title: Habitual sleep variability, not sleep duration, is associated with caloric intake in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between objectively measured habitual sleep duration (HSD), habitual sleep variability (HSV), and energy and snack intake in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 324 adolescents who participated in the Penn State Child Cohort follow-up examination. Actigraphy was used over seven consecutive nights to estimate nightly sleep duration. The seven-night mean and standard deviation of sleep duration were used to represent HSD and HSV, respectively. The Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain the daily average total energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, and number of snacks consumed. Linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between habitual sleep patterns and caloric, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. Proportional odds models were used to associate habitual sleep patterns with snack consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI) percentile, and smoking status, an increased HSV was associated with a higher energy intake, particularly from fat and carbohydrate. For example, with a 1-h increase in HSV, there was a 170 (66)-kcal increase in the daily total energy intake. An increased HSV was also related to increased snack consumption, especially snacks consumed after dinner. For instance, a 1-h increase in HSV was associated with 65% and 94% higher odds of consuming more snacks after dinner during school/workdays and weekends/vacation days, respectively. Neither energy intake nor snack consumption was significantly related to HSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High habitual sleep variability, not habitual sleep duration, is related to increased energy and food consumption in adolescents. Maintaining a regular sleep pattern may decrease the risk of obesity in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imamura Kawasawa
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandros N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yanosky
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 90 Hope Dr. Suite 2200, A210, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. Electronic address: dliao@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Duanping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D020920:Dyssomnias / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology; D006184:Habits; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Caloric intake; Sleep duration; Sleep variability; Snack consumption