title: Effects of a Parent-Child Interactive Program for Families on Reducing the Exposure of School-Aged Children to Household Smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental smoking has been identified as the major source of children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Therefore, parental involvement is critical in ETS exposure prevention programs. This study examined the effects of a parent-child interactive program on reducing children's exposure to ETS at home and enhancing parents' and children's prevention strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clustered randomized controlled trial was administered to 75 families of school-aged children from six primary schools in New Taipei City, Taiwan. Families in the intervention group received a parent-child interactive intervention, and parents in the control group received written materials on tobacco hazards. Data on children's exposure and the prevention of children's exposure to ETS at home were obtained at baseline, 8-week, and 20-week or 6-month assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of children with urine cotinine levels greater than or equal to 6 ng/ml was significantly lower in the intervention group than it was in the control group at both the 8-week and 6-month assessments. The intervention significantly reduced parental smoking in the presence of children and increased parents' prevention of children's ETS exposure and children's ETS avoidance behavior from the baseline to the 20-week assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a preliminary study design aimed at creating a program for reducing children's ETS exposure at home. Further research to produce evidence supporting the application of the parent-child interactive program in primary schools is suggested. The theoretical basis of the intervention design can serve as a reference for nursing education and the design of health education programs.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Fei-Hsiu
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Ching-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Ruey-Hsia
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan plchen@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ping-Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013624:Taiwan / Q000208:ethnology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution