title: Intrarenal and Urinary Th9 and Th22 Cytokine Gene Expression in Lupus Nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the urinary sediment mRNA level of Th9- and Th22-related cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We quantified urinary mRNA levels of interleukin (IL) 9, IL-10, IL-22, and their corresponding transcription factors in 73 patients with active lupus nephritis, 13 patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HTN), and 25 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no detectable IL-9 mRNA in all samples. Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis had significantly lower urinary IL-22 mRNA levels than those with nonproliferative nephritis (2.2 ± 5.4 vs 8.6 ± 20.0 copies, p = 0.019), and urinary IL-22 mRNA level inversely correlated with the histological activity index (r = -0.427, p < 0.0001). In contrast, patients with lupus nephritis had significantly higher urinary IL-10 mRNA levels than patients with HTN (7.8 ± 18.5 vs 1.9 ± 4.0 copies, p = 0.012), and urinary IL-10 mRNA levels correlated with its intrarenal mRNA levels (r = 0.337, p = 0.004) and SLE disease activity index (r = 0.277, p = 0.018). Urinary IL-10 mRNA level was significantly lower among patients who achieved complete remission than those with partial remission or no response (4.1 ± 6.5 vs 14.1 ± 28.0 copies, p = 0.036).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary IL-22 mRNA level is decreased in patients with SLE with proliferative nephritis, while urinary IL-10 mRNA levels correlates with its intrarenal mRNA level and disease activity. Urinary IL-10 mRNA levels may also predict treatment response. These results suggest that urinary mRNA levels of IL-10 and IL-22 might be used as biomarkers for assessing disease activity and risk stratification in lupus nephritis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Cathy Choi-Wan
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Lai-Shan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Bonnie Ching-Ha
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Priscilla Ching-Han
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Terry King-Wing
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Kai-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Fernand Mac-Moune
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK.
authors.forename: Philip Kam-Tao
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.C.C. Luk, BSc, MPhil, Research Fellow; L.S. Tam, MD, FRCP, Professor; B.C. Kwan, MBBS, FRCP, Associate Professor; P.C. Wong, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; T.K. Ma, MBChB, MRCP(UK), Fellow; K.M. Chow, MBChB, FRCP(Edin), Associate Consultant, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; F.M. Lai, MD, FRCPA, Professor, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK; P.K. Li, MD, FRCP, Consultant; C.C. Szeto, MD, FRCP, Professor, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, CUHK. ccszeto@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Cheuk-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Szeto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009400:Nephrosclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D000097043:Interleukin-22
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10; D016906:Interleukin-9; D007378:Interleukins; D000097043:Interleukin-22
keywords: CYTOKINE; LUPUS NEPHRITIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS