title: Reciprocal associations between smoking cessation and depression in older smokers: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a particular problem in older people and it is important to know how it affects and is affected by smoking cessation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify reciprocal, longitudinal relationships between smoking cessation and depression among older smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Across four waves, covering six years (2002-2008), changes in smoking status and depression, measured using the 8-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, were assessed among recent ex-smokers and smokers (n = 2375) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In latent growth curve analysis, smoking at baseline predicted depression caseness longitudinally and vice versa. When both processes were modelled concurrently, depression predicted continued smoking longitudinally (B(β) = 0.21 (0.27); 95% CI = 0.08-0.35) but not the other way round. This was the case irrespective of mental health history and adjusting for a range of covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In older smokers, depression appears to act as an important barrier to quitting, although quitting has no long-term impact on depression.
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK lion.shahab@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lion
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shahab
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilchrist
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hagger-Johnson
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Lion Shahab, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK; Gail Gilchrist, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; Gareth Hagger-Johnson, PhD, Institute of Child Health, University College London; Aparna Shankar, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London; Elizabeth West, PhD, School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London; Robert West, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data