title: Diversification and Distribution of Ruminant Chlamydia abortus Clones Assessed by MLST and MLVA.
abstract: Chlamydia abortus, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the most common infectious cause of abortion in small ruminants worldwide and has zoonotic potential. We applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) together with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to genotype 94 ruminant C. abortus strains, field isolates and samples collected from 1950 to 2011 in diverse geographic locations, with the aim of delineating C. abortus lineages and clones. MLST revealed the previously identified sequence types (STs) ST19, ST25, ST29 and ST30, plus ST86, a recently-assigned type on the Chlamydiales MLST website and ST87, a novel type harbouring the hemN_21 allele, whereas MLVA recognized seven types (MT1 to MT7). Minimum-spanning-tree analysis suggested that all STs but one (ST30) belonged to a single clonal complex, possibly reflecting the short evolutionary timescale over which the predicted ancestor (ST19) has diversified into three single-locus variants (ST86, ST87 and ST29) and further, through ST86 diversification, into one double-locus variant (ST25). ST descendants have probably arisen through a point mutation evolution mode. Interestingly, MLVA showed that in the ST19 population there was a greater genetic diversity than in other STs, most of which exhibited the same MT over time and geographical distribution. However, the evolutionary pathways of C. abortus STs seem to be diverse across geographic distances with individual STs restricted to particular geographic locations. The ST30 singleton clone displaying geographic specificity and represented by the Greek strains LLG and POS was effectively distinguished from the clonal complex lineage, supporting the notion that possibly two separate host adaptations and hence independent bottlenecks of C. abortus have occurred through time. The combination of MLST and MLVA assays provides an additional level of C. abortus discrimination and may prove useful for the investigation and surveillance of emergent C. abortus clonal populations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Victoria I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Siarkou
authors.affiliation: Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vorimore
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sezione Diagnostica di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vicari
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Sezione Diagnostica di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magnino
authors.affiliation: INRA, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodolakis
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pannekoek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Longbottom
authors.affiliation: Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laroucau
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002689:Chlamydia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D006041:Goats; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D012756:Sheep