title: The ossification pattern in paediatric occipito-cervical spine: is it possible to estimate real age?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively analyse the synchondrosis from the occipital bone to the whole cervical spine and determine the feasibility and validity of age estimation using computed tomography (CT) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 231 cervical spine or neck CT images of young children (<7 years of age) were examined. Twelve ossification centres were assessed (occiput: n = 2; atlas: n = 2; axis, n = 6; whole sub-axial vertebra: n = 2), and the ossification process was graded as open (O, fully lucent), osseous bridging (B, partially ossified), and fusion (F, totally ossified). After the first analysis was completed, the resulting chronological chart was used to estimate the age of 10 new cases in order to confirm the usefulness of the chart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infancy was easily estimated using the sub-axial or C2 posterior ossification centres, while the posterior occipital regions provided good estimation of age between 1-2 years. The most difficult period for accurate age estimation was between 2-4 years. However, the C2 anterior (neurocentral ossification) and C1 posterior regions did yield information to help determine the age around 3 years. The anterior occipital region was useful for age estimation between 4-5 years, and the C1-anterior region was potentially useful to help decide among the other parameters. The test for age estimation (TAE) had a very high ICC score (0.973) among the three observers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Segmentalised analysis can enhance the ability to estimate real age, at least by the year. The analysis of the occipital bone made a strong contribution to the usefulness of the chorological chart. An organised chronological chart can provide readily available information for age estimation, and the primary application of the above data (TAE) demonstrated the validity of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kjtns@olmh.cuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*