title: Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Adenovirus Caused an Outbreak in Taiwan during 2011.
abstract: An outbreak of adenovirus has been surveyed in Taiwan in 2011. To better understand the evolution and epidemiology of adenovirus in Taiwan, full-length sequence of hexon and fiber coapsid protein was analyzed using series of phylogenetic and dynamic evolution tools. Six different serotypes were identified in this outbreak and the species B was predominant (HAdV-3, 71.50%; HAdV-7, 15.46%). The most frequent diagnosis was acute tonsillitis (54.59%) and bronchitis (47.83%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that hexon protein gene sequences were highly conserved for HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 circulation in Taiwan. However, comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and phylogenetic trees of fiber gene in HAdV-7 clearly indicated that the predominant genotype in Taiwan has shifted from 7b to 7d. Several positive selection sites were observed in hexon protein. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates of hexon protein of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were 0.234×10-3 substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 0.387~0.095×10-3) and 1.107×10-3 (95% HPD: 0. 541~1.604) respectively; those of the fiber protein of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 were 1.085×10-3 (95% HPD: 1.767~0.486) and 0.132×10-3 (95% HPD: 0.283~0.014) respectively. Phylodynamic analysis by Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) suggested that using individual gene to evaluate the effective population size might possibly cause miscalculation. In summary, the virus evolution is ongoing, and continuous surveillance of this virus evolution will contribute to the control of the epidemic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Liang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuei-Hsiang
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chu-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jih-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for General Education, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000258:Adenovirus Infections, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D059645:Mutation Rate; D010802:Phylogeny; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; C018315:hexon capsid protein, Adenovirus