title: Atrial fibrillation (chronic).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterised by the presence of fast and uncoordinated atrial activation leading to reduced atrial mechanical function. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation include increasing age, male sex, co-existing cardiac and thyroid disease, pyrexial illness, electrolyte imbalance, cancer, and co-existing infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of oral medical treatments to control heart rate in people with chronic (defined as longer than 1 week for this review) non-valvular atrial fibrillation? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2014 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found four studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: beta-blockers (rate-limiting, with or without digoxin), calcium-channel blockers (with or without digoxin), and digoxin.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boos
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D004077:Digoxin