title: Improving hand hygiene at eight hospitals in the United States by targeting specific causes of noncompliance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospitals and infection prevention specialists have attempted to achieve high levels of compliance with hand hygiene protocols for many decades. Despite these efforts, measured performance is disappointingly low.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Joint Commission Center for Transforming Healthcare convened teams of experts in performance improvement and infectious disease from eight hospitals for its hand hygiene quality improvement project, which was conducted from December 2008 through September 2010. Together, they used Lean, Six Sigma, and change management methods to measure the magnitude of hand hygiene noncompliance, assess specific causes of hand hygiene failures, develop and test interventions targeted to specific causes, and sustain improved levels of performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, hand hygiene compliance averaged 47.5% across all eight hospitals. Initial data revealed 41 different causes of hand hygiene noncompliance, which were condensed into 24 groups of causes. Key causes varied greatly among the hospitals. Each hospital developed and implemented specific interventions targeted to its most important causes of hand hygiene noncompliance. The improvements were associated with a 70.5% increase in compliance across the eight hospitals from 47.5% to 81.0% ( p < .001), a level of performance that was sustained for 11 months through the end of the project period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lean, Six Sigma, and change management tools were used to identify specific causes of hand hygiene noncompliance at individual hospitals and target specific interventions to remedy the most important causes. This approach allowed each hospital to customize its improvement efforts by focusing on the causes most prevalent at its own facility. Such a targeted approach may be more effective, efficient, and sustainable than "one-size-fits-all" strategies.
authors.affiliation: The Joint Commission, Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chassin
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nether