title: The effect of radiopacifiers agents on pH, calcium release, radiopacity, and antimicrobial properties of different calcium hydroxide dressings.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, pH level, calcium ion release, and radiopacity of calcium hydroxide pastes associated with three radiopacifying agents (iodoform, zinc oxide, and barium sulfate). For the pH and calcium release tests, 45 acrylic teeth were utilized and immersed in ultrapure water. After 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days the solution was analyzed by using a pH meter and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Polyethylene tubes filled with the pastes were used to perform the radiopacity test. For the antimicrobial test, 25 dentin specimens were infected intraorally in order to induce the biofilm colonization and treated with the pastes for 7 days. The Live/Dead technique and a confocal microscope were used to obtain the ratio of live cells. Parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed to show differences among the groups (P < 0.05). The pH analysis at 7 days showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the groups. No differences among the pastes were found in the calcium release test on the 7th day (P > 0.05). The calcium hydroxide/iodoform samples had the highest radiopacity and antimicrobial activity against the biofilm-infected dentin in comparison to the other pastes (P < 0.05). Calcium hydroxide mixed with 17% iodoform and 35% propylene glycol into a paste had the highest pH, calcium ion release, radiopacity, and the greatest antimicrobial action versus similar samples mixed with BaSO4 or ZnO.
authors.affiliation: Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ordinola-Zapata
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Dental School of Bauru, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clovis Monteiro
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bramante
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: García-Godoy
authors.affiliation: Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Bertram Ivan
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Moldauer
authors.affiliation: Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gagliardi Minotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tercília Grizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Dental School of Bauru, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio Hungaro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001466:Barium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D001466:Barium Sulfate; C010473:iodoform; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D002118:Calcium
keywords: biofilms; calcium hydroxide; confocal microscopy; dentistry