title: Mathematical optimization of contrast concentration for T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate closed form mathematical expressions that predict the optimal contrast agent concentration for the maximum T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo (SGRE) signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gadolinium and iron-based contrast agents can have significant transverse relaxivity that leads to signal dropout with increasing contrast agent concentration. A mathematical expression for the "optimal" contrast agent concentration where recovery of longitudinal magnetization is offset by increasing transverse signal decay was derived. Expressions for the maximum possible SGRE signal were also derived. Three phantoms were constructed, each with varying concentrations of one of the following three agents: gadoteridol, gadobenate dimeglumine, and ferumoxytol. After measuring the longitudinal and transverse relaxivity of the three agents, the SGRE signal was measured in the phantoms over a wide range of flip angles and echo times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent qualitative agreement between the SGRE signal behavior, optimal concentration, and optimal flip angle were observed between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work provides validated mathematical expressions for contrast enhanced T1-weighted SGRE imaging and may provide guidance for contrast dosing and injection protocols, as well as for novel pulse sequence design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.|Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernando
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D005682:Gadolinium; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C062402:gadoteridol; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine; D005682:Gadolinium; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide
keywords: T1-weighted imaging; contrast dose; ferumoxytol; gadolinium; magnetic resonance imaging; spoiled gradient echo imaging