title: Adult psychotic symptoms, their associated risk factors and changes in prevalence in men and women over a decade in a poor rural district of Kenya.
abstract: There have been no repeat surveys of psychotic symptoms in Kenya or indeed subSaharan Africa. A mental health epidemiological survey was therefore conducted in a demographic surveillance site of a Kenyan household population in 2013 to test the hypothesis that the prevalence of psychotic symptoms would be similar to that found in an earlier sample drawn from the same sample frame in 2004, using the same overall methodology and instruments. This 2013 study found that the prevalence of one or more psychotic symptoms was 13.9% with one or more symptoms and 3.8% with two or more symptoms, while the 2004 study had found that the prevalence of single psychotic symptoms in rural Kenya was 8% of the adult population, but only 0.6% had two symptoms and none had three or more psychotic symptoms. This change was accounted for by a striking increase in psychotic symptoms in women (17.8% in 2013 compared with 6.9% in 2004, p < 0.001), whereas there was no significant change in men (10.6% in 2013 compared with 9.4% in 2004, p = 0.582). Potential reasons for this increase in rate of psychotic symptoms in women are explored.
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, de Crespigny Park, London SE 5 8AF, UK. Rachel.1.jenkins@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Kenya. cjothieno@uonbi.ac.ke.
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Othieno
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya. longeri@kemri.org.
authors.forename: Linnet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ongeri
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya. ogutu6@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bernards
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogutu
authors.affiliation: Kombewa Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems, Kombewa, P.O Box 54-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. psifuna@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sifuna
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi, P.O. Box 30195, GPO-00100, Kenya. jkmboroki@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kingora
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisian, Kisumu P.O. Box 1578-40100, Kenya. michaelongecha@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiima
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Nairobi P.O. Box 30016, GPO-00100, Kenya. dmkiima@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ongecha
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya. romollov@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Omollo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Kenya; prevalence; psychotic symptoms; repeat survey; risk factors; time trend