title: Transvenous embolization of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula through a thrombosed inferior petrosal sinus utilizing 3D venography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report a new technique in approaching the cavernous sinus through an occluded inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) using three-dimensional (3D) venography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A patient diagnosed with arteriovenous fistula of the right cavernous sinus underwent transvenous embolization. The IPS was not detectable on angiogram. Retrograde injection of contrast with 3D imaging of the internal jugular vein clearly demonstrated the remnant of the IPS. By referring to the images obtained, catheterization of the cavernous sinus by way of the IPS was performed without difficulties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional venography for detecting the entrance to the IPS is a useful method and easy to perform. We believe that this technique should be considered whenever the access to an occluded IPS is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan kittipong1970@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kittipong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srivatanakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorimachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumae
mesh_terms: D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media; D003392:Cranial Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007479:Iopamidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D015641:Radiography, Interventional
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C057937:iomeprol; D007479:Iopamidol
keywords: Cavernous sinus; dural arteriovenous fistula; embolization; inferior petrosal sinus