title: Urinary Tract Stones and Osteoporosis: Findings From the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: Kidney and bladder stones (urinary tract stones) and osteoporosis are prevalent, serious conditions for postmenopausal women. Men with kidney stones are at increased risk of osteoporosis; however, the relationship of urinary tract stones to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether urinary tract stones are an independent risk factor for changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and incident fractures in women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Data were obtained from 150,689 women in the Observational Study and Clinical Trials of the WHI with information on urinary tract stones status: 9856 of these women reported urinary tract stones at baseline and/or incident urinary tract stones during follow-up. Cox regression models were used to determine the association of urinary tract stones with incident fractures and linear mixed models were used to investigate the relationship of urinary tract stones with changes in BMD that occurred during WHI. Follow-up was over an average of 8 years. Models were adjusted for demographic and clinical factors, medication use, and dietary histories. In unadjusted models there was a significant association of urinary tract stones with incident total fractures (HR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.17). However, in covariate adjusted analyses, urinary tract stones were not significantly related to changes in BMD at any skeletal site or to incident fractures. In conclusion, urinary tract stones in postmenopausal women are not an independent risk factor for osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Subspecialty Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.|Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hovey
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Fridtjof
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.|Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sorensen
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.affiliation: Mercy Health Osteoporosis and Bone Health Services, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Nelson B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: Subspecialty Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.|Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bethel
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: AGING; DXA; GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES; MENOPAUSE; OSTEOPOROSIS