title: Neural overexpression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and refractory epilepsy: a meta-analysis of nine studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overexpression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ATP-binding cassette (ABC)) transporters may contribute to intractable epilepsy (IE) by reducing brain accumulation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on expression and cellular distribution of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in IE patients to evaluate the contribution of this protein to AED resistance. In addition, we summarize experiments examining MRP1 expression and substrates in animal models of IE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature search based on pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as quality assessment, data extraction and statistical analyses were conducted concurrently by two independent researchers. We identified nine high-quality studies (Jadad score ≥3) published between 2000 and 2014 on the expression and cellular distribution of MRP1 in IE patients. A fixed effect model was used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Forest and funnel plots were constructed to assess study heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRP1 expression was significantly higher in both astrocytes (OR = 17.04, 95% CI: 7.69-37.76, P < 0.00001) and neurons (OR = 22.13, 95% CI: 8.52-57.46, P < 0.00001) of IE patients compared to controls, while there was no significant difference in endothelial cell MRP1 expression (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.09-1.79, P = 0.48). Funnel plot symmetry indicated no substantial publication bias. Most relevant preclinical studies from 2000 to 2014 found higher MRP1 expression in IE model rodents. Furthermore, MRP1 overexpression reduced the extracellular concentration of AEDs in brain, while MRP1 inhibitors enhanced brain AED concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pooled results strongly suggest that MRP1 is overexpressed in both neurons and astrocytes of IE patients. Inhibition of MRP1 may enhance AED efficacy by increasing local drug availability.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Yuqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacy , and.
authors.forename: Ce
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.
authors.forename: Yaoling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery.|c Epileptic Center of Liaoning , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , Liaoning , P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
keywords: MRP1; intractable epilepsy; meta-analysis