title: Digoxin use after diagnosis of breast cancer and survival: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: Digoxin has been shown to have an estrogenic effect and is associated with increased risk of gynecomastia and estrogen-sensitive cancers such as breast and uterus cancer. These findings, particularly recent observations of increased breast cancer risk, raise questions about the safety of digoxin use in breast cancer patients. Therefore, we investigated whether digoxin use after breast cancer diagnosis increased the risk of breast cancer-specific mortality in breast cancer patients. A cohort of 17,842 breast cancer patients newly diagnosed from 1998 to 2009 was identified from English cancer registries (from the National Cancer Data Repository). This cohort was linked to the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (to provide digoxin and other prescription records) and to the Office of National Statistics mortality data (to identify breast cancer-specific deaths). Using time-dependent Cox regression models, unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the association between post-diagnostic exposure to digoxin and breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality. In 17,842 breast cancer patients, there were 2219 breast cancer-specific deaths. Digoxin users appeared to have increased breast cancer-specific mortality compared with non-users (HR 1.73; 95 % CI 1.39-2.15) but this association was entirely attenuated after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted HR 0.91; 95 % CI 0.72-1.14). In this large population-based breast cancer cohort study, there was little evidence of an increase in breast cancer-specific mortality with digoxin use after diagnosis. These results provide some reassurance that digoxin use is safe in breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology and Health Services Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BA, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Reema A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Karasneh
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Úna C
authors.initials: ÚC
authors.lastname: Mc Menamin
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D004077:Digoxin / Q000009:adverse effects; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004077:Digoxin