title: "It's safer to …" parent consulting and clinician antibiotic prescribing decisions for children with respiratory tract infections: An analysis across four qualitative studies.
abstract: This paper reports a cross-study analysis of four studies, aiming to understand the drivers of parental consulting and clinician prescribing behaviour when children under 12 years consult primary care with acute respiratory tract infections (RTI). Qualitative data were obtained from three primary studies and one systematic review. Purposeful samples were obtained for (i) a focus group study of parents' information needs and help seeking; (ii) an interview study of parents' experiences of primary health care (60 parents in total); and (iii) an interview study of clinicians' experiences of RTI consultations for children (28 clinicians). The systematic review synthesised parent and clinician views of prescribing for children with acute illness. Reoccurring themes and common patterns across the whole data set were noted. Through an iterative approach involving re-examination of the primary data, translation of common themes across all the studies and re-organisation of these themes into conceptual groups, four overarching themes were identified. These were: the perceived vulnerability of children; seeking safety in the face of uncertainty; seeking safety from social disapproval; and experience and perception of safety. The social construction of children as vulnerable and normative beliefs about the roles of parents and clinicians were reflected in parents' and clinicians' beliefs and decision making when a child had an RTI. Consulting and prescribing antibiotics were both perceived as the safer course of action. Therefore perception of a threat or uncertainty about that threat tended to lead to parental consulting and clinician antibiotic prescribing. Clinician and parent experience could influence the perception of safety in either direction, depending on whether previous action had resulted in perceived increases or decreases in safety. Future interventions aimed at reducing unnecessary consulting or antibiotic prescribing need to consider how to make the desired action fit with social norms and feel safer for parents and clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. Electronic address: christie.cabral@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health & Social Care, School of Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK. Electronic address: patricia.lucas@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child & Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. Electronic address: jenny.ingram@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. Electronic address: Alastair.Hay@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alastair D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. Electronic address: j.horwood@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000075202:Contraindications; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotics; Child health; Consulting; Health behaviours; Prescribing; Primary care; Social norms; United Kingdom