title: Influence of pressurized carbon dioxide on ketoprofen-incorporated hot-melt extruded low molecular weight hydroxypropylcellulose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current research project was to investigate the effect of pressurized carbon dioxide (P-CO2) on the physico-mechanical properties of ketoprofen (KTP)-incorporated hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) (Klucel™ ELF, EF, and LF) produced using hot-melt extrusion (HME) techniques and to assess the plasticization effect of P-CO2on the various polymers tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  The physico-mechanical properties of extrudates with and without injection of P-CO2were examined and compared with extrudates with the addition of 5% liquid plasticizer of propylene glycol (PG). The extrudates were milled and compressed into tablets. Tablet characteristics of the extrudates with and without injection of P-CO2were evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P-CO2acted as a plasticizer for tested polymers, which allowed for the reduction in extrusion processing temperature. The microscopic morphology of the extrudates was changed to a foam-like structure due to the expansion of the CO2at the extrusion die. The foamy extrudates demonstrated enhanced KTP release compared with the extrudates processed without P-CO2due to the increase of porosity and surface area of those extrudates. Furthermore, the hardness of the tablets prepared by foamy extrudates was increased and the percent friability was decreased. Thus, the good binding properties and compressibility of the extrudates were positively influenced by utilizing P-CO2processing.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: A Ashour
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Bjad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almutairy
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Jun-Bom
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Sejal P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.|d Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Soumyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA.
authors.forename: Zhuoyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA.
authors.forename: Elanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: b Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Global Pharma R&D , Wilmington , DE , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durig
authors.affiliation: c Thermo Fisher Scientific , Tewksbury , MA , USA , and.
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.|d Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Repka
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D011312:Pressure; D012995:Solubility; D013607:Tablets; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D010968:Plasticizers; D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002482:Cellulose; D007660:Ketoprofen; C008079:hydroxypropylcellulose
keywords: Foamy extrudates; hot melt extrusion (HME); hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC); ketoprofen (KTP); pressurized carbon dioxide (P-CO2)