title: Association of low vitamin D levels with metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: Low vitamin D levels have been linked to metabolic syndrome in the general population. In the present study, the relationship between inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis was explored. In a cross-sectional setting, 145 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were enrolled. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Serum concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D was determined by a commercially available enzyme immunosorbent assay method. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 53.1%. The prevalence rate of severe vitamin D deficiency (<5 ng/mL) was 3.4%, mild vitamin D deficiency (5-15 ng/mL) 31.0%, vitamin D insufficiency (16-30 ng/mL) 36.6%, and vitamin D sufficiency (>30 ng/mL) 29.0%. With the increasing number of metabolic abnormalities, vitamin D levels significantly decreased (P for trend = 0.028). Among the components of metabolic syndrome, vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with central obesity (odds ratio [OR], 95% confident interval [CI] = 2.80, 1.11-7.04, P = 0.028). A positive, but nonsignificant association between vitamin D deficiency and raised fasting plasma glucose was noted (OR, 95% CI = 2.40, 0.94-6.11, P = 0.067). Both vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of having metabolic syndrome (P < 0.05). In a final model controlling for age, sex, and parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D deficiency increased the odds of having metabolic syndrome by more than threefold (OR, 95% CI = 3.26, 1.30-8.20, P = 0.012). Low levels of vitamin D are frequent among hemodialysis patients and are associated with the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farrokhlagha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmadi
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Damghani
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lessan-Pezeshki
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Effat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Razeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maziar
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi-Mazdeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Hemodialysis; metabolic syndrome; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D insufficiency