title: Investigation of Host-Gut Microbiota Modulation of Therapeutic Outcome.
abstract: A broader understanding of factors underlying interindividual variation in pharmacotherapy is important for our pursuit of "personalized medicine." Based on knowledge gleaned from the investigation of human genetics, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and transporters, clinicians and pharmacists are able to tailor pharmacotherapies according to the genotype of patients. However, human host factors only form part of the equation that accounts for heterogeneity in therapeutic outcome. Notably, the gut microbiota possesses wide-ranging metabolic activities that expand the metabolic functions of the human host beyond that encoded by the human genome. In this review, we first illustrate the mechanisms in which gut microbes modulate pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcome. Second, we discuss the application of metabonomics in deciphering the complex host-gut microbiota interaction in pharmacotherapy. Third, we highlight an integrative approach with particular mention of the investigation of gut microbiota using culture-based and culture-independent techniques to complement the investigation of the host-gut microbiota axes in pharmaceutical research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.).
authors.forename: Lian Yee
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.Y.Y., E.C.Y.C.); and Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (L.Y.Y.) phaccye@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Eric Chun Yong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6107-9072
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065569:Gastrointestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations