title: The Radical Scavenging Activity and Cytotoxicity of Resveratrol, Orcinol and 4-Allylphenol and their Inhibitory Effects on Cox-2 Gene Expression and Nf-κb Activation in RAW264.7 Cells Stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis-fimbriae.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Resveratrol is a polyphenol with efficient anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory action, we investigated the radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of resveratrol and its related compounds, orcinol and 4-allylphenol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The radical scavenging activities of these compounds were determined by the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay and their cytotoxicities against RAW264.7 cells were determined using a cell-counting kit (CCK-8). The inhibitory effects of these compounds on cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) expression in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) fimbriae were also determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, while inhibition of the fimbria-stimulated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf-κb) was evaluated using western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-like microwell colorimetric transcription factor activity assay, respectively. The quantum chemical parameters were calculated on the basis of the density function theory (DFT) BLYP/6-31G*.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DPPH radical scavenging activity declined in the order resveratrol > orcinol > 4-allylphenol. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was in the order 4-allylphenol > resveratrol > orcinol. The inhibitory effect on Pg fimbria-stimulated Cox2 expression and Nf-κb activation was enhanced by resveratrol-alone. Resveratrol showed high electronegativity (χ) and softness (σ) values, as determined by quantum chemical calculations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resveratrol exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with Pg-fimbriae and may be applicable as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory periodontal disease as a manifestation of systemic disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado-City, Saitama, Japan ymura@dent.meikai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado-City, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Akifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado-City, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Diagnosis, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado-City, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology*; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C000605268:4-allylphenol; D000498:Allyl Compounds; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D012118:Resorcinols; D013267:Stilbenes; C005282:orcinol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000077185:Resveratrol
keywords: DPPH activity; Pg-fimbriae-stimulator; RAW264.7 cells; Resveratrol; anti-inflammatory activity; cytotoxicity; quantum chemical calculations