title: Vision training methods for sports concussion mitigation and management.
abstract: There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock's string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Rehabilitative Medicine, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mangine
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bixenmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati; hasselky@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasselfeld
authors.affiliation: College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graman
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Hagar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elgendy
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Myer
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Divine
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D013177:Sports; D013334:Students; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*