title: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibitor AZ-27 Differentially Inhibits Different Polymerase Activities at the Promoter.
abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pediatric respiratory disease. RSV has an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that transcribes and replicates the viral negative-sense RNA genome. The large polymerase subunit (L) has multiple enzymatic activities, having the capability to synthesize RNA and add and methylate a cap on each of the viral mRNAs. Previous studies (H. Xiong et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 23:6789-6793, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.018; C. L. Tiong-Yip et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 58:3867-3873, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02540-14) had identified a small-molecule inhibitor, AZ-27, that targets the L protein. In this study, we examined the effect of AZ-27 on different aspects of RSV polymerase activity. AZ-27 was found to inhibit equally both mRNA transcription and genome replication in cell-based minigenome assays, indicating that it inhibits a step common to both of these RNA synthesis processes. Analysis in an in vitro transcription run-on assay, containing RSV nucleocapsids, showed that AZ-27 inhibits synthesis of transcripts from the 3' end of the genome to a greater extent than those from the 5' end, indicating that it inhibits transcription initiation. Consistent with this finding, experiments that assayed polymerase activity on the promoter showed that AZ-27 inhibited transcription and replication initiation. The RSV polymerase also can utilize the promoter sequence to perform a back-priming reaction. Interestingly, addition of AZ-27 had no effect on the addition of up to three nucleotides by back-priming but inhibited further extension of the back-primed RNA. These data provide new information regarding the mechanism of inhibition by AZ-27. They also suggest that the RSV polymerase adopts different conformations to perform its different activities at the promoter.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Currently, there are no effective antiviral drugs to treat RSV infection. The RSV polymerase is an attractive target for drug development, but this large enzymatic complex is poorly characterized, hampering drug development efforts. AZ-27 is a small-molecule inhibitor previously shown to target the RSV large polymerase subunit (C. L. Tiong-Yip et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 58:3867-3873, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02540-14), but its inhibitory mechanism was unknown. Understanding this would be valuable both for characterizing the polymerase and for further development of inhibitors. Here, we show that AZ-27 inhibits an early stage in mRNA transcription, as well as genome replication, by inhibiting initiation of RNA synthesis from the promoter. However, the compound does not inhibit back priming, another RNA synthesis activity of the RSV polymerase. These findings provide insight into the different activities of the RSV polymerase and will aid further development of antiviral agents against RSV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Noton
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kartikeya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagendra
authors.affiliation: Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ewan F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mawhorter
authors.affiliation: Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA rfearns@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fearns
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000821:virology*; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000601049:AZ-27 compound; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001552:Benzazepines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D009536:Niacinamide; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase