title: Airborne mineral components and trace metals in Paris region: spatial and temporal variability.
abstract: A variety of mineral components (Al, Fe) and trace metals (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were simultaneously measured in PM2.5 and PM10 fractions at three different locations (traffic, urban, and suburban) in the Greater Paris Area (GPA) on a daily basis throughout a year. Mineral species and trace metal levels measured in both fractions are in agreement with those reported in the literature and below the thresholds defined by the European guidelines for toxic metals (Cd, Ni, Pb). Size distribution between PM2.5 and PM10 fractions revealed that mineral components prevail in the coarse mode, while trace metals are mainly confined in the fine one. Enrichment factor analysis, statistical analysis, and seasonal variability suggest that elements such as Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Cu are attributed to traffic, V and Ni to oil combustion while Cd and Pb to industrial activities with regional origin. Meteorological parameters such as rain, boundary layer height (BLH), and air mass origin were found to significantly influence element concentrations. Periods with high frequency of northern and eastern air masses (from high populated and industrialized areas) are characterized by high metal concentrations. Finally, inner city and traffic emissions were also evaluated in PM2.5 fraction. Significant contributions (>50 %) were measured in the traffic site for Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Cu, confirming that vehicle emissions contribute significantly to their levels, while in the urban site, the lower contributions (18 to 33 %) for all measured metals highlight the influence of regional sources on their levels.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poulakis
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Theodosi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bressi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sciare
authors.affiliation: AIRPARIF, Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Ile-de-France, Paris, 75004, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ghersi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Crete, Greece. mihalo@chemistry.uoc.gr.|Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Athens, Greece. mihalo@chemistry.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mihalopoulos
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D007221:Industry; D010297:Paris; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Greater Paris Area; Mineral components; PM2.5 and PM10 fractions; Trace metals; Traffic; Urban and suburban sites