title: Cytotoxicity effect of graphene oxide on human MDA-MB-231 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of graphene oxide (GO) in biomedicine and cancer therapy has increased significantly owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. As a consequence, the toxicity of GO in the environment and in humans has garnered more and more attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this paper, we studied the potential cytotoxicity of GO nanosheets via examining the effect of GO on the viability, cellular colony formation and proliferation of a human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line, which was an ideal model used to study breast disease in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results suggested that higher concentrations of GO (≥100 μg/mL) exhibited time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells, suppressed the colony-forming capacity and cellular proliferation. Moreover, higher concentrations of GO increased the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells and induced the LDH release, as well as the generation of intracellular ROS which was also remarkably increased and may directly related with cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, the above results suggested that GO can induce cytotoxicity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells probably due to the cellular ROS generation, which providing useful toxicity and mechanism information that can help to better inform safety assessments of GO.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Laboratory , Tianjin Third Central Hospital , Tianjin , China and.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhijuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Shuye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006108:Graphite; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
keywords: Breast cancer; mechanism; oxidative stress; toxicity