title: The epigenetic regulation of the opioid system: new individualized prompt prevention and treatment strategies.
abstract: The most well-known physiological effect associated with opiod system is their efficacy in pain reduction or analgesia, although their effect on a variety of other physiological and physiophological functions has become apparent in recent years. This review is an attempt to clarify in more detail the epigenetic regulation of opioid system to understand with more precision their transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation in multiple pyisiological and pharmacological contexts. The opioid receptors show an epigenetic regulation and opioid peptide precursors by methylation, chromatin remodeling and microRNA. Although the opioid receptor promoters have similarity between them, they use different epigenetic regulation forms and they exhibit different pattern of expression during the cell differentiation. DNA methylation is also confirmed in opioid peptide precursors, being important for gene expression and tissue specificity. Understanding the epigenetic basis of those physiological and physiopathological procesess is essential for the development of individualized prompt prevention and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Iraia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muñoa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Urizar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Irazusta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Subirán
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D011957:Receptors, Opioid
keywords: CHROMATING REMODELING; DRUG ADDICTION; EPIGENETIC; METHYLATION; MIRNA; OPIOIDS