title: Management of clinical stage I testicular seminoma: active surveillance versus adjuvant chemotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surveillance after orchiectomy alone has become popular in the management of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (CSI NSGCTT), and adjuvant chemotherapy has been accepted in high-risk CSI NSGCTT. Because of the late toxicity of standard radiotherapy in CSI testicular seminoma (SGCTT), this therapeutic approach has been accepted also in the management of CSI SGCTT. In the current study, we analyzed single-center experience with risk-adapted therapeutic approaches (active surveillance and adjuvant chemotherapy) in patients with CSI SGCTT.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study analyzed a total of 90 patients collected at a single center from April 2008 to March 2015 with CSI SGCTT who were stratified into two groups according to risk-adapted therapeutic approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the group A (low-risk CSI SGCTT-no rete testis invasion, tumor size <4 cm, pT1 stage), which consisted of 74 patients who underwent surveillance, relapse occurred in seven (9.5 %) patients after a mean follow-up of 14.5 months. In the group B (high-risk CSI SGCTT-rete testis invasion, tumor size >4 cm or pT ≥ 2 stage), which consisted of 16 patients who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, relapse occurred in two (12.5 %) patients after a mean follow-up of 13.8 months. Overall survival of patients in both groups was 100 %. The statistically significant difference in progression-free survival between these two groups was not found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapy is currently not recommended as an adjuvant treatment in CSI SGCTT patients. The benefit of using risk-adapted therapeutic approaches in CSI SGCTTs patients is evident.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, 833 91, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, martina.ondrusova@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ondrusova
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ondrus
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Miskovska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kajo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szoldova
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Usakova
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stastna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D019468:Disease Management; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D018239:Seminoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018154:Slovakia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery