title: Alterations in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation promoted by treatment with self-ligating and conventional orthodontic brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate, comparatively, the periodontal response during orthodontic treatment performed with self-ligating and conventional brackets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen Caucasian individuals of both sexes, aged between 12 and 16 years old and in permanent dentition were selected. Eight individuals were treated with conventional brackets installed on the lower dental arch and self-ligating brackets on the upper arch. Another eight individuals received self-ligating brackets in the lower arch and conventional brackets in the upper arch. The subjects received material and instructions for oral hygiene. Visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated just after installation of orthodontic appliances, and 30, 60 and 180 days later. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare differences between groups (self-ligating and conventional), two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test was used to assess CAL at each site of each tooth. Significance level was set at 5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes were found with regard to the assessed parameters (VPI, GBI and CAL) in either one of the systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant changes were found with regard to the periodontal response to orthodontic treatment for the variables assessed and between subjects receiving passive self-ligating and conventional brackets. All individuals had received oral hygiene instructions and had their periodontal conditions monitored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio de Almeida
authors.initials: Mde A
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Pinto
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliana Ávila
authors.initials: LÁ
authors.lastname: Maltagliati
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Kleinübing
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Rhoden
authors.affiliation: Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla Cristina Alvarenga
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Normando
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leopoldino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capelozza Filho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000209:etiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000193:education; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D013499:Surface Properties; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014100:Toothpastes