title: Plasma heat shock protein 27 is increased in renal dysfunction and habitual smoking in a Japanese general population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heat shock proteins (HSPs) work as "chaperones" to affect protein folding of newly synthesized or denatured proteins. HSP 27 plays an important role in coronary artery disease or renal disease as the result of oxidative stress. Although habitual smoking is well known to induce oxidative stress, there is no epidemiological evidence between plasma HSP 27 and renal dysfunction or smoking habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 451 residents (167 men and 284 women, age 65.7 years) underwent a history and physical examination, and determination of blood chemistries, including plasma levels of HSP 27. HSP 27 levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated HSP 27 levels were independently associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p<0.001) and smoking habits (p<0.05). HSP 27 levels were significantly decreased stratified by groups of eGFR (p<0.001 for trend) by analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, sex, and smoking habits. HSP 27 levels were increased with more smoking of cigarettes. In particular, HSP 27 levels were increased in the heavy smokers (≥20cigarettes/day) by ANCOVA adjusted for age, sex, and eGFR compared with non-smokers and light smokers (p<0.05 for trend).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated that HSP 27 levels were strongly related to renal dysfunction and habitual smoking in a dose-response manner in a Japanese general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakayoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Electronic address: hadac@med.kurume-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohbu-Murayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enomono
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Ako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukami
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Eita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Yume
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukumoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; C057725:HSPB1 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones
keywords: Epidemiology; General population; Heat shock protein; Smoking habits