title: Binding of RDX to Cell Wall Components of Pinus sylvestris and Picea glauca and Three-Year Mineralisation Study of Tissue-Associated RDX Residues.
abstract: Contamination of soils with the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX, Research Department Explosive) as a result of military applications is a large-area problem globally. Since coniferous trees dominate the vegetation of large areas of military land in Central Europe, particularly in Germany, the long-term fate of (14)C-RDX in the conifers Scots pine and Dwarf Alberta spruce was studied. Acetic acid was the most effective solvent for the removal of extractable RDX residues from homogenates of RDX-laden tree material (85%, 80-90% and 64-80% for roots, wood and needles, respectively). On average, only a fifth of RDX-derived (14)C was bound in non-extractable residues (NER). Within the main cell wall compartments, lignin was the dominant binding site for NER (needles: 32-62%; roots: 38-42%). Hemicellulose (needles: 11-18%; roots: 6-11%) and cellulose (needles: 12-24%; roots: 1-2%) were less involved in binding and a considerable proportion of NER (needles: 15-24%; roots: 59-51%) was indigestible. After three-year incubation in rot chambers, mineralisation of tree-associated (14)C-RDX to (14)CO2 clearly dominated the mass balance in both tree species with 48-83%. 13-33% of (14)C-RDX-derived radioactivity remained in an unleachable form and the remobilisation by water leaching was negligible (< 2%).
authors.affiliation: a Humboldt University Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture , Department of Crop- and Animal Sciences, Division Phytomedicine , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schoenmuth
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schenke
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scharnhorst
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Combrinck
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: McCrindle
authors.forename: Jakob O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pestemer
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry; D005858:Germany; D028222:Picea / Q000378:metabolism*; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*; D014934:Wood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: 3; 5-triazine; 5-trinitro-1; Picea glauca; Pinus sylvestris; cell wall binding; dendroremediation; hexahydro-1; indirect mineralisation; phytoremediation