title: TGF-β1 expression is associated with invasion and metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is involved in many physiologic processes, it often promotes metastasis, and its high expression is correlated with poor prognosis. In the present study, we analyzed the correlation between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression and prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the expression of TGF-β1 in 78 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas by immunohistochemistry and correlated the expression with clinicopathological parameters. TGF-β1 was expressed in 37 of 78 (47.4%) intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. The expression of TGF-β1 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and tumour recurrence. Patients with TGF-β1-positive tumours had significantly shorter survival time. In a multivariant analysis, the expression of TGF-β1 and the tumour stage were independent prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that expression of TGF-β1 is a novel prognostic marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, The 180th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Quanzhou, Fujian, China. chenyijie11@126.com.
authors.forename: Yijie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, the Eighth People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong, China. heqianmy@126.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, The 180th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Quanzhou, Fujian, China. heqianmy@126.com.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, The 180th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Quanzhou, Fujian, China. zhangshaobowf@126.com.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: General Surgery, The 180th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Quanzhou, Fujian, China. zchqzyy@126.com.
authors.forename: Chenghua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. scdxhxyy28@126.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1