title: The characteristic of cognitive function in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify characteristics of neuropsychological function among elderly individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment (T2DM-MCI) and evaluate domain-specific effects of T2DM on cognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Tianjin, China. MCI subjects (n=246) and controls were identified in elderly individuals with diabetes, and groups were matched in a 1:1 ratio for sex, age and educational level. Cognitive function was assessed using WAIS-III (block design, digit span), Trail Making Test A, Trail Making Test B, WMS-III (word list learning, logical memory), verbal fluency and MMSE. We used multivariable logistic regression to find diabetic factors associated with MCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean MMSE score was 22.73 ± 2.32 in subjects with T2DM-MCI, versus 26.71 ± 2.43 in subjects cognitive normal (P<0.001). Executive and visuospatial functions were more impaired in individuals with T2DM-MCI than in those without, as assessed using block design (P<0.001), digit span test (P<0.001), and Trails B (P<0.001). For memory, subjects with T2DM-MCI did worse than those cognitive normal on the word learning list delayed recall (P=0.015). Diabetic-related factors such as longer duration of T2DM, higher HbA1c, insulin treatment was associated with a lower level of cognitive functioning using MMSE, block design, delayed recall and Trails B test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T2DM should be considered a risk factor for MCI. This risk may be associated with duration of diabetes, use of glucose-lowering medications, degree of glucose control. To decrease risk of MCI, it is important to monitor glucose control and adjust medications appropriately in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Yuxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30070, China.
authors.forename: Yanyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Rujuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30070, China.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30070, China. Electronic address: huangguowei@tmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guowei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China. Electronic address: mf2002245mf@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cognition; Cross-sectional study; Dementia; Mild cognitive impairment; Type 2 diabetes mellitus