title: Adrenal Hormones in Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Influential Factors and Reference Intervals.
abstract: Inshore common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are exposed to a broad spectrum of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In response to these stressors, the mammalian adrenal gland releases hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone to maintain physiological and biochemical homeostasis. Consequently, adrenal gland dysfunction results in disruption of hormone secretion and an inappropriate stress response. Our objective herein was to develop diagnostic reference intervals (RIs) for adrenal hormones commonly associated with the stress response (i.e., cortisol, aldosterone) that account for the influence of intrinsic (e.g., age, sex) and extrinsic (e.g., time) factors. Ultimately, these reference intervals will be used to gauge an individual's response to chase-capture stress and could indicate adrenal abnormalities. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to evaluate demographic and sampling factors contributing to differences in serum cortisol and aldosterone concentrations among bottlenose dolphins sampled in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA (2000-2012). Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with elapsed time from initial stimulation to sample collection (p<0.05), and RIs were constructed using nonparametric methods based on elapsed sampling time for dolphins sampled in less than 30 minutes following net deployment (95% RI: 0.91-4.21 µg/dL) and following biological sampling aboard a research vessel (95% RI: 2.32-6.68 µg/dL). To examine the applicability of the pre-sampling cortisol RI across multiple estuarine stocks, data from three additional southeast U.S. sites were compared, revealing that all of the dolphins sampled from the other sites (N = 34) had cortisol concentrations within the 95th percentile RI. Significant associations between serum concentrations of aldosterone and variables reported in previous studies (i.e., age, elapsed sampling time) were not observed in the current project (p<0.05). Also, approximately 16% of Sarasota Bay bottlenose dolphin aldosterone concentrations were below the assay's detection limit (11 pg/mL), thus hindering the ability to derive 95th percentile RIs. Serum aldosterone concentrations from animals sampled at the three additional sites were compared to the detection limit, and the proportion of animals with low aldosterone concentrations was not significantly different than an expected prevalence of 16%. Although this study relied upon long-term, free-ranging bottlenose dolphin health data from a single site, the objective RIs can be used for future evaluation of adrenal function among individuals sampled during capture-release health assessments.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Leslie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Chicago Zoological Society, c/o: Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kellar
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America; Chicago Zoological Society, c/o: Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Balmer
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Aleta A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hohn
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Teri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rowles
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Zolman
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lori H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Schwacke
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone