title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: From a metabolic disorder to an inflammatory condition.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is increasing at an alarming rate and has become a global challenge. Insulin resistance in target tissues and a relative deficiency of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells are the major features of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Chronic low-grade inflammation in T2D has given an impetus to the field of immuno-metabolism linking inflammation to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Many factors advocate a causal link between metabolic stress and inflammation. Numerous cellular factors trigger inflammatory signalling cascades, and as a result T2D is at the moment considered an inflammatory disorder triggered by disordered metabolism. Cellular mechanisms like activation of Toll-like receptors, Endoplasmic Reticulum stress, and inflammasome activation are related to the nutrient excess linking pathogenesis and progression of T2D with inflammation. This paper aims to systematically review the metabolic profile and role of various inflammatory pathways in T2D by capturing relevant evidence from various sources. The perspectives include suggestions for the development of therapies involving the shift from metabolic stress to homeostasis that would favour insulin sensitivity and survival of pancreatic β-cells in T2D.
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Iqra
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Shariq R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Masoodi
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Shahnaz A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Mudasar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nabi
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghazanfar
authors.affiliation: Iqra Hameed, Mudasar Nabi, Khalid Ghazanfar, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
authors.forename: Bashir A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ganai
keywords: Adipose tissue; Diabetes mellitus; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; β-cell dysfunction