title: Emergency manual implementation: can brief simulation-based or staff trainings increase familiarity and planned clinical use?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergency manuals (EMs)-context-relevant sets of cognitive aids such as crisis checklists-are useful tools to enhance perioperative patient care. Studies in high-hazard industries demonstrate that humans, regardless of expertise, do not optimally retrieve or deploy key knowledge under stress. EM use has been shown in both health care simulation studies and other industries to help expert teams effectively manage critical events. However, clinical adoption and use are still nascent in health care. Recognizing that training with, access to, and cultural acceptance of EMs can be vital elements for successful implementation, this study assessed the impact of a brief in situ operating room (OR) staff training program on familiarity with EMs and intention to use them during critical events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine 50-minute training sessions were held with OR staff as part of a broader perioperative EM implementation. Participants primarily included OR nurses and surgical technologists. The simulation-based in situ trainings included why and how to use EMs, familiarization with format, simulated scenarios of critical events, and debriefings. A retrospective pre-post survey was conducted to determine participants' levels of EM familiarity and intentions to use EMs clinically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 126 trained OR staff self-reported increases in awareness of the EM (p < .01), familiarity with EM (p < .01), willingness to use for educational review (p < .01), and intention to use during critical events (p < .01). Participants rated the sessions highly and expressed interest in more opportunities to practice using EMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing institutions should not only provide EMs in accessible places in ORs but also incorporate training mechanisms to increase clinicians' familiarity, cultural acceptance, and planned clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sara N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Goldhaber-Fiebert
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Kiruthiga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nandagopal
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bereknyei
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001364:Awareness; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008370:Manuals as Topic; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative