title: Investigating dimensionality and measurement bias of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder in a representative sample of the largest metropolitan area in South America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the recent launch of a new diagnostic classification (DSM-5) for alcohol use disorders (AUD), we aimed to investigate its dimensionality and possible measurement bias in a non-U.S.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current analyses were restricted to 948 subjects who endorsed drinking at least one drink per week in the past year from a sample of 5037 individuals. Data came from São Paulo Megacity Project (which is part of World Mental Health Surveys) collected between 2005 and 2007. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out to test for the best dimensional structure for DSM-5-AUD criteria. Then, item response theory (IRT) was used to investigate the severity and discrimination properties of each criterion of DSM-5-AUD. Finally, differential criterion functioning (DCF) were investigated by socio-demographics (income, gender, age, employment status, marital status and education). All analyses were performed in Mplus software taking into account complex survey design features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best EFA model was a one-dimensional model. IRT results showed that the criteria "Time Spent" and "Given Up" have the highest discrimination and severity properties, while the criterion "Larger/Longer" had the lowest value of severity, but an average value of discrimination. Only female gender had DCF both at criterion- and factor-level, rendering measurement bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reinforces the existence of a DSM-5-AUD continuum in the largest metropolitan area of South America, including subgroups that had previously higher rates of alcohol use (lower educational/income levels). Lower DSM-5-AUD scores were found in women.
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology - LIM 23, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP 09060, Brazil. Electronic address: jmcmaia2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João Mauricio
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Castaldelli-Maia
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology - LIM 23, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yuan-Pang
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Psychiatry and Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology - LIM 23, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology - LIM 23, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erica R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Post-Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES 29040, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil; Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP 09060, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology - LIM 23, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 05403, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DSM-5; Differential item functioning; Exploratory factor analysis; Item response theory; Latin America; Megacities