title: Country of origin and bariatric surgery in Sweden during 2001-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of obesity, as well as use of bariatric surgery, has increased worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential differences in the use of bariatric surgery among Swedes and immigrants in Sweden and whether the hypothesized differences remain after adjustment for socioeconomic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A closed cohort of all individuals aged 20-64 years was followed during 2001-2010. Further analyses were performed in 2 periods separately (2001-2005 and 2006-2010). Age-standardized cumulative incidence rates (CR) of bariatric surgery were compared between Swedes and immigrants considering individual variables. Cox proportional hazards models were used in univariate and multivariate models for males and females.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12,791 Swedes and 2060 immigrants underwent bariatric surgery. The lowest rates of bariatric surgery were found in immigrant men. The largest difference in CR between Swedes and immigrants was observed among low-income individuals (3.4 and 2.3 per 1000 individuals, respectively). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were lower for all immigrants compared with Swedes in the second period. The highest HRs were observed among immigrants from Chile and Lebanon and the lowest among immigrants from Bosnia. Except for Nordic countries, immigrants from all other European countries had a lower HR compared with Swedes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men in general and some immigrant groups had a lower HR of bariatric surgery. Moreover, the difference between Swedes and immigrants was more pronounced in individuals with low socioeconomic status (income). It is unclear if underlying barriers to receive bariatric surgery are due to patients' preferences/lack of knowledge or healthcare structures. Future studies are needed to examine potential causes behind these differences.
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Healthcare Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden. Electronic address: ensieh.memarian@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Ensieh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Memarian
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Healthcare Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Healthcare Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calling
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Healthcare Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundquist
authors.affiliation: Center for Primary Healthcare Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Xinjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina / Q000208:ethnology; D002677:Chile / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007861:Lebanon / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bariatric surgery; Country of origin; Immigrants; Obesity; Socioeconomic status