title: Short Sleep Duration Is Related to Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sleep duration on cardiovascular risk factors in obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of 90 obese children ages 7 to 16 years. Anthropometric and clinical evaluation with specification of dietary and lifestyle habits was carried out during an office visit. Sleep duration was evaluated by the BEARS (B = bedtime issues, E = excessive daytime sleepiness, A = night awakening, R = regularity and duration of sleep, S = snoring) questionnaire on children's sleep characteristics. Sleep time adequacy by age was assessed according to the criteria of the National Sleep Foundation. Biochemical blood variables indicative of metabolic risk (glucose, lipid profile, and insulin) were obtained. Emergent new factors of metabolic risk, including high-sensitive C-reactive protein, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, homocysteine, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), inflammatory markers, and the adipokines leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin were also evaluated. The relations between the duration of sleep and these variables were analyzed by general lineal model analysis. Significant variables were introduced in logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of cardiometabolic factors with respect to sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who slept for short duration were significantly more at risk of severe central obesity. In the regression model, the mean arterial pressure (odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.17, P = 0.008), homocysteine (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84, P = 0.013), RBP4 (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.15-2.78, P = 0.010), and TSH (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.21-3.34, P = 0.007) remain as significant independent predictors related to short sleep duration. We did not find any association between sleep duration and inflammatory markers or adipokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short sleep duration increases the severity of obesity and is related to cardiovascular risk factors in children.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, University of Valencia †Department of Experimental Science, School Catholic University of Valencia ‡Sleep Unit, Hospital Quirón §Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia ||Department of Pediatrics, Dr Peset University Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro-Solera
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Luna
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pin-Arboledas
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-Carrascosa
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Codoñer-Franch
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D006710:Homocysteine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein