title: Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014.
abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus affects livestock worldwide. There are seven different serotypes, each with a diversity of topotypes, genetic lineages and strains. Some lineages have different properties that may contribute to sporadic spread beyond their recognized endemic areas. The objective of this study was to review the most significant FMD epidemiological events that took place worldwide between 2007 and 2014. Severe epidemics were caused by FMD virus (FMDV) lineage O/Asia/Mya-98 in Japan and South Korea in 2010, both previously free of disease. In India, where FMD is endemic, the most important event was the re-emergence of lineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 in 2008. Notably, this lineage, normally restricted to India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, was also found in Saudi Arabia and Libya in 2013 and has caused several outbreaks in Tunisia and Algeria in 2014-2015. In January 2011, FMDV-positive wild boars were found in Bulgaria, where the disease last occurred in 1996, followed by 12 outbreaks in livestock infected with FMDV O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. In 2012, FMDV SAT2 caused outbreaks in Egypt and the Palestinian Autonomous Territories. Another significant event was the emergence of FMDV Asia1 Sindh-08 in the Middle East. In South America, one outbreak of FMDV serotype O, topotype Euro-SA was reported in Paraguay in 2011, which was recognized as FMD-free with vaccination at the time. Lessons learned from past events, point out the need for an integrated strategy that comprises coordinated global and regional efforts for FMDV control and surveillance. Specific local characteristics related to host, environment and virus that condition FMD occurrence should be carefully considered and incorporated to adapt appropriate strategies into local plans. In this review, we compiled relevant epidemiological FMD events to provide a global overview of the current situation. We further discussed current challenges present in different FMD areas.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000235:genetics; D014943:Global Health; D065288:Serogroup; D014611:Vaccination
keywords: epidemiology; foot-and-mouth disease virus; lineages; livestock; phylogenetic