title: Secondary metabolites from Ganoderma.
abstract: Ganoderma is a genus of medicinal mushrooms. This review deals with secondary metabolites isolated from Ganoderma and their biological significance. Phytochemical studies over the last 40years led to the isolation of 431 secondary metabolites from various Ganoderma species. The major secondary compounds isolated are (a) C30 lanostanes (ganoderic acids), (b) C30 lanostanes (aldehydes, alcohols, esters, glycosides, lactones, ketones), (c) C27 lanostanes (lucidenic acids), (d) C27 lanostanes (alcohols, lactones, esters), (e) C24, C25 lanostanes (f) C30 pentacyclic triterpenes, (g) meroterpenoids, (h) farnesyl hydroquinones (meroterpenoids), (i) C15 sesquiterpenoids, (j) steroids, (k) alkaloids, (l) prenyl hydroquinone (m) benzofurans, (n) benzopyran-4-one derivatives and (o) benzenoid derivatives. Ganoderma lucidum is the species extensively studied for its secondary metabolites and biological activities. Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma colossum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma cochlear, Ganoderma tsugae, Ganoderma amboinense, Ganoderma orbiforme, Ganoderma resinaceum, Ganoderma hainanense, Ganoderma concinna, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma neo-japonicum, Ganoderma tropicum, Ganoderma australe, Ganoderma carnosum, Ganoderma fornicatum, Ganoderma lipsiense (synonym G. applanatum), Ganoderma mastoporum, Ganoderma theaecolum, Ganoderma boninense, Ganoderma capense and Ganoderma annulare are the other Ganoderma species subjected to phytochemical studies. Further phytochemical studies on Ganoderma could lead to the discovery of hitherto unknown biologically active secondary metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India. Electronic address: sabulal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sabulal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baby
authors.affiliation: Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Anil John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Govindan
mesh_terms: D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000737:chemistry*; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D006873:Hydroquinones; D014315:Triterpenes; C575677:benzopyran-4-one; C556862:ganoderic acid; C031927:hydroquinone
keywords: Biological activities; Ganoderic acids; Ganoderma; Ganodermataceae; Lanostane type triterpenoids; Lucidenic acids; Meroterpenoids; Steroids; Volatiles