title: Influence of Different Antioxidants on X-Ray Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) Using γ-H2AX Immunofluorescence Microscopy in a Preliminary Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation exposure occurs in X-ray guided interventional procedures or computed tomography (CT) and γ-H2AX-foci are recognized to represent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as a biomarker for radiation induced damage. Antioxidants may reduce the induction of γ-H2AX-foci by binding free radicals. The aim of this study was to establish a dose-effect relationship and a time-effect relationship for the individual antioxidants on DSBs in human blood lymphocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from volunteers were irradiated with 10 mGy before and after pre-incubation with different antioxidants (zinc, trolox, lipoic acid, ß-carotene, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin C, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and Q 10). Thereby, different pre-incubation times, concentrations and combinations of drugs were evaluated. For assessment of DSBs, lymphocytes were stained against the phosphorylated histone variant γ-H2AX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For zinc, trolox and lipoic acid regardless of concentration or pre-incubation time, no significant decrease of γ-H2AX-foci was found. However, ß-carotene (15%), selenium (14%), vitamin E (12%), vitamin C (25%), NAC (43%) and Q 10 (18%) led to a significant reduction of γ-H2AX-foci at a pre-incubation time of 1 hour. The combination of different antioxidants did not have an additive effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antioxidants administered prior to irradiation demonstrated the potential to reduce γ-H2AX-foci in blood lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wuest
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eller
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lell
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuefner
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D014965:X-Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006657:Histones