title: Cadmium status among pediatric cancer patients in Egypt.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, nonessential, and bio-accumulating heavy metal widely used in industry. Several studies have suggested a positive association between Cd exposure and risks of several cancers. However, data from general population, especially children are sparse.In the current cross-sectional case-control study, we aimed to assess the association between Cd exposure, as expressed by Cd body status (blood, urine, scalp hair, and nails) and cancer among Egyptian children. Three hundred and fifty pediatric cancer cases aged 3 to 14-years old were enrolled in our study. Their body Cd levels were evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer and were compared with Cd levels of 350 healthy children.Significantly higher Cd levels (blood, urine, scalp hair, and nails) were documented in cancer cases when compared with control (P < 0.001). Such difference was still detected when comparing each malignant type separately, with controls. Tobacco smoke exposure, rural residence, and low socioeconomic status were reported more frequently among cases than comparisons.Positive association between Cd exposure and pediatric malignancy may be present.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig (LMS, ERA, HSS, DMU, MAAA, WG); Cairo (NMK); Benha Universities (MAS); Benha children Hospital, Benha (LMS, ERA, MAS); and Department of Biochemistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (AFG).
authors.forename: Laila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sherief
authors.forename: Elhamy R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Abdelkhalek
authors.forename: Amal F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gharieb
authors.forename: Hanan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sherbiny
authors.forename: Doaa M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Usef
authors.forename: Mohamed A A
authors.initials: MAA
authors.lastname: Almalky
authors.forename: Naglaa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.forename: Mostafa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gohar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium