title: Biological Significance of Photoreceptor Photocycle Length: VIVID Photocycle Governs the Dynamic VIVID-White Collar Complex Pool Mediating Photo-adaptation and Response to Changes in Light Intensity.
abstract: Most organisms on earth sense light through the use of chromophore-bearing photoreceptive proteins with distinct and characteristic photocycle lengths, yet the biological significance of this adduct decay length is neither understood nor has been tested. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa VIVID (VVD) is a critical player in the process of photoadaptation, the attenuation of light-induced responses and the ability to maintain photosensitivity in response to changing light intensities. Detailed in vitro analysis of the photochemistry of the blue light sensing, FAD binding, LOV domain of VVD has revealed residues around the site of photo-adduct formation that influence the stability of the adduct state (light state), that is, altering the photocycle length. We have examined the biological significance of VVD photocycle length to photoadaptation and report that a double substitution mutant (vvdI74VI85V), previously shown to have a very fast light to dark state reversion in vitro, shows significantly reduced interaction with the White Collar Complex (WCC) resulting in a substantial photoadaptation defect. This reduced interaction impacts photoreceptor transcription factor WHITE COLLAR-1 (WC-1) protein stability when N. crassa is exposed to light: The fast-reverting mutant VVD is unable to form a dynamic VVD-WCC pool of the size required for photoadaptation as assayed both by attenuation of gene expression and the ability to respond to increasing light intensity. Additionally, transcription of the clock gene frequency (frq) is sensitive to changing light intensity in a wild-type strain but not in the fast photo-reversion mutant indicating that the establishment of this dynamic VVD-WCC pool is essential in general photobiology and circadian biology. Thus, VVD photocycle length appears sculpted to establish a VVD-WCC reservoir of sufficient size to sustain photoadaptation while maintaining sensitivity to changing light intensity. The great diversity in photocycle kinetics among photoreceptors may be viewed as reflecting adaptive responses to specific and salient tasks required by organisms to respond to different photic environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Arko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chen-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: ChangHwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gladfelter
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Loros
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D057906:Circadian Clocks; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005838:Genotype; D008027:Light; D009492:Neurospora crassa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020283:Photoreceptors, Microbial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C087405:FRQ protein, Neurospora crassa; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D020283:Photoreceptors, Microbial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C423283:VVD protein, Neurospora crassa; C105589:wc-1 protein, Neurospora crassa