title: Biomechanical investigation into the torsional failure of immature long bone.
abstract: Approximately 50% of infant and toddler long bone fractures are attributed to non-accidental trauma; however, differentiating from benign mechanisms is subjective, due to an absence of evidence-based diagnostic tools. Previous studies investigated small ranges of rotational velocities in animal long bone models, although did not report the variation in the spiral fracture angle. This study considered the fracture angle as a potential clinical measure, correlating this data with a wider range of rotational velocities. The spiral fracture angle was measured relative to the long axis, whilst noting the narrowest diaphysial diameter, location of the fracture, and the extent of comminution and periosteal disruption. Twenty-six bones failed in spiral fracture, with the potting material failing in the remaining tests. All spiral fractures centred on the narrowest diaphysial diameter. Slower rotational velocities caused fracture angles approaching 45°, whereas fractures at greater velocities caused fracture angles nearer 30°. A relatively strong trend (R (2) = 0.78) is reported when the normalised fracture angle (against the narrowest diaphysial dimension) was plotted against the rotational rate. A relationship has been identified between the angle of spiral fracture and the rotational velocity using the immature bovine metatarsal model. This trend forms a scientific foundation from which to explore developing a diagnostic, evidence-based tool that may ultimately serve to assist differentiating between accidental and non-accidental injury.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Biomechanics Research Group, Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Theobald
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic and Accident Surgery, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Assad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: Trauma Biomechanics Research Group, Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jones
keywords: Immature bone; Mechanical testing; Spiral fracture; Torsion