title: Bubble size on detachment from the luminal aspect of ovine large blood vessels after decompression: The effect of mechanical disturbance.
abstract: Bubbles nucleate and develop after decompression at active spots on the luminal aspect of ovine large blood vessels. Series of bubbles were shown to detach from the active spot with a mean diameter of 0.7-1.0mm in calm conditions. The effect of mechanical disturbance (striking the bowl containing the vessel or tangential flow) was studied on ovine blood vessels stretched on microscope slides and photographed after hyperbaric exposure. Diameter on detachment after a heavy blow to the bowl was 0.87 ± 0.43 mm (mean ± SD), no different from bubbles which detached without striking the bowl (0.86 ± 0.28 mm). Bubble diameter on detachment during pulsatile tangential flow at 234 cm/min, 0.99 ± 0.36 mm, was not smaller than that seen in the same blood vessels in calm conditions (0.81 ± 0.34 mm). The active spots were stained for lipids, proving their hydrophobicity. The most abundant active spots, which produced only a few bubbles, did not stain for lipids thereafter. The possibility that phospholipids were removed along with detached bubbles may correlate with acclimation to diving. The finding of bubble production at the active spots matches observed phenomena in divers: variable sensitivity to decompression, acclimation to diving, the effect of elevated gas load on increased bubble formation, a higher bubble score in the second dive on the same day, and unexplained neurological symptoms after decompression. Large bubbles released from the arterial circulation give serious cause for concern.
authors.affiliation: Israel Naval Medical Institute, Israel Defence Forces Medical Corps, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: rarieli@netvision.net.il.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arieli
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arieli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marmur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001775:Blood Circulation; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D003664:Decompression / Q000379:methods; D005740:Gases / Q000097:blood*; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D005740:Gases
keywords: Arterial bubbles; Decompression bubble; Hydrophobic spot; Pulsatile flow