title: Health-related quality of life in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients in a Portuguese central public hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, the prevalence of which has registered a considerable increase, mainly in adults and elderly. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between health-related quality of life in patients with diabetes and sex, body mass index, type of diabetes and treatment regimens (type 1 diabetes: intensive versus conventional treatment; type 2 diabetes: insulin use versus non-insulin use), and duration of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-four patients with diabetes were interviewed. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the age-adjusted Short-Form 36 dimensions (physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health), and related to demographic and clinical variables. Independent samples t-tests and One-Way Analysis of Variance were used to compare means of independent samples. The degree of association between pairs of variables was measured by Pearson's (r) or Spearman's (rs ) correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the study population was 55.7±16.4 years; 54.8% were male, and 77.4% had type 2 diabetes. Females reported worse quality of life than males in all dimensions of the Short-Form 36, except for role-physical and bodily pain. Obese patients had worse physical functioning than normal weight and overweight patients, and worse vitality than their normal weight counterparts. Type 2 diabetic patients taking insulin had lower physical functioning and vitality than those without insulin therapy. Longer duration of diabetes was associated with lower physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, role-emotional, and mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being female, obese, having type 2 diabetes and taking insulin, and having a longer disease duration are characteristics associated with worse age-adjusted quality of life in patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Associação de Prevenção e Apoio à Diabetes, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sepúlveda
authors.affiliation: Associação de Prevenção e Apoio à Diabetes, Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poínhos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK ; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Constante
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal ; Associação de Prevenção e Apoio à Diabetes, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pais-Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carvalho
keywords: clinical variables; demographic variables; diabetes mellitus; health-related quality of life