title: High cardiometabolic risk in healthy Chilean adolescents: associations with anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents of low to middle socio-economic status and to study the influence of anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fat and lean mass (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), TAG, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), food intake and physical activity were measured. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria and insulin resistance using HOMA-IR ≥2.6. Bivariate and multivariate regressions examined the associations between MetS and anthropometric, biological and lifestyle factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study including Chilean adolescents, who were part of a follow-up study beginning in infancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents aged 16-17 years (n 667).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample, 16.2% had obesity and 9.5% had MetS. Low HDL-cholesterol (69.9%), abdominal obesity (33.3%) and fasting hyperglycaemia (8.7%) were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. In males, obesity (OR=3.7; 95% CI 1.2, 10.8), insulin resistance (OR=3.0; 95% CI 1.1, 8.2), physical inactivity (OR=2.9; 95% CI 1.1, 7.7) and sarcopenia (OR=21.2; 95% CI 4.2, 107.5) significantly increased the risk of MetS. In females, insulin resistance (OR=4.9; 95% CI 1.9, 12.6) and sarcopenia (OR=3.6; 95% CI 1.1, 11.9) were significantly associated with MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, fasting hyperglycaemia and MetS were found in healthy adolescents. In both sexes, sarcopenia and insulin resistance were important risk factors of MetS. Promotion of active lifestyles at the school level and regulation of the sale of energy-dense foods are needed.
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,University of Chile,Avda. El Líbano 5524,Macul 7840390,Santiago de Chile,Chile.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,University of Chile,Avda. El Líbano 5524,Macul 7840390,Santiago de Chile,Chile.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Correa-Burrows
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,University of Chile,Avda. El Líbano 5524,Macul 7840390,Santiago de Chile,Chile.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Child Development and Community Health,University of California,San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: 1Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology,University of Chile,Avda. El Líbano 5524,Macul 7840390,Santiago de Chile,Chile.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albala
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Child Development and Community Health,University of California,San Diego,La Jolla,CA,USA.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gahagan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Adolescents; Cardiovascular and metabolic risk; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Sarcopenia