title: Oxygen Tension Regulates Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Paracrine Functions.
abstract: : Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured the attention and research endeavors of the scientific world because of their differentiation potential. However, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that the beneficial effects of MSCs are predominantly due to the multitude of bioactive mediators secreted by these cells. Because the paracrine potential of MSCs is closely related to their microenvironment, the present study investigated and characterized select aspects of the human MSC (hMSC) secretome and assessed its in vitro and in vivo bioactivity as a function of oxygen tension, specifically near anoxia (0.1% O2) and hypoxia (5% O2), conditions that reflect the environment to which MSCs are exposed during MSC-based therapies in vivo. In contrast to supernatant conditioned media (CM) obtained from hMSCs cultured at either 5% or 21% of O2, CM from hMSCs cultured under near anoxia exhibited significantly (p < .05) enhanced chemotactic and proangiogenic properties and a significant (p < .05) decrease in the inflammatory mediator content. An analysis of the hMSC secretome revealed a specific profile under near anoxia: hMSCs increase their paracrine expression of the angiogenic mediators vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, interleukin-8, RANTES, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 but significantly decrease expression of several inflammatory/immunomodulatory mediators. These findings provide new evidence that elucidates aspects of great importance for the use of MSCs in regenerative medicine and could contribute to improving the efficacy of such therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study investigated and characterized select aspects of the human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) secretome and assessed its in vitro and in vivo biological bioactivity as a function of oxygen tension, specifically near anoxia (0.1% O2) and hypoxia (5% O2), conditions that reflect the environment to which MSCs are exposed during MSC-based therapies in vivo. The present study provided the first evidence of a shift of the hMSC cytokine signature induced by oxygen tension, particularly near anoxia (0.1% O2). Conditioned media obtained from hMSCs cultured under near anoxia exhibited significantly enhanced chemotactic and proangiogenic properties and a significant decrease in the inflammatory mediator content. These findings provide new evidence that elucidates aspects of great importance for the use of MSCs in regenerative medicine, could contribute to improving the efficacy of such therapies, and most importantly highlighted the interest in using conditioned media in therapeutic modalities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France joseph.paquet8@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paquet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschepper
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Logeart-Avramoglou
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boisson-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéoarticulaire Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Denis-Diderot, Faculté de Médecine Lariboisiére-Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Unité Mixte de Rechrche S1140, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petite
keywords: Angiogenesis; Chemotaxis; Cytokines; Human mesenchymal stem cells; Near anoxia and hypoxia; Secretome