title: [AFM-based technologies as the way towards the reverse Avogadro number].
abstract: Achievement of the concentration detection limit for proteins at the level of the reverse Avogadro number determines the modern development of proteomics. In this review, the possibility of approximating the reverse Avogadro number by using nanotechnological methods (AFM-based fishing with mechanical and electrical stimulation, nanowire detectors, and other methods) are discussed. The ability of AFM to detect, count, visualize and characterize physico-chemical properties of proteins at concentrations up to 10(-17)-10(-18) M is demonstrated. The combination of AFM-fishing with mass-spectrometry allows the identification of proteins not only in pure solutions, but also in multi-component biological fluids (serum). The possibilities to improve the biospecific fishing efficiency by use of SOMAmers in both AFM and nanowire systems are discussed. The paper also provides criteria for evaluation of the sensitivity of fishing-based detection systems. The fishing efficiency depending on the detection system parameters is estimated. The practical implementation of protein fishing depending on the ratio of the sample solution volume and the surface of the detection system is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of today's promising nanotechnological protein detection methods implemented on the basis of these schemes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Pleshakova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Shumov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Yu D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Malsagova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kaysheva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Archakov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D053770:Nanowires; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins
keywords: atomic force microscopy; biosensor; low-abundant proteins; nanowires