title: Cerebrovascular Events in Lyme Neuroborreliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebrovascular events in neuroborreliosis are a rare condition described only in isolated or small case series. No specific clinical or radiological features have been identified, and diagnosis is based on very different criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively describe cases diagnosed in the Stroke Unit of Nancy Hospital, located in the endemic area of the northeast of France. We also reviewed other cases found in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 5 cases in our center and 57 other reported cases. Mean age was 39 years (range 5 to 77). Possible previous contact with Borrelia burgdorferi (B burgdorferi) was found in about half of cases. Additional neurologic symptoms (headache, cognitive impairment, and/or gait disturbance) were found in 44% of cases. Cerebral imaging revealed both ischemic (87%) and hemorrhagic lesions (13%) with a multiterritorial aspect in 22% of strokes, and signs of vasculitis in 71%. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed lymphocytic meningitis in 90% of cases and elevated protein level in 86%. CSF/serum anti-B burgdorferi antibody index (AI) was positive in 91% of cases. Outcome was favorable after appropriate antibiotic treatment. Our 5 patients presented a modified Rankin scale score 0-1, without any stroke recurrence, after a median follow-up of 2.8 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis should be considered for patients with cerebrovascular events without obvious cause living in an endemic area, in the presence of repeat multiterritorial strokes at short intervals, other neurologic symptoms, a history of B burgdorferi infection, and radiological signs of vasculitis. Diagnosis can be confirmed by CSF analysis with AI but with an incomplete sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Nancy, Hopital Central, Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Basile
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wittwer
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, CH Bar le Duc, Bar le Duc Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Nancy, Hopital Central, Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ducrocq
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Nancy, Hopital Central, Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Nancy, Hopital Central, Nancy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gioia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mione
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Nancy, Hopital Central, Nancy Cedex, France. Electronic address: s.richard@chu-nancy.fr.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D020852:Lyme Neuroborreliosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020293:Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Borrelia burgdorferi; cerebrovascular diseases; cerebrovascular events; lyme vasculitis; neuroborreliosis; stroke