title: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using chlorogenic acid and their enhanced performance for inflammation.
abstract: Here we developed a novel green synthesis method for gold nanoparticles (CGA-AuNPs) using chlorogenic acid (CGA) as reductants without the use of other chemicals and validated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of CGA-AuNPs in vitro and in vivo. The resulting CGA-AuNPs appeared predominantly spherical in shape with an average diameter of 22.25±4.78nm. The crystalline nature of the CGA-AuNPs was confirmed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and by selected-area electron diffraction analyses. High-resolution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that the caffeic acid moiety of CGA forms quinone structure through a two-electron oxidation causing the reduction of Au(3+) to Au(0). When compared to CGA, CGA-AuNPs exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory effects on NF-κB-mediated inflammatory network, as well as cell adhesion. Collectively, green synthesis of CGA-AuNPs using bioactive reductants and mechanistic studies based on mass spectrometry may open up new directions in nanomedicine and CGA-AuNPs can be an anti-inflammatory nanomedicine for future applications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been shown to be very useful in many applications due to their easy functionalization capability. In this article, the authors demonstrated a novel method for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using chlorogenic acid (CGA) as reductants. In-vitro experiments also confirmed biological activity of the resultant gold nanoparticles. Further in-vivo studies are awaited.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Reearch Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yohan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Song-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seonho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Reearch Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hjlee@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyo-Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Reearch Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: youmiep@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Youmie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D006046:Gold; C040048:caffeic acid
keywords: Chlorogenic acid; Gold nanoparticles; Green synthesis; Inflammation; NF-κB