title: Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Tanzania, 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The occurrence of HIV-1 and syphilis infections during pregnancy poses major health risks to the foetus due to mother-to-child transmission. We conducted surveillance of HIV and syphilis infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) in Mainland Tanzania in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  This surveillance was carried out in 133 ANCs selected from 21 regions in Tanzania. In each region, six ANC sites were selected, with urban, semi-urban, and rural areas contributing two each. All pregnant women who were attending selected sentinel ANC sites for the first time at any pregnancy between September and December 2011 were enrolled. Serial ELISA assays were performed to detect HIV infection in an unlinked anonymous manner using dried blood spot (DBS) after routine syphilis testing. Data analysis was conducted using Stata v.12 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39,698 pregnant women representing 2.4 % of all pregnant women (1.68 million) attending ANCs in the Mainland Tanzania were enrolled. The overall HIV prevalence was found to be 5.6 % (95 % CI: 5.4-5.8 %). The risk for HIV infection was significantly higher among women aged 25-34 (cOR = 1.97, 95 % CI: 1.79-2.16; p < 0.05), older than 35 years (cOR = 1.88, 95 % CI: 1.62-2.17; p < 0.05) and those having 1-2 and 3-4 previous pregnancies. HIV infection was less prevalent among women attending rural ANC clinics (cOR = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.4-0.52; p < 0.05). The overall syphilis prevalence was 2.5 % (95 % CI: 2.3, 3.6). The risk for syphilis infection was significantly higher among women attending semi-urban and rural clinics and those having 3-4, and 5 previous pregnancies (p < 0.05). Marital status and level of education were not statistically significant with either of the two infections. HIV and syphilis co-infections occurred in 109 of 38,928 (0.3 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall prevalence of HIV infection (5.6 %) and syphilis (2.5 %) found among pregnant women attending ANC clinics in Tanzania calls for further strengthening of current intervention measures, which include scaling up the integration of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services in Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) clinics.
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. manyahijoel@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manyahi
authors.affiliation: St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, Ifakara, Tanzania. jullub@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Boniphace S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Jullu
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. mattyabuya@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mathias I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Abuya
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. jj162us@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juma
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ndayongejej@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ndayongeje
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. bonitakilama@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilama
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. veryeh77@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Veryeh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sambu
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. josenondi@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nondi
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. benrabiel@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rabiel
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Programme, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Geoffreysomi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Somi
authors.affiliation: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. mateemecky@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mecky I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Matee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D017533:Marital Status; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult