title: A Longitudinal Review of Gait Following Treatment for Idiopathic Clubfoot: Gait Analysis at 2 and 5 Years of Age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Initial correction following nonoperative (NonOp) treatment for idiopathic clubfoot has been reported in 95% of feet by age 2; however, by age 4, approximately one third of feet undergo surgery due to relapse. The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal effect of growth and surgical (Sx) intervention on gait following NonOp and Sx treatment for clubfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with idiopathic clubfoot were seen for gait analysis at 2 and 5 years of age. Kinematic data were collected at both visits, and kinetic data were collected at age 5 years. Group comparisons were made between feet treated with the Ponseti casting technique (Ponseti) and the French physical therapy method (PT) and between feet treated nonoperatively and surgically. Comparisons were made between feet treated with a limited release or tendon transfer (fair) and those treated with a full posteromedial release (poor). The α was set to 0.05 for all statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gait data from 181 children with 276 idiopathic clubfeet were collected at both age 2 and 5 years. Each foot was initially treated with either the Ponseti (n=132) or PT (n=144) method but by the 5-year visit, 30 Ponseti and 61 PT feet required surgery. Gait outcomes showed limitations primarily in the Sx clubfeet. Normal ankle motion was only present in 17% of Ponseti and 21% of PT feet by age 5 following Sx management. Sx PT feet showed persistent intoeing at age 2 and 5. Within the Sx group, feet initially treated with PT had a clinically significant reduction in ankle power compared with those treated initially by the Ponseti method. Feet treated with posteromedial releases had significantly less ankle power than those treated with limited surgery or that remained NonOp at 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal study shows subtle changes between 2 and 5 years, and continues to support a NonOp approach in the treatment of clubfoot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level II-therapeutic.
authors.affiliation: Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jeans
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.forename: Chan-Hee
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Karol
mesh_terms: D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D000069451:Long Term Adverse Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012008:Recurrence; D013781:Texas