title: Longitudinal patterns of alcohol mixed with energy drink use among college students and their associations with risky drinking and problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmEDs) is a form of risky drinking among college students, a population already in danger of heavy drinking and associated consequences. The goals of the current longitudinal study were to (a) identify types of AmED users between the first and second year of college and (b) examine differences among these groups in rates of highrisk drinking and consequences over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of college student drinkers (n = 1,710; 57.7% female) completed baseline and 6-month follow-up measures assessing alcohol-related behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AmED use was endorsed by 40% of participants during the course of the study. As anticipated, four distinct groups of AmED users were identified (nonusers, initiators, discontinuers, and continuous users) and were significantly different from one another on drinking and consequence outcomes. Further, significant Time × Group interaction effects were observed for drinking and overall consequences. Generally, across all outcomes and time points, nonusers reported the lowest rates of drinking and consequences, whereas continuous users consistently reported the highest rates of drinking and consequences. Students who initiated AmED use during the course of the study also reported anabrupt increase in alcohol use and reported consequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest students who consistently engage in and initiate AmED use also engage in riskier drinking behaviors and experience higher rates of consequences. Interventions that specifically target AmED use may be warranted and have the potential to reduce alcohol-related consequences.
authors.affiliation: Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mallett
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Nichole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scaglione
authors.affiliation: Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Racheal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reavy
authors.affiliation: Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.|Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turrisi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000067292:Alcohol Drinking in College; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages; D061215:Energy Drinks; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol