title: Trigonelline protects the cardiocyte from hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the key parameters associated with hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and investigates the mechanism of trigonelline (TG) for reducing the H2O2 induced toxicity in H9c2 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of TG was assessed by EZ-CYTOX kit. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesized according to the kit manufacture protocol. Apoptosis was measured by the Flowcytometry, general PCR and qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found that the TG significantly rescued the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with TG attenuated H2O2 induced cell deaths and improved the antioxidant activity. In addition, TG regulated the apoptotic gene caspase-3, caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. These results were comparable with quercetin treatment. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirmed the TG significantly reduced the H2O2 induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. However, further increment of TG concentration against H2O2 could induce the necrosis and apoptosis along with H2O2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that less than 125 μ M of TG could protect the cells from H2O2 induced cell damage by down regulating the caspases and up regulating the Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. Therefore, we suggest the trigonelline could be useful for treatment of oxidative stress mediated cardiovascular diseases in future.
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea-330-801.
authors.forename: Soundharrajan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilavenil
authors.affiliation: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Japan 680-8553.
authors.forename: Da Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 626-770, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea-330-801.
authors.forename: Mayakrishnan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, USA 61801.
authors.forename: Ponnuraj Nagendra
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, South Korea.
authors.forename: Srisesharam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srigopalram
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Republic of Korea-330-801. Electronic address: choiwh@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Antioxidant; Apoptosis; Cardiovascular diseases; H9c2 cells; Trigonelline