title: IL-6, IL-18, sIL-2R, and TNFα proinflammatory markers in depression and schizophrenia patients who are free of overt inflammation.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia are associated with inflammatory processes. Studies have shown that these disorders exhibit increase in the level of one or more proinflammatory markers. However, these studies did not exclude patients with obvious inflammation (i.e., CRP>6mg/L). Therefore, a comprehensive study should include those inflammatory disorders. In the present study, the inflammatory natures of MDD and schizophrenia were investigated. To achieve this goal, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) in depressed and schizophrenic patients were obtained and compared with those of the control group. Results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum levels of IL-6, IL-18, TNFα, and sIL-2R in MDD and schizophrenic patients compared with the control group. Also patients with schizophrenia group showed higher levels of the inflammatory markers than MDD and control groups. The current study concluded that the immunological response in the MDD and schizophrenic patients groups was significantly stimulated. These disorders may be considered an inflammatory disorder because of elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in spite of lacking an overt inflammation. Furthermore results of this study suggested the possibility of the use of anti-inflammatory drugs as adjuvant therapy in schizophrenic and depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kufa University, Iraq. Electronic address: headm2010@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hussein Kadhem
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Al-Hakeim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Kufa University, Iraq.
authors.forename: Duaa Abdulzahraa
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Al-Rammahi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq. Electronic address: arafat.aldujaili@uokufa.edu.iq.
authors.forename: Arafat Hussein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Dujaili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D015375:Receptors, Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Depression; Inflammation; Interleukin; Schizophrenia; TNFα