title: Advances in the bioanalytical study of drug delivery across the skin.
abstract: The study of a drug's dermal penetration profile provides important pharmaceutical data for the rational development of topical and transdermal delivery systems because the skin is a broadly used delivery route for local and systemic drugs and a potential route for gene therapy and vaccines. Monitoring drug penetration across the skin and quantifying its levels in different skin layers have been constant challenges due to the detection limitations of the available techniques, as well as the inherent interference in this tissue. This review explores and discusses several bionalytical methods that are indispensable tools to study drugs across the skin. In addressing the main topic, we structure the review highlighting the skin as an important route of drug administration and its structure, skin membrane models most used and its properties, in vitro and in vivo assays most used in the study of drug delivery to the skin, the techniques for processing the skin for subsequent analysis by bioanalytical methods that have a theoretical and practical approach showing its applicability, limitations and also including examples of its use. This review has a comprehensive approach in order to help researchers design their experiments and update the applicability and advances in this area of expertise.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia Vieira
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Depieri
authors.forename: Fabíola Silva Garcia
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Praça
authors.forename: Patrícia Mazureki
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Maria Vitória Lopes Badra
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Bentley
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*