title: Comparative histologic and immunologic evaluation of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether crosslinked versus noncrosslinked acellular swim bladder matrix for healing of full-thickness skin wounds in rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Collagen-rich extracellular matrix from land-based mammalian tissues is increasingly used in regenerative medicine. However, its uses are associated with risk of disease transfer and may carry an ethnocultural stigma. In the present study, collagen-rich acellular swim bladder matrix (ASBM) from Rohu fish was prepared using sodium deoxycholate and crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE). Wound healing potential of ASBM and ASBM-BDDGE was compared in full-thickness skin wounds in rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four full-thickness skin wounds (20 × 20 mm(2) each) were created on the dorsum of 18 rabbits and randomly divided into three equal groups. Wounds were left open, repaired with ASBM and ASBM-BDDGE in groups sham (I), ASBM (II), and ASBM-BDDGE (III), respectively. Planimetry, contracture, immunologic, and histologic observations were carried out to evaluate wound healing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly (P < 0.05) lesser wound contraction was observed in ASBM (II) and ASBM-BDDGE (III) groups compared with sham (I) group. Total immunoglobulin G response in rabbit sera was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the ASBM-BDDGE (III) group compared with ASBM (II) group by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stimulation index of peripheral blood lymphocytes was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the ASBM-BDDGE (III) group compared with ASBM (II) group by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Histologically, improved epithelialization, neovascularization, fibroplasia, and best arranged collagen fibers were observed in ASBM (II) and ASBM-BDDGE (III) groups as early as on postimplantation day 21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this study indicate that BDDGE crosslinked ASBM derived from Rohu fish has potential for the clinical applications. Furthermore, it is expected that their clinical applications will not be limited by ethnocultural stigma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: bharadwaj374@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gangwar
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Himani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000400:Air Sacs; D000818:Animals; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003530:Cyprinidae; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002072:Butylene Glycols; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; C014376:1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane
keywords: Acellular swim bladder matrix; BDDGE crosslinking; ELISA; Lymphocyte proliferation assay; Rabbits; Skin wound healing