title: Spatial analysis of 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Sea-Nine 211) concentrations and probabilistic risk to marine organisms in Hiroshima Bay, Japan.
abstract: We analyzed the spatial distribution of an antifouling biocide, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Sea-Nine 211) in the surface water and sediments of Hiroshima Bay, Japan to determine the extent of contamination by this biocide. A quantitative estimate of the environmental concentration distribution (ECD) and species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for marine organisms were derived by using a Bayesian statistical model to carry out a probabilistic ecological risk analysis, such as calculation of the expected potentially affected fraction (EPAF). The spatial distribution analysis supported the notion that Sea-Nine 211 is used mainly for treatment of ship hulls in Japan. The calculated EPAF suggests that approximately up to a maximum of 0.45% of marine species are influenced by the toxicity of Sea-Nine 211 in Hiroshima Bay. In addition, estimation of the ecological risk with a conventional risk quotient method indicated that the risk was a cause for concern in Hiroshima Bay.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan. Electronic address: kmochida@fra.affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochida
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hano
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onduka
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichihashi
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Mana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujii
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D061006:Bays; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D007564:Japan; D018570:Risk Assessment; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D013844:Thiazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C080469:Kathon 930
keywords: Antifouling biocide; Bayesian inference; Expected potentially affected fraction; Inverse distance weighted interpolation; Species sensitivity distribution