title: Immediate and acute adverse effects following transforaminal epidural steroid injections with dexamethasone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESI) are widely used for the conservative treatment of radicular pain. The use of dexamethasone in TFESIs is relatively new; therefore, immediate and acute adverse effects that it may cause are not fully updated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate immediate and acute adverse effects following TFESI with dexamethasone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A spine center affiliated with a rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty consecutive patients receiving TFESI for the management of radicular and axial spinal pain at the cervical, lumbar, and sacral levels with dexamethasone using fluoroscopic guidance with digital subtraction technology were enrolled. The occurrence of adverse effects in patients in the 2-week time period following interventions was monitored through a set of questionnaires followed up by phone calls scheduled for 1 day, day 3, and day 14. Intensity and duration of side effects were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 150 patients enrolled, 31 patients (19.5%) experienced adverse effects within the first 30 minutes following the intervention. The most common adverse effects were numbness and tingling in the limb, which developed in 19 patients (11.95%) followed by perineal pruritus that occurred in 7 cases (4.4%). Patients also reported experiencing adverse effects within the 3 days following intervention; most complained of headaches, insomnia, hiccups, flushing, and increased radicular pain. No major complications were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample size enrolled might be too small to perceive possible rare side effects related to the procedure. The 2-week follow-up period is a limitation for evaluating late side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers provision to interventionalists that TFESI with dexamethasone when performed by experienced hands and with proper technique has minor self-limited transient adverse effects that can be easily managed. Patients should be made aware of these adverse effects and their management. Further larger studies are needed to validate the safe use of dexamethasone and the safety of transforaminal epidural injections.
authors.affiliation: Newton Wellesley Interventional Spine, Wellesley, MA; University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El Abd
authors.forename: Joao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amadera
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gomba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004824:Epidural Space; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003907:Dexamethasone