title: Interstitial lung disease related to smoking: imaging considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the imaging of interstitial lung disease believed to be caused by smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is increasingly clear that smoking is associated with a variety of patterns of interstitial lung disease. The radiologic features of interstitial lung disease caused by smoking cigarettes are variable and may be nonspecific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is now accepted that cigarette smoking can cause lung diseases other than lung cancer, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Indeed, the hypothesis that tobacco smoke can cause interstitial lung disease - and, specifically, pulmonary fibrosis - dates back to the 1960s. The list of interstitial lung disease, in which smoking is believed to have an etiologic role, includes Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, respiratory bronchiolitis/respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. More recently, there is emerging evidence which suggests that smoking may be associated with other patterns of pulmonary fibrosis (e.g. nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and smoking-related interstitial fibrosis). In the present review we discuss the imaging of the interstitial lung disease known to be caused by smoking; the typical appearances and some of the diagnostic difficulties are discussed.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Radiology, King's College London, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill bDepartment of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, UK.
authors.forename: Simon L F
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Sujal R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D001988:Bronchiolitis; D006801:Humans; D007801:Langerhans Cells; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis; D012907:Smoking