title: Complications associated with 133 static, antibiotic-laden spacers after TKA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periprosthetic infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a devastating complication, with a two-stage revision currently the 'gold standard' treatment for chronic infections. There is, however, a lack of information about mechanical complications during this treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the rate and type of mechanical complications encountered during a two-stage exchange revision for periprosthetic infection of the knee and (2) possible factors of influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2000 and 2011, 133 patients received an antibiotic-laden cement spacer as part of a two-stage protocol. The overall frequency and types of complication were recorded (fissure/fracture of the tibia or femur, spacer fracture, subluxation of the patella, peroneus affection, wound healing disorder and mobilization under anaesthesia based on a constricted ROM). Also analysed were potential influencing factors (BMI, ASA classification, length of the interval with the enclosed spacer, revision needed after explantation, revision needed after reimplantation, complications after primary TKA, service life of the primary prosthesis) in terms of the overall outcome (possibility of reimplantation, complications during the two-stage protocol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at the time of the first stage operation was 70.1 ± 9.9 years. Overall, 20 of 133 patients suffered one of the complications mentioned above (15 %). Fracture/fissure of the tibia occurred in nine cases (6.8 %) and fracture/fissure of the femur in three (2.3 %). There were also three mobilizations under anaesthesia after TKA reimplantation, two affections of the peroneus nerve, one spacer fracture, one subluxation of the patella and one wound healing disorder. The influencing factors on the overall outcome were revision after reimplantation (reinfection, p = 0.002), revision after explantation (reinfection, p = 0.044), prior aseptic revision after primary TKA (reimplantation, p = 0.019), and prior two-stage revision (reimplantation, p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A two-stage revision arthroplasty using a static cement spacer is an effective therapy for infected TKAs. The complication rate of 15 % (including restricted ROM after reimplantation) is acceptable. Influencing factors (revision needed after reimplantation, revision needed after explantation) can be demonstrated and should be avoided during the two-stage protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany. Mf6482@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faschingbauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kappe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D001843:Bone Cements; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012086:Reoperation
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements
keywords: Aseptic revision; Septic revision; Spacer; TKA; Two-stage revision