title: Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 9: Effect of ventricular catheter entry point and position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this guideline was to answer the following question: Do the entry point and position of the ventricular catheter have an effect on shunt function and survival?
  
  
  METHODS
  Both the US National Library of Medicine/MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words specifically chosen to identify published articles detailing the use of CSF shunts for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus. Articles meeting specific criteria that had been delineated a priori were then examined, and data were abstracted and compiled in evidentiary tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search yielded 184 abstracts, which were screened for potential relevance to the clinical question of the effect of ventricular catheter entry site on shunt survival. An initial review of the abstracts identified 14 papers that met the inclusion criteria, and these were recalled for full-text review. After review of these articles, only 4 were noted to be relevant for an analysis of the impact of entry point on shunt survival; an additional paper was retrieved during the review of full-text articles and was included as evidence to support the recommendation. The evidence included 1 Class II paper and 4 Class III papers. An evidentiary table was created including the relevant articles. CONCLUSION/RECOMMEndation: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the occipital versus frontal point of entry for the ventricular catheter; therefore, both entry points are options for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, unclear degree of clinical certainty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
authors.forename: Mandeep S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tamber
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
authors.forename: Ann-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duhaime
mesh_terms: D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000601:surgery*; D014481:United States
keywords: AANS = American Association of Neurological Surgeons; CNS = Congress of Neurological Surgeons; cerebrospinal fluid shunts; hydrocephalus; practice guidelines; ventricular catheter; ventricular catheter placement; ventricular catheter position