title: Further development of the theory and mathematical description of combined toxicity: An approach to classifying types of action of three-factorial combinations (a case study of manganese-chromium-nickel subchronic intoxication).
abstract: For characterizing the three-factorial toxicity, we proposed a new health risk-oriented approach, the gist of which is a classification of effects depending on whether a binary combined toxicity's type remains virtually the same or appears to be either more or less adverse when modeled against the background of a third toxic. To explore possibilities of this approach, we used results of an experiment in which rats had been injected ip 3 times a week (up to 20 injections) with a water solution of either one of the toxics (Mn, Ni or Cr-VI salts) in a dose equivalent to 0.05 LD50, or any two of them, or all the three in the same doses, the controls receiving injections of the same volume of distilled water (4mL per rat). Judging by more than 30 indices for the organism's status, all exposures caused subchronic intoxication of mild to moderate strength. For each two-factorial exposure, we found by mathematical modeling based on the isobolograms that the binary combined subchronic toxicity either was of additive type or departed from it (predominantly toward subadditivity) depending on the effect assessed, dose, and effect level. For the three-factorial combination, different classes of effects were observed rather consistently: class A - those regarding which the third toxic's addition made the binary toxicity type more unfavorable for the organism, class B - those regarding which the result was opposite, and class C - those regarding which the type of binary combined toxicity on the background of a third toxic virtually remained the same as in its absence. We found a complicated reciprocal influence of combined metals on their retention in kidneys, liver, spleen and brain which might presumably be one of the possible mechanisms of combined toxicity, but the lack of an explicit correspondence between the above influence and the influence on toxicity effects suggests that this mechanism is not always the most important one. The relevance of the proposed classification to health risk analysis and management is briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia. Electronic address: bkaznelson@etel.ru.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Katsnelson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Ecology, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Panov
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Ilzira A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Minigaliyeva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Ecology, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Anatoly N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Varaksin
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Larisa I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Privalova
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Tatyana V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Slyshkina
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Svetlana V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Grebenkina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002857:Chromium / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009532:Nickel / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011192:Potassium Dichromate / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D059550:Toxicity Tests, Subchronic; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; C022838:nickel chloride; D009532:Nickel; D011192:Potassium Dichromate
keywords: Chromium; Combined toxicity; Manganese; Nickel; Toxicokinetics