title: Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals vary in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete food and drug (cocaine and opioid) cues become more attractive, eliciting approach toward them, and more "wanted," in that they serve as more effective conditioned reinforcers, in some rats (sign-trackers, STs), than in others (goal-trackers, GTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We asked whether there is similar variation in the extent to which a cue associated with a drug from another class, nicotine, acquires incentive motivational properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure was used to identify rats that attribute incentive salience to a food cue (i.e., STs and GTs). We then measured the extent to which a cue (a light) paired with intravenous nicotine injections acquired two properties of an incentive stimulus: (1) the ability to elicit approach toward it, and (2) the ability to act as a conditioned reinforcer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to previous findings with food, cocaine, and opioid cues, we found that the nicotine cue was equally attractive in STs and GTs, eliciting dose-dependent approach behavior in both. However, the nicotine cue was a more effective conditioned reinforcer in STs than in GTs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest the dissociation between these two measures of incentive salience attribution may be related to the fact that when present (as in the test of Pavlovian approach), nicotine can act as a potent "incentive amplifier," and by this action, nicotine may render cues especially salient for all animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology (Biopsychology Program), The University of Michigan, East Hall, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yager
authors.forename: Terry E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D003463:Cues; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005502:Food; D006040:Goals; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine