title: Experimental estimation of migration and transfer of organic substances from consumer articles to cotton wipes: Evaluation of underlying mechanisms.
abstract: The aim of this work was to identify the key mechanisms governing transport of organic chemical substances from consumer articles to cotton wipes. The results were used to establish a mechanistic model to improve assessment of dermal contact exposure. Four types of PVC flooring, 10 types of textiles and one type of inkjet printed paper were used to establish the mechanisms and model. Kinetic extraction studies in methanol demonstrated existence of matrix diffusion and indicated the presence of a substance surface layer on some articles. Consequently, the proposed substance transfer model considers mechanical transport from a surface film and matrix diffusion in an article with a known initial total substance concentration. The estimated chemical substance transfer values to cotton wipes were comparable to the literature data (relative transfer ∼ 2%), whereas relative transfer efficiencies from spiked substrates were high (∼ 50%). For consumer articles, high correlation (r(2)=0.92) was observed between predicted and measured transfer efficiencies, but concentrations were overpredicted by a factor of 10. Adjusting the relative transfer from about 50% used in the model to about 2.5% removed overprediction. Further studies are required to confirm the model for generic use.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, New Technologies, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copehagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per Axel
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: TNO, Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Zeist, AJ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spaan
authors.affiliation: TNO, Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Zeist, AJ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Derk H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: TNO Triskelion, Zeist, AV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marquart
authors.affiliation: TNO, Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), Zeist, AJ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: le Feber
authors.affiliation: TNO Triskelion, Zeist, AV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieve
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, New Technologies, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copehagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Keld Alstrup
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, New Technologies, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copehagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Vivi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kofoed-Sørensen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, New Technologies, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copehagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Brouwere
mesh_terms: D032561:Cotton Fiber; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006801:Humans; D007281:Ink; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010209:Paper; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride