title: A prospective clinical study to evaluate the safety and performance of wireless localization of nonpalpable breast lesions using radiofrequency identification technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and performance of localizing nonpalpable breast lesions using radiofrequency identification technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive women requiring preoperative localization of a breast lesion were recruited. Subjects underwent placement of both a hook wire and a radiofrequency identification tag immediately before surgery. The radiofrequency identification tag was the primary method used by the operating surgeon to localize each lesion during excision, with the hook wire serving as backup in case of tag migration or failed localization. Successful localization with removal of the intended lesion was the primary outcome measured. Tag migration and postoperative infection were also noted to assess safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients underwent placement of a radiofrequency identification tag, 12 under ultrasound guidance and eight with stereotactic guidance. In all cases, the radiofrequency identification tag was successfully localized by the reader at the level of the skin before incision, and the intended lesion was removed along with the radiofrequency identification tag. There were no localization failures and no postoperative infections. Tag migration did not occur before incision, but in three cases, occurred as the lesion was being retracted with fingers to make the final cut along the deep surface of the specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this initial clinical study, radiofrequency tags were safe and able to successfully localize nonpalpable breast lesions. Radiofrequency identification technology may represent an alternative method to hook wire localization.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Los Angeles Biomeical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson, Box 25, Torrance, CA 90502.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dauphine
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reicher
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reicher
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gondusky
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khalkhali
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018427:Breast Implants; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010173:Palpation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057233:Radio Frequency Identification Device; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: breast; intraoperative localization; nonpalpable lesion; radiofrequency identification