title: Adenosine and verapamil for no-reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in people with acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the preferred treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Although coronary flow is restored after PPCI, impaired myocardial perfusion (known as no-reflow) related to poor clinical outcomes is frequently observed. To overcome this phenomenon, drugs, such as atorvastatin, abciximab and others, have been tried as adjunctive treatment to PPCI. Among these drugs, verapamil and adenosine are among the most promising. No other systematic reviews have examined use of these two drugs in people with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing PPCI. This is an update of the version previously published (2013, Issue 6), for which the people of interest in the review were those treated with PPCI - not those given fibrinolytic therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of adenosine and verapamil on no-reflow during PPCI in people with AMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We updated searches of the following databases in June 2014 without language restriction: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and BIOSIS, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and clinical trials registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform). We also handsearched The American Journal of Cardiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which adenosine or verapamil was the primary intervention. Participants were individuals diagnosed with AMI who were undergoing PPCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors collected studies and extracted data. When necessary, we contacted trial authors to obtain relevant information. We calculated risk ratios (RRs), P values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of dichotomous data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included in our review 11 RCTs (one new study with 59 participants) involving 1027 participants. Ten RCTs were associated with adenosine and one with verapamil. We considered the overall risk of bias of included studies to be moderate. We found no evidence that adenosine reduced short-term all-cause mortality (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.48, P value = 0.27), long-term all-cause mortality (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.74, P value = 0.70), short-term non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 1.32, 95% 0.33 to 5.29, P value = 0.69) or myocardial blush grade (MBG) 0 to 1 after PPCI (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.22, P value = 0.75). The incidence of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade < 3 after PPCI (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.91, P value = 0.01) was decreased. Conversely, adverse events with adenosine, such as bradycardia (RR 6.32, 95% CI 2.98 to 13.41, P value < 0.00001), hypotension (RR 11.43, 95% CI 2.75 to 47.57, P value = 0.0008) and atrioventricular (AV) block (RR 6.78, 95% CI 2.15 to 21.38, P value = 0.001), were significantly increased.Meta-analysis of verapamil as treatment for no-reflow during PPCI was not performed because data were insufficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is difficult to draw conclusions because of the insufficient quality and quantity of current research studies. We considered the overall risk of bias of included studies to be moderate. Adenosine as treatment for no-reflow during PPCI could reduce angiographic no-reflow (TIMI flow grade < 3) but was found to increase adverse events. What's more, no evidence could be found to suggest that adenosine reduced all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction or the incidence of myocardial blush grade 0 to 1. Additionally, the efficacy of verapamil for no-reflow during PPCI could not be analysed because data were insufficient. Further clinical research into adenosine and verapamil is needed because of the limited numbers of available trials and participants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuang Yong Load, Nanning, Guangxi, China, 530021.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Tun Swe
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nyi
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002423:Cause of Death; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D054318:No-Reflow Phenomenon / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014700:Verapamil; D000241:Adenosine