title: Reaerosolization of Spores from Flooring Surfaces To Assess the Risk of Dissemination and Transmission of Infections.
abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify reaerosolization of microorganisms caused by walking on contaminated flooring to assess the risk to individuals accessing areas contaminated with pathogenic organisms, for example, spores of Bacillus anthracis. Industrial carpet and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floor coverings were contaminated with aerosolized spores of Bacillus atrophaeus by using an artist airbrush to produce deposition of ∼10(3) to 10(4) CFU · cm(-2). Microbiological air samplers were used to quantify the particle size distribution of the aerosol generated when a person walked over the floorings in an environmental chamber. Results were expressed as reaerosolization factors (percent per square centimeter per liter), to represent the ratio of air concentration to surface concentration generated. Walking on carpet generated a statistically significantly higher reaerosolization factor value than did walking on PVC (t = 20.42; P < 0.001). Heavier walking produced a statistically significantly higher reaerosolization factor value than did lighter walking (t = 12.421; P < 0.001). Height also had a statistically significant effect on the reaerosolization factor, with higher rates of recovery of B. atrophaeus at lower levels, demonstrating a height-dependent gradient of particle reaerosolization. Particles in the respirable size range were recovered in all sampling scenarios (mass mean diameters ranged from 2.6 to 4.1 μm). The results of this study can be used to produce a risk assessment of the potential aerosol exposure of a person accessing areas with contaminated flooring in order to inform the choice of appropriate respiratory protective equipment and may aid in the selection of the most suitable flooring types for use in health care environments, to reduce aerosol transmission in the event of contamination.
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom susan.paton@phe.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paton
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katy-Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000391:Air Microbiology; D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D010316:Particle Size; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols