title: Combining eicosapentaenoic acid, decosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, using a fully crossed design, affect gene expression and eicosanoid secretion in salmon head kidney cells in vitro.
abstract: Future feed for farmed fish are based on untraditional feed ingredients, which will change nutrient profiles compared to traditional feed based on marine ingredients. To understand the impact of oils from different sources on fish health, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were added to salmon head kidney cells, in a fully crossed design, to monitor their individual and combined effects on gene expression. Exposing salmon head kidney cells to single fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) or decosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulted in down-regulation of cell signaling pathway genes and specific fatty acid metabolism genes as well as reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) had no impact on gene transcription in this study, but reduced the cell secretion of PGE2. The combined effect of AA + EPA resulted in up-regulation of eicosanoid pathway genes and the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bclx (an inducer of apoptosis) and fatty acid translocase (CD36) as well as increased cell secretion of PGE2 into the media. Adding single fatty acids to salmon head kidney cells decreased inflammation markers in this model. The combination AA + EPA acted differently than the rest of the fatty acid combinations by increasing the inflammation markers in these cells. The concentration of fatty acid used in this experiment did not induce any lipid peroxidation responses.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P. B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: eho@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holen
authors.affiliation: Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Juyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P. B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espe
authors.affiliation: East China Normal University, School of Life Science, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liqiou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P. B. 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Araujo
mesh_terms: D000527:Alprostadil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000166:cytology*; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007975:Leukotriene B4 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D012474:Salmon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D007975:Leukotriene B4; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; C033246:prostaglandin E3; C040212:leukotriene B5; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000527:Alprostadil; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Eicosanoids; Gene expression; Salmon immune cells; n-3; n-6 Fatty acids