title: Adult height, coronary heart disease and stroke: a multi-locus Mendelian randomization meta-analysis.
abstract: We investigated causal effect of completed growth, measured by adult height, on coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cardiovascular traits, using instrumental variable (IV) Mendelian randomization meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  We developed an allele score based on 69 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adult height, identified by the IBCCardioChip, and used it for IV analysis against cardiovascular risk factors and events in 21 studies and 60 028 participants. IV analysis on CHD was supplemented by summary data from 180 height-SNPs from the GIANT consortium and their corresponding CHD estimates derived from CARDIoGRAMplusC4D.
  
  
  
  IV estimates from IBCCardioChip and GIANT-CARDIoGRAMplusC4D showed that a 6.5-cm increase in height reduced the odds of CHD by 10% [odds ratios 0.90; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.78 to 1.03 and 0.85 to 0.95, respectively],which agrees with the estimate from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration (hazard ratio 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91 to 0.94). IV analysis revealed no association with stroke (odds ratio 0.97; 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.19). IV analysis showed that a 6.5-cm increase in height resulted in lower levels of body mass index ( P  < 0.001), triglycerides ( P  < 0.001), non high-density (non-HDL) cholesterol ( P  < 0.001), C-reactive protein ( P  = 0.042), and systolic blood pressure ( P  = 0.064) and higher levels of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity ( P  < 0.001 for both).
  
  
  
  Taller individuals have a lower risk of CHD with potential explanations being that taller people have a better lung function and lower levels of body mass index, cholesterol and blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.|CTU Bern, Department of Clinical Research and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eveline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nüesch
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.|Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Tom M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Department of Surgery.|Division of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Brendan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik Pa
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: van Iperen
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Sandosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Folkert W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Asselbergs
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wijmenga
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Van der Schouw
authors.affiliation: EPIC-NL, Bilthoven and Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Onland-Moret
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hovingh
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suthesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivapalaratnam
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Goya S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wannamethe
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Tom R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Gaunt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA / Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kooperberg
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.|MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Stela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLachlan
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Mark Wj
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Fifth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.affiliation: Fifth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetolgy, and Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany, Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim and Augsburg, Germany, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Anna F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Dominiczak
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farrall
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leusink
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anke H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maitland-van der Zee
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark Ch
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dudbridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK.
authors.forename: Aroon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amuzu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caufield
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavadino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drenos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giambartolomei
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hypponen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimaki
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Plagnol
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sofat
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Talmud
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: UCLEB, London, Edinburgh and Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zabaneh
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.affiliation: Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.|Department of Community Medicine, Arctic University of Norway, UiT.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK.|Department of Surgery and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.|Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Casas
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D057182:Mendelian Randomization Analysis / Q000379:methods; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol