title: Differential impacts of elevated CO2 and acidosis on the energy budget of gill and liver cells from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
abstract: Ocean acidification impacts fish and other marine species through increased seawater PCO2 levels (hypercapnia). Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms mediating effects in various tissues of fish is incomplete. Here we tested the effects of extracellular hypercapnia and acidosis on energy metabolism of gill and liver cells of Atlantic cod. Exposure media mimicked blood conditions in vivo, either during normo- or hypercapnia and at control or acidic extracellular pH (pHe). We determined metabolic rate and energy expenditure for protein biosynthesis, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase and considered nutrition status by measurements of metabolic rate and protein biosynthesis in media with and without free amino acids (FAA). Addition of FAA stimulated hepatic but not branchial oxygen consumption. Normo- and hypercapnic acidosis as well as hypercapnia at control pHe depressed metabolic stimulation of hepatocytes. In gill cells, acidosis depressed respiration independent of PCO2 and FAA levels. For both cell types, depressed respiration was not correlated with the same reduction in energy allocated to protein biosynthesis or Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Hepatic energy expenditure for protein synthesis and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase was even elevated at acidic compared to control pHe suggesting increased costs for ion regulation and cellular reorganization. Hypercapnia at control pHe strongly reduced oxygen demand of branchial Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase with a similar trend for H(+)-ATPase. We conclude that extracellular acidosis triggers metabolic depression in gill and metabolically stimulated liver cells. Additionally, hypercapnia itself seems to limit capacities for metabolic usage of amino acids in liver cells while it decreases the use and costs of ion regulatory ATPases in gill cells.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany. Electronic address: laura.stapp@awi.de.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Stapp
authors.affiliation: Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kreiss
authors.affiliation: Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University of Bremen, NW 2, Leobener Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: H O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Pörtner
authors.affiliation: Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Centre for Polar- & Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lannig
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000502:physiology*; D005880:Gills / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Free amino acids; H(+)-ATPase; Hypercapnia; Metabolic depression; Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase; Ocean acidification; Oxygen consumption; Protein biosynthesis