title: Indications for performing flexible bronchoscopy: Trends over 34 years at a tertiary care hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to its easy maneuverability, patient comfort and documented safety as an outpatient procedure, flexible bronchoscopy (FB) has replaced rigid bronchoscopy for routine diagnostic use. Herein, we report our 34-year experience with outpatient performance of FB.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of all FB procedures performed between September 1979 and November 2013 (period I: 1979-1990; period II: 1991-2000; period III: 2001-2013) in a tertiary care hospital. Demographic profile of patients, indications for performing FB, and annual and seasonal trends were noted from the records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24,814 bronchoscopies were performed during the study period. The mean (SD) age of patients (71.6% males) was 48.4 (15.5) years. The number of procedures performed per decade showed an absolute increase by 322%. The most common indication for FB was suspected bronchogenic carcinoma (32.2%) followed by pulmonary infections (18.6%) and interstitial lung diseases (13%). The proportion of annual cases due to interstitial lung diseases (3.9% in period I to 16.2% in period III) increased over the years, whereas disorders such as hemoptysis and pleural effusion showed a declining trend as an indication for FB. A seasonal trend was observed for diseases such as sarcoidosis, bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary infections. Six deaths were encountered during the study period in patients undergoing FB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FB is increasingly being performed in the diagnosis of respiratory disorders and is a safe outpatient procedure. Although bronchogenic carcinoma remains a common indication for performing FB, benign conditions such as pulmonary infections and sarcoidosis constitute important indications in the Indian scenario.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ankit Amar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Inderpaul Singh
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sahajal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhooria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh Nath
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Dheeraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Digambar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Behera
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Ritesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: Bronchoscopy; hemoptysis; interstitial lung disease; lung cancer; pleural effusion; sarcoidosis; tuberculosis