title: Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mobile technologies may be suitable for delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions (EMI) to treat anxiety in real-time. This review aims to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of EMI for treating anxiety conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four databases and the reference lists of previous studies were searched. A total of 1949 abstracts were double screened for inclusion. Sufficient studies were available to undertake a quantitative meta-analysis on EMIs on generalized anxiety symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 15 randomized trials and randomized controlled trials examined anxiety (n = 7), stress (n = 3), anxiety and stress (n = 2), panic disorder (n = 2), and social phobia (n = 1). Eight EMIs comprised self-monitoring integrated with therapy modules, seven comprised multimedia content, and three comprised self-monitoring only. The quality of studies presented high risk of biases. Meta-analysis (n = 7) demonstrated that EMIs reduced generalized anxiety compared to control and/or comparison groups (Effect Size (ES) = 0.32, 95% CI, 0.12-0.53). Most EMIs targeting stress were reported effective relative to control as were the two EMIs targeting panic disorders. The EMI targeting social phobia was not effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMIs have potential in treating both anxiety and stress. However, few high-quality trials have been conducted for specific anxiety disorders. Further trials are needed to assess the value of EMI technologies for anxiety in enhancing existing treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found a small significant effect of EMI studies on reducing generalized anxiety. Studies on stress demonstrated EMI was effective compared to control, with the small number of studies on panic and social phobia demonstrating mixed results.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University National Institute for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University brendan.loogee@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loo Gee
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulliver
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D063731:Mobile Applications; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*; D017216:Telemedicine
keywords: anxiety; anxiety disorders; mobile health; psychological stress; telemedicine