title: Presumed testicular rupture during a college baseball game: a case report and review of the literature for on-field recognition and management.
abstract: Scrotal rupture during athletic competition is considered a rare occurrence; however, blunt trauma to the scrotum is relatively common. Protective athletic cups are strongly recommended for both children and adults engaging in contact sports as they likely limit the amount of serious injury to the scrotal contents. Nonetheless, should the on-field assessment by the athletic trainer, coach, or team physician indicate that the athlete has increased pain, ecchymosis, swelling, and tenderness to palpation after blunt trauma, testicular rupture should be suspected and prompt ultrasound and urologic assessment should be undertaken, as early operative intervention is necessary for testicular preservation. This report reviews testicular trauma during athletic competition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina ; Department of Athletics-Baseball, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Freehill
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gorbachinsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics-Baseball, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lavender
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ronald L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina ; Department of Athletics-Baseball, Winston Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mannava
keywords: baseball; blunt sports injury; testicle hematoma; testicular rupture; testicular trauma