title: Glycated albumin and the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications in subjects with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the relationship between the glycemic indices glycated albumin (GA) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the progression of diabetic vascular complications [diabetic nephropathy (DN) and carotid artery atherosclerosis (CAA)] in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 154 participants with a median follow-up of 2.8 years were enrolled in this retrospective longitudinal study. We recruited T1D subjects who had regularly measured urine albumin-creatinine ratios and estimated glomerular filtration rates, as well as tested HbA1c and GA levels consecutively every 3 or 6 months. A subgroup of 54 subjects was measured repeated carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We classified subjects into the DN progression (Group I; n = 30) with either deteriorated stages of chronic kidney disease (n = 18) or albuminuria progression (n = 17), and the non-progression (Group II; n = 124). In multiple logistic regression analyses, baseline albuminuria (odds ratio [OR] = 2.64, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-6.74), mean GA levels (OR = 2.03, 95 % CI = 1.27-3.26) were significantly associated with progression of DN. However, there was no association with mean HbA1c (OR = 0.98, 95 % CI = 0.62-1.54). In a subgroup analysis for follow-up measurements of carotid IMT, age was independently associated with the presence of plaque and the mean IMT. However glycemic indices were not significantly associated with CAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean GA levels were more closely associated with DN progression than mean HbA1c in subjects with T1D. However, they were not associated with the CAA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. dldzm0509@hanmail.net.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. dldzm0509@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hye-jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. yholee@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. yholee@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Yong-ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. MDSRKIM12@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. MDSRKIM12@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: So Ra
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. 0268791@yuhs.ac.|Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. 0268791@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Tyler Hyungtaek
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. howgooditis@gmail.com.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. howgooditis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eun Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. edgo@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. edgo@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Eun Seok
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. bscha@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. bscha@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Bong-soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. endohclee@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. endohclee@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Hyun Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. bwanlee@yuhs.ac.|Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, , 120-752. bwanlee@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Byung-wan
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000639:trends; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin