title: Enhanced Boosting of Oral Absorption of Lopinavir Through Electrospray Coencapsulation with Ritonavir.
abstract: In vivo activities of absorption enhancers coencapsulated with poorly absorptive drugs in the same enteric-coated particles were evaluated. Lopinavir [a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)] and ritonavir (an inhibitor of CYP3A-mediatd metabolism) were used as a model drug and a model absorption enhancer, respectively. Lopinavir and ritonavir were encapsulated into enteric-coated particles as amorphous forms using coaxial electrospray deposition. The electrospray treatment resulted in dramatic improvement of dissolution profiles of both compounds, probably because of complete amorphization and superior dispersion efficiency of the particles. Poor absorption of lopinavir in rats was observed after oral administration of enteric-coated particles containing lopinavir alone. When the particles were coadministered with enteric-coated particles containing ritonavir alone, lopinavir absorption was boosted. The boosting effect was further enhanced when ritonavir was coencapsulated with lopinavir into the same enteric-coated particles. A significant increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve reflected an extension of mean residence time rather than an elevation of Cmax . Lopinavir absorption was improved presumably because lopinavir was always accompanied by a practical amount of ritonavir required for the boosting during the gastrointestinal transit of the particles. Not only did the electrospray coencapsulation technique improve drug absorption, but also increased trough concentration that might result in the reduction of the number of doses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Narimoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohri
authors.affiliation: International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.affiliation: International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohsaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir
keywords: boosting; coaxial electrospray deposition; enteric-coated particle; lopinavir; oral absorption improvement; ritonavir