title: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass attenuates the progression of cardiometabolic complications in obese diabetic rats via alteration in gastrointestinal hormones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) ameliorates type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity through alteration in gastrointestinal (GI) hormones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of RYGB on GI hormones and cardiometabolic parameters in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rodents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Winthrop University Hospital, Research and Academic Center
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided into 3 groups, pair-fed (n = 4), ad lib (n = 4), and RYGB (n = 5). This study was carried out for 4 weeks and all related parameters were measured pre- and postsurgery in fasted obese diabetic Zucker rodents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperatively, RYGB significantly decreased fasting blood glucose by 32% compared with ad lib. Plasma insulin and leptin levels were also found to be significantly decreased, by 66% and 38%, respectively, after surgery. Moreover, both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) were significantly increased after RYGB-by 300% and 51%, respectively. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were also increased, but the increase was not statistically significant. Total cholesterol levels of the RYGB group remained unchanged for 4 weeks. However, total cholesterol in the ad lib and pair-fed groups increased by 25% and 34%, respectively, compared with initial levels. The cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio was decreased in the RYGB group by 14% and 30% compared with the ad lib and pair-fed group, respectively. The RYGB group had a significant decrease in aortic wall thickness of 25% compared with the ad lib and pair-fed groups. Similarly, the RYGB group had a 20-unit (mm Hg) decrease in systolic blood pressure compared with the presurgical value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RYGB has beneficial cardiometabolic effects through alterations in GI hormones in a severely obese and diabetic rodent model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York; Department of Endocrinology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palaia
authors.affiliation: Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bay Pines, Florida.
authors.forename: Drew A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rideout
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Keneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
authors.forename: Collin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brathwaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. Electronic address: LRagolia@Winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ragolia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015390:Gastric Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000601:surgery*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Cardiovascular; Diabetes; GI hormones; RYGB; ZDF