title: Pro-resolving mediators produced from EPA and DHA: Overview of the pathways involved and their mechanisms in metabolic syndrome and related liver diseases.
abstract: A novel genus of pro-resolving lipid mediators endogenously generated from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been identified in exudates obtained during the resolution phase of acute inflammation. The term specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) has been coined for these lipid mediators, comprising four novel chemical mediator families designated resolvins of the E series (if derived from eicosapentaenoic acid) and resolvins of the D series, protectins and maresins (if generated from docosahexaenoic acid). These SPM act not only as "stop-signals" of inflammatory response, but also as facilitators of the ability of macrophages to clear apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and migrate to peripheral lymph nodes (efflux), thus, expediting their removal from sites of inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of the current efforts to elucidate the structure-function, biosynthesis and actions of these omega-3-derived SPM in the context of inflammatory diseases. We specifically highlight the role of these SPM as endogenous counter-regulators of the persistent inflammatory status present in adipose tissue of obese individuals and describe the potential therapeutic impact of these bioactive lipid autacoids on the prevention of hepatic co-morbidities associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Vicario
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Bibiana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rius
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcaraz-Quiles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
authors.forename: Aritz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopategi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERehd, Madrid 28029, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Titos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain; CIBERehd, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences I, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. Electronic address: jclaria@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clària
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Adipose tissue; Inflammation; Liver; Omega-3-PUFA; Resolvins