title: Cystoscopy in dogs and cats.
abstract: Cystoscopy has become an important and widely available component of the diagnostic evaluation of diseases of the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats. In addition, a large number of cystoscopic guided procedures have been described that can be used to treat disease processes that were previously treatable only with invasive surgical procedures. This article reviews the indications and contraindications for cystoscopy, cystoscopy equipment and techniques for male and female dogs and cats, potential complications associated with cystoscopy, and management options for these complications.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA. Electronic address: mforman@cuvs.org.
authors.forename: Marnin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002415:Cats; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004285:Dogs; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Cystoscopy; Ectopic ureter; Hematuria; Pollakiuria; Urethroscopy; Urinary cancer; Urinary incontinence; Urinary obstruction