title: The Fricke dosimeter as an absorbed dose to water primary standard for Ir-192 brachytherapy.
abstract: The aim of this project was to develop an absorbed dose to water primary standard for Ir-192 brachytherapy based on the Fricke dosimeter. To achieve this within the framework of the existing TG-43 protocol, a determination of the absorbed dose to water at the reference position, D(r0,θ0), was undertaken. Prior to this investigation, the radiation chemical yield of the ferric ions (G-value) at the Ir-192 equivalent photon energy (0.380 MeV) was established by interpolating between G-values obtained for Co-60 and 250 kV x-rays.An irradiation geometry was developed with a cylindrical holder to contain the Fricke solution and allow irradiations in a water phantom to be conducted using a standard Nucletron microSelectron V2 HDR Ir-192 afterloader. Once the geometry and holder were optimized, the dose obtained with the Fricke system was compared to the standard method used in North America, based on air-kerma strength.Initial investigations focused on reproducible positioning of the ring-shaped holder for the Fricke solution with respect to the Ir-192 source and obtaining an acceptable type A uncertainty in the optical density measurements required to yield the absorbed dose. Source positioning was found to be reproducible to better than 0.3 mm, and a careful cleaning and control procedure reduced the variation in optical density reading due to contamination of the Fricke solution by the PMMA holder. It was found that fewer than 10 irradiations were required to yield a type A standard uncertainty of less than 0.5%.Correction factors to take account of the non-water components of the geometry and the volume averaging effect of the Fricke solution volume were obtained from Monte Carlo calculations. A sensitivity analysis showed that the dependence on the input data used (e.g. interaction cross-sections) was small with a type B uncertainty for these corrections estimated to be 0.2%.The combined standard uncertainty in the determination of absorbed dose to water at the reference position for TG-43 (1 cm from the source on the transverse axis, in a water phantom) was estimated to be 0.8% with the dominant uncertainty coming from the determination of the G-value. A comparison with absorbed dose to water obtained using the product of air-kerma strength and the dose rate constant gave agreement within 1.5% for three different Ir-192 sources, which is within the combined standard uncertainties of the two methods.
authors.affiliation: Ionizing Radiation Standards, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Physics Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Islam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El Gamal
authors.forename: Claudiu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cojocaru
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mainegra-Hing
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McEwen
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012996:Solutions / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D005296:Ferrous Compounds; C075364:Fricke solution; D007496:Iridium Radioisotopes; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water