title: The effect of benzalkonium chloride additions to AH Plus sealer. Antimicrobial, physical and chemical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities and physicochemical properties of AH Plus sealer mixed with different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BC).
  
  
  METHODS
  AH Plus was tested alone and mixed with 1%, 2% and 3% of BC. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the sealers against Enterococcus faecalis were evaluated by the direct contact test (DCT) and by confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. Setting time, flow and solubility were assessed according to ANSI/ADA specifications. Microhardness and contact angle tests were also performed. The chemical changes of the sealers were evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis, and both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AH Plus+3% BC was the only sealer to promote total elimination of E. faecalis and the biovolume in this group was significantly lower than in the rest of the sealers (p>0.05). The physical properties of the sealers were according to the ANSI/ADA specifications. The microhardness decreased significantly when BC was added and a significant reduction in contact angle was obtained when incorporating 2% and 3% BC (p<0.05). No phase changes were observed with the modified sealers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of 2% or higher concentrations BC to AH Plus showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities without affecting the properties specified in ANSI/ADA standards. However, additives to the root canal sealer altered other physical and chemical properties that are not commonly found in the literature to evaluate filling materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study highlights that the antimicrobial properties of AH Plus can be significantly improved with the addition of BC. Testing beyond what is specified in standards may be indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, Colegio Máximo 18071, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: mtarias@ugr.es.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arias-Moliz
authors.affiliation: Department Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, Colegio Máximo 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cassar
authors.affiliation: Department Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, Colegio Máximo 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Luque
authors.affiliation: Department Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Campus Cartuja s/n, Colegio Máximo 18071, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, CEP 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ordinola-Zapata
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C112894:canals sealer; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; D014867:Water
keywords: AH Plus; Antimicrobial activity; Benzalkonium chloride; Sealer properties