title: Hybrid III Lower Leg Injury Assessment Reference Curves Under Axial Impacts Using Matched-Pair Tests.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to derive injury probability curves applicable to the Hybrid III dummy (also termed the Anthropomorphic Test Device, ATD) lower leg under axial impacts for military applications. A matched-pair approach was used. Axial impacts were delivered to below knee foot-ankle complex preparations of the lower leg of the ATD using pendulum and custom vertical accelerator devices. Military boot was used in some tests. Post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) preparations were used as matched-pair tests for injury outcomes. The alignment was such that the foot-ankle complex was orthogonal to the leg (below knee tibia-fibula complex), termed as the normal 90-90 posture. Injury outcomes from the biological surrogate focused on calcaneus and or distal tibia fractures with or without the involvement of articular surfaces. Peak lower tibia load cell forces were obtained from matched-pair dummy tests. Injury and force data were paired, censoring was assigned based on injury outcomes and survival analysis was done using the Weibull distribution to derive dummy-based probability curves. Mean peak forces were extracted at 5, 10, 20 and 50% probability levels. Normalized confidence interval sizes (NCIS) at ± 95% level were computed to determine the tightness-of-fit of the confidence bands. The NCIS data ranged from 0.34 to 0.78 and a peak force of 8.2 kN was associated at the ten percent injury probability level. Other data and curves are given in the body of the paper. The present Injury Assessment Reference Curves and Values (IARC and IARV) may be used in future tests for advancing safety in military environments. These survival analysis processes and IARC and IARV data may also be used in other applications.
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.forename: Anjishnu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlick
authors.forename: Sajal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chirvi
authors.forename: Hermeeth
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uppal
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Voo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinberg