title: Long-term exposure of the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus to nickel: Costs in the energy budget and detoxification enzymes.
abstract: Terrestrial isopods from the species Porcellionides pruinosus were exposed to the maximum allowed nickel concentration in the Canadian framework guideline (50 mg Ni/kg soil) and to 5× this concentration (250 mg Ni/kg soil). The exposure lasted for 28 days and was followed by a recovery period of 14 days where organisms were changed to clean soil. Organisms were sampled after 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days of exposure, and at days 35 and 42 during the recovery period. For each sampling time the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined as well as lipid peroxidation rate (LPO) along with lipids, carbohydrates, proteins content, energy available (Ea), energy consumption (Ec) and cellular energy allocation (CEA). The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was calculated for each sampling time as well as for each one of the above parameters. In addition, mortality was also recorded throughout the assay. The results obtained showed that nickel induced oxidative stress, evidenced by results on GST, GPx, CAT or LPO, but also on changes in the energy reserves content of these organisms. In addition, this study showed that these organisms possess a specific strategy to handle nickel toxicity. In this case, biomarkers were associated with costs in the energy budget, and the increase of energy reserves has a compensation for that cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: nunoferreira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Nuno G C
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: dfilipe@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Diogo N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: ruimorgado@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: asoares@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: sloureiro@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002170:Canada; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D033321:Isopoda / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009532:Nickel; D002374:Catalase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Environmental risk assessment; Integrated biomarker response; Metals; Oxidative stress