title: Low anthropometric measures and mortality--results from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between anthropometric measures: body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip-to-height ratio (WHHR), and A Body Shape Index (ABSI); to see if individuals in the lowest 5 percentiles for these measures have an increased risk of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based prospective cohort study (10,304 men and 16,549 women), the Malmö Diet and Cancer study (MDC), aged 45-73 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 14 ± 3 years, 2,224 men and 1,983 women died. There was a significant increased mortality risk after adjustments for potential confounders in the group with the 5% lowest BMI (referent 25%-75%); hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals were 1.33 (1.10-1.61) for women and 1.27 (1.07-1.52) for men. A similar significant increased mortality risk was seen with the 5% lowest percent body fat, HR 1.31 (1.07-1.60) for women and 1.25 (1.04-1.50) for men. Women with an ABSI in the lowest 5 percentiles had a lower mortality risk HR 0.64 (0.48-0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply that BMI or percent body fat could be used to identify lean individuals at increased mortality risk.
authors.affiliation: Executive Health Sweden AB , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ia
authors.initials: Ia
authors.lastname: Wierup
authors.forename: Axel C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wändell
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Riserus
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ärnlöv
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Borné
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013851:Thinness / Q000401:mortality; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
keywords: Obesity; underweight; waist–hip ratio (WHR); waist–hip–height ratio (WHHR)