title: Resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose and diabetes: the Kailuan prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the association between resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes and conversion from IFG to diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective analysis included 73,357 participants of the Kailuan cohort (57,719 men and 15,638 women). Resting heart rate was measured via electrocardiogram in 2006. Incident diabetes was defined as either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or new active use of diabetes medications during the 4-year follow-up period. IFG was defined as a FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l. A meta-analysis including seven published prospective studies focused on heart rate and diabetes risk, and our current study was then conducted using random-effects models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 4 years of follow-up, 17,463 incident IFG cases and 4,649 incident diabetes cases were identified. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for each 10 beats/min increase in heart rate were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 1.27] for incident diabetes, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.13) for incident IFG and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17) for IFG to diabetes conversion. The risks of incident IFG and diabetes were significantly higher among participants aged < 50 years than those aged ≥ 50 years (P-interaction < 0.02 for both). A meta-analysis confirmed the positive association between resting heart rate and diabetes risk (pooled HR for the highest vs lowest heart rate quintile = 1.59, 95% CI:1.27, 2.00; n = 8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Faster resting heart rate is associated with higher risk of developing IFG and diabetes, suggesting that heart rate could be used to identify individuals with a higher future risk of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Liufu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Yanxue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaidya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Shuohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Caifeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Dongqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA xxg14@psu.edu drwusl@163.com.
authors.forename: Shouling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA, Department of Internal Medicine, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Department of Health Care Center, Kailuan Hospital Affiliated to Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Graduate School, Hebei United University, Tangshan, China, Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Department of Nutritional Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA xxg14@psu.edu drwusl@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Heart rate; diabetes; prospective study