title: Gene-gene, gene-environment, gene-nutrient interactions and single nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: Inflammation plays a significant role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The rise in the pro-inflammatory cytokines is the essential step in glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity induced mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis in T2DM. Among the recognized markers are interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-10, IL-18, tissue necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein, resistin, adiponectin, tissue plasminogen activator, fibrinogen and heptoglobins. Diabetes mellitus has firm genetic and very strong environmental influence; exhibiting a polygenic mode of inheritance. Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various genes including those of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been reported as a risk for T2DM. Not all the SNPs have been confirmed by unifying results in different studies and wide variations have been reported in various ethnic groups. The inter-ethnic variations can be explained by the fact that gene expression may be regulated by gene-gene, gene-environment and gene-nutrient interactions. This review highlights the impact of these interactions on determining the role of single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-6, TNF-α, resistin and adiponectin in pathogenesis of T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Khaliq
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Naveed
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghulam Mustafa
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lodhi
authors.affiliation: Amina Nadeem, Department of Physiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tausif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmad
keywords: Cytokines; Diabetes mellitus; Gene-environment interaction; Gene-gene interaction; Single nucleotide polymorphism