title: Internal Derangements of Joints-Past, Present, and Future.
abstract: The past 50 years have transformed imaging of the joints. Whereas musculoskeletal imaging consisted predominantly of conventional radiography when Investigative Radiology was founded as a journal, the arrival of new imaging modalities, and above all, the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging, resulted in a paradigm shift: In addition to visualizing osseous structures, now the detailed depiction of soft tissue structures became part of routine clinical imaging and had a major impact on understanding pathophysiology and patient treatment. This article analyzes the patterns of innovation that were essential for the transformation of musculoskeletal radiology. Furthermore, state-of- the-art joint imaging is described through 9 key concepts, including both cutting-edge clinical applications as well as topics at the forefront of musculoskeletal research. Eventually, emerging trends are outlined that will likely shape musculoskeletal radiology in the next decades.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Radiology, Orthopedic University Hospital Balgrist; †Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ‡Department of Radiology, Division of Image Processing, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; §Department of Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ∥Department of Radiology, St. John's Medical Center, Tulsa, OK; and ¶Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutter
authors.forename: Berend C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stoel
authors.forename: Florian M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreisek
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodler
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Christian W A
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pfirrmann
mesh_terms: D001175:Arthrography; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*