title: Long-term Exposure to Particulate Matter Constituents and the Incidence of Coronary Events in 11 European Cohorts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality but little is known about the role of the chemical composition of PM. This study examined the association of residential long-term exposure to PM components with incident coronary events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven cohorts from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Italy participated in this analysis. 5,157 incident coronary events were identified within 100,166 persons followed on average for 11.5 years. Long-term residential concentrations of PM < 10 μm (PM10), PM < 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and a priori selected constituents (copper, iron, nickel, potassium, silicon, sulfur, vanadium, and zinc) were estimated with land-use regression models. We used Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for a common set of confounders to estimate cohort-specific component effects with and without including PM mass, and random effects meta-analyses to pool cohort-specific results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 100 ng/m³ increase in PM10 K and a 50 ng/m³ increase in PM2.5 K were associated with a 6% (hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.06 [1.01, 1.12]) and 18% (1.18 [1.06, 1.32]) increase in coronary events. Estimates for PM10 Si and PM2.5 Fe were also elevated. All other PM constituents indicated a positive association with coronary events. When additionally adjusting for PM mass, the estimates decreased except for K.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This multicenter study of 11 European cohorts pointed to an association between long-term exposure to PM constituents and coronary events, especially for indicators of road dust.
authors.affiliation: aHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany; bDepartment of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy; cDanish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; dCenter for Epidemiology and Screening, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; eInstitute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; fUnit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, Italy; gIUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; hInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; iMolecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, HuGeF-Human Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy; jDiet, genes and environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; kDepartment of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; lMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; mWest-German Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany; nDepartment of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; oInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; pImperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom; qEnvironment Science Center, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; rSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; sUniversity of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; tTNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; uEnvironmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy; vJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and 
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis; D013455:Sulfur / Q000032:analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014639:Vanadium / Q000032:analysis; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D014639:Vanadium; D013455:Sulfur; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc; D011188:Potassium; D012825:Silicon