title: Anti-inflammatory effects of glaucocalyxin B in microglia cells.
abstract: Over-activated microglia is involved in various kinds of neurodegenerative process including Parkinson, Alzheimer and HIV dementia. Suppression of microglial over activation has emerged as a novel strategy for treatment of neuroinflammation-based neurodegeneration. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of the ent-kauranoid diterpenoids, which were isolated from the aerial parts of Rabdosia japonica (Burm. f.) var. glaucocalyx (Maxim.) Hara, were investigated in cultured microglia cells. Glaucocalyxin B (GLB), one of five ent-kauranoid diterpenoids, significantly decreased the generation of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia cells. In addition, GLB inhibited activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-activated microglia cells. Furthermore, GLB strongly induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in BV-2 microglia cells. Finally, GLB exhibited neuroprotective effect by preventing over-activated microglia induced neurotoxicity in a microglia/neuron co-culture model. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that the GLB possesses anti-nueroinflammatory activity, and might serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating neuroinflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Fali
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaohu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Xuechu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China. Electronic address: zhangjian@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China. Electronic address: zhenglongtai@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Long Tai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D045786:Diterpenes, Kaurane / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D037602:Isodon / Q000737:chemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D051381:Rats; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D045786:Diterpenes, Kaurane; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C055125:glaucocalyxin B; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Glaucocalyxin B; Microglia; NF-κB; Neuroprotection; Reactive oxygen species