title: Measurement of multiple nicotine dependence domains among cigarette, non-cigarette and poly-tobacco users: Insights from item response theory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine dependence (ND) is a key construct that organizes physiological and behavioral symptoms associated with persistent nicotine intake. Measurement of ND has focused primarily on cigarette smokers. Thus, validation of brief instruments that apply to a broad spectrum of tobacco product users is needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined multiple domains of ND in a longitudinal national study of the United States population, the United States National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). We used methods based in item response theory to identify and validate increasingly brief measures of ND that included symptoms to assess ND similarly among cigarette, cigar, smokeless, and poly tobacco users.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analytic models supported a single, primary dimension underlying symptoms of ND across tobacco use groups. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis generated little support for systematic differences in response to symptoms of ND across tobacco use groups. We established significant concurrent and predictive validity of brief 3- and 5-symptom indices for measuring ND.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring ND across tobacco use groups with a common set of symptoms facilitates evaluation of tobacco use in an evolving marketplace of tobacco and nicotine products.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, CA 92093-0638, United States. Electronic address: dstrong@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, CA 92093-0638, United States.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, CA 92093-0638, United States.
authors.forename: Sheri J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9589, United States.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States.
authors.forename: Allison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, United States.
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pharris-Ciurej
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, CA 92093-0638, United States.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9589, United States; Kelly Government Solutions, 6101 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, 20852, United States.
authors.forename: Victoria R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-9589, United States.
authors.forename: Wilson M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0901, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0628, La Jolla, CA 92093-0638, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Item response theory; Nicotine dependence; Poly-tobacco use; Tobacco