title: Impact of Chronic Periodontitis on Levels of Glucoregulatory Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: The relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is bidirectional, but information about the effect of chronic periodontitis on the levels of the glucoregulatory biomarkers locally in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is limited. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of 10 glucoregulatory biomarkers in GCF, firstly in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) presenting with and without chronic periodontitis and secondly, in subjects without diabetes, with and without chronic periodontitis. The material comprised a total of 152 subjects, stratified as: 54 with T2DM and chronic periodontitis (G1), 24 with T2DM (G2), 30 with chronic periodontitis (G3) and 44 without T2DM or periodontitis (G4). The levels of the biomarkers were measured using multiplex biometric immunoassays. Periodontal pocket depths were recorded in mm. Subsets G1 and G2 and subsets G3 and G4 were compared independently. Among T2DM subjects, GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon were significantly up-regulated in G1 compared to G2. Moreover, there were no statistical differences between the two groups regarding C-peptide, insulin, ghrelin, leptin and PAI-1. Comparisons among individuals without T2DM revealed significantly lower amounts of C-peptide and ghrelin in G3 than in G4. The number of sites with pocket depth ≥ 4mm correlated negatively with C-peptide (Spearman's correlation co-efficient: -0.240, P < 0.01) and positively with GIP and visfatin (Spearman's correlation co-efficient: 0.255 and 0.241, respectively, P < 0.01). The results demonstrate that chronic periodontitis adversely influences the GCF levels of glucoregulatory biomarkers, as it is associated with disturbed levels of biomarkers related to the onset of T2DM and its medical complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hasaan G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Shaza B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Competence Center in Western Norway, Hordaland, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Manal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mutaz F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Åstrøm
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Salah O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005947:Glucose