title: Quantitative evaluation of the dosimetric effects of balloon deformation and source position in high-dose rate mammosite breast brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate quantitatively the deformation of the mammosite balloon, eccentricity of the source position and their effects on the dose delivered to the tumor lumpectomy site and critical structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distances of the brachytherapy source to the surface of the mammosite balloon were measured in using radiographic images for fractions 1 to 10 for twelve patients. The dose at the balloon surface (nearly 680cGy) and prescription dose of 340cGy at 1cm from the balloon surface were calculated for the different fractions and their dependence on the balloon volume and source position were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The position of the source can be offset from the center of the mammosite balloon by up to 6mm. Deformation of the balloon led to variations in its dimensions by up to 8mm. The dose at 1cm from the balloon surface that covers the lumpectomy site varied by up to 19% from 340cGy along the elongated diameter of the balloon and by up to 40% along the short diameter. Maximal doses to the skin, ribs and lung were 420cGy, 630cGy and 500cGy per fraction, respectively, which depended mostly on their distance from the balloon surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The geometric variations in the shape of the balloon and position of the source can cause lack of dose coverage to the lumpectomy site or create hot dose spots in the surrounding normal tissue that might compromise intended clinical goals. Users as well as vendors should consider correction measures for the deformation of the balloons and the eccentricity of the position of the high dose source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Muskogee Regional Cancer Center, 300 Rockefeller Dr, Muskogee, OK, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negusse
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Algan