title: Characterization and Cytotoxicity of PM<0.2, PM0.2-2.5 and PM2.5-10 around MSWI in Shanghai, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential impact of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), which is an anthropogenic source of aerosol emissions, is of great public health concern. This study investigated the characterization and cytotoxic effects of ambient ultrafine particles (PM<0.2), fine particles (PM0.2-2.5) and coarse particles (PM2.5-10) collected around a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant in the Pudong district of Shanghai.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mass concentrations of trace elements in particulate matter (PM) samples were determined using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). The cytotoxicity of sampled atmospheric PM was evaluated by cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mass percentage of PM0.2-2.5 accounted for 72.91% of the total mass of PM. Crustal metals (Mg, Al, and Ti) were abundant in the coarse particles, while the anthropogenic elements (V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were dominant in the fine particles. The enrichment factors of Zn, Cd and Pb in the fine and ultrafine particles were extremely high (>100). The cytotoxicity of the size-resolved particles was in the order of coarse particles < fine particles < ultrafine particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fine particles dominated the MSWI ambient particles. Emissions from the MSWI could bring contamination of anthropogenic elements (Zn, Cd and Pb) into ambient environment. The PM around the MSWI plant displayed an additive toxic effect, and the ultrafine and fine particles possessed higher biological toxicity than the coarse particles.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. caolingling@sinap.ac.cn.|School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. caolingling@sinap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. zengjianrong@sinap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. liuqingke@sinap.ac.cn.|School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. liuqingke@sinap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. baoliangman@sinap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Liangman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. ly@sinap.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017745:Incineration; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D062611:Solid Waste; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Fine particles; ROS generation; coarse particles; cytotoxicity; metallic elements; ultrafine particles