title: Emerging potential of parenteral estrogen as androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a key management strategy for prostate cancer (PC), achieved commonly by administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa), ADT markedly suppresses both male and female sex hormones which results in "castration syndrome", a constellation of adverse events such as muscle weakness, impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism, impotence, osteoporosis, and fractures. Recent evidence suggests that estrogen, in the parenteral form, may emerge as an alternative to LHRHa as it offers potential benefits of arresting PC growth as well as avoiding some of the estrogen deficiency related toxicities of LHRHa by maintaining endogenous levels of estrogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Syed Imran
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Ali Shah
keywords: Androgen deprivation therapy; parenteral estrogen; prostate cancer