title: Effect of the season on the free phytoprostane content in Cornicabra extra virgin olive oil from deficit-irrigated olive trees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the phytoprostane (PhytoP) content in extra virgin olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Cornicabra) oil (EVOO) was studied. During the 2012 and 2013 seasons, T0 plants were irrigated at 100% ETc, while T1 and T2 plants were irrigated avoiding water deficit during phases I and III of fruit growth and saving water during the non-critical phenological period of pit hardening (phase II), developing a more severe water deficit in T2 plants. In 2013, a fourth treatment (T3) was also performed, which was similar to T2 except that water saving was from the beginning of phase II to 15 days after the end of phase II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  9-F1t -PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t -PhytoP, 9-epi-9-D1t -PhytoP, 9-D1t -PhytoP, 16-B1 -PhytoP and 9-L1 -PhytoP were present in Cornicabra EVOO, and their contents increased in the EVOO from RDI plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficit irrigation during pit hardening or for a further period of 2 weeks thereafter to increase irrigation water saving is clearly critical for EVOO composition because of the enhancement of free PhytoPs, which have potential beneficial effects on human health. The response of individual free PhytoPs to changes in plant water status was not as perceptible as expected, preventing their use as biomarkers of water stress.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jacinta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collado-González
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingeniería Técnica Agrícola, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.affiliation: Centro Agrario 'El Chaparrillo', Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Houssem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Memmi
authors.affiliation: Centro Agrario 'El Chaparrillo', Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gijón
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS - University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.affiliation: Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS - University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.affiliation: Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS - University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galano
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Diego José
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carro
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreres
authors.affiliation: Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torrecillas
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil-Izquierdo
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D031658:Olea / Q000502:physiology*; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D000069463:Olive Oil
keywords: UHPLC; inter-seasonal behaviour in olive oil; mass spectrometry; regulated deficit irrigation; water stress; water stress integral