title: Degradation systems in heart failure.
abstract: Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or the ejection of blood, and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. The mechanisms underlying the development of heart failure are multiple, complex and not well understood. Cardiac mass and its homeostasis are maintained by the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, and an imbalance is likely to result in cellular dysfunction and disease. The protein degradation systems are the principle mechanisms for maintaining cellular homeostasis via protein quality control. Three major protein degradation systems have been identified, namely the calpain system, autophagy, and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Proinflammatory mediators involve the development and progression of heart failure. DNA and RNA degradation systems play a critical role in regulating inflammation and maintaining cellular homeostasis mediated by damaged DNA clearance and posttranscriptional regulation, respectively. This review discusses some recent advances in understanding the role of these degradation systems in heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London SE5 9NU, UK. Electronic address: kinya.otsu@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kinya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Otsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D059748:Proteolysis
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids
keywords: Autophagy; Calpain; Heart failure; Inflammation; Ubiquitin proteasome system