title: Comparison of Maximal Lingual Pressure Generation During Isometric Gross and Fine Sensorimotor Tasks in Healthy Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) compare 2 distinct isometric lingual press tasks, fine sensorimotor versus gross sensorimotor, at multiple sensor locations in relation to age and sex; and (2) provide a normative data set using a lingual-strengthening device.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy men and women (N=71; age range, 21-82y) recruited from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were stratified by age and sex and divided into 3 age groups. Participants completed, in random order, 2 isometric tasks: (1) fine sensorimotor: tongue press maximally and discreetly against each of 5 sensors; and (2) gross sensorimotor: tongue press maximally against all 5 sensors simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome was maximum isometric pressure in hectopascals (hPa). Secondary outcomes were time to reach peak pressure (s) and pressure gradient (hPa/s).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum pressures were significantly lower in those of older age for both fine and gross sensorimotor lingual tasks (P<.01), with the front and back sensors showing the greatest decline (35% and 45%, respectively). Pressure differences between tasks (P=.0012) resulted in the fine sensorimotor task generating higher pressures at the front sensor for all age groups. However, the gross sensorimotor task generated faster maximum pressures at all sensor locations for all age groups. For both sensorimotor tasks, subjects of older age as a whole generated less steep pressure gradients (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-related decline in tongue strength is greater at the anterior and posterior tongue. Results indicate a simpler gross sensorimotor task may be more beneficial for targeting timing as a biomechanical parameter during therapy, and the fine sensorimotor task may be more beneficial for targeting strength.
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI. Electronic address: npulia@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rogus-Pulia
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Churness
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hind
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gangnon
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI; Department of Nutrition, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banaszynski
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Madison, WI; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: JoAnne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robbins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012737:Sex Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Deglutition disorders; Pressure; Rehabilitation; Tongue