title: Three-dimensional effects of the mini-implant-anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect three-dimensionally the effects of using mini-implant anchorage with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 43 skeletal Class II females with deficient mandibles. They were randomly allocated into three groups: 16 patients (13.25 ± 1.12 years) received FFRD alone (Forsus group), 15 subjects (13.07 ± 1.41 years) received FFRD and mini-implants (FMI group), and 12 subjects (12.71 ± 1.44 years) were in the untreated control group. Three-dimensional analyses of cone beam computed tomographic images were completed, and the data were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class I relationship and overjet correction were achieved in 88% of the cases. None of the two treatment groups showed significant mandibular skeletal effects. In the FMI group, significant headgear effect, decrease in maxillary width, and increase in the lower facial height were noted. In the FMI group, retroclination of maxillary incisors and distalization of maxillary molars were significantly higher. Proclination and intrusion of mandibular incisors were significantly greater in the Forsus group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FFRD resulted in Class II correction mainly through dentoalveolar effects and with minimal skeletal effects. Utilization of mini-implant anchorage effectively reduced the unfavorable proclination and intrusion of mandibular incisors but did not produce additional skeletal effects.
authors.affiliation: a  Associate Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherif A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Elkordy
authors.affiliation: b  Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abouelezz
authors.affiliation: c  Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona M Salah
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fayed
authors.affiliation: b  Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.affiliation: d  Senior Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ramy Abdul Rahman
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ishaq
authors.affiliation: b  Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Yehya A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Mostafa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003729:Dental Care; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Anchorage; Class II malocclusion; Fixed functional; Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device; Mini-implants