title: Statistical reporting in randomized controlled trials from the dermatology literature: a review of 44 dermatology journals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The validity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is determined by several statistical factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the level of recent statistical reporting in RCTs from the dermatology literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE for all RCTs published between 1 May 2013 and 1 May 2014 in 44 dermatology journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and ten articles were screened, of which 181 RCTs from 27 journals were reviewed. Primary study outcomes were met in 122 (67.4%) studies. Sample size calculations and beta values were reported in 52 (28.7%) and 48 (26.5%) studies, respectively, and nonsignificant findings were supported in only 31 (17.1%). Alpha values were reported in 131 (72.4%) of studies with 45 (24.9%) having two-sided P-values, although adjustment for multiple statistical tests was performed in only 16 (9.9% of studies with ≥ two statistical tests performed). Sample size calculations were performed based on a single outcome in 44 (86.3%) and multiple outcomes in six (11.8%) studies. However, among studies that were powered for a single primary outcome, 20 (45.5%) made conclusions based on multiple primary outcomes. Twenty-one (41.2%) studies relied on secondary/unspecified outcomes. There were no differences for primary outcome being met (Chi-square, P = 0.29), sample size calculations (P ≥ 0.55), beta values (P = 0.89), alpha values (P = 0.65), correction for multiple statistical testing (P = 0.59), two-sided alpha (P = 0.64), support of nonsignificant findings (Fisher's exact, P = 0.23) based on the journal's impact factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of statistical reporting are low in RCTs from the dermatology literature. Future work is needed to improve these levels of reporting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 1600, 676 N. St Clair St, Chicago, IL, 60611, U.S.A.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClean
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 1600, 676 N. St Clair St, Chicago, IL, 60611, U.S.A.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Suite 1600, 676 N. St Clair St, Chicago, IL, 60611, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Silverberg
mesh_terms: D003880:Dermatology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018401:Sample Size