title: Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection.
abstract: Priming in invertebrates is the acquired capacity to better combat a pathogen due to a previous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the same organism. It is proposed to be functionally analogous to immune memory in vertebrates. Previous studies with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes provide evidence that the inhibitory response to a second challenge by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei resulted from a sustained activation of hemocytes by midgut bacteria. These bacteria probably accessed the hemolymph during a first aborted infection through lesions produced by parasites invading the midgut. Since the mosquito immune responses to midgut bacteria and Plasmodium overlap, it is difficult to determine the priming responses of each. We herein document priming induced in the aseptic An. albimanus midgut by P. berghei, probably independent of the immune response induced by midgut bacteria. This idea is further evidenced by experiments with Pbs 25-28 knock out parasites (having an impaired capacity for invading the mosquito midgut) and dead ookinetes. Priming protection against a homologous challenge with P. berghei lasted up to 12 days. There was greater incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into midgut cell nuclei (indicative of DNA synthesis without mitosis) and increased transcription of hnt (a gene required for the endocycle of midgut cells) in primed versus unprimed mosquitoes, suggesting that endoreplication was the underlying mechanism of priming. Moreover, the transcription of hnt and antimicrobial peptides related to an anti-Plasmodium response (attacin, cecropin and gambicin) was enhanced in a biphasic rather than sustained response after priming An. albimanus with P. berghei.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Contreras-Garduño
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernández-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-Barnetche
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrera-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno-García
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Velazquez-Meza
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Argotte-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: mhenry@correo.insp.mx.
authors.forename: Mario Henry
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: humberto@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lanz-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Anopheles albimanus; Insect immune memory; Mosquito immunity; Plasmodium berghei