title: In Vitro Dissolution of Fluconazole and Dipyridamole in Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS), Predicting in Vivo Dissolution and Drug-Drug Interaction Caused by Acid-Reducing Agents.
abstract: Weakly basic drugs typically exhibit pH-dependent solubility in the physiological pH range, displaying supersaturation or precipitation along the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, their oral bioavailabilities may be affected by coadministration of acid-reducing agents that elevate gastric pH. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a multicompartmental in vitro dissolution apparatus, Gastrointestinal Simulator (GIS), in predicting in vivo dissolution of certain oral medications. In vitro dissolution studies of fluconazole, a BCS class I, and dipyridamole, a BCS class II weak bases (class IIb), were performed in the GIS as well as United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus II and compared with the results of clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. In both USP apparatus II and GIS, fluconazole completely dissolved within 60 min regardless of pH, reflecting no DDI between fluconazole and acid-reducing agents in a clinical study. On the other hand, seven-fold and 15-fold higher concentrations of dipyridamole than saturation solubility were observed in the intestinal compartments in GIS with gastric pH 2.0. Precipitation of dipyridamole was also observed in the GIS, and the percentage of dipyridamole in solution was 45.2 ± 7.0%. In GIS with gastric pH 6.0, mimicking the coadministration of acid-reducing agents, the concentration of dipyridamole was equal to its saturation solubility, and the percentage of drug in solution was 9.3 ± 2.7%. These results are consistent with the clinical DDI study of dipyridamole with famotidine, which significantly reduced the Cmax and area under the curve. An In situ mouse infusion study combined with GIS revealed that high concentration of dipyridamole in the GIS enhanced oral drug absorption, which confirmed the supersaturation of dipyridamole. In conclusion, GIS was shown to be a useful apparatus to predict in vivo dissolution for BCS class IIb drugs.
authors.affiliation: †College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States.|‡Pharmacokinetics and Safety Laboratory, Discovery Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: †College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsume
authors.affiliation: †College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Amidon
authors.affiliation: †College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, United States.
authors.forename: Gordon L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Amidon
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D004176:Dipyridamole; D015725:Fluconazole
keywords: BCS; GIS; IVIVC; dipyridamole; dissolution; drug−drug interactions; fluconazole; in vivo predictive dissolution methodology; precipitation; supersaturation