title: Ocean plankton. Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean.
abstract: Marine plankton support global biological and geochemical processes. Surveys of their biodiversity have hitherto been geographically restricted and have not accounted for the full range of plankton size. We assessed eukaryotic diversity from 334 size-fractionated photic-zone plankton communities collected across tropical and temperate oceans during the circumglobal Tara Oceans expedition. We analyzed 18S ribosomal DNA sequences across the intermediate plankton-size spectrum from the smallest unicellular eukaryotes (protists, >0.8 micrometers) to small animals of a few millimeters. Eukaryotic ribosomal diversity saturated at ~150,000 operational taxonomic units, about one-third of which could not be assigned to known eukaryotic groups. Diversity emerged at all taxonomic levels, both within the groups comprising the ~11,200 cataloged morphospecies of eukaryotic plankton and among twice as many other deep-branching lineages of unappreciated importance in plankton ecology studies. Most eukaryotic plankton biodiversity belonged to heterotrophic protistan groups, particularly those known to be parasites or symbiotic hosts.
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. vargas@sb-roscoff.fr pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr karsenti@embl.de.
authors.forename: Colomban
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Vargas
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Audic
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Decelle
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Street, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahé
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Science (ICM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Logares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berney
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Noan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Bescot
authors.affiliation: CNRS, FR2424, Roscoff Culture Collection, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, FR 2424, Roscoff Culture Collection, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Probert
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Margaux
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romac
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colin
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aury
authors.affiliation: CNRS FR3631, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, F-75005, Paris, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, F-75005, Paris, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaffron
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Street, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunthorn
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Flegontova
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horák
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jaillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gipsi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lima-Mendez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas Street West, Suite 1400, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lukeš
authors.affiliation: Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malviya
authors.affiliation: MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany. CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulot
authors.affiliation: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
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authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO/Pelagos CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siano
authors.affiliation: Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zingone
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dimier
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picheral
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Searson
authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Directors' Research, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandels-Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Science (ICM)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona E08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia G
authors.initials: SG
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authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bork
authors.affiliation: Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowler
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gorsky
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités Paris 06, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls (OOB) UPMC, Avenue du Fontaulé, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grimsley
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS IGS UMR 7256, 13288 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hingamp
authors.affiliation: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iudicone
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Not
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pesant
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA. National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sieracki
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, Université de Bretagne Occidentale (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Place Copernic, 29820 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Speich
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LOV), Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stemmann
authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weissenbach
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France. CNRS, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Université d'Evry, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. vargas@sb-roscoff.fr pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr karsenti@embl.de.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
authors.affiliation: Directors' Research, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France. vargas@sb-roscoff.fr pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr karsenti@embl.de.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karsenti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny; D010933:Plankton / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal