title: Evaluation and management of patellar instability in pediatric and adolescent athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rising popularity and intensity of youth sports has increased the incidence of patellar dislocation. These sports-related injuries may be associated with significant morbidity in the pediatric population. Treatment requires understanding and attention to the unique challenges in the skeletally immature patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed searches spanning 1970-2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 5.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although nonoperative approaches are most often suitable for first-time patellar dislocations, surgical treatment is recommended for acute fixation of displaced osteochondral fractures sustained during primary instability and for patellar realignment in the setting of recurrent instability. While a variety of procedures can prevent recurrence, the risk of complications is not minimal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patellar stabilization and realignment procedures in skeletally immature patients with recurrent patellar dislocation can effectively treat patellar instability without untoward effects on growth if careful surgical planning incorporates protection of growth parameters in the skeletally immature athlete.
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sariah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khormaee
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Yi-Meng
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Benton E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Heyworth
keywords: adolescent; patellar dislocation; patellar instability; pediatric