title: The impact of spina bifida on caregivers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the second most common birth defects. Spina bifida (SB) and anencephaly make up approximately 90% of total NTDs. Given the number of infants born with an NTD each year, anyone who provides unpaid care for the child (especially caregivers) is affected. This literature review explores the humanistic burden on caregivers of people with SB, specifically myelomeningocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search using PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase was performed to find studies from 1976 to 2010. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was performed on qualitative data and relevant extracts from the data were collated to form master themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 168 abstracts met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 25 articles related to caregivers of individuals with SB. Four master themes emerged: initial diagnosis, living with an individual with SB, social support, and coping. Different aspects of caregivers' lives were found to be affected by caring for a child with SB, including activities of daily living, work impact, time consumption, parental responsibilities, confidence, feelings and emotions, mental health, stress, social impact, psychological adjustment, and relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NTDs, such as SB, present a multitude of issues to caregivers. Issues that affect caregivers of individuals with SB must be addressed in order to reduce the considerable burden that SB places on the caregiver. Continued and enhanced support from health services and patient advocacy groups is needed. For example, providing additional information, support, and empathy can help parents prepare themselves for dealing with the needs of a child with SB over their lifetime.
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rofail
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heelis
authors.affiliation: Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colligs
authors.affiliation: Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Values, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB UK.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abetz
keywords: Burden; Caregivers; Caring; Myelomeningocele; Neural tube defects; Spina bifida