title: Single-breath clinical imaging of hyperpolarized (129)Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells using an interleaved 3D radial 1-point Dixon acquisition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to develop and test a clinically feasible 1-point Dixon, three-dimensional (3D) radial acquisition strategy to create isotropic 3D MR images of (129)Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and red blood cells (RBCs) in a single breath. The approach was evaluated in healthy volunteers and subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A calibration scan determined the echo time at which (129)Xe in RBCs and barrier were 90° out of phase. At this TE, interleaved dissolved and gas-phase images were acquired using a 3D radial acquisition and were reconstructed separately using the NUFFT algorithm. The dissolved-phase image was phase-shifted to cast RBC and barrier signal into the real and imaginary channels such that the image-derived RBC:barrier ratio matched that from spectroscopy. The RBC and barrier images were further corrected for regional field inhomogeneity using a phase map created from the gas-phase (129)Xe image.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy volunteers exhibited largely uniform (129)Xe-barrier and (129)Xe-RBC images. By contrast, (129)Xe-RBC images in IPF subjects exhibited significant signal voids. These voids correlated qualitatively with regions of fibrosis visible on CT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates the feasibility of acquiring single-breath, 3D isotropic images of (129)Xe in the airspaces, barrier, and RBCs using a 1-point Dixon 3D radial acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: S Sivaram
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Graduate Program in Medical Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Graduate Program in Medical Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-8379
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Electrical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Justus E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rackley
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: W Michael
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: H Page
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: McAdams
authors.affiliation: Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Graduate Program in Medical Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Bastiaan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Driehuys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014979:Xenon Isotopes
keywords: 1-point Dixon; 3D Radial; Hyperpolarized xenon