title: Screening for Voice Disorders in Older Adults (Rastreamento de Alterações Vocais em Idosos-RAVI)-Part II: Validity Evidence and Reliability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the validity evidence based on the internal structure and relations to other variables and the reliability of an epidemiologic questionnaire for screening older adults with voice disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional, validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the validity evidence based on the internal structure, 160 older adults of both sexes, either community-dwelling or institutionalized, completed the "Rastreamento de Alterações Vocais em Idosos" (RAVI; "Screening for Voice Disorders in Older Adults"). The data were analyzed using item-total and interitem correlations, principal component analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and differential item functioning. For validity evidence based on relations to other variables, measures of concurrent and discriminant validity were calculated according to the self-reported number of factors associated with voice disorders. Reliability was assessed using a test-retest procedure conducted with 121 older adults with the same characteristics as the previous sample. In this stage, the reproducibility, internal consistency, and measurement error of the instrument were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RAVI showed adequate validity evidence based on the internal structure and relations to other variables, as well as good reliability. This indicates that the results produced by the instrument are valid and reliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAVI is a self-reported outcome questionnaire that yields valid and reliable responses for epidemiologic detection of voice disorders in older adults and can be easily administered by any health care provider. Further ongoing studies will assess accuracy measures and cutoff values of the RAVI.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSCol-UFRN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Electronic address: leandroape@globo.com.
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Araújo Pernambuco
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Atenció i Prevenció a les Drogodependències, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erika Beatriz de
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Morais Costa
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSCol-UFRN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kenio Costa
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: de Lima
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: Aged; Aging; Dysphonia; Epidemiology; Health of the elderly; Validation studies; Voice; Voice disorders