title: Orthogonally oriented scaffolds with aligned fibers for engineering intestinal smooth muscle.
abstract: Controlling cellular alignment is critical in engineering intestines with desired structure and function. Although previous studies have examined the directional alignment of cells on the surface (x-y plane) of parallel fibers, quantitative analysis of the cellular alignment inside implanted scaffolds with oriented fibers has not been reported. This study examined the cellular alignment in the x-z and y-z planes of scaffolds made with two layers of orthogonally oriented fibers. The cellular orientation inside implanted scaffolds was evaluated with immunofluorescence. Quantitative analysis of coherency between cell orientation and fiber direction confirmed that cells aligned along the fibers not only on the surface (x-y plane) but also inside the scaffolds (x-z & y-z planes). Our study demonstrated that two layers of orthogonally aligned scaffolds can generate the histological organization of cells similar to that of intestinal circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Masae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Nan Ye
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Advanced Prosthodontics & Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: jdunn@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: James C Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
keywords: Cellular alignment; Electrospinning; Polycaprolactone; Scaffold; Smooth muscle cell; Tissue engineering