title: Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with impaired β-cell function in Chinese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of the present study were to examine the association of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with impaired β-cell function in Chinese men, particularly the interaction of smoking and alcohol consumption on impaired insulin secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in 3957 Chinese men aged ≥40 years. The homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) was calculated, and impaired β-cell function was defined as less than the lowest quartile HOMA-βcut-off point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of impaired β-cell function in current smokers and heavy drinkers (≥200 g/week) was significantly higher than in non-smokers and non-drinkers, respectively. Compared with non-smoking, current smoking had an exacerbating relationship with impaired β-cell function (odds ratio [OR] 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-2.15; P < 0.001). No significant association was found between impaired β-cell function and former smoking (P = 0.21), although low and heavy drinking were associated with an increased risk of impaired β-cell function (OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.07-1.81] and 2.14 [95% CI 1.77-2.58], respectively) compared with non-drinking. The combination of current smoking and heavy drinking was associated with the highest risk of impaired β-cell function (OR 3.16; 95% CI 2.43-4.12; P < 0.0001) after adjustment for confounders. We did not detect an additive interaction between current smoking and heavy drinking on the association with impaired β-cell function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were significantly and independently associated with impaired β-cell function in Chinese men.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Baihui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jichao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tiange
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jieli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Shenghan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weiqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Ministry of Health, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: alcohol consumption; impaired β-cell function; smoking; β细胞功能受损; 吸烟; 饮酒量