title: A Comprehensive Approach to Tobacco Dependence Interventions.
abstract: Tobacco smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death and illness in the United States. Smoking cessation is particularly relevant for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease because it is known from multiple studies that individuals who quit smoking experience an initial improvement in pulmonary function, a decreased rate of normal age-related decline in FEV1, a lower risk of hospital admission, and improved survival. Tobacco dependence must be recognized as a chronic disease, and comprehensive treatment for the tobacco-dependent patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease begins with a physician's inquiry into smoking and encouragement to quit, followed by an assessment of the level of dependence and the severity of withdrawal symptoms during previous quit attempts. Combination pharmacotherapy is recommended for the initial treatment of most smokers, especially those with moderate to high baseline levels of tobacco dependence. The patient's history, combined with his or her personal preference, can guide the clinician in initiating an appropriate treatment regimen. Given the chronic nature of tobacco dependence, clinicians must anticipate relapses and the need for recurrent, long-term follow-up. Comprehensive tobacco treatment consultation should be sought whenever possible for patients with high levels of tobacco dependence and multiple relapses or failed quit attempts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Ct. Electronic address: stephen.baldassarri@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Baldassarri
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Ct.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Toll
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; Comprehensive Smoking Treatment Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Leone
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Addiction; Cessation; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); Cigarette; Nicotine; Smoking; Tobacco