title: Evaluating the efficacy of bioremediating a diesel-contaminated soil using ecotoxicological and bacterial community indices.
abstract: Diesel represents a common environmental contaminant as a result of operation, storage, and transportation accidents. The bioremediation of diesel in a contaminated soil is seen as an environmentally safe approach to treat contaminated land. The effectiveness of the remediation process is usually assessed by the degradation of the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration, without considering ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of two bioremediation strategies in terms of reduction in TPH concentration together with ecotoxicity indices and changes in the bacterial diversity assessed using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The biostimulation strategy resulted in a 90 % reduction in the TPH concentration versus 78 % reduction from the natural attenuation strategy over 12 weeks incubation in a laboratory mesocosm-containing diesel-contaminated soil. In contrast, the reduction in the ecotoxicity resulting from the natural attenuation treatment using the Microtox and earthworm toxicity assays was more than double the reduction resulting from the biostimulation treatment (45 and 20 % reduction, respectively). The biostimulated treatment involved the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus in order to stimulate the microorganisms by creating an optimal C:N:P molar ratio. An increased concentration of ammonium and phosphate was detected in the biostimulated soil compared with the naturally attenuated samples before and after the remediation process. Furthermore, through PCR-DGGE, significant changes in the bacterial community were observed as a consequence of adding the nutrients together with the diesel (biostimulation), resulting in the formation of distinctly different bacterial communities in the soil subjected to the two strategies used in this study. These findings indicate the suitability of both bioremediation approaches in treating hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, particularly biostimulation. Although biostimulation represents a commercially viable bioremediation technology for use in diesel-contaminated soils, further research is required to determine the ecotoxicological impacts of the intervention.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Leadin Salah
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Khudur
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahsavari
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Ana F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Dayanthi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nugegoda
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia. andy.ball@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Bioremediation; Biostimulation; DGGE; Diesel; Ecotoxicity; Natural attenuation