title: Hot-stage microscopy for determination of API fragmentation: comparison with other methods.
abstract: Although the fragmentation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is a phenomenon that is mentioned in many literature sources, no well-suited analytical tools for its investigation are currently known. We used the hot-stage microscopy method, already presented in our previous work, and studied the real fragmentation of the tadalafil particles in model tablets which were prepared under different compaction pressures. The morphology, spectral imaging and evaluation of plastic and elastic energies were also analyzed to support the hot-stage method. The prepared blend of tadalafil and excipients was compacted under a several forces from 5 to 35 kN to reveal the trend of fragmentation. The exact fragmentation of tadalafil with increased compaction pressure was revealed by the hot-stage microscopic method and it was in good agreement with plastic and elastic energies. Conversely, spectral imaging, which is being used for this analysis, was considered to be inaccurate methodology as mainly agglomerates, not individual particles, were measured. The availability of the hot-stage microscopic method equips pharmaceutical scientists with an in vitro assessment technique that will more reliably determine the fragmentation of the API in finished tablets and the behavior of the particles when compacted.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Solid State Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic and.|b Zentiva k.s. , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šimek
authors.affiliation: b Zentiva k.s. , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grünwaldová
authors.affiliation: a Department of Solid State Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic and.
authors.forename: Bohumil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kratochvíl
mesh_terms: D006358:Hot Temperature; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D010316:Particle Size; D013607:Tablets; D000068581:Tadalafil / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets; D000068581:Tadalafil
keywords: API; fragmentation; hot-stage microscopy; particle size; spectral imaging