title: Omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids down-regulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene and blood cell adhesion molecule expression in patients with homozygous sickle cell disease.
abstract: Chronic inflammation and reduced blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) are known characteristics of sickle cell disease (SCD).The anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 fatty acids are well recognized. Omega-3 treated (n = 24), hydroxyurea (HU) treated (n = 18), and n-3 untreated (n=21) homozygous SCD patients (HbSS) and healthy (HbAA) controls (n = 25) matched for age (5-16 years), gender and socioeconomic status were studied. According to age (5-10) or (11-16) years, two or three capsules containing 277.8 mg docosahexaenoic (DHA) and 39.0mg eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or high oleic acid placebo (41%) were assigned to n-3 treated and n-3 untreated groups, respectively. Hydroxyurea treated group was on dosage more than 20 mg/kg/day. The effect of supplementation on systemic and blood cell markers of inflammation was investigated. The n-3 treated group had higher levels of DHA and EPA (p < 0.001) and lower white blood cell count and monocyte integrin (p < 0.05) compared with the n-3 untreated. No difference was detected between the two groups regarding C-reactive protein, granulocytes integrin and selectin, plasma tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10. The n-3 treated group had lowered nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expression compared to n-3 untreated and HU treated groups (p < 0.05). This study provides evidence that supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammation and blood cell adhesion in patients with SCD.
authors.affiliation: Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, UK; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, USA. Electronic address: ahmed.malik@meduofk.net.
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Daak
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Abozer Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Elderdery
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Leana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Elbashir
authors.affiliation: Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mariniello
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scarlett
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Mustafa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Elbashir
authors.affiliation: Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kebreab
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghebremeskel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000986:Antisickling Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D016023:Integrins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019087:Selectins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D012923:Social Class; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000986:Antisickling Agents; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D016023:Integrins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019087:Selectins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D019301:Oleic Acid; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D006918:Hydroxyurea
keywords: Blood cell adhesion; Inflammation; Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB); Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids; Sickle cell disease