title: Review of the radiation exposure during screening of surgically implanted central venous access devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ionizing radiation is used for the insertion of surgically implanted venous access devices (SIVADs) with children at the highest risk of cumulative radiation effects from these procedures. This study examines the radiation dose in a pediatric population during intraoperative radiological screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study looked at all pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital between January 2008 and January 2014 who had a surgically implanted venous access device inserted using intraoperative fluoroscopy. Patient demographics, reason for SIVAD insertion, the type and method of insertion, fluoroscopy time and radiation dose area product were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 505 patients had 682 SIVADs inserted, with 123 patients receiving multiple SIVAD over the six year period. There were two types of SIVAD inserted, 492 were totally implanted venous access devices (TIVAD) and 190 were tunneled central venous catheters (cuffed central line). Five hundred seven of the SIVAD inserted recorded the dose area product and fluoroscopy time. The median time for screening was 5seconds (range 1 to 275seconds) and the median dose area product was 0.00352mGym(2) (range 0.000001mGym(2) to 0.28mGym(2)). Of the 507 SIVAD that recorded the radiation data, 479 were open surgical cut-down insertion and 27 were percutaneous insertion. Percutaneously inserted surgically implanted venous access devices (mean 0.0060mGym(2)) had a longer dose area product than open insertion (mean 0.0034mGym(2); p=0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening of SIVAD involves low levels of radiation exposure and is comparable to a chest x-ray or a transatlantic flight. The excess lifetime cancer risk to patients is estimated to be very low and is considered to be outweighed by the benefits of insertion. Open surgical cut-down insertion has a significantly reduced radiation exposure compared to percutaneous techniques. Although radiation dose is higher with percutaneous procedures, the clinical effects are considered minimal, and the resultant radiation risk is estimated to be very low. Radiation dose should not determine technique of insertion of SIVAD.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric General Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: jikol.friend@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jikol
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric General Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Suzanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lindsey-Temple
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric General Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gollow
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric General Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Whan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatric General Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Parshotam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D062905:Central Venous Catheters; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Dose area product; Effective dose; Pediatric; Radiation exposure; Venous access device