title: Lythrum salicaria L.-Underestimated medicinal plant from European traditional medicine. A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Purple loosestrife-Lythrum salicaria L. is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Lythraceae family. It has been used for centuries in European traditional medicine. Despite Lythri herba being a pharmacopoeial plant material (Ph. Eur.), L. salicaria popularity as a medicinal plant has recently declined. The aim of the paper is to recall a traditional and historical use of L. salicaria and juxtapose it with comprehensive view on the current knowledge about its chemical composition and documented biological activities in order to bring back the interest into this valuable plant and indicate reasonable directions of future research and possible applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic survey of historical and ethnopharmacological literature was carried out using sources of European and American libraries. Pharmacological and phytochemical literature research was performed using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Reaxys databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review of historical sources from ancient times till 20th century revealed an outstanding position of L. salicaria in traditional medicine. The main applications indicated were gastrointestinal tract ailments (mainly dysentery and diarrhea) as well as different skin and mucosa affections. The current phytochemical studies have shown that polyphenols (C-glucosidic ellagitannins and C-glucosidic flavonoids) as well as heteropolysaccharides are dominating constituents, which probably determine the observed pharmacological effects. The extracts and some isolated compounds were shown to possess antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intrinsic literature overview conclusively demonstrates that L. salicaria L. used to be considered as an exceptionally effective remedy in European traditional medicine. Despite its unquestionable important position from unknown reasons its popularity has been weakened during the past few decades. Unfortunately the contemporary pharmacological research is still insufficient to support its thoroughly described traditional uses. The necessity of complex studies regarding modes of action, which would directly refer to L. salicaria main traditional applications-gastrointestinal tract ailments, is strongly underlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: jakub.piwowarski@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Jakub P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Piwowarski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granica
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kiss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D031561:Lythrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Diarrhea; Dysentery; Lythri herba