title: Juvenile spondyloarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article provides a comprehensive update of the pathogenesis, diagnostic imaging, treatments, and disease activity measurements of juvenile spondyloarthritis (JSpA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic and microbiome studies have provided new information regarding possible pathogenesis of JSpA. Recent work suggests that children with JSpA have decreased thresholds for pain in comparison to healthy children. In addition, pain on physical examination and abnormalities on ultrasound of the entheses are not well correlated. Treatment guidelines for juvenile arthritis, including JSpA, were published by the American College of Rheumatology and are based on active joint count and presence of sacroiliitis. Recent studies have established the efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in the symptomatic treatment of axial disease, although their efficacy for halting progression of structural damage is less clear. Newly developed disease activity measures for JSpA include the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score and the JSpA disease activity index. In comparison to other categories of juvenile arthritis, children with JSpA are less likely to attain and sustain inactive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further microbiome and genetic research may help elucidate JSpA pathogenesis. More randomized therapeutic trials are needed and the advent of new composite disease activity measurement tools will hopefully allow the design of these greatly needed trials.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia bDepartment of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gmuca
authors.forename: Pamela F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index