title: Immunomodulatory effects of the pentapeptide YGSRS on human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pentapeptide YGSRS is originated from coffee bean, while its pharmacological features have little been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of YGSRS on proliferation, cytokine production and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell frequency of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activated by T-cell mitogen.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of YGSRS on T-cell mitogen-activated PBMCs were assessed by WST assay procedures. Concentrations of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in the PBMCs culture medium were analyzed with beads-array procedures followed by analysis with flow cytometry. The CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells in mitogen-activated PBMCs were stained with fluorescence-labeled specific antibodies followed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  YGSRS at 1-10,000 ng/ml (1.56-15,600 nM) has a tendency to promote the mitogen-activated proliferation of PBMCs, but the effects were not statistically significant. YGSRS affect the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6 and IL-10 from the activated PBMCs, and statistically significant increase in the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 in the medium were observed at 1-1000 ng/ml (1.56-1560 nM) (p < 0.05). YGSRS has a tendency to decrease the frequency of Treg cells in the activated PBMCs, but the difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that the pentapeptide YGSRS affects the production of several types of cytokines from activated human peripheral T cells, which may modulate Th2 type immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Hachioji , Japan .
authors.forename: Yurie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishizawa
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onda
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D009842:Oligopeptides
keywords: CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells; T-cell mitogen; YGSRS; cytokines; peripheral lymphocytes