title: Cytokine and growth factor profiling in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a pro-inflammatory milieu that may partially account for its association with an increased cardiovascular risk. We aimed to (1) evaluate the serum concentrations of twelve cytokines and growth factors (epidermal growth factor (EGF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-1α/-1β/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) in 303 individuals with or without the MetS; and (2) explore their relationship with the presence of the MetS. Patients with the MetS had significantly higher serum concentrations of IFN-γ, EGF, IL-1α/-1β/-2/-4/-6/-8/-10, MCP-1 and TNF-α, whilst serum VEGF concentrations were markedly lower compared with the control group (e.g. 38·55 v. 82·18 pg/ml; P< 0·05). Amongst these parameters, IFN-γ and IL-1α emerged as the most significant independent predictors of the MetS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that patients with the MetS had an altered blood cytokine and growth factor profile that may partially account for its adverse clinical outcomes. Further prospective studies in larger multi-centre settings are required to unravel the role and association of the emerging biomarkers with the MetS and their implication in therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences,Neyshabur,Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Reza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mirhafez
authors.affiliation: Department of New Science and Technologies,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasdar
authors.affiliation: Department of New Science and Technologies,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Habibollah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esmaily
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moezzi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohebati
authors.affiliation: Department of New Science and Technologies,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Meshkat
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences,Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences,Neyshabur,Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehrad-Majd
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Saied
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: Department of New Science and Technologies,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghazavi
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer,Brighton, SussexBN1 9PH,UK.
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferns
authors.affiliation: Department of New Science and Technologies,School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghayour-Mobarhan
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000097:blood; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000097:blood; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D007378:Interleukins; D014280:Triglycerides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Cytokines; Diabetes; Growth factors; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome