title: Women and substance abuse: gender, age, and cultural considerations.
abstract: Historically, data has shown that a smaller percentage of women use alcohol and illicit substances compared to men, and that frequency of use has been lower among women compared to use among men. Although this data on usage may be true, researchers also acknowledge that substance use among women has been a hidden issue, one not realistically acknowledged by society, especially prior to the mid-1960s. Along with this, more recent data indicates that rates of substance use among women are increasing. Factors contributing to this increase in substance abuse have begun to receive considerable attention, and recent research suggests that many issues exist that are unique to substance use among women. The purpose of this article is to discuss gender specific considerations in women's substance abuse by examining the history of substance use among women; analyzing gender-specific factors, including physiological factors, trauma-related factors, mental health issues, and cultural considerations that impact on women's substance use; articulating treatment approaches for working with substance abusing women and girls; and providing recommendations for further research in this area.
authors.affiliation: a Southwest Institute for Research on Women, University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona.
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Rosi A C
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Bridget S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067073:Psychological Trauma / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000266:history / Q000523:psychology; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000266:history; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: culture physiology; mental health; substance use; theory; trauma; treatment; women