title: Effects of urbanization on gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in a coastal city, China: levels, sources, and health risks.
abstract: Gas/particle distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in Xiamen from May 2009 to March 2010 to evaluate the impacts of urbanization on the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmospheric environment. In a newly developing area (NDA), the concentrations of 16 PAHs (gas + particle) were significantly higher than that a historically urbanized area (HUA) (p value <0.05), while the trend of 28 PCBs was reversed. Diagnostic ratios and principle component analysis (PCA) implied that atmospheric PAHs in the NDA were mainly derived from petrogenic combustion, including mixed sources of vehicle emissions, biomass burning and oil combustion, while pyrogenic combustion (e.g., traffic and coal combustion) was considered the major source of PAHs in the HUA. Atmospheric PCBs in both HUA and NDA were dominated by TriCBs and PeCBs related to the use of commercial mixtures (Aroclors 1242 and 1254). Based on the toxicological equivalent factor (TEF) approach, total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent values in the HUA and NDA were 1.12 and 2.02 ng m(-3), respectively, exceeding the standard threshold values (1.0 ng m(-3)) of China and WHO. Average daily intake of dioxin-like compounds was 0.2 pg kg(-1) day(-1) in the HUA, which are below the WHO tolerable daily intake level. The results showed that the contribution to the toxic equivalency (TEQ) was dominated by PCB169, PCB105, and PCB81.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.|Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Youwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China. jschen@iue.ac.cn.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China. jschen@iue.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jinsheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
authors.forename: Fuwang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China. hzhang@iue.ac.cn.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China. hzhang@iue.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liqian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.|Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315800, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D006801:Humans; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014507:Urbanization; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Gas-particle distribution; PAHs; PCBs; Sources; Toxicological equivalent; Urbanization