title: Tetrapleura tetraptera spice attenuates high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced obese and type 2 diabetic rats with metabolic syndrome features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tetrapleura tetraptera, a seasoning and nutritive spice is also used in western African folk medicine in the management of wide variety of diseases including diabetes, inflammation and hypertension. Flavonoids and saponins are some abundant secondary metabolic constituents in the fruits of this plant. This study aimed at evaluating the potential therapeutic action of the polyphenol-rich hydroethanolic extract (HET) of this fruit in experimentally induced obese and type 2 diabetic rats (T2DM) with characteristic metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  MetS was induced in rats by high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet and administration of low-dose streptozotocin. Then different oral doses of HET (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered to T2DM rats for 28 days. A standard antidiabetic drug, metformin (300 mg/kg), was used for comparison. The body weight, systolic blood pressure, oxidative stress and metabolic parameters were then assessed to evaluate the effect of HET on MetS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HET reduced weight gain, fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels as well as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and alleviated obesity and T2DM associated oxidative stress and hypertension in rats. Moreover, a significantly hypolipidemic property and an attenuation of liver injury and tissue steatosis was observed after HET administration. HET further demonstrated its anti-inflammation effect via down regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin and an increase in adiponectin. The HET exhibited dose-dependent effects which were comparable to that of metformin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study thereby demonstrates the anti-insulin resistance, antilipidemic, anti-obesity, hypotensive and anti-inflammatory properties of HET; hence it has the potential to be further developed for the management of MetS such as obesity, T2DM and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutrition, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia. kuatedie@msu.edu.|Department of biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. kuatedie@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Dieudonne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuate
authors.affiliation: Department of biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. kengneannepas@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Anne Pascale Nouemsi
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
authors.affiliation: Department of biochemistry, Faculty of science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. brbiapa@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Cabral Prosper Nya
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Biapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. borisazantsa@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Boris Gabin Kingue
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Azantsa
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutrition, School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia. wanmanan@usm.my.
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Abdul Manan Bin Wan Muda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005638:Fruit; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional / Q000379:methods*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D031305:Tetrapleura
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008687:Metformin