title: Isolation and Characterization of China Isolates of Duddingtonia flagrans, a Candidate of the Nematophagous Fungi for Biocontrol of Animal Parasitic Nematodes.
abstract: The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans has been investigated as a biological agent for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting domestic animals in other countries. However, D. flagrans has not been detected in China. In this study 1,135 samples were examined from 2012 to 2014; 4 D. flagrans isolates (SDH 035, SDH 091, SFH 089, SFG 170) were obtained from the feces of domestic animals and dung compost. The 4 isolates were then characterized morphologically. The SDH 035 strain was characterized by sequencing the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region. A BLAST search showed that the SDH 035 strain (GenBank KP257593) was 100% identical to Arthrobotrys flagrans (AF106520) and was identified as D. flagrans. The morphological plasticity of the isolated strain and the interaction of this strain with the nematode targets were observed by subjecting the infected trichostrongylide L3 to scanning electron microscopy. At 6 and 8 hr after trichostrongylide L(3) was added, hyphal ramifications were observed and L(3) were captured, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs were obtained at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hr, where 0 is the time when trichostrongylide L(3) were first captured by the fungus. The details of the capture process by the fungus are also described. Chlamydospores were observed in the body of L(3) in the late stage of digestion. A sticky substance and bacteria could be observed in contact areas between predation structures and nematode cuticle.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Bo-Bo
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Yue
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Long-Jie
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: De-Qiong
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Kui-Zheng
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Wang
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Shan
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002681:China; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry; D059586:Duddingtonia / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000662:veterinary; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014251:Trichostrongyloidea / Q000382:microbiology*; D014252:Trichostrongyloidiasis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal