title: Exploring risk of experiencing intimate partner violence after HIV infection: a qualitative study among women with HIV attending postnatal services in Swaziland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore risks of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) after HIV infection among women with HIV in a postnatal care setting in Swaziland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative semistructured in-depth interview study, using thematic analysis with deductive and inductive coding, of IPV experiences after HIV infection extracted from service-integration interview transcripts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swaziland.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 women with HIV, aged 18-44, were purposively sampled for an in-depth interview about their experiences of services, HIV and IPV from a quantitative postnatal cohort participating in an evaluation of HIV and reproductive health services integration in Swaziland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that women were at risk of experiencing IPV after HIV infection, with 9 of 19 disclosing experiences of physical violence and/or coercive control post-HIV. IPV was initiated through two key pathways: (1) acute interpersonal triggers (eg, status disclosure, mother-to-child transmission of HIV) and (2) chronic normative tensions (eg, fertility intentions, initiating contraceptives).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight a need to mitigate the risk of IPV for women with HIV in shorter and longer terms in Swaziland. While broader changes are needed to resolve gender disparities, practical steps can be institutionalised within health facilities to reduce, or avoid increasing, IPV pathways for women with HIV. These might include mutual disclosure between partners, greater engagement of Swazi males with HIV services, and promoting positive masculinities that support and protect women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01694862.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mulrenan
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colombini
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-7349
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kikuvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK.
authors.forename: Susannah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mayhew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D013541:Eswatini / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: violence against women