title: Epimuscular Fat in the Human Rotator Cuff Is a Novel Beige Depot.
abstract: : Chronic rotator cuff (RC) tears are a common and debilitating injury, characterized by dramatic expansion of adipose tissue, muscle atrophy, and limited functional recovery. The role of adipose expansion in RC pathology is unknown; however, given the identified paracrine/endocrine regulation by other adipose depots, it likely affects tissue function outside its boundaries. Therefore, we characterized the epimuscular (EM) fat depot of the human rotator cuff, defined its response to RC tears, and evaluated its influence on myogenesis in vitro. EM fat biopsies exhibited morphological and functional features of human beige fat compared with patient-matched s.c. biopsies, which appeared whiter. The transcriptional profile of EM fat and isolated EM adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) shifted as a function of the tear state; EM fat from intact cuffs had significantly elevated expression of the genes associated with uncoupled respiration, and the EM fat from torn cuffs had increased expression of beige-selective genes. EM ASC cocultures with human- and mouse-derived myogenic cells exhibited increased levels of myogenesis compared with s.c. cultures. Increased fusion and decreased proliferation of myogenic cells, rather than changes to the ASCs, were found to underlie this effect. Taken together, these data suggest that EM fat in the human rotator cuff is a novel beige adipose depot influenced by cuff state with therapeutic potential for promoting myogenesis in neighboring musculature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rotator cuff tears affect millions of people in the U.S.; however, current interventions are hindered by persistent muscle degeneration. This study identifies the therapeutic potential for muscle recovery in the epimuscular fat in the rotator cuff, previously considered a negative feature of the pathology, and finds that this fat is beige, rather than white. This is important for two reasons. First, the stem cells that were isolated from this beige fat are more myogenic than those from white fat, which have been the focus of stem cell-based therapies to date, suggesting epimuscular fat could be a better stem cell source to augment rotator cuff repair. Second, these beige stem cells promote myogenesis in neighboring cells in culture, suggesting the potential for this fat to be manipulated therapeutically to promote muscle recovery through secreted signals.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, Orthopedic Surgery, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA aengler@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Engler
keywords: Adipose stem cells; Brown adipose tissue; Rotator cuff; Skeletal muscle