title: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and hepsin as urinary prostate cancer markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the numerous limitations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) and hepsin have recently been suggested as potential biomarkers in prostate cancer (PC). This report presents a comparison study of the presence of AMACR and hepsin in urine collected before and after digital rectal examination (DRE) as a previously suggested diagnostic marker for PC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six urine samples (38 before and 38 after prostate massage) from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 66 urine samples (33 before and 33 after prostate massage) from patients with PC were analyzed. PC was confirmed by prostate biopsy. Urinary levels of AMACR and hepsin were determined by ELISA and related to the tumor stage, Gleason score and PSA level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMACR and hepsin levels in urine collected after prostate massage were higher only in the PC group. There were no correlations between AMACR levels, hepsin levels, tumor stage and Gleason score. AMACR and hepsin did not differentiate between BPH and PC with better true positive and false negative rates than serum PSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AMACR and hepsin were unable to diagnose PC with better true positive and false negative rates than PSA. An additional procedure combined with other markers should be applied for the reliable diagnosis of PC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Wiktor Dariusz
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Sroka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, J. Biziel Hospital, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Słupski
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siódmiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, J. Biziel Hospital, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarzemski
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Odrowąż-Sypniewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz - Poland.
authors.forename: Michał Piotr
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marszałł
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D012372:ROC Curve; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases / Q000652:urine*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C549870:KLK3 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; C055645:hepsin; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D019998:Racemases and Epimerases; C108352:alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase