title: Spatiotemporal patterns and predictability of cyberattacks.
abstract: A relatively unexplored issue in cybersecurity science and engineering is whether there exist intrinsic patterns of cyberattacks. Conventional wisdom favors absence of such patterns due to the overwhelming complexity of the modern cyberspace. Surprisingly, through a detailed analysis of an extensive data set that records the time-dependent frequencies of attacks over a relatively wide range of consecutive IP addresses, we successfully uncover intrinsic spatiotemporal patterns underlying cyberattacks, where the term "spatio" refers to the IP address space. In particular, we focus on analyzing macroscopic properties of the attack traffic flows and identify two main patterns with distinct spatiotemporal characteristics: deterministic and stochastic. Strikingly, there are very few sets of major attackers committing almost all the attacks, since their attack "fingerprints" and target selection scheme can be unequivocally identified according to the very limited number of unique spatiotemporal characteristics, each of which only exists on a consecutive IP region and differs significantly from the others. We utilize a number of quantitative measures, including the flux-fluctuation law, the Markov state transition probability matrix, and predictability measures, to characterize the attack patterns in a comprehensive manner. A general finding is that the attack patterns possess high degrees of predictability, potentially paving the way to anticipating and, consequently, mitigating or even preventing large-scale cyberattacks using macroscopic approaches.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA; Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Gang
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
authors.forename: Shouhuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Ying-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D003142:Communication; D004738:Engineering; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008122:Local Area Networks