title: Biocompatibility of biomimetic multilayered alginate-chitosan/β-TCP scaffold for osteochondral tissue.
abstract: Biomimetic three-layered monolithic scaffold (TLS) intended for treatment of osteochondral defects was fabricated by using freeze drying method. The multilayered material was prepared with chitosan (C) and alginate (A) polyelectrolyte complex (CA/PEC) as a cartilaginous layer, a combination of CA/PEC (60 wt%) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (40 wt%) as an intermediate layer and a combination of CA/PEC (30 wt%) and β-TCP (70 wt%) as a subchondral layer in order to mimic the inherent gradient structure of healthy osteochondral tissue. Characterization of the scaffolds was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis, swelling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. In vitro cytotoxicity assay with L929 cells and EpiDerm skin irritation test (SIT) using the EpiDerm reconstructed human epidermal (RHE) model were performed to analyze biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Characterization results showed that there were strong ionic interactions among chitosan, alginate and β-TCP and the layers showed interconnected porous structure with different swelling ratios. The relative cell viability and SIT results were greater than 70% indicating that the scaffolds are considered nontoxic according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. All results taken together, biomimetic TLS can be considered to be suitable for osteochondral applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey. Electronic address: deryaalgul@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Algul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hande
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sipahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kelleci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul 34810, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sukran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozdatli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Gulgun
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Yener
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002356:Cartilage; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D005612:Freeze Drying; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Alginate; Biocompatibility; Biomimetic; Chitosan; Scaffold; Tricalcium phosphate