title: Virtually-induced threat in Parkinson's: Dopaminergic interactions between anxiety and sensory-perceptual processing while walking.
abstract: Research evidence has suggested that anxiety influences gait in PD, with an identified dopa-sensitive gait response in highly anxious PD. It has been well-established that accurate perception of the environment and sensory feedback is essential for gait. Arguably since sensory and perceptual deficits have been noted in PD, anxiety has the potential to exacerbate movement impairments, since one might expect that reducing resources needed to overcome or compensate for sensory-perceptual deficits may lead to even more severe gait impairments. It is possible that anxiety in threatening situations might consume more processing resources, limiting the ability to process information about the environment or one's own movement (sensory feedback) especially in highly anxious PD. Therefore, the current study aimed to (i) evaluate whether processing of threat-related aspects of the environment was influenced by anxiety, (ii) evaluate whether anxiety influences the ability to utilize sensory feedback in PD while walking in threatening situations, and (iii) further understand the role of dopaminergic medication on these processes in threatening situations in PD. Forty-eight participants (24 HC; 12 Low Anxious [LA-PD], 12 Highly Anxious [HA-PD]) completed 20 walking trials in virtual reality across a plank that was (i) located on the ground (GROUND) (ii) located above a deep pit (ELEVATED); while provided with or without visual feedback about their lower limbs (+VF; -VF). After walking across the plank, participants were asked to judge the width of the plank they had just walked across. The plank varied in size from 60-100 cm. Both ON and OFF dopaminergic medication states were evaluated in PD. Gait parameters, judgment error and self-reported anxiety levels were measured. Results showed that HA-PD reported greater levels of anxiety overall (p<0.001) compared to HC and LA-PD, and all participants reported greater anxiety during the ELEVATED condition compared to GROUND (p=0.01). PD had similar judgment error as HC. Additionally, medication state did not significantly influence judgment error in PD. More importantly, HA-PD were the only group that did not adjust their step width when feedback was provided during the GROUND condition. However, medication facilitated a reduction in ST-CV when visual feedback was available only in the HA-PD group. Therefore, the current study provides evidence that anxiety may interfere with information processing, especially utilizing sensory feedback while walking. Dopaminergic medication appears to improve utilization of sensory feedback in stressful situations by reducing anxiety and/or improving resource allocation especially in those with PD who are highly anxious.
authors.affiliation: Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario, Canada; Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kaylena A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ehgoetz Martens
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Colin G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ellard
authors.affiliation: Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: qalmeida@wlu.ca.
authors.forename: Quincy J
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents
keywords: Anxiety; Dopaminergic replacement therapy; Parkinson's disease; Perception; Sensory feedback; Virtual reality