title: Prevalence and predictors of recent skin examination in a population-based twin cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide. Guidelines for clinical skin exam for improving early diagnosis of melanoma remain inconsistent, and current data on factors associated with regular skin screening on a population basis are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used self-reported data from 50,044 members of the California Twin Program, a population-based cohort of twins born in California between 1908 and 1982, to identify prevalence and determinants of recent clinical screening for skin cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of skin examination was higher than national estimates, with 32% of respondents of all ages reporting ever having skin examination. Sociodemographic and constitutional risk factors including white race, educational attainment, marital status, and number of large moles were strongly associated with recent screening, as were individual and family history of skin cancer. Lower socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic minority status, and paradoxically, frequent UV-related risk behaviors in adulthood were associated with a lower likelihood of recent screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the evidence concerning the efficacy of skin examination continues to evolve, attention should be paid to motivators and barriers of screening, particularly in high-risk subgroups where lack of screening may contribute to disparate rates of thicker melanomas and lower survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate the need for prevention strategies targeted to specific at-risk groups to increase earlier detection leading to improved outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. kim.miller@med.usc.edu.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Bryan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Langholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zadnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Myles G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cockburn
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014427:Twins