title: Direct medical costs of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in Shanghai, China: trends and projections.
abstract: Few studies in China have focused on direct expenditures for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), making cost trends for CVDs uncertain. Epidemic modeling and forecasting may be essential for health workers and policy makers to reduce the cost burden of CVDs.To develop a time series model using Box-Jenkins methodology for a 15-year forecasting of CVD hospitalization costs in Shanghai.Daily visits and medical expenditures for CVD hospitalizations between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012 were analyzed. Data from 2012 were used for further analyses, including yearly total health expenditures and expenditures per visit for each disease, as well as per-visit-per-year medical costs of each service for CVD hospitalizations. Time series analyses were performed to determine the long-time trend of total direct medical expenditures for CVDs and specific expenditures for each disease, which were used to forecast expenditures until December 31, 2030.From 2008 to 2012, there were increased yearly trends for both hospitalizations (from 250,354 to 322,676) and total costs (from US $ 388.52 to 721.58 million per year in 2014 currency) in Shanghai. Cost per CVD hospitalization in 2012 averaged US $ 2236.29, with the highest being for chronic rheumatic heart diseases (US $ 4710.78). Most direct medical costs were spent on medication. By the end of 2030, the average cost per visit per month for all CVDs was estimated to be US $ 4042.68 (95% CI: US $ 3795.04-4290.31) for all CVDs, and the total health expenditure for CVDs would reach over US $1.12 billion (95% CI: US $ 1.05-1.19 billion) without additional government interventions.Total health expenditures for CVDs in Shanghai are estimated to be higher in the future. These results should be a valuable future resource for both researchers on the economic effects of CVDs and for policy makers.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (SW, YZ, WW); Akademistatistik - Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (MP); and Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security, Shanghai, China (JC).
authors.forename: Shengnan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: Junshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Weibing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D012213:Rheumatic Fever / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology