title: Negative arousal increases the effects of stimulus salience in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Stimuli compete for mental representation, with salient stimuli attracting more attention than less salient stimuli. In a recent study, we found that presenting an emotionally negative arousing sound before briefly showing an array of letters with different levels of salience increased the reporting of the more salient letters but decreased reporting of the less salient letters (Sutherland & Mather, 2012, Emotion, 12, 1367-1372). In the current study we examined whether negative arousal produces similar effects on attention in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 55 older adults (61-80 years; M = 70.7, SD = 5.1) were compared with those from 110 younger adults (18-29 years; M = 20.3, SD = 2.3) from Sutherland and Mather (2012). Neutral or negative arousing sound clips were played before a brief presentation of eight letters, three of which were presented in a darker font than the others to create a group of high- and low-salience targets. Next, participants recalled as many of the letters as they could. At the end of the study, participants rated the emotional arousal and the valence of the sounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher ratings of emotional arousal for the sounds predicted a greater advantage for high-salience letters in recall. This influence of arousal did not significantly differ by age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of negative arousal on subsequent attention were similar in older adults as in younger adults. Moreover, the results support arousal-biased competition theory (Mather & Sutherland, 2011, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 114-133), which predicts that emotional arousal amplifies the effects of stimulus salience in attention and memory.
authors.affiliation: a Emotion and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mather
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult