title: Alcohol expectancies and alcohol outcomes: effects of the use of protective behavioral strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alcohol expectancies (AEs) are positively associated with drinking behaviors, whereas the use of protective behavioural strategies (PBS) is negatively related to alcohol outcomes among young adults. PBS have been shown to weaken relationships between some alcohol risk factors and alcohol outcomes. This study aimed to examine longitudinally the moderating effect of PBS on the relationships between AEs and alcohol outcomes among young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 188; 61.7% female) were U.S. young adults participating in a larger longitudinal study. Measures of PBS, AEs, alcohol use, and related consequences were used from the baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Negative binomial hurdle models found that PBS (total score) significantly moderated the relationship between positive AEs and consequences, such that among high school seniors endorsing higher positive AEs, those using more PBS in high school reported fewer negative consequences 1 year later. PBS (Manner of Drinking) also moderated the relationship between negative AEs and alcohol use, revealing the use of PBS in high school as having a protective function against later drinking among participants with high positive AEs. Last, PBS (Serious Harm Reduction) significantly moderated the associations between positive AEs and alcohol use and between negative AEs and consequences, such that participants with higher AEs and higher PBS use in high school were at greatest risk for drinking and experiencing negative consequences later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these findings suggest that PBS use may be protective by weakening relationships between positive AEs and alcohol outcomes. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Véronique S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Grazioli
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Garberson
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fossos-Wong
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol