title: Prehospital trauma care education for first responders in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major factor contributing to global trauma mortality and morbidity is the lack of effective prehospital trauma services in developing settings. We developed a 2-d training course for nondoctor first responders featuring high-fidelity simulation and video-assisted debriefing, self-directed learning videos, and native language instruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot session was conducted in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Eighteen local instructors were recruited to train 48 layperson first responders in 10 essential subjects. Didactic sessions of 15-20 min consisting of self-directed learning videos were followed by 30-40 min skill sessions featuring high-fidelity simulation, and concluded with 15-20 min video-debriefing periods. Changes in competence were evaluated using pretraining and posttraining surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated that statistically significant competence increases in all areas of trauma management assessed: airway (t[46] = 7.30, P < 0.000), hemorrhage (t[46] = 9.96, P < 0.000), fractures (t[46] = 9.22, P < 0.000), cervical spine injury (t[46] = 12.12, P = 0.000), chest injury (t[46] = 7.84, P < 0.000), IV line placement (t[46] = 4.36, P < 0.000), extrication (t[46] = 2.81, P < 0.005), scene assessment (t[46] = 7.06, P < 0.000), triage (t[46] = 5.92, P < 0.000), and communication (t[46] = 5.56, P < 0.000). Highest increases in competence were observed in cervical spine injury and hemorrhage management, with lowest increases in IV line placement and extrication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest this approach may be effective in imparting prehospital trauma management concepts to layperson first responders. This study highlights an innovative educational avenue through which trauma management capacity can be enhanced in developing settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Apoorva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aekka
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boudiab
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Gieric
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laput
authors.affiliation: Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Harshadha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Purohit
authors.affiliation: Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Arpita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Electronic address: dinesh.vyas@hc.msu.edu.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vyas
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003906:Developing Countries; D004496:Education, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D060731:Emergency Responders / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008348:Manikins; D017145:Models, Educational; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014741:Video Recording; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: First responders; Simulation; Trauma education