title: Cost per patient of treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in a community-based programme in Khayelitsha, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The high cost of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) treatment hinders treatment access. South Africa has a high RR-TB burden, and national policy outlines decentralisation to improve access and reduce costs. We analysed health system costs associated with RR-TB treatment by drug resistance profile and treatment outcome in a decentralised programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, routinely collected patient-level data were combined with unit cost data to determine costs for each patient in a cohort treated between January 2009 and December 2011. Drug costs were based on recommended regimens according to drug resistance and treatment duration. Hospitalisation costs were estimated based on admission/discharge dates, while clinic visit and diagnostic/monitoring costs were estimated according to recommendations and treatment duration. Missing data were imputed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 467 patients (72% HIV infected), 49% were successfully treated. Treatment was initiated in primary care for 62%, with the remainder as inpatients. The mean cost per patient treated was $7916 (range 260-87,140), ranging from $5369 among patients who did not complete treatment to $23,006 for treatment failure. Mean cost for successful treatment was $8359 (2585-32,506). Second-line drug resistance was associated with a mean cost of $15,567 vs. $6852 for only first-line resistance, with the major cost difference due to hospitalisation. Costs are reported in 2013 USD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RR-TB treatment cost was high and varied according to treatment outcome. Despite decentralisation, hospitalisation remained a significant cost, particularly among those with more extensive resistance and those with treatment failure. These cost estimates can be used to model the impact of new interventions to improve patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lebogang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramma
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Khayelitsha, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: City of Cape Town Health Department, Khayelitsha, South Africa.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Edina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sinanovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D012293:Rifampin
keywords: Afrique du Sud; South Africa; Sudáfrica; TB - MDR; TB-MDR; TB-RR; cost; costes; coût; decentralisation; descentralización; décentralisation; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis; traitement; tratamiento; treatment