title: Cardiac perfusion imaging using hyperpolarized (13)C urea using flow sensitizing gradients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of imaging the first passage of a bolus of hyperpolarized (13)C urea through the rodent heart using flow-sensitizing gradients to reduce signal from the blood pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flow-sensitizing bipolar gradient was optimized to reduce the bright signal within the cardiac chambers, enabling improved contrast of the agent within the tissue capillary bed. The gradient was incorporated into a dynamic golden angle spiral (13)C imaging sequence. Healthy rats were scanned during rest (n = 3) and under adenosine stress-induced hyperemia (n = 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-fold increase in myocardial perfusion relative to rest was detected during adenosine stress-induced hyperemia, consistent with a myocardial perfusion reserve of two in rodents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new pulse sequence was used to obtain dynamic images of the first passage of hyperpolarized (13)C urea in the rodent heart, without contamination from bright signal within the neighboring cardiac lumen. This probe of myocardial perfusion is expected to enable new hyperpolarized (13)C studies in which the cardiac metabolism/perfusion mismatch can be identified. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.|Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angus Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.|Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.|Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Damian J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014508:Urea / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D014508:Urea
keywords: 13C; cardiac; first-pass perfusion; hyperpolarization; urea