title: Psychological stress in patients with anal fistula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychological stress is known to affect the immunologic system and the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of psychological stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with anal fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with anal fistula, hemorrhoids, and normal volunteers were studied prospectively. Stressful life events were recorded and subjects were asked to complete the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), a depression scale, and three different reactive graphic tests (RGT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-eight fistula patients, 73 patients with grade III-IV hemorrhoids, and 37 normal volunteers were enrolled. Of the fistula patients, 65 (83 %) reported one or more stressful events in the year prior to diagnosis, compared to 16 (22 %) of the hemorrhoid patients (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in the percentage of subjects with abnormal trait anxiety (i.e., proneness for anxiety) and depression scores between fistula patients, hemorrhoid patients, and controls. Fistula patients had significantly higher (i.e., better) scores compared to hemorrhoid patients in two of three RGT and significantly lower (i.e., worse) scores in all three RGT compared to healthy volunteers. Of 37 patients followed up for a median of 28 months (range 19-41 months) after surgery, 8 (21.6 %) had persistent or recurrent sepsis. There was no significant difference in depression, STAI, and RGT scores between patients with sepsis and patients whose fistula healed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that an altered emotional state plays an important role in the pathogenesis of anal fistula and underline the importance of psychological screening in patients with anorectal disorders.
authors.affiliation: Coloproctology Unit, Parioli Clinic, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Cioli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pescatori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012003:Rectal Fistula / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult