title: Vasopressin inhibits endotoxin binding in activated macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasopressin possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects. Endotoxin recognition (mediated by cluster of differentiation 14 [CD14]), endotoxin binding, and subsequent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation are essential mechanisms for initiation of the inflammatory response. We elucidated the effects of vasopressin on these essential mechanisms of inflammation with the hypothesis that vasopressin could inhibit CD14 expression, endotoxin binding, and NF-κB activation in activated macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; 100 ng/mL) or LPS plus vasopressin (1000 pg/mL; designated as the LPS and the LPS + V groups, respectively). After reaction, between-group differences in inflammatory molecule concentrations and levels of NF-κB activation, endotoxin-macrophages binding, and CD14 expression were compared. Analysis of variance was performed for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and cytokine interleukin 6 of the LPS + V group were significantly lower than those of the LPS group (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001). The nuclear concentration of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and cytosolic concentration of phosphorylated inhibitor-κBα of the LPS + V group were significantly lower than those of the LPS group (all P < 0.05). In addition, the level of endotoxin-macrophages binding of the LPS + V group was significantly lower than that of the LPS group (P < 0.001). The level of surface CD14 expression of the LPS + V group was also significantly lower than that of the LPS group (P = 0.019).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed the potent anti-inflammatory effects of vasopressin. The mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of vasopressin may involve its effects on inhibiting CD14 expression, endotoxin binding, and subsequent NF-κB activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chang
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. Electronic address: huangcj1112@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chun-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014667:Vasopressins
keywords: CD14; Lipopolysaccharide; Nuclear factor-κB; Vasopressin