title: Endoscopic management of post-liver transplant biliary complications.
abstract: Biliary complications are being increasingly encountered in post liver transplant patients because of increased volume of transplants and longer survival of these recipients. Overall management of these complications may be challenging, but with advances in endoscopic techniques, majority of such patients are being dealt with by endoscopists rather than the surgeons. Our review article discusses the recent advances in endoscopic tools and techniques that have proved endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with various interventions, like sphincterotomy, bile duct dilatation, and stent placement, to be the mainstay for management of most of these complications. We also discuss the management dilemmas in patients with surgically altered anatomy, where accessing the bile duct is challenging, and the recent strides towards making this prospect a reality.
authors.affiliation: Mohit Girotra, Kaartik Soota, Jagpal S Klair, Shyam M Dang, Farshad Aduli, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Mohit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girotra
authors.affiliation: Mohit Girotra, Kaartik Soota, Jagpal S Klair, Shyam M Dang, Farshad Aduli, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Kaartik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soota
authors.affiliation: Mohit Girotra, Kaartik Soota, Jagpal S Klair, Shyam M Dang, Farshad Aduli, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Jagpal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Klair
authors.affiliation: Mohit Girotra, Kaartik Soota, Jagpal S Klair, Shyam M Dang, Farshad Aduli, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Shyam M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Mohit Girotra, Kaartik Soota, Jagpal S Klair, Shyam M Dang, Farshad Aduli, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Farshad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aduli
keywords: Bile leak; Biliary; Biloma; Cast; Complications; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; Endoscopy; Liver transplant; Management; Stone; Strictures