title: A validation study of the use of near-infrared spectroscopy imaging in primary and secondary motor areas of the human brain.
abstract: The electroencephalographically measured Bereitschafts (readiness)-potential in the supplementary motor area (SMA) serves as a signature of the preparation of motor activity. Using a multichannel, noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imager, we studied the vascular correlate of the readiness potential. Sixteen healthy subjects performed a self-paced or externally triggered motor task in a single or repetitive pattern, while NIRS simultaneously recorded the task-related responses of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the primary motor area (M1) and the SMA. Right-hand movements in the repetitive sequence trial elicited a significantly greater HbR response in both the SMA and the left M1 compared to left-hand movements. During the single sequence condition, the HbR response in the SMA, but not in the M1, was significantly greater for self-paced than for externally cued movements. Nonetheless, an unequivocal temporal delay was not found between the SMA and M1. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a promising, noninvasive bedside tool for the neuromonitoring of epileptic seizures or cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) in patients with epilepsy, stroke, or brain trauma because these pathological events are associated with typical spatial and temporal changes in HbR. Propagation is a characteristic feature of these events which importantly supports their identification and characterization in invasive recordings. Unfortunately, the present noninvasive study failed to show a temporal delay during self-paced movements between the SMA and M1 as a vascular correlate of the readiness potential. Although this result does not exclude, in principle, the possibility that scalp-NIRS can detect a temporal delay between different regions during epileptic seizures or CSDs, it strongly suggests that further technological development of NIRS should focus on both improved spatial and temporal resolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Status Epilepticus.
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Drenckhahn
authors.affiliation: Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dümmler
authors.affiliation: RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohl-Bareis
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinbrink
authors.affiliation: Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: jens.dreier@charite.de.
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dreier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epilepsy; Functional activation; Human motor system; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Primary motor area; Spreading depolarization; Spreading depression; Supplementary motor area