title: Synthetic musk compounds and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in breast milk: Occurrence, time-course variation and infant health risk.
abstract: Synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are used as additives in many consumer products. Limited data are available on the accumulation of SMCs in human fluids, and no data are available on BUVSs. In this study, 208 human breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during the lactation period at <7, 15, 30, and 90 days after delivery in Korea. The total concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs ranged from <LOQ to 1593 (median: 286) ng/g lipid weight and from <LOQ to 2172 (median: 64.7) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of HHCB and AHTN in our samples were the highest, compared to those reported in the US, Europe, and China. The predominant compounds were HHCB and AHTN for SMCs and UV-328 for BUVSs, consistent with consumption patterns of these contaminants. Over the lactation period, no significant changes were found in concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs for both parity groups. Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were not associated with the concentrations of SMCs and BUVSs, while gestational age and delivery mode were associated with these contaminants. The estimated daily intakes of HHCB and AHTN were lower than the provisional tolerable daily intake values, suggesting a limited health risk to Korean infants. This study is the first to comprehensively investigate the current levels, accumulation features, contributing factors of BUVSs associated with breast milk consumption in Korea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sunggyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sunmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeongim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hai-Joong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Jae
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gyuyeon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sooran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sungjoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sungkyoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hbmoon@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyo-Bang
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D014230:Triazoles; C008563:musk; C012771:benzotriazole
keywords: AHTN; BUVS; HHCB; Lactation; UV-328