title: Kaempferol and inflammation: From chemistry to medicine.
abstract: Inflammation is an important process of human healing response, wherein the tissues respond to injuries induced by many agents including pathogens. It is characterized by pain, redness and heat in the injured tissues. Chronic inflammation seems to be associated with different types of diseases such as arthritis, allergies, atherosclerosis, and even cancer. In recent years natural product based drugs are considered as the novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Among the different types of phyto-constituents present in natural products, flavonoids which occur in many vegetable foods and herbal medicines are considered as the most active constituent, which has the potency to ameliorate inflammation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Kaempferol is a natural flavonol present in different plant species, which has been described to possess potent anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol, only very limited review articles has been published on this topic. Hence the present review is aimed to provide a critical overview on the anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms of action of kaempferol, based on the current scientific literature. In addition, emphasis is also given on the chemistry, natural sources, bioavailability and toxicity of kaempferol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kasi Pandima
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Dicson Sheeja
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Malar
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395 5487, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Fazel
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, and CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sureda
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395 5487, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Nabavi208@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: maria.daglia@unipv.it.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daglia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D001682:Biological Availability; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D044949:Kaempferols; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C006552:kaempferol
keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Flavonoids; Kaempferol; Pro-inflammatory cytokines