title: The Comparison of Intrathecal Morphine and IV Morphine PCA on Pain Control, Patient Satisfaction, Morphine Consumption, and Adverse Effects in Patients Undergoing Reduction Mammoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following breast reduction procedures, the level of postoperative pain can be severe, and sufficient pain control influences a patient's physiological, immunological, and psychological status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the use of intrathecal morphine (ITM) in breast reduction surgery with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two female patients who underwent breast reductions with the same technique participated in this study. The study group (ITM + PCA) included 32 patients; a single shot (0.2 mg) of ITM and intravenous morphine with PCA were administered. In the control group, morphine PCA alone was intravenously administered to 30 patients. Comparisons between the groups of cumulative morphine consumption, visual analog scale scores, and patient satisfaction scores, which were the primary outcome measures, and adverse effects, which were the secondary outcome measures, were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients in the 2 groups had similar degrees of pain and satisfaction scores. The study group had lower cumulative morphine consumption (P = .001) than the PCA-only control group; there was no statistically significant difference in adverse effects between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal morphine may effectively control pain with lower total morphine consumption following breast reduction surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehtap
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamese
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akdağ
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: İnci
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gokce Unal
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Yıldıran
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zekeriya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tosun
keywords: PCA; breast reduction; intrathecal morphine; pain control; patient satisfaction