title: Antiretroviral Drugs in Meconium: Detection for Different Gestational Periods of Exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether antiretroviral (ARV) medications can be detected in meconium from second or third trimester, labor and delivery (L&D), or postnatal exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty ARV medications were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 598 meconium samples from uninfected infants born to pregnant women with HIV enrolled in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ARV detection in meconium following third trimester exposure was 85.7%-94.4% for all ARVs except stavudine (0%, n = 2), likely because of low doses and a high limit for quantification. Of 107 samples with some second trimester only ARV exposures, meconium was positive for only lopinavir, tenofovir, or efavirenz in 11.8%-14.3% of exposed neonates; administration of these ARVs occurred between gestational weeks 25-28 in the positive samples. Days without lopinavir or tenofovir before delivery significantly correlated with decreasing concentrations of lopinavir and tenofovir in meconium. Tenofovir and lamivudine concentrations significantly correlated with increasing gestational age among infants with continuous second and third trimester exposure. Zidovudine given during L&D or for neonatal prophylaxis was detected in 95.1% and 94.6% of meconium samples, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in ARV treatments during pregnancy offered a unique opportunity to investigate ARV detection in meconium. ARVs in meconium primarily reflect third trimester ARV exposures, although 6 of 107 second trimester only exposures were detected. Zidovudine administration during L&D was detected in meconium indicating potential urine contamination or rapid incorporation into meconium. These data will improve interpretation of meconium drug test results.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Himes
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tassiopoulos
authors.affiliation: Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: mhuestis@intra.nida.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents