title: Fungi in Ontario maple syrup & some factors that determine the presence of mold damage.
abstract: Maple syrup is a high value artisanal product produced mainly in Canada and a number of States primarily in the northeast USA. Mold growth (Wallemia sebi) on commercial product was first reported in syrup in 1908. Since then, few data have been published. We conducted a systematic examination for fungi in maple syrup from 68 producers from all of the syrup-producing areas of Ontario, Canada. The mean pH of the samples was pH 6.82, sugar content averaged 68.0±0.89 °Brix and aw averaged 0.841±0.011. Some 23 species of fungi were isolated based on morphology and molecular techniques. The most common fungus in the maple syrup samples was Eurotium herbariorum, followed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus versicolor and two species of Wallemia. Cladosporium cladosporioides was also common but only recovered when fungi known from high sugar substrates were also present in the mold damaged sample. The rarely reported yeast Citeromyces matrinsis was found in samples from three producers. There appear to be three potential causes for mold damage observed. High aw was associated with about one third of the mold damage. Independently, cold packing (bottling at ~25 °C) was a risk factor. However, syrup of good quality and quite low aw values was contaminated. We hypothesize that sanitation in the bottling line and other aspects of the bottling process may be partial explanations. Clarifying this requires further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Frasz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. Electronic address: david.miller@carleton.ca.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer / Q000382:microbiology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000592:standards; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009864:Ontario; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates
keywords: Fungi; Maple syrup; Water activity; Yeasts; pH; °Brix