title: Infant developmental milestones and adult intelligence: A 34-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies suggest a positive association between faster infant motor development and intellectual function in childhood and adolescence. However, studies investigating the relationship between infant motor development and intelligence in adulthood are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether age at achievement of 12 motor developmental milestones was associated with adult intelligence and to evaluate the influence of sex, parental social status, parity, mother's cigarette consumption in the last trimester, gestational age, birthweight, and birth length on this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers of 9125 children of the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort recorded 12 developmental milestones during the child's first year of life. A subsample of the cohort comprising 1155 individuals participated in a follow-up when they were aged 20-34 years and were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Associations between motor developmental milestones and IQ were analysed by multiple linear regression adjusting for potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Later acquisition of infant developmental milestones was associated with lower subsequent IQ, and the majority of significant associations were found for Performance IQ. Correlations were generally small (r < 0.10), but significant interactions were found between parental social status and age of attaining developmental milestones, with associations being significantly stronger in the offspring of lower social status parents. The effects remained significant after adjusting for possible confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to find significant interactions with parental social status, thereby suggesting that associations between early motor development and intelligence are stronger in infants of low social status parents.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Psychology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Electronic address: tfma@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flensborg-Madsen
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Psychology, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Electronic address: elme@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Erik Lykke
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mortensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Birth cohort; Developmental milestones; Epidemiology; Intelligence; Longitudinal study; Parental social status