title: Neighborhood socioeconomic status is associated with violent reinjury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measures of individual socioeconomic status correlate with recurrent violent injury; however, neighborhood socioeconomic status may also matter. We conducted a review of victims of interpersonal violence treated at our trauma center, hypothesizing that the percent of the population living under the poverty level in their neighborhood is associated with recurrent violent victimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified victims of interpersonal violence, ages 12-24, in our trauma registry from 2005-2010. Recurrent episodes of violent injury were identified through 2012. The percentage of the population living under the poverty level for the patient's zip code of residence was derived from United States census estimates and divided into quartiles. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to evaluate predictors of violent injury recidivism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cohort consisted of 1890 patients. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed the following factors as independent predictors of violent injury recidivism: male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2 [1.06-3.80]; P = 0.03), black race (OR = 2.1 [1.44-3.06]; P < 0.001), injury due to firearms (OR = 1.67 [1.12-2.50]; P = 0.01), and living in the lowest zip code socioeconomic quartile (OR = 1.59 [1.12-2.25]; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For young patients injured by violence, the socioeconomic position of their neighborhood of residence is independently correlated with their risk of violent reinjury. Low neighborhood socioeconomic status may be associated with a disrupted sense of safety after injury and also may alter a person's likelihood of engaging in behaviors correlated with recurrent violent injury. Programs aimed at reducing violent injury recidivism should address needs at the individual and neighborhood level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Highland Hospital, University of California, San Francisco - East Bay, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Vincent E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Highland Hospital, University of California, San Francisco - East Bay, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Wayne S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Highland Hospital, University of California, San Francisco - East Bay, Oakland, California. Electronic address: gvictorino@alamedahealthsystem.org.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Victorino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014754:Violence / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Interpersonal violence; Recidivism; Recurrent violent injury; Socioeconomic status; Trauma