title: Technical Note: Measuring contrast- and noise-dependent spatial resolution of an iterative reconstruction method in CT using ensemble averaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The spatial resolution of iterative reconstruction (IR) in computed tomography (CT) is contrast- and noise-dependent because of the nonlinear regularization. Due to the severe noise contamination, it is challenging to perform precise spatial-resolution measurements at very low-contrast levels. The purpose of this study was to measure the spatial resolution of a commercially available IR method using ensemble-averaged images acquired from repeated scans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A low-contrast phantom containing three rods (7, 14, and 21 HU below background) was scanned on a 128-slice CT scanner at three dose levels (CTDIvol = 16, 8, and 4 mGy). Images were reconstructed using two filtered-backprojection (FBP) kernels (B40 and B20) and a commercial IR method (sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction, SAFIRE, Siemens Healthcare) with two strength settings (I40-3 and I40-5). The same scan was repeated 100 times at each dose level. The modulation transfer function (MTF) was calculated based on the edge profile measured on the ensemble-averaged images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spatial resolution of the two FBP kernels, B40 and B20, remained relatively constant across contrast and dose levels. However, the spatial resolution of the two IR kernels degraded relative to FBP as contrast or dose level decreased. For a given dose level at 16 mGy, the MTF50% value normalized to the B40 kernel decreased from 98.4% at 21 HU to 88.5% at 7 HU for I40-3 and from 97.6% to 82.1% for I40-5. At 21 HU, the relative MTF50% value decreased from 98.4% at 16 mGy to 90.7% at 4 mGy for I40-3 and from 97.6% to 85.6% for I40-5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A simple technique using ensemble averaging from repeated CT scans can be used to measure the spatial resolution of IR techniques in CT at very low contrast levels. The evaluated IR method degraded the spatial resolution at low contrast and high noise levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vrieze
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905.
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: McCollough
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*