title: A Comparison of Persian Vowel Production in Hearing-Impaired Children Using a Cochlear Implant and Normal-Hearing Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normal-hearing (NH) acuity and auditory feedback control are crucial for human voice production and articulation. The lack of auditory feedback in individuals with profound hearing impairment changes their vowel production. The purpose of this study was to compare Persian vowel production in deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) and that in NH children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 20 children (12 girls and 8 boys) with age range of 5 years; 1 month to 9 years. All patients had congenital hearing loss and received a multichannel CI at an average age of 3 years. They had at least 6 months experience of their current device (CI). The control group consisted of 20 NH children (12 girls and 8 boys) with age range of 5 to 9 years old. The two groups were matched by age. Participants were native Persian speakers who were asked to produce the vowels /i/, /e/, /ӕ/, /u/, /o/, and /a/. The averages for first formant frequency (F1) and second formant frequency (F2) of six vowels were measured using Praat software (Version 5.1.44, Boersma & Weenink, 2012). The independent samples t test was conducted to assess the differences in F1 and F2 values and the area of the vowel space between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values of F1 were increased in CI children; the mean values of F1 for vowel /i/ and /a/, F2 for vowel /a/ and /o/ were significantly different (P < 0.05). The changes in F1 and F2 showed a centralized vowel space for CI children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F1 is increased in CI children, probably because CI children tend to overarticulate. We hypothesis this is due to a lack of auditory feedback; there is an attempt by hearing-impaired children to compensate via proprioceptive feedback during articulatory process.
authors.affiliation: Speech Therapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: soniajafary11@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drinnan
authors.affiliation: Speech Therapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reyhane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohamadi
authors.affiliation: Speech Therapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yadegari
authors.affiliation: Linguistic Department, Al-zahra University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mandana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nourbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Speech Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Scinces, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torabinezhad
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011434:Proprioception; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: Acoustic analysis; Cochlear implant; Formants; Vowel production