title: Associations of marital violence with different forms of contraception: cross-sectional findings from South Asia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between marital violence and type of contraception among women in South Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using marital violence data collected during the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys from Bangladesh (n=3665), India (n=56357), and Nepal (n=3037). Data were pooled to assess associations of marital violence (physical or sexual) with modern contraception use (current spacing or sterilization).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual marital violence was associated with both modern spacing contraception (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.49) and sterilization (AOR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.88). Sexual violence was reported more often by pill users (9.8% vs 5.5% for non-users) but less often by condom users (4.5% vs 5.8% for non-users).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sexual marital violence might increase use of contraception that need not require husband involvement (pill) but decrease use of methods that require his cooperation (condom) or support for mobility, funds, or time (sterilization).
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Addiction Research and Education, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: anitaraj@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lotus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDougal
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Contraception use; Domestic violence; Intimate partner violence; Sexual violence, Family planning; South Asia