title: Optimization of leaf margins for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy using a flattening filter-free beam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine the optimal collimator leaf margins which minimize normal tissue dose while achieving high conformity and to evaluate differences between the use of a flattening filter-free (FFF) beam and a flattening-filtered (FF) beam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen lung cancer patients scheduled for stereotactic body radiotherapy underwent treatment planning for a 7 MV FFF and a 6 MV FF beams to the planning target volume (PTV) with a range of leaf margins (-3 to 3 mm). Forty grays per four fractions were prescribed as a PTV D95. For PTV, the heterogeneity index (HI), conformity index, modified gradient index (GI), defined as the 50% isodose volume divided by target volume, maximum dose (Dmax), and mean dose (D mean) were calculated. Mean lung dose (MLD), V20 Gy, and V5 Gy for the lung (defined as the volumes of lung receiving at least 20 and 5 Gy), mean heart dose, and Dmax to the spinal cord were measured as doses to organs at risk (OARs). Paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HI was inversely related to changes in leaf margin. Conformity index and modified GI initially decreased as leaf margin width increased. After reaching a minimum, the two values then increased as leaf margin increased ("V" shape). The optimal leaf margins for conformity index and modified GI were -1.1 ± 0.3 mm (mean ± 1 SD) and -0.2 ± 0.9 mm, respectively, for 7 MV FFF compared to -1.0 ± 0.4 and -0.3 ± 0.9 mm, respectively, for 6 MV FF. Dmax and D mean for 7 MV FFF were higher than those for 6 MV FF by 3.6% and 1.7%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the ratios of HI, Dmax, and D mean for 7 MV FFF to those for 6 MV FF and PTV size (R = 0.767, 0.809, and 0.643, respectively). The differences in MLD, V20 Gy, and V5 Gy for lung between FFF and FF beams were negligible. The optimal leaf margins for MLD, V20 Gy, and V5 Gy for lung were -0.9 ± 0.6, -1.1 ± 0.8, and -2.1 ± 1.2 mm, respectively, for 7 MV FFF compared to -0.9 ± 0.6, -1.1 ± 0.8, and -2.2 ± 1.3 mm, respectively, for 6 MV FF. With the heart inside the radiation field, the mean heart dose showed a V-shaped relationship with leaf margins. The optimal leaf margins were -1.0 ± 0.6 mm for both beams. Dmax to the spinal cord showed no clear trend for changes in leaf margin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences in doses to OARs between FFF and FF beams were negligible. Conformity index, modified GI, MLD, lung V20 Gy, lung V5 Gy, and mean heart dose showed a V-shaped relationship with leaf margins. There were no significant differences in optimal leaf margins to minimize these parameters between both FFF and FF beams. The authors' results suggest that a leaf margin of -1 mm achieves high conformity and minimizes doses to OARs for both FFF and FF beams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan and Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Isohashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D058958:Organs at Risk; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects