title: Diversity of food-borne Bacillus volatile compounds and influence on fungal growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antifungal activity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by 75 different food-borne Bacillus species against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus clavatus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae and Moniliophthora perniciosa and to determine the VOCs responsible for the inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacillus strains inhibited fungal growth, although with different inhibition grades, with Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus cereus strains as the best antifungal VOCs producers. While M. perniciosa DM4B and F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MA28 were the most sensitive fungi, A. parasiticus MG51 showed the greatest resistance to Bacillus VOCs exposure. Thirty-seven compounds were detected by SPME-GC-MS analysis, although similar patterns in volatile compounds were evidenced within the species, interspecific VOCs differences determined different effects on fungal growth. Multiple partial least regression (MPLRS) and antifungal activity of the individual VOCs revealed that only propanone, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, carbon disulphide, 3-methylbutanoic acid and ethyl acetate were responsible for mycelia inhibition of M. perniciosa DM4B and F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MA28.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antagonistic activity of the Bacillus VOCs was demonstrated, although it cannot easily be explained through the action of a single molecule, thus a holistic approach could be more appropriate to estimate the fungal growth inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VOCs produced by Bacillus from cooked food can be considered as promising antifungal compounds useful in the control of fungal plant pathogens. This study investigates for the first time the correlation between mycelia inhibition of M. perniciosa and F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae and the VOCs emitted by the Bacillus species.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaves-López
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serio
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Science and Technology (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianotti
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (AFNS), Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences (ALES), 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ndagijimana
authors.affiliation: Department of Agro-Environmental, Chemistry and Crop-Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciccarone
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stellarini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corsetti
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Mosciano Stazione, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paparella
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001407:Bacillus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Bacillus; Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. lactucae; Moniliopthora perniciosa; antifungal compounds; volatile organic compounds