title: Risks Associated With Smallpox Vaccination in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the maternal and fetal risks of smallpox vaccination during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Global Health, ClinicalTrials.gov, and CINHAL from inception to September 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included published articles containing primary data regarding smallpox vaccination during pregnancy that reported maternal or fetal outcomes (spontaneous abortion, congenital defect, stillbirth, preterm birth, or fetal vaccinia).
  The primary search yielded 887 articles. After hand-searching, 37 articles were included: 18 articles with fetal outcome data and 19 case reports of fetal vaccinia. Outcomes of smallpox vaccination in 12,201 pregnant women were included. Smallpox vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (pooled relative risk [RR] 1.03, confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.41), stillbirth (pooled RR 1.03, CI 0.75-1.40), or preterm birth (pooled RR 0.84, CI 0.62-1.15). When vaccination in any trimester was considered, smallpox vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of congenital defects (pooled RR 1.25, CI 0.99-1.56); however, first-trimester exposure was associated with an increased risk of congenital defects (2.4% compared with 1.5%, pooled RR 1.34, CI 1.02-1.77). No cases of fetal vaccinia were reported in the studies examining fetal outcomes; 21 cases of fetal vaccinia were identified in the literature, of which three neonates survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall risk associated with maternal smallpox vaccination appears low. No association between smallpox vaccination and spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, or stillbirth was identified. First-trimester vaccination was associated with a small increase in congenital defects, but the effect size was small and based on limited data. Fetal vaccinia appears to be a rare consequence of maternal smallpox vaccination but is associated with a high rate of fetal loss.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, and the Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; the Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and the Division of Reproductive Infectious Disease and Obstetric Specialties, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Martina L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Badell
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meaney-Delman
authors.forename: Methodius G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tuuli
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Brett W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Jeanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sheffield
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Beigi
authors.forename: Inger K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Damon
authors.forename: Denise J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012900:Smallpox Vaccine