title: CTLA4 and CD28 Gene Polymorphisms with Respect to Affective Symptom Domain in Schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence indicates that immune alterations in schizophrenia are due to genetic underpinnings. Here, we aimed at investigating whether polymorphisms in CTLA4 and CD28 genes, encoding molecules that regulate T-cell activity, influence schizophrenia symptomatology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 120 schizophrenia patients and 380 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. We divided the patients into two groups: one with no co-occurrence between psychotic and affective symptoms and the second one with psychotic symptoms dominating in the clinical manifestation, although also with occasional affective disturbances in the course of illness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the patients with co-occurring affective symptoms, there were significantly more CTLA4 c.49A>G[A] alleles (p = 0.018, odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.66) and more CTLA4 g.319C>T[T] alleles (p = 0.07, OR 1.93, 95% CI 0.94-4.13) in comparison to the second group. Additionally, we have shown that CD28 c.17 + 3T>C[C+] were more significantly overrepresented among patients with co-occurring psychotic and affective symptoms (p = 0.0003, OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.69-6.68) than in patients without co-occurence between these symptoms (p = 0.012, OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.15-3.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTLA4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms may not only act in immune deregulation observed in schizophrenia, but may also influence the course of the illness by modifying the susceptibility to the co-occurrence of psychotic and affective symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frydecka
authors.forename: Jan Aleksander
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Beszłej
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pawlak-Adamska
authors.forename: Błażej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Misiak
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karabon
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomkiewicz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Partyka
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonkisz
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szewczuk-Bogusławska
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zawadzki
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiejna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018106:CD28 Antigens; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human