title: Derivation and internal validation of an expanded cardiovascular risk prediction score for rheumatoid arthritis: a Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America Registry Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but CV risk prediction scores derived from the general population do not accurately predict CV risk in RA patients. The goal of these analyses was to develop and internally validate an expanded CV risk prediction score for RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were patients with RA and no known CVD from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry. Two-thirds of the cohort were used to derive the CV risk prediction score, and one-third for internal validation. Traditional CV risk factors were included in the base Cox regression model, and RA-related variables were assessed in an expanded model predicting confirmed CV events. Fit and utility of the expanded model were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort included 23,605 RA patients with 437 CV events over a median followup of 2.2 years. The RA variables found to be significant in the regression models and included in the expanded risk model were disease activity (Clinical Disease Activity Index >10 versus ≤10), disability (modified Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index >0.5 versus ≤0.5), daily prednisone use (any versus none), and disease duration (≥10 years versus <10 years). The expanded model had good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit P = 0.94) and a lower Akaike's information criterion than the base model. In the internal validation cohort, the c-statistic for model discrimination was significantly improved from the base model to the expanded model (from 0.7261 to 0.7609; P = 0.0104). The net reclassification index of CV risk in models using a 4-category CV risk prediction tool was 40% (95% confidence interval 37-44%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This newly developed, expanded risk score for CV outcomes in RA performs well and improves the classification of CV risk in comparison to a risk prediction score in which only traditional risk factors were included.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine and New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, and CORRONA, Southborough, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: CORRONA, Southborough, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Farkouh
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.affiliation: Albany Medical College and Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York, and CORRONA, Southborough, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, and CORRONA, Southborough, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Etzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011241:Prednisone