title: Iron-free and iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin inhibit survivin expression and differentially modulate apoptosis in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron binding, naturally occurring protein bovine lactoferrin (bLf) has attracted attention as a safe anti-cancer agent capable of inducing apoptosis. Naturally, bLf exists partially saturated (15-20%) with Fe(3+) however, it has been demonstrated that manipulating the saturation state can enhance bLf's anti-cancer activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apo-bLf (Fe(3+) free) and Fe-bLf (>90% Fe(3+) Saturated) were therefore, tested in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in terms of cytotoxicity, proliferation, migration and invasion. Annexin-V Fluos staining was also employed in addition to apoptotic protein arrays and Western blotting to determine the specific mechanism of bLf-induced apoptosis with a key focus on p53 and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP), specifically survivin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apo-bLf induced significantly greater cytotoxicity and reduction in cell proliferation in both cancer cells showing a time and dose dependent effect. Importantly, no cytotoxicity was detected in normal MCF-10-2A cells. Both forms of bLf significantly reduced cell invasion in cancer cells. Key apoptotic molecules including p53, Bcl-2 family proteins, IAP members and their inhibitors were significantly modulated by both forms of bLf, though differentially in each cell line. Most interestingly, both Apo-bLf and Fe-bLf completely inhibited the expression of survivin protein (key IAP), after 48 h at 30 and 40 nM in cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capacity of these forms of bLf to target survivin expression and modulation of apoptosis demonstrates an exciting potential for bLf as an anti-cancer therapeutic in the existing void of survivin inhibitors, with a lack of successful inhibitors in the clinical management of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine - Laboratory for Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular and Medical Research Facility, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. jgib@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine - Laboratory for Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular and Medical Research Facility, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. jagat.kanwar@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jagat R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine - Laboratory for Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular and Medical Research Facility, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. rupinder.kanwar@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rupinder K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D000077022:Survivin
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D000077022:Survivin; D045022:Lactate Dehydrogenases; D007781:Lactoferrin; D020169:Caspases