title: Closing thoughts for cognitive enhancement.
abstract: The wide-ranging field of cognition enhancing research along with its ethics as it stands today is summarized. In the forefront are potentially novel drugs and non-pharmacological treatments for cognitive impairment across many different psychiatric and neurologic indications. Today's research will bring new drugs to patients tomorrow, and tomorrow's research will bring new molecular targets to clinical development that should be cognitive domain-specific. There is the likelihood that special populations may be better treated and that personalized medicine for cognitive impairment could become a reality. It is conceivable that with the current research effort, cognition enhancing drugs will become available to wide-ranging populations of people with neuropsychiatric illness and to those that are healthy. In some cultures, there is a push in society to be more intelligent or have more cognitive prowess. Thus, the ethical use of cognitive enhancing drugs should be an area of debate and communication. Neuroethics is a growing field and it intends to bring together key contributors such as physicians, disease experts, regulatory officials, and policy makers to discuss how such medicines can or should be made available. Together with this, one has to consider the possibility that no single medicine or technology will have a great impact on cognition and, therefore, combination therapy of drugs plus other approaches like exercise or transcranial direct-current stimulation may be the path forward. This is another area of scientific inquiry and debate, and the results should be fruitful and helpful to patients. The science of cognition is advancing at a rapid rate, and communication of its progress along with the development of rational and ethical policies for use of cognitive enhancers will be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA, kkantak@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kantak
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wettstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D019336:Cognitive Science / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018697:Nootropic Agents