title: Emissions of 1,3-Dichloropropene and Chloropicrin after Soil Fumigation under Field Conditions.
abstract: Soil fumigation is an important agronomic practice in the production of many high-value vegetable and fruit crops, but the use of chemical fumigants can lead to excessive atmospheric emissions. A large-scale (2.9 ha) field experiment was conducted to obtain volatilization and cumulative emission rates for two commonly used soil fumigants under typical agronomic practices: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin. The aerodynamic method and the indirect back-calculation method using ISCST3 and CALPUFF dispersion models were used to estimate flux loss from the treated field. Over the course of the experiment, the daily peak volatilization rates ranged from 12 to 30 μg m(-2) s(-1) for 1,3-D and from 0.7 to 2.6 μg m(-2) s(-1) for chloropicrin. Depending on the method used for quantification, total emissions of 1,3-D and chloropicrin, respectively, ranged from 16 to 35% and from 0.3 to 1.3% of the applied fumigant. A soil incubation study showed that the low volatilization rates measured for chloropicrin were due to particularly high soil degradation rates observed at this field site. Understanding and quantifying fumigant emissions from agricultural soil will help in developing best management practices to reduce emission losses, reducing adverse impacts to human and ecosystem health, and providing inputs for conducting risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: †U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 450 West Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: †U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 450 West Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92507, United States.|‡Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: †U.S. Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 450 West Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92507, United States.
authors.forename: Qiaoping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: §Dow Agrosciences, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knuteson
authors.affiliation: §Dow Agrosciences, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: van Wessenbeeck
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005651:Fumigation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C023891:1,3-dichloro-1-propene; C100187:chloropicrin
keywords: 1,3-dichloropropene; CALPUFF dispersion model; Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model (ISCST3); Telone C-35; aerodynamic gradient method; bare soil; chloropicrin; emissions; field experiment; shank injection; soil fumigation; volatilization