title: Hidden relationships and genetic diversity: Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the Levantine lizards of the genus Phoenicolacerta (Squamata: Lacertidae).
abstract: The Levant region witnessed dramatic tectonic events and climatic fluctuations that changed the historical landscape of the area and consequently influenced the cladogenesis and distribution of the local biota. In this study we use information from two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes and species delimitation methods in order to obtain the first robust time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of the Levantine rock lizards of the genus Phoenicolacerta. We sampled from across its distributional range with the aim to clarify its systematics, biogeography and evolution. Our results suggest that the genus includes two well-supported clades, one comprising solely the montane species Phoenicolacerta kulzeri, and the other including the three remaining species, the relatively widespread, P. laevis, the Syrian-Turkish P. cyanisparsa and the Cypriot endemic P. troodica. We found that both P. laevis and P. cyanisparsa are not monophyletic, as the Turkish populations of P. laevis branch within P. cyanisparsa. We found high levels of undescribed diversity within P. laevis which necessitate a thorough revision. We suggest that Phoenicolacerta started radiating during the mid-late Miocene, and that both vicariance and dispersal events shaped the diversification and distribution of the genus concomitantly with the formation of major geological structures and climatic fluctuations in the Levant. These results highlight the region as an important center of speciation, contributing to the species diversity of the eastern Mediterranean.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel. Electronic address: karintmr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carranza
authors.affiliation: Instituut Biologie, Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen, Leiden Universiteit, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: In den Bosch
authors.affiliation: Museo Civico de Storia Naturale, via San Francesco di Sales 188, Carmagnola I-10022, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sindaco
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 19300 Prague 9, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moravec
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.
authors.forename: Shai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meiri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008116:Lizards / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
keywords: Biogeography; Convergence; Haplotype network; Molecular clock; Multilocus phylogeny; Systematics