title: Non-invasive prediction of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses by contrast density difference in coronary CT angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease. However, its ability to predict the hemodynamic significance of stenoses is limited. We assessed differences in plaque characteristics and contrast density difference between hemodynamically significant and non-significant stenoses, as defined by invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lesion characteristics of 59 consecutive patients (72 lesions) in whom invasive FFR was performed in at least one coronary artery with moderate to high-grade stenoses in coronary CTA were evaluated by two experienced readers. Coronary CTA data sets were acquired on a second-generation dual-source CT scanner using retrospectively ECG-gated spiral acquisition or prospectively ECG-triggered axial acquisition mode. Plaque volume and composition (non-calcified, calcified), remodeling index as well as contrast density difference (defined as the percentage decline in luminal CT attenuation/cross-sectional area over the lesion) were assessed using a semi-automatic software tool (Autoplaq). Additionally, the transluminal attenuation gradient (defined as the linear regression coefficient between intraluminal CT attenuation and length from the ostium) was determined. Differences in lesion characteristics between hemodynamically significant (invasively measured FFR ≤0.80) and non-significant lesions (FFR >0.80) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 64±11 years with 44 males (75%). 21 out of 72 coronary artery lesions (29%) were hemodynamically significant according to invasive FFR. Mean invasive FFR was 0.66±0.12 vs. 0.91±0.05 for hemodynamically significant versus non-significant lesions. Hemodynamically significant lesions showed a significantly greater percentage of non-calcified plaque compared to non-hemodynamically relevant lesions (51.3±15.3% vs. 43.6±16.5%, p=0.021). Contrast density difference was significantly increased in hemodynamically relevant lesions (26.0±20.2% vs. 16.6±10.9% for non-significant lesions; p=0.013). At a threshold of ≥24%, the contrast density difference predicted hemodynamically significant lesions with a specificity of 75%, sensitivity of 33%, PPV of 35% and NPV of 73%. The transluminal attenuation gradient showed no significant difference between hemodynamically significant and non-significant lesions (-1.4±1.4HU/mm vs. -1.1±1.3HU/mm, p=n.s.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative contrast density difference across coronary lesions in coronary CTA data sets may be applied as a non-invasive tool to identify hemodynamically significant stenoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: michaela.hell@uk-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Michaela M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Taper Building, Room A238, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Damini
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Achenbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuhbaeck
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast density difference; Coronary artery stenosis; Coronary computed tomography angiography; Fractional flow reserve; Transluminal attenuation gradient