title: Cross-cultural validation of the moral sensitivity questionnaire-revised Chinese version.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethical issues pose challenges for nurses who are increasingly caring for patients in complicated situations. Ethical sensitivity is a prerequisite for nurses to make decisions in the best interest of their patients in daily practice. Currently, there is no tool for assessing ethical sensitivity in Chinese language, and no empirical studies of ethical sensitivity among Chinese nurses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to translate the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version (MSQ-R) into Chinese and establish the psychometric properties of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire-Revised Version into Chinese (MSQ-R-CV).
  
  
  METHODS
  This research was a methodological and descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSQ-R was translated into Chinese using Brislin's model, and the Translation Validity Index was evaluated. MSQ-R-CV was then distributed along with a demographic questionnaire to 360 nurses working at tertiary and municipal hospitals in Changsha, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Yale University and Central South University.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSQ-R-CV achieved Cronbach's alpha 0.82, Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.75, significant item discrimination (p < 0.001), and item-total correlation values ranging from 0.524 to 0.717. A two-factor structure was illustrated by exploratory factor analysis, and further confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Chinese nurses had a mean total score of 40.22 ± 7.08 on the MSQ-R-CV, and sub-scores of 23.85 ± 4.4 for moral responsibility and strength and 16.37 ± 3.75 for sense of moral burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study were compared with studies from other countries to examine the structure and meaningful implications of ethical sensitivity in Chinese nurses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two-factor MSQ-R-CV (moral responsibility and strength, and sense of moral burden) is a linguistically and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing ethical sensitivity among Chinese nurses.
authors.affiliation: Central South University, China.
authors.forename: Fei Fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Central South University, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Xinjiang Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Qing Hua
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Yale University, USA kaveh.khoshnood@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khoshnood
authors.affiliation: Central South University, China Jpzhang1965@163.com.
authors.forename: Jing Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004645:Empathy; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: China; moral sensitivity; nurse; nursing; scale validation