title: Ageing with HIV: a multidisciplinary review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment, the course of HIV infection turned into a chronic disease and most of HIV-positive patients will soon be over 50 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reviews the multiple aspects that physicians have to face while taking care of HIV-positive ageing patients including the definitions of frailty and the prevalence and risk factors of concomitant diseases. From a therapeutic point of view pharmacokinetic changes and antiretroviral-specific toxicities associated with ageing are discussed; finally therapeutic approaches to frailty are reviewed both in HIV-positive and negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude by suggesting that the combined use of drugs with the least toxicity potential and the promotion of healthy behaviours (including appropriate nutrition and exercise) might be the best practice for ageing HIV-positive subjects.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. andrea.calcagno@unito.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calcagno
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nozza
authors.affiliation: Centro di Valutazione e Ricerca Gerontologica, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muss
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Celesia
authors.affiliation: Department of Mother, Child and Adult Medicine and Surgical Science, Infectious Diseases Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: De Socio
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cattelan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infectious Diseases, "Divisione A", Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orofino
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ripamonti
authors.affiliation: 3rd Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.affiliation: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Perri
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: Ageing; Comorbidities; Frailty; HIV; Immune senescence; Pharmacokinetics; Toxicity