title: Necromechanics: Death-induced changes in the mechanical properties of human tissues.
abstract: After the death phenomenon, the rigor mortis development, characterized by body stiffening, is one of the most evident changes that occur in the body. In this work, the development of rigor mortis was assessed using a skinfold caliper in human cadavers and in live people to measure the deformation in the biceps brachii muscle in response to the force applied by the device. Additionally, to simulate the measurements with the finite element method, a two-dimensional model of an arm section was used. As a result of the experimental procedure, a decrease in deformation with increasing postmortem time was observed, which corresponds to an increase in rigidity. As expected, the deformations for the live subjects were higher. The finite element method analysis showed a correlation between the c1 parameter of the neo-Hookean model in the 4- to 8-h postmortem interval. This was accomplished by adjusting the c1 material parameter in order to simulate the measured experimental displacement. Despite being a preliminary study, the obtained results show that combining the proposed experimental procedure with a numerical technique can be very useful in the study of the postmortem mechanical modifications of human tissues. Moreover, the use of data from living subjects allows us to estimate the time of death paving the way to establish this process as an alternative to the existing techniques. This solution constitutes a portable, non-invasive method of estimating the postmortem interval with direct quantitative measurements using a skinfold caliper. The tools and methods described can be used to investigate the subject and to gain epidemiologic knowledge on rigor mortis phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INEGI-Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal palsm@fe.up.pt.
authors.forename: Pedro A L S
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INEGI-Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INEGI-Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natal Jorge
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal INEGI-Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parente
authors.affiliation: INMLCF, IP - Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Instituto Público CENCIFOR - Centro de Ciências Forenses, Coimbra, Portugal FMUP - Faculdade de Medicina do Porto UM-ESC - Universidade do Minho, Escola de Ciências da Saúde.
authors.forename: Agostinho
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012298:Rigor Mortis / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Biomechanical testing; finite element method; necromechanics; postmortem interval; rigor mortis