title: Joint position sense error in people with neck pain: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies in recent decades have examined the relationship between proprioceptive deficits and neck pain. However, there is no uniform conclusion on the relationship between the two. Clinically, proprioception is evaluated using the Joint Position Sense Error (JPSE), which reflects a person's ability to accurately return his head to a predefined target after a cervical movement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We focused to differentiate between JPSE in people with neck pain compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our data sources were Embase, Medline OvidSP, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, CINAHL and Pubmed Publisher. To be included, studies had to compare JPSE of the neck (O) in people with neck pain (P) with JPSE of the neck in healthy controls (C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies were included. Four studies reported that participants with traumatic neck pain had a significantly higher JPSE than healthy controls. Of the eight studies involving people with non-traumatic neck pain, four reported significant differences between the groups. The JPSE did not vary between neck-pain groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current literature shows the JPSE to be a relevant measure when it is used correctly. All studies which calculated the JPSE over at least six trials showed a significantly increased JPSE in the neck pain group. This strongly suggests that 'number of repetitions' is a major element in correctly performing the JPSE test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physical Therapy, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rochussenstraat 198, 3015 EK Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.devries.3@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Spine and Joint Centre, Noordsingel 113, 3035 EM Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.ischebeck@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Ischebeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rochussenstraat 198, 3015 EK Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.p.voogt@hr.nl.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Voogt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.vandergeest@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: van der Geest
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.janssen.1@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University College, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 BR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.frens@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience-Anatomy, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: g.kleinrensink@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kleinrensink
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Joint position error; Joint position sense; Neck pain; Proprioception