title: The Impacts of Migraine among Outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder at a Two-Year Follow-Up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No study has investigated the impacts of migraine on depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms and remission at the two-year follow-up point among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to investigate the above issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psychiatric outpatients with MDD recruited at baseline were investigated at a two-year follow-up (N = 106). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale were used. Migraine was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. The patients were divided into no migraine, inactive migraine, and active migraine subgroups. Multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate the significant factors related to full remission of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients without pharmacotherapy at the follow-up, patients with active migraine had significantly greater severities of anxiety and somatic symptoms as compared with patients without migraine; moreover, patients with active migraine had the lowest improvement percentage and full remission rate. There were no significant differences in depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms between patients with inactive migraine and those without migraine. Active headache at follow-up was a significant factor related to a lower full remission rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active headache at follow-up was associated with a lower rate of full remission and more residual anxiety and somatic symptoms at follow-up among patients with migraine. Physicians should integrate a treatment plan for depression and migraine for the treatment of patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Yih
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine and Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shuu-Jiun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D010045:Outpatients; D011594:Psychometrics; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents