title: Ultrasound-guided micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy in pediatric patients with kidney stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the outcomes of ultrasound-guided micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of renal stones in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound-guided micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy was carried out on 25 pediatric patients from June 2012 to October 2014. Micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery was completed without the use of fluoroscopy in 19 patients. Medical records were retrieved from our institutional database and retrospectively reviewed. Percutaneous puncture was carried out by an "all-seeing needle" in seven patients and by a 14-G intravenous cannula in 18 patients. After entering to the collecting system through an "all-seeing needle" or by Microsheath, the calculus was fragmented using a 273-micron holmium yttrium aluminium garnet laser. After the stone was fragmented to the smallest pieces possible, the operation was terminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single access was obtained in all patients using ultrasound guidance. The average age of the patients was 4.12 ± 5.33 years. The mean stone size was 13.45 ± 3.11 mm. The mean operative time was 51.45 ± 30.69 min. The mean duration of hospitalization was 3.18 ± 1.77 days. Treatment success was 92%. Two patients had residual fragments after the procedure; these patients were followed conservatively. A total of three minor complications were observed and all of them were managed conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study of ultrasound-guided micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy in the pediatric population. Our findings suggest that micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy can be safely carried out with ultrasound guidance in children by experienced hands, allowing to minimize risks associated with radiation exposure in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Nuri
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bodakçi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Necmettin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Penbegul
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mansur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dağgülli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dede
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Mazhar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Utangaç
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Namık Kemal
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sancaktutar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: fluoroscopy; micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy; nephrolithiasis; radiation; ultrasound