title: Recruiting Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (BMSMW) in an Urban Setting for HIV Prevention Research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Concerns related to stigma and confidentiality limit HIV-related study recruitment and retention of Black men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). This paper examines lessons learned from recruitment strategies utilized in enrolling 437 participants between 2007 and 2011 for a randomized controlled trial to test a culturally specific HIV risk-reduction intervention for Black MSMW.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interested respondents completed a brief screener and participants completed surveys at baseline and at post, 3 and 6 months follow-up. Recruitment patterns were assessed by examining the source of study information reported when respondents were asked how they learned about the study. Chi-square tests were then conducted to examine differences in the distribution of participants by self-reported HIV status, age group and socio-economic status (SES) for each type of study information source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of HIV or SES, study respondents were more likely to have received information about the study through a service agency than from other sources. Participants ages 30-49 and 50+ years were most likely to have learned about the study from an agency (34.9% and 27.0%, respectively) or another participant/friend (20.1%, 23.1%) and least likely to have found out from bus (0.8%, 0.0%) or radio (1.3%, 0.0%) advertisements; whereas younger participants were more likely to have heard about the study through a friend/participant (23.4%) than an agency (15.4%). Although, 14.1% of participants' ages less than 30 years reported the Internet as their source of study information, this compared to just 2.7% and 4.8% for participants in the 30-49 and 50-plus age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While agencies and referrals from personal networks appear to be the most significant recruitment source for potential HIV research participants, there is evidence that Internet based tools may enhance recruitment, particularly among younger Black MSMW.
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asare Bempong
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hema C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ramamurthi
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCuller
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nina T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Harawa
keywords: Bisexuality; Black/African American; HIV; Internet and research; MSMW; Recruitment