title: Mortality and longevity after a spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mortality and longevity studies of spinal cord injury (SCI) are essential for informing healthcare systems and policies. This review evaluates the current evidence among people with SCIs worldwide in relation to the WHO region and country income level; demographic and lesion characteristics; and in comparison with the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of relevant databases for original studies. Pooled estimates were derived using random effects meta-analysis, restricted to traumatic SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four studies were included. In-hospital mortality varied, with pooled estimates of 24.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.1-38.0), 7.6% (95% CI 6.3-9.0), 7.0% (95% CI 1.5-27.4), and 2.1% (95% CI 0.9-5.0) in the WHO regions of Africa, the Americas, Europe and Western Pacific. The combined estimate for low- and middle-income countries was nearly three times higher than for high-income countries. Pooled estimates of first-year survival were 86.5% (95% CI 75.3-93.1), 95.6% (95% CI 81.0-99.1), and 94.0% (95% CI 93.3-94.6) in the Americas, Europe and Western Pacific. Pooled estimates of standardized mortality ratios in tetraplegics were 2.53 (2.00-3.21) and 2.07 (1.47-2.92) in paraplegics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found substantial variation in mortality and longevity within the SCI population, compared to the general population, and between WHO regions and country income level. Improved standardization and quality of reporting is needed to improve inferences regarding the extent to which mortality outcomes following an SCI are related to healthcare systems, services and policies.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jonviea D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Luzius
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mader
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: von Groote
authors.forename: Martin W G
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Brinkhof
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000401:mortality*