title: Asymptotic efficiency of the pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator in multi-group factor models with pooled data.
abstract: A multi-group factor model is suitable for data originating from different strata. However, it often requires a relatively large sample size to avoid numerical issues such as non-convergence and non-positive definite covariance matrices. An alternative is to pool data from different groups in which a single-group factor model is fitted to the pooled data using maximum likelihood. In this paper, properties of pseudo-maximum likelihood (PML) estimators for pooled data are studied. The pooled data are assumed to be normally distributed from a single group. The resulting asymptotic efficiency of the PML estimators of factor loadings is compared with that of the multi-group maximum likelihood estimators. The effect of pooling is investigated through a two-group factor model. The variances of factor loadings for the pooled data are underestimated under the normal theory when error variances in the smaller group are larger. Underestimation is due to dependence between the pooled factors and pooled error terms. Small-sample properties of the PML estimators are also investigated using a Monte Carlo study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang-Wallentin
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christoffersson
keywords: measurement invariance; normal theory; robustness; sandwich estimator