title: Fructosamine measurement for diabetes mellitus diagnosis and monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fructosamine is a marker of glucose control reflecting the average glycaemic level over the preceding 2-3 weeks. Fructosamine has not gained as much popularity as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for diabetes mellitus (DM) control monitoring, and the related underlying reasons remain unclear. We aim to search for and summarise available evidence on the accuracy of fructosamine measurements to diagnose and monitor DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  This systematic review will include randomised control trials, controlled before-and-after studies, time series designs, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional surveys reporting the diagnosis and/or monitoring of DM (type 1 DM, type 2 DM and gestational DM) with fructosamine compared with other measures of glycaemia (fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, random glucose, HbA1c), without any language restriction. We will perform electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus and other databases, supplemented with manual searches. Articles published from 1 January 1980 to 30 June 2015 will be eligible for inclusion in this review. Two authors will independently screen, select studies, extract data and assess the risk of bias with discrepancies resolved by consensus. We will assess clinical heterogeneity by examining the types of interventions and outcomes in each study, and pool studies judged to be clinically homogeneous. We will also assess statistical heterogeneity using the χ(2) test of homogeneity and quantify it using the I(2) statistic. Absolute accuracy measures (sensitivity, specificity) will be pooled in a bivariate random-effects model, allowing for intersetting variability. Negative and positive predictive values will be computed for fructosamine, compared with another measure of glycaemia from the pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity, using Bayes' theorem.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This systematic review will use data from published studies and does not require ethics approval. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPERO (ID=CRD42015015930).
authors.affiliation: Sickle Cell Disease Unit, Mother and Child Centre, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Jobert Richie N
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nansseu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fokom-Domgue
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jean Jacques N
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Noubiap
authors.affiliation: National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon Diabetes Research Centre, Brussels Free University-VUB, Brussels, Belgium Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, University Hospital Brussels-UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eric V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Balti
authors.affiliation: National Obesity Centre, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Centre Region, Cameroon Department of Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Eugène
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobngwi
authors.affiliation: Non-communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: André Pascal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019270:Fructosamine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: diabetes mellitus; diagnosis; fructosamine measurement; monitoring