title: Improving antipsychotic prescribing practices in nursing facilities: The role of surveyor methods and surveying agencies in upholding the Nursing Home Reform Act.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inappropriate prescribing of antipsychotics is a longstanding challenge to providing high quality care in nursing facilities. The 1987 Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) had an initial impact in reducing inappropriate prescribing, but rates returned to pre-NHRA levels. While the recent Partnership to Improve Dementia Care in Nursing Homes (Partnership) initiative has been successful in reducing the prescribing of antipsychotics in skilled nursing facilities/nursing facilities (NF), it is not known how this guidance initiative impacted prescribing practices and other care processes concerning NF residents with dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to explore surveyor observations of NF care practices subsequent to participation the Partnership guidance program and to use a social ecological framework to estimate how these observations were influenced by individual, organizational, and contextual factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 320 NF surveyors responded to a 49-item questionnaire designed in collaboration with CMS officials and state surveying agency personnel, and distributed by state agency directors. Three outcome variables: measuring improvements in clinical care, deficiencies in clinical care, and falsification of records in response to the Partnership initiative, were created from survey responses. A four-level social ecological framework describing the NF surveyor's environment was used to identify potential influences on surveyors' care observations. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between environment and outcome variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surveyors observed both improvements in clinical care, including 80.6% reporting nursing facility providers responding to consultant pharmacists' recommendations, and deficits in clinical care in response to the Partnership initiative. Furthermore, 39.7% of surveyors observed a new, but false, diagnosis of psychosis (as defined by the surveyor). Surveyor characteristics and methods and surveying agency and culture were found to substantially impact the success of the Partnership initiative. The most distal level of the framework evaluated in this study, state contextual effects, was found not to impact care observations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is substantial variation in surveyor observations of changes to clinical care in response to the Partnership guidance initiative. Further investigation is needed into the type and severity of falsification of records observed by nursing facility surveyors. When constructing interventions to care for residents in NFs, policymakers must consider the environment in which surveyors operate.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, USA. Electronic address: benjamin-urick@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Urick
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kaskie
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carnahan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003187:Compliance; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006077:Government Agencies; D018166:Health Care Reform; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Antipsychotics; Dissemination; Guidance; Nursing facilities; Social ecological framework; Surveillance