title: Barriers in contribution of human mesenchymal stem cells to murine muscle regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study regeneration of damaged human and murine muscle implants and the contribution of added xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Minced human or mouse skeletal muscle tissues were implanted together with human or mouse MSCs subcutaneously on the back of non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. The muscle tissues (both human and murine) were minced with scalpels into small pieces (< 1 mm(3)) and aliquoted in portions of 200 mm(3). These portions were either cryopreserved in 10% dimethylsulfoxide or freshly implanted. Syngeneic or xenogeneic MSCs were added to the minced muscles directly before implantation. Implants were collected at 7, 14, 30 or 45 d after transplantation and processed for (immuno)histological analysis. The progression of muscle regeneration was assessed using a standard histological staining (hematoxylin-phloxin-saffron). Antibodies recognizing Pax7 and von Willebrand factor were used to detect the presence of satellite cells and blood vessels, respectively. To enable detection of the bone marrow-derived MSCs or their derivatives we used MSCs previously transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing a cytoplasmic LacZ gene. X-gal staining of the fixed tissues was used to detect β-galactosidase-positive cells and myofibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myoregeneration in implants of fresh murine muscle was evident as early as day 7, and progressed with time to occupy 50% to 70% of the implants. Regeneration of fresh human muscle was slower. These observations of fresh muscle implants were in contrast to the regeneration of cryopreserved murine muscle that proceeded similarly to that of fresh tissue except for day 45 (P < 0.05). Cryopreserved human muscle showed minimal regeneration, suggesting that the freezing procedure was detrimental to human satellite cells. In fresh and cryopreserved mouse muscle supplemented with LacZ-tagged mouse MSCs, β-galactosidase-positive myofibers were identified early after grafting at the well-vascularized periphery of the implants. The contribution of human MSCs to murine myofiber formation was, however, restricted to the cryopreserved mouse muscle implants. This suggests that fresh murine muscle tissue provides a suboptimal environment for maintenance of human MSCs. A detailed analysis of the histological sections of the various muscle implants revealed the presence of cellular structures with a deviating morphology. Additional stainings with alizarin red and alcian blue showed myofiber calcification in 50 of 66 human muscle implants, and encapsulated cartilage in 10 of 81 of murine muscle implants, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mouse models the engagement of human MSCs in myoregeneration might be underestimated. Furthermore, our model permits the dissection of species-specific factors in the microenvironment.
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Anabel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: de la Garza-Rodea
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Hester
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dambrot
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Antoine Af
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: van Bekkum
authors.affiliation: Anabel S de la Garza-Rodea, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, United States.
authors.forename: Shoshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knaän-Shanzer
keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells; Muscle implants; Muscle regeneration; Satellite cells; Skeletal muscle