title: Digestive system development and study of acid and alkaline protease digestive capacities using biochemical and molecular approaches in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) larvae.
abstract: The present study aimed to describe and understand the development of the digestive system in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) larvae from hatching to 40 days post-hatch (dph) from morphological and functional perspectives. At hatch, the digestive system of totoaba was undifferentiated. The anus and the mouth opened at 4 and 5 dph, respectively. During exogenous feeding, development of the esophagus, pancreas, liver and intestine was observed with a complete differentiation of all digestive organs. Expression and activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin were observed as early as at 1 dph, and increments in their expression and activity coincided with changes in food items (live and compound diets) and morpho-physiological development of the accessory digestive glands. In contrast, pepsin was detected later during development, which includes the appearance of the gastric glands between 24 and 28 dph. One peak in gene expression was detected at 16 dph, few days before the initial development of the stomach at 20 dph. A second peak of pepsin expression was detected at day 35, followed by a peak of activity at day 40, coinciding with the change from live to artificial food. Totoaba larvae showed a fully morphologically developed digestive system between 24 and 28 dph, as demonstrated by histological observations. However, gene expression and activity of alkaline and acid proteases were detected earlier, indicating the functionality of the exocrine pancreas and stomach before the complete morphological development of the digestive organs. These results showed that integrative studies are needed to fully understand the development of the digestive system from a morphological and functional point of views, since the histological organization of digestive structures does not reflect their real functionality. These results indicate that the digestive system of totoaba develops rapidly during the first days post-hatch, especially for alkaline proteases, and the stomach becomes functional between 20 and 24 dph allowing the weaning process to begin at this age.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, BC, Mexico. mgalaviz@uabc.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Galaviz
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, BC, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lus M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Avenida Sábalo Cerritos s/n, 82010, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García Gasca
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical DACBIOL-UJAT, Carr. Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, Bosques de Saloya, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos Alfonso
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Álvarez González
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, BC, Mexico.
authors.forename: Conal D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: True
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries. IRTA- Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Crta. Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Rapita, Spain.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gisbert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D007814:Larva / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010447:Peptide Hydrolases
keywords: Digestive system; Fish larvae; Gene expression; Ontogeny; Proteases; Totoaba macdonaldi