title: Comparative analysis of microsatellites in chloroplast genomes of lower and higher plants.
abstract: Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), contain repetitive DNA sequence where tandem repeats of one to six base pairs are present number of times. Chloroplast genome sequences have been  shown to possess extensive variations in the length, number and distribution of SSRs. However, a comparative analysis of chloroplast microsatellites is not available. Considering their potential importance in generating genomic diversity, we have systematically analysed the abundance and distribution of simple and compound microsatellites in 164 sequenced chloroplast genomes from wide range of plants. The key findings of these studies are (1) a large number of mononucleotide repeats as compared to SSR(2-6)(di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexanucleotide repeats) are present in all chloroplast genomes investigated, (2) lower plants such as algae show wide variation in relative abundance, density and distribution of microsatellite repeats as compared to flowering plants, (3) longer SSRs are excluded from coding regions of most chloroplast genomes, (4) GC content has a weak influence on number, relative abundance and relative density of mononucleotide as well as SSR(2-6). However, GC content strongly showed negative correlation with relative density (R (2) = 0.5, P < 0.05) and relative abundance (R (2) = 0.6, P < 0.05) of cSSRs. In summary, our comparative studies of chloroplast genomes illustrate the variable distribution of microsatellites and revealed that chloroplast genome of smaller plants possesses relatively more genomic diversity compared to higher plants.
authors.affiliation: Blessy Software Solution, Sector 4/441, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India. bijugeorge1980@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Biju
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Bhavin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, Satna, 485334, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mayur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.affiliation: Blessy Software Solution, Sector 4/441, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Binu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India. achuits@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Achuit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001482:Base Composition; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D014644:Genetic Variation; D054628:Genome, Chloroplast; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic
keywords: Chloroplast; Mononucleotide repeat; Relative abundance; Relative density; SSRs