title: The phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Lesion Simulating Disease (LSD) gene family in Viridiplantae.
abstract: The Lesion Simulating Disease (LSD) genes encode a family of zinc finger proteins that play a role in programmed cell death (PCD) and other biological processes, such as plant growth and photosynthesis. In the present study, we report the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the LSD gene family in Viridiplantae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the monocot and eudicot genes were distributed along the phylogeny, indicating that the expansion of the family occurred prior to the diversification between these clades. Sequences encoding proteins that present one, two, or three LSD domains formed separate groups. The secondary structure of these different LSD proteins presented a similar composition, with the β-sheets being their main component. The evolution by gene duplication was identified only to the genes that contain three LSD domains, which generated proteins with equal structure. Moreover, genes encoding proteins with one or two LSD domains evolved as single-copy genes and did not result from loss or gain in LSD domains. These results were corroborated by synteny analysis among regions containing paralogous/orthologous genes in Glycine max and Populus trichocarpa. The Ka/Ks ratio between paralogous/orthologous genes revealed that a subfunctionalization process possibly could be occurring with the LSD genes, explaining the involvement of LSD members in different biological processes, in addition to the negative regulation of PCD. This study presents important novelty in the evolutionary history of the LSD family and provides a basis for future research on individual LSD genes and their involvement in important pathway networks in plants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabreira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cagliari
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lauro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bücker-Neto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Margis-Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Loreta B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil. maria.zanettini@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bodanese-Zanettini
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D057948:Viridiplantae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Gene duplication; LSD family phylogeny; Lesion Simulating Disease (LSD); Protein secondary structure; Synteny; Zinc finger LSD domain