title: [Patients with pain in outpatient care. A nationwide cross-sectional survey with path model].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited knowledge on the degree of pain and pain-related impairments in home care clients. This study was carried out to provide data on the prevalence of pain and pain-related impairments in home care patients and to investigate the impact on activities of daily living and on classification into the three levels of care as defined by the statutory German long-term care insurance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2012 a representative cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted among clients of 100 German home care services. The stepwise sampling procedure included a random selection of 9 home care services in each of the 16 federal states and a randomized sampling among the clients of the participating home care services. The total sample consisted of 878 home care clients (inclusion criteria ≥ 18 years). The subjective pain intensity was measured using an 11-step Likert scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most severe pain). Pain-related impairments were rated on a 6-step Likert scale (0 = no impairments to 5 = complete impairment) assessing the level of independence in household chores, mobility, personal hygiene, dressing and social participation. Furthermore, multimorbidity (number of diagnoses) and level of care according to the current classification in the German long-term care insurance were registered. The predictive significance of latent variables was determined by structural equation modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the subjects surveyed 68.5 % (n = 672) reported suffering from pain. The average intensity of pain was 2.9 (standard deviation SD 2.8) and pain-related impairments had the greatest effect on mobility (78.2 %). Path analysis revealed that a higher degree of pain-related impairments (β = + 0.31) and a higher number of diagnoses (β = + 0.19) were associated with classification to higher levels of care as defined in the German long-term care insurance. However, stronger pain and higher age were related to a classification to a lower level of care (β = - 0.21). No relevant gender differences were identified except for the finding that old age in women had no significant effect on the classification to the level of care, whereas in men both old age and pain intensity did have an impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even though the majority of home care clients in this representative study suffered from pain, the degree of pain intensity only becomes an issue in home care if it concurs with impairments in daily living and a corresponding classification to higher levels of care dependency. These findings suggest that pain and pain management should receive more attention in home care, irrespective of observable impairments in daily living. In practice, nurses in home care services should regularly assess the level of pain intensity among home care clients and the results of these regular pain assessments should be taken into account for the identification of individual care needs.
authors.affiliation: , Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leiske
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lahmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindena
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Centmayer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suhr
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006306:Health Surveys; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000145:classification / Q000451:nursing