whereas they were not sequenced from fish receiving the control diet. The convenience or not of probiotic encapsulation is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Guardiola
authors.affiliation: Group of Prophylaxis and Biocontrol of Fish Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvana Teresa
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tapia-Paniagua
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuesta
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meseguer
authors.affiliation: Group of Prophylaxis and Biocontrol of Fish Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Balebona
authors.affiliation: Group of Prophylaxis and Biocontrol of Fish Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: M Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Moriñigo
authors.affiliation: Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: aesteban@um.es.
authors.forename: M Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Esteban
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates; D000818:Animals; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004032:Diet; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D010587:Phagocytosis; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D012756:Sheep; D020614:Shewanella putrefaciens
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D009195:Peroxidase
keywords: Alginate encapsulation; Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata); Immunity; Microbiota; Probiotic; Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11