title: Evaluation of proteome alterations induced by cadmium stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultures.
abstract: The present study evaluates, at a proteomic level, changes in protein abundance in sunflower leaves in the absence or presence (at 50 or 700mg) of cadmium (as CdCl2). At the end of the cultivation period (45 days), proteins are extracted from leaves with phenol, separated by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE), and excised from the gels. The differential protein abundances (for proteins differing by more than 1.8 fold, which corresponds to 90% variation) are characterized using nESI-LC-MS/MS. The protein content decreases by approximately 41% in plants treated with 700mg Cd compared with control plants. By comparing all groups of plants evaluated in this study (Control vs. Cd-lower, Control vs. Cd-higher and Cd-lower vs. Cd-higher), 39 proteins are found differential and 18 accurately identified; the control vs. Cd-higher treatment is that presenting the most differential proteins. From identified proteins, those involved in energy and disease/defense (including stress), are the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain, transketolase, and heat shock proteins are the most differential abundant proteins. Thus, at the present study, photosynthesis is the main process affected by Cd in sunflowers, although these plants are highly tolerant to Cd.
authors.affiliation: Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cícero Alves
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lopes Júnior
authors.affiliation: Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, P.O. Box 6154, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Herbert de Sousa
authors.initials: Hde S
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moretto Galazzi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Dalton Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hector Henrique
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ferreira Koolen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Dalton Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Cesar
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Gozzo
authors.affiliation: Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: zezzi@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio Zezzi
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arruda
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006368:Helianthus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: 2-D DIGE; Cadmium; LC–MS/MS; Proteomics; Sunflower