title: Advanced analytical method of nereistoxin using mixed-mode cationic exchange solid-phase extraction and GC/MS.
abstract: Nereistoxin(NTX) was originated from a marine annelid worm Lumbriconereis heteropoda and its analogue pesticides including cartap, bensultap, thiocyclam and thiobensultap have been commonly used in agriculture, because of their low toxicity and high insecticidal activity. However, NTX has been reported about its inhibitory neuro toxicity in human and animal body, by blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and it cause significant neuromuscular toxicity, resulting in respiratory failure. We developed a new method to determine NTX in biological fluid. The method involves mixed-mode cationic exchange based solid phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for final identification and quantitative analysis. The limit of detection and recovery were substantially better than those of other methods using liquid-liquid extraction or headspace solid phase microextraction. The good recoveries (97±14%) in blood samples were obtained and calibration curves over the range 0.05-20 mg/L have R2 values greater than 0.99. The developed method was applied to a fatal case of cartap intoxication of 74 years old woman who ingested cartap hydrochloride for suicide. Cartap and NTX were detected from postmortem specimens and the cause of the death was ruled to be nereistoxin intoxication. The concentrations of NTX were 2.58 mg/L, 3.36 mg/L and 1479.7 mg/L in heart, femoral blood and stomach liquid content, respectively. The heart blood/femoral blood ratio of NTX was 0.76.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea.
authors.forename: Sanggil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea.
authors.forename: Heesang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyeong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea.
authors.forename: Yonghoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Drug and Toxicology Section, Busan Institute, National Forensic Service, Yangsan 626-815, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunmi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaesung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pyo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea. Electronic address: jhjung@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jee H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013405:Suicide; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D010575:Pesticides; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C025633:nereistoxin; C032761:carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
keywords: Cartap; GC/MS; MCX; Nereistoxin; Pesticide intoxication