title: The iontophoresis of lignocaine with epinephrine into carious dentine for pain control during cavity preparation in human molars.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of the iontophoretic delivery of lignocaine with epinephrine through carious dentine for pain control during cavity preparation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were carried out on 56 carious molars that required class I restorations in 42 subjects (aged 15-20 years). The overhanging enamel and soft caries were removed then the sensitivity of the exposed dentine was tested with drilling, probing and air blast stimuli. The subject indicated the intensity of any pain produced by marking a visual analogue scale (VAS). The cavity was then filled with 20% w/v lidocaine with 0.1% w/v epinephrine and a 200 μA iontophoretic current applied for 2 min after which the sensitivity of the dentine was re-tested. If the dentine was not anaesthetized, the treatment and testing were repeated up to 6 times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total duration (min) of iontophoresis required to anaesthetize the dentine was: 2 in 7 teeth, 4 in 17 teeth, 6 in 14 teeth, 8 in 4 teeth, and 10 in 7 teeth. The remaining 7 teeth were not anaesthetized even after 14 min of iontophoresis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The iontophoretic delivery of lignocaine with epinephrine anaesthetized dentine for cavity preparation in 49 of 56 (87.5%) of carious molars.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: The Late Korporn
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smitayothin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kadkao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vongsavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Praphasri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rirattanapong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Petcharat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraivaphan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: noppakun.von@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Noppakun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vongsavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003737:Dental Cavity Preparation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Carious dentine; Dentine sensitivity; Iontophoresis; Lignocaine; Local anaesthetic; Pain