title: Middle latency response correlates of single and double deviant stimuli in a multi-feature paradigm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to test single and double deviance-related modulations of the middle latency response (MLR) and the applicability of the optimum-2 multi-feature paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The MLR and the MMN to frequency, intensity and double-feature deviants of an optimum-2 multi-feature paradigm and the MMN to double-feature deviants of an oddball paradigm were recorded in young adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Double deviants elicited significant enhancements of the Nb and Pb MLR waves compared with the waves elicited by standard stimuli. These enhancements equalled approximately the sum of the numerical amplitude differences elicited by the single deviants. In contrast, the MMN to double deviants did not show such additivity. MMNs elicited by double deviants of the multi-feature and the oddball paradigm showed no significant difference in amplitude or latency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum-2 multi-feature paradigm is suitable for recording double deviance-related modulations of the MLR. Interspersed intensity and frequency deviants in the standard trace of the optimum-2 condition multi-feature paradigm did not weaken the double MMN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimum-2 multi-feature paradigm could be especially beneficial for clinical studies on early deviance-related modulations in the MLR, due to its optimized utilization of the recording time.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Althen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huotilainen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: cescera@ub.edu.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escera
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory evoked potentials; Auditory novelty system; Double-feature deviants; Middle latency response (MLR); Mismatch negativity (MMN); Multi-feature paradigm