title: Polyphosphate: A Morphogenetically Active Implant Material Serving as Metabolic Fuel for Bone Regeneration.
abstract: The initial mineralization centers during human bone formation onto osteoblasts are composed of CaCO3 . Those bioseeds are enzymatically formed via carbonic anhydrase(s) in close association with the cell surface of the osteoblasts. Subsequently, the bicarbonate/carbonate anions are exchanged non-enzymatically by inorganic phosphate [Pi ]. One source for the supply of Pi is polyphosphate [polyP] which is a physiological polymer, formed in the osteoblasts as well as in the platelets. The energy-rich acid anhydride bonds within the polyP chain are cleaved by phosphatase(s); during this reaction free-energy might be released that could be re-used, as metabolic fuel, for the maintenance of the steady-state concentrations of the substrates/products during mineralization. Finally it is outlined that polyP, as a morphogenetically active scaffold, is even suitable for 3D cell printing.
authors.affiliation: ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. wmueller@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Werner E G
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.|Biomaterials Department, Inorganic Chemical Industries Division, National Research Center, Doki Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tolba
authors.affiliation: ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. wang013@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D011122:Polyphosphates
keywords: bone; morphogenetic activity; polyphosphate; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering