title: Social communication with virtual agents: The effects of body and gaze direction on attention and emotional responding in human observers.
abstract: In social communication, the gaze direction of other persons provides important information to perceive and interpret their emotional response. Previous research investigated the influence of gaze by manipulating mutual eye contact. Therefore, gaze and body direction have been changed as a whole, resulting in only congruent gaze and body directions (averted or directed) of another person. Here, we aimed to disentangle these effects by using short animated sequences of virtual agents posing with either direct or averted body or gaze. Attention allocation by means of eye movements, facial muscle response, and emotional experience to agents of different gender and facial expressions were investigated. Eye movement data revealed longer fixation durations, i.e., a stronger allocation of attention, when gaze and body direction were not congruent with each other or when both were directed towards the observer. This suggests that direct interaction as well as incongruous signals increase the demands of attentional resources in the observer. For the facial muscle response, only the reaction of muscle zygomaticus major revealed an effect of body direction, expressed by stronger activity in response to happy expressions for direct compared to averted gaze when the virtual character's body was directed towards the observer. Finally, body direction also influenced the emotional experience ratings towards happy expressions. While earlier findings suggested that mutual eye contact is the main source for increased emotional responding and attentional allocation, the present results indicate that direction of the virtual agent's body and head also plays a minor but significant role.
authors.affiliation: The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: linda.marschner@psy.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marschner
authors.affiliation: Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: sebastian.pannasch@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pannasch
authors.affiliation: Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: johannes.schulz@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: sven-thomas.graupner@tu-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Sven-Thomas
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Graupner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011187:Posture; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Body direction; EMG; Emotions; Fixation duration; Gaze direction; Rapid facial reaction; Subjective experience; Virtual reality; Visual attention