title: Effect of whole body vibration training on bone mineral density and bone quality in adolescents with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) have poorer bone health than their peers without DS. Twenty-five adolescents with DS were randomly assigned to whole-body vibration training (WBV) or control groups. The results indicate that a 20-week WBV might be useful to improve subtotal bone mineral content and density in adolescents with DS.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study aims to determine the effects of 20 weeks of whole body vibration training (WBV) on bone mineral content (BMC), density (BMD), and structure variables in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized controlled trial of 25 adolescents (12-18 years) with DS (8 females) generated 2 non-equal groups, WBV group (n = 11) and CON group (n = 14). Using an efficacy analysis, the primary outcomes were BMC and BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the secondary were bone structure variables by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. A synchronous vibration platform (PowerPlate®) was used (3/week, 10 repetitions (30-60 s) 1-min rest, frequency of 25-30 Hz, and peak-to-peak displacement of 2 mm (peak acceleration 2.5-3.6 g)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  WBV group improved whole body BMC 2.8%, 95% CI [3.5, 2.1], subtotal area, BMC, and BMD by 2.8, 4.8, and 2%, respectively, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) [3.4, 2.1], [6.5, 3.1], and [2.8, 1.1], respectively (all, p < 0.05), showing group by time interactions in BMC and BMD (both p < 0.05). Lumbar spine BMC and BMD also increased in the WBV group by 6.6 and 3.3% both p < 0.05, 95 % CIs [8.6, 4.7], and [4.9, 1.7], respectively. Regarding bone structure, WBV group showed improvements in tibial BMC at 4 % (2.9 %, 95 % CI [3.0, 2.8]) and in volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical vBMD, and cortical thickness at 66% of the radius (by 7.0, 2.4, and 10.9%; 95% CIs [7.4, 6.7], [2.6, 2.3], and [12.4, 9.3], respectively) (all, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 20-week WBV, with this protocol, might be useful to improve subtotal BMC and BMD in adolescents with DS.
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. amatute@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. amatute@unizar.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matute-Llorente
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. alg28@aber.ac.uk.|Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK. alg28@aber.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Agüero
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. agomez@unizar.es.|Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain. agomez@unizar.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cabello
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Biology, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. hugo.olmedillas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olmedillas
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. gervicen@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. gervicen@unizar.es.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicente-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna n° 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. joseant@unizar.es.|Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. joseant@unizar.es.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Casajús
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
keywords: Bone health; Down’s syndrome; Exercise; Osteoporosis; Vibration