title: GCDFP-15, AR, and Her-2 as biomarkers for primary ductal adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland: a Chinese case and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) of the lacrimal gland is a rare malignant epithelial tumor, and its clinicopathological characteristics are still unclear. This study aimed to report a novel case of PDA of the lacrimal gland in the People's Republic of China, as well as to determine its histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics to support early diagnosis and direct further therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data (including ocular examination, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, mammography, and serum tumor marker examination) and treatment of a 49-year-old woman with a left lacrimal gland mass, which was diagnosed as PDA of the lacrimal gland, were reported. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed. Eleven papers regarding this uncommon neoplasm were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathologically, most of the tumor cells featured abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, while few of them had a frothy appearance. The mass showed breast ductal carcinoma-like structural features, which most commonly demonstrated central necrosis, while less of these features showed cord-like infiltration. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for GCDFP-15, CK 18 (++), AR (90%), Her-2 (+++), P53 (100%), and Ki-67 (with a proliferation index approximately 60%), while they were negative for ER, PR, P63, calponin, and CD 117.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first Chinese case of PDA of the lacrimal gland that had been reported. We suggested that GCDFP-15, AR, and Her-2 should be tested as biomarkers for ductal adenocarcinoma of lacrimal gland to confirm diagnosis, guide therapy, and further predict prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Miao-Miao
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong-Guang
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Teng
keywords: GCDFP-15; Her-2; androgen receptors; ductal adenocarcinoma; lacrimal gland; orbital tumor