title: Phenolic profile of Dunaliella tertiolecta growing under high levels of copper and iron.
abstract: The present study investigates the phenolic profile of exudates and extracts of the green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta, harvested in natural seawater in the absence (control) and in the presence of Cu(II) (315 and 790 nmol L(-1)) and Fe(III) (900 nmol L(-1)) in order to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds produced under metallic stress conditions. The presence of metal ions modifies the growth of cells and changes cell metabolism by producing phenolic compounds adapted to the solution. The use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) permitted the identification of 14 phenolic constituents. The concentration and type of polyphenols detected in cell extracts and in solution are directly related with the metal and its concentration during growth cultures, achieving 1.4 times higher levels of polyphenols under 790 nmol Cu(II) L(-1) with respect to the control experiments. Microalga excretes polyphenols to be adapted to the environmental conditions. Gentisic acid, (+) catechin and (-) epicatechin, the most prominent phenolic compounds detected in the algae extracts, showed high antioxidant activity in inhibiting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. This potent activity may be related to its presence in cells and exudates in high concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Aroa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain. milagros.ricosantos@ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: J Magdalena
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santana-Casiano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Aridane G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Melchor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Dávila
mesh_terms: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D059808:Polyphenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron
keywords: Copper; Dunaliella tertiolecta; Growth inhibition; Iron; Phenolic compounds