title: Chronic effects of the ionic liquid [C4mim][Cl] towards the microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda.
abstract: Chronic effects of the ionic liquid [C4mim][Cl] (mp 73 °C) towards the microalga, Scenedesmus quadricauda were studied by flow cytometry, monitoring multiple endpoints of cell density, esterase activity, membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species and chlorophyll fluorescence. Toxicity was clearly in evidence, and although increased esterase activity indicated hormesis during initial exposure to [C4mim][Cl], inhibition of both esterase activity and chlorophyll fluorescence became apparent after 3 days. Cell density was also decreased by culturing with [C4mim][Cl], but this effect was clearly concentration-dependent and only became significant during the second half of the experiment. In contrast, [C4mim][Cl] had only a modest effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused little damage to cell membranes.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, 1666 Weichen Road, Kunshan 215347, China. Electronic address: dengyun@jiangnan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK. Electronic address: ian.beadham@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beadham
authors.affiliation: Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, 1666 Weichen Road, Kunshan 215347, China. Electronic address: wuj@njukii.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, 1666 Weichen Road, Kunshan 215347, China. Electronic address: chenxd@njukii.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Di
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, 1666 Weichen Road, Kunshan 215347, China. Electronic address: hul@njukii.com.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University, 1666 Weichen Road, Kunshan 215347, China; Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: junguca@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D059165:Hormesis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002734:Chlorophyll; C502841:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; D004950:Esterases
keywords: Chronic effect; Flow cytometry; Ionic liquid; Microalgae; Toxicity