title: Antimicrobial Air Filters Using Natural Euscaphis japonica Nanoparticles.
abstract: Controlling bioaerosols has become more important with increasing participation in indoor activities. Treatments using natural-product nanomaterials are a promising technique because of their relatively low toxicity compared to inorganic nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes. In this study, antimicrobial filters were fabricated from natural Euscaphis japonica nanoparticles, which were produced by nebulizing E. japonica extract. The coated filters were assessed in terms of pressure drop, antimicrobial activity, filtration efficiency, major chemical components, and cytotoxicity. Pressure drop and antimicrobial activity increased as a function of nanoparticle deposition time (590, 855, and 1150 µg/cm2(filter) at 3-, 6-, and 9-min depositions, respectively). In filter tests, the antimicrobial efficacy was greater against Staphylococcus epidermidis than Micrococcus luteus; ~61, ~73, and ~82% of M. luteus cells were inactivated on filters that had been coated for 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively, while the corresponding values were ~78, ~88, and ~94% with S. epidermidis. Although statistically significant differences in filtration performance were not observed between samples as a function of deposition time, the average filtration efficacy was slightly higher for S. epidermidis aerosols (~97%) than for M. luteus aerosols (~95%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) analyses confirmed that the major chemical compounds in the E. japonica extract were 1(ß)-O-galloyl pedunculagin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside. In vitro cytotoxicity and disk diffusion tests showed that E. japonica nanoparticles were less toxic and exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity toward some bacterial strains than a reference soluble nickel compound, which is classified as a human carcinogen. This study provides valuable information for the development of a bioaerosol control system that is environmental friendly and suitable for use in indoor environments.
authors.affiliation: Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gi Byoung
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Joon
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Han-River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Yangseo-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Functional Food Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST Gangneung Institute), Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chu Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.affiliation: Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gwi-Nam
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Center For Environment, Health, and Welfare Research, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D061808:Air Filters / Q000382:microbiology*; D000391:Air Microbiology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D016982:Micrococcus luteus / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts