title: Chemical analysis of Karenia papilionacea.
abstract: One of the most widely studied organisms responsible for Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This organism produces neurotoxic compounds known as brevetoxins. A related dinoflagellate, Karenia papilionacea, has been reported to occasionally co-bloom with K. brevis but has received little attention as a possible toxin producing species. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the toxin profile for K. papilionacea. A toxic fraction was identified using a cell based cytotoxicity assay and the toxin was isolated and identified as the ladder frame polyether brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2) using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Toxin production in K. papilionacea increased in response to hypoosmotic stress, as previously observed in K. brevis.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA. Electronic address: Nlf7589@uncw.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA. Electronic address: Tomasc@uncw.edu.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomas
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA. Electronic address: Baden@uncw.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baden
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX, 77843, USA. Electronic address: Lisacampbell@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA. Electronic address: Bourdelaisa@uncw.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bourdelais
mesh_terms: D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000737:chemistry*; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom / Q000502:physiology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D035964:Oxocins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D035964:Oxocins; C546611:brevetoxin 2; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C053342:brevetoxin
keywords: Brevetoxin; HAB; Karenia brevis; Karenia papilionacea; Osmotic stress; Toxin isolation