title: Lack of evidence for central sensitization in idiopathic, non-traumatic neck pain: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic neck pain is a common problem with a poorly understood pathophysiology. Often no underlying structural pathology can be found and radiological imaging findings are more related to age than to a patient's symptoms. Besides its common occurrence, chronic idiopathic neck pain is also very disabling with almost 50% of all neck pain patients showing moderate disability at long-term follow-up. Central sensitization (CS) is defined as "an amplification of neural signaling within the central nervous system that elicits pain hypersensitivity," "increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to their normal or subthreshold afferent input," or "an augmentation of responsiveness of central neurons to input from unimodal and polymodal receptors." There is increasing evidence for involvement of CS in many chronic pain conditions. Within the area of chronic idiopathic neck pain, there is consistent evidence for the presence and clinical importance of CS in patients with traumatic neck pain, or whiplash-associated disorders. However, the majority of chronic idiopathic neck pain patients are unrelated to a traumatic injury, and hence are termed chronic idiopathic non-traumatic neck pain. When comparing whiplash with idiopathic non-traumatic neck pain, indications for different underlying mechanisms are found.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this article was to review the existing scientific literature on the role of CS in patients with chronic idiopathic non-traumatic neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  All selected studies were case control studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of existing, relevant literature was performed via the electronic databases Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cinahl, PubMed, and Google Scholar. All titles and abstracts were checked to identify relevant articles. An article was considered eligible if it met following inclusion criteria: (1) participants had to be human adults (> 18 years) diagnosed with idiopathic non-traumatic chronic (present for at least 3 months) neck pain; (2) papers had to report outcomes related to CS; and (3) articles had to be full-text reports or original research (no abstracts, case-reports, reviews, meta-analysis, letters, or editorials).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six articles were found eligible after screening the title, abstract and - when necessary - the full text for in- and exclusion criteria. All selected studies were case-control studies. Overall, results regarding the presence of CS were divergent. While the majority of patients with chronic traumatic neck pain (i.e. whiplash) are characterized by CS, this is not the case for patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain. The available evidence suggests that CS is not a major feature of chronic idiopathic neck pain. Individual cases might have CS pain, but further work should reveal how they can be characterized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very few studies available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literature about CS in patients with chronic idiopathic non-traumatic neck pain is rare and results from the available studies provide an inconclusive message. CS is not a characteristic feature of chronic idiopathic and non-traumatic neck pain, but can be present in some individuals of the population. In the future a subgroup with CS might be defined, but based on current knowledge it is not possible to characterize this subgroup. Such information is important in order to provide targeted treatment.
authors.forename: Annaleen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malfliet
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kregel
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cagnie
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dolphens
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roussel
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meeus
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Danneels
authors.forename: Wichor M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Bramer
authors.affiliation: Pain in Motion Research Group, www.paininmotion.be; Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nijs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D059333:Central Nervous System Sensitization; D002908:Chronic Disease; D059350:Chronic Pain; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology