title: The use of high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT) for the study of ice nucleation and ice propagation in plants.
abstract: Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.
authors.affiliation: U.S Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, WV; Michael.Wisniewski@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neuner
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatechewan.
authors.forename: Lawrence V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gusta
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005615:Freezing; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice