title: A Comparison of the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence and Cigarette Dependence Scale in a Treatment-Seeking Sample of Pregnant Smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Valid and reliable brief measures of cigarette dependence are essential for research purposes and effective clinical care. Two widely-used brief measures of cigarette dependence are the six-item Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and five-item Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS-5). Their respective metric characteristics among pregnant smokers have not yet been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of data of pregnant smokers (N = 476) enrolled in a smoking cessation study. We assessed internal consistency, reliability, and examined correlations between the instruments and smoking-related behaviors for construct validity. We evaluated predictive validity by testing how well the measures predict abstinence 2 weeks after quit date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CDS-5 was 0.62 and for the FTCD 0.55. Measures were strongly correlated with each other, although FTCD, but not CDS-5, was associated with saliva cotinine concentration. The FTCD, CDS-5, craving to smoke, and withdrawal symptoms failed to predict smoking status 2 weeks following the quit date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suboptimal reliability estimates and failure to predict short-term smoking call into question the value of including either of the brief measures in studies that aim to explain the obstacles to smoking cessation during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Faculté de médicine, Université P. and M. Curie-INSERM U 669, Paris, France; ivan.berlin@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.affiliation: Interactive Professional Services, Company Headquarters, Catonsville, MD;
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heishman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine