title: Galactose-based Thermosensitive Nanogels for Targeted Drug Delivery of Iodoazomycin Arabinofuranoside (IAZA) for Theranostic Management of Hypoxic Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: In this study, galactose-based nanogels were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer process to facilitate the targeted delivery of iodoazomycin arabinofuranoside (IAZA), a clinical drug for imaging solid hypoxic tumors, and evaluate its role in hypoxia-selective (radio)theranostic (therapy + diagnostic) management of therapy-resistant cancer cells. The nanogels have a cross-linked temperature-responsive core and a dense carbohydrate shell. Their thermoresponsive nature allowed the controlled encapsulation of IAZA drug for targeted delivery and release in hypoxic hepatocellular carcinoma via asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated uptake. The synthesized nanogel-IAZA delivery systems demonstrated a stable, nonburst release of IAZA over 10 h with up to 0.6 mM loading capacity of IAZA within the nanogel. The cytotoxicity evaluations of the nanogels demonstrated that they are relatively nontoxic in multiple cell lines. The radiosensitization studies indicated that IAZA in encapsulated form offers a superior radiosensitization of hypoxic cells (sensitizer enhancement ratio for IAZA alone, 1.33; 1.62 for nanogel encapsulated IAZA). These studies suggest that galactose-based nanogels may serve as a versatile drug delivery system for IAZA (and other azomycin-based agents) and enable its hypoxia-selective multimodal theranostic applications to manage hypoxic solid (hepatocellular) tumors by facilitating position/single photon emission tomography-based imaging, external beam radiation therapy, and in situ molecular radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Yinan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narain
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D000080385:Nanogels; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013696:Temperature; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000080385:Nanogels; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; C413692:polyethylene glycol polyethyleneimine nanogel; C070588:iodoazomycin arabinoside; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D005690:Galactose