title: Source Memory Rehabilitation: A Review Toward Recommendations for Setting Up a Strategy Training Aimed at the "What, Where, and When" of Episodic Retrieval.
abstract: Source memory is a core component of episodic recall as it allows for the reconstruction of contextual details characterizing the acquisition of episodic events. Unlike episodic memory, little is known about source memory rehabilitation. Our review addresses this issue by emphasizing several strategies as useful tools in source memory rehabilitation programs. Four main strategies are likely to improve source recall in amnesic patients-namely, (a) contextual cueing, (b) unitization, (c) errorless learning, and (d) executive function programs. The rationale behind our suggestion is that: (a) reinstating contextual cues during retrieval can serve as retrieval cues and enhance source memory; (b) unitization as an encoding process allows for the integration of several pieces of contextual information into a new single entity; (c) errorless learning may prevent patients from making errors during source learning; and (d) as source memory deteriorations have been classically attributed to executive dysfunction, the rehabilitation of the latter ability is likely to maintain the former ability. Besides these four strategies, our review suggests several additional rehabilitation techniques such as the vanishing cues and spaced retrieval methods. Another additional strategy is the use of electronic devices. By gathering these strategies, our review provides a helpful guideline for clinicians dealing with source memory impairments. Our review further highlights the lack of randomized and controlled studies in the field of source memory rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: a Research Unit on Cognitive and Affective Sciences, Department of Psychology , University of North of France , Lille , France.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Haj
authors.affiliation: b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen.|c Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry , Korsakoff Clinic , Venray.|d Department of Medical Psychology , Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roy P C
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.affiliation: e LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (EA 4638), Université de Nantes et Angers, and Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches , CHU Angers , Angers , France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allain
mesh_terms: D000647:Amnesia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall; D012046:Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: contextual cueing; errorless learning; memory rehabilitation; source memory; unitization