title: Predictors of students' self-reported adoption of a smartphone application for medical education in general practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smartphones and related applications are increasingly gaining relevance in the healthcare domain. We previously assessed the demands and preferences of medical students towards an application accompanying them during a course on general practice. The current study aims to elucidate the factors associated with adoption of such a technology. Therefore we provided students with a prototype of an application specifically related to their studies in general practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total estimation among students participating in a general practice examination at the Leipzig Medical School was conducted in May 2014. Students were asked to answer a structured self-designed questionnaire. Univariable comparisons were made to identify significant differences between those students who reported to have used the application frequently and those who did not. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to reveal independent predictors of frequent application usage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 99.3 % (n = 305/307). The majority (59 %, n = 180/305) were female students. The mean age was 24.5 years and 79.9 % (n = 243/304) owned a smartphone or tablet computer. Regarding the usage of the provided application, 2.3 % (n = 7/303) did not use the app while 68.0 % (n = 206/303) replied to have used it more than five times. Frequent users significantly differed from non-frequent users with regard to being female rather than male, higher mobile device ownership, more frequent exchange about obtaining the course certificate, higher personal interest in new technologies, larger enjoyment of the technology, lower intention to not use smartphone applications in the future, better opinion towards smartphone applications for the profession of a doctor, higher perceived importance of medical applications on the job, higher compatibility of smartphone applications with personal work style, higher perceived relevance of university support and personal benefit of use. Multivariable analysis revealed a set of four variables independently predicting frequent usage: being female, a higher perceived benefit of the supplied application, a higher personal interest in new technologies, and a higher perceived impact of previous experiences on smartphone adoption (Pseudo-R(2)(Nagelkerke) = 0.245).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding medical students' adoption of smartphone applications used for educational purposes may provide useful information to guide the implementation process as well as the design of respective applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany. Maximilian.Sandholzer@imise.uni-leipzig.de.|Department of Primary Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Maximilian.Sandholzer@imise.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandholzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Tobias.Deutsch@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Thomas.Frese@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frese
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany. Alfred.Winter@imise.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000193:education*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D000068997:Smartphone; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult