title: Identifying women with dense breasts at high risk for interval cancer: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twenty-one states have laws requiring that women be notified if they have dense breasts and that they be advised to discuss supplemental imaging with their provider.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To better direct discussions of supplemental imaging by determining which combinations of breast cancer risk and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) breast density categories are associated with high interval cancer rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) breast imaging facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  365,426 women aged 40 to 74 years who had 831,455 digital screening mammography examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  BI-RADS breast density, BCSC 5-year breast cancer risk, and interval cancer rate (invasive cancer ≤12 months after a normal mammography result) per 1000 mammography examinations. High interval cancer rate was defined as more than 1 case per 1000 examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High interval cancer rates were observed for women with 5-year risk of 1.67% or greater and extremely dense breasts or 5-year risk of 2.50% or greater and heterogeneously dense breasts (24% of all women with dense breasts). The interval rate of advanced-stage disease was highest (>0.4 case per 1000 examinations) among women with 5-year risk of 2.50% or greater and heterogeneously or extremely dense breasts (21% of all women with dense breasts). Five-year risk was low to average (0% to 1.66%) for 51.0% of women with heterogeneously dense breasts and 52.5% with extremely dense breasts, with interval cancer rates of 0.58 to 0.63 and 0.72 to 0.89 case per 1000 examinations, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefit of supplemental imaging was not assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast density should not be the sole criterion for deciding whether supplemental imaging is justified because not all women with dense breasts have high interval cancer rates. BCSC 5-year risk combined with BI-RADS breast density can identify women at high risk for interval cancer to inform patient-provider discussions about alternative screening strategies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Cancer Institute.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerlikowske
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Anna N A
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tice
authors.forename: Constance D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Miglioretti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity