title: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Cellulose Synthase Gene Superfamily in Grasses.
abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of cellulose synthase (CesA) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) families from the cellulose synthase gene superfamily were used to reconstruct their evolutionary origins and selection histories. Counterintuitively, genes encoding primary cell wall CesAs have undergone extensive expansion and diversification following an ancestral duplication from a secondary cell wall-associated CesA. Selection pressure across entire CesA and Csl clades appears to be low, but this conceals considerable variation within individual clades. Genes in the CslF clade are of particular interest because some mediate the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a polysaccharide characteristic of the evolutionarily successful grasses that is not widely distributed elsewhere in the plant kingdom. The phylogeny suggests that duplication of either CslF6 and/or CslF7 produced the ancestor of a highly conserved cluster of CslF genes that remain located in syntenic regions of all the grass genomes examined. A CslF6-specific insert encoding approximately 55 amino acid residues has subsequently been incorporated into the gene, or possibly lost from other CslFs, and the CslF7 clade has undergone a significant long-term shift in selection pressure. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics of the CslF6 protein were used to define the three-dimensional dispositions of individual amino acids that are subject to strong ongoing selection, together with the position of the conserved 55-amino acid insert that is known to influence the amounts and fine structures of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans synthesized. These wall polysaccharides are attracting renewed interest because of their central roles as sources of dietary fiber in human health and for the generation of renewable liquid biofuels.
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Julian G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Schwerdt
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-1856
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oehme
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-0531
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Claire
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-8130
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Halpin
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.).
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.) geoff.fincher@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Geoffrey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fincher
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000235:genetics; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D006109:Poaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D040681:Structural Homology, Protein
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase