title: Linking Exposures of Particles Released From Nano-Enabled Products to Toxicology: An Integrated Methodology for Particle Sampling, Extraction, Dispersion, and Dosing.
abstract: Nano-enabled products (NEPs) represent a growing economic global market that integrates nanotechnology into our everyday lives. Increased consumer use and disposal of NEPs at their end of life has led to increased environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns, due to the potential environmental release of constituent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) used in the production of NEPs. Although, there is an urgent need to assess particulate matter (PM) release scenarios and potential EHS implications, no current standardized methodologies exist across the exposure-toxicological characterization continuum. Here, an integrated methodology is presented, that can be used to sample, extract, disperse and estimate relevant dose of life cycle-released PM (LCPM), for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. The proposed methodology was utilized to evaluate two "real world" LCPM systems simulating consumer use and disposal of NEPs. This multi-step integrated methodology consists of: (1) real-time monitoring and sampling of size fractionated LCPM; (2) efficient extraction of LCPM collected on substrates using aqueous or ethanol extraction protocols to ensure minimal physicochemical alterations; (3) optimized LCPM dispersion preparation and characterization; (4) use of dosimetric techniques for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. This comprehensive framework provides a standardized protocol to assess the release and toxicological implications of ENMs released across the life cycle of NEPs and will help in addressing important knowledge gaps in the field of nanotoxicology.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and.
authors.forename: Anoop K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and.
authors.forename: Christa Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and.
authors.forename: Sandra V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Pirela
authors.affiliation: *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and.
authors.forename: Dilpreet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Public Health, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199.
authors.forename: Marie-Cecile G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chalbot
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Public Health, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kavouras
authors.affiliation: *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and pdemokri@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Demokritou
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D036103:Nanotechnology; D052638:Particulate Matter; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014116:Toxicology
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: engineered nanomaterials; life cycle; nano-enabled products; nanosafety; nanotoxicology