title: Bi-component T2 * analysis of bound and pore bone water fractions fails at high field strengths.
abstract: Osteoporosis involves the degradation of the bone's trabecular architecture, cortical thinning and enlargement of cortical pores. Increased cortical porosity is a major cause of the decreased strength of osteoporotic bone. The majority of cortical pores, however, are below the resolution limit of MRI. Recent work has shown that porosity can be evaluated by MRI-based quantification of bone water. Bi-exponential T2 * fitting and adiabatic inversion preparation are the two most common methods purported to distinguish bound and pore water in order to quantify matrix density and porosity. To assess the viability of T2 * bi-component analysis as a method for the quantification of bound and pore water fractions, we applied this method to human cortical bone at 1.5, 3, 7 and 9.4 T, and validated the resulting pool fractions against micro-computed tomography-derived porosity and gravimetrically determined bone densities. We also investigated alternative methods: two-dimensional T1 -T2 * bi-component fitting by incorporation of saturation recovery, one- and two-dimensional fitting of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) echo amplitudes, and deuterium inversion recovery. The short-T2 * pool fraction was moderately correlated with porosity (R(2)  = 0.70) and matrix density (R(2)  = 0.63) at 1.5 T, but the strengths of these associations were found to diminish rapidly as the field strength increased, falling below R(2)  = 0.5 at 3 T. The addition of the T1 dimension to bi-component analysis only slightly improved the strengths of these correlations. T2 *-based bi-component analysis should therefore be used with caution. The performance of deuterium inversion recovery at 9.4 T was also poor (R(2)  = 0.50 vs porosity and R(2)  = 0.46 vs matrix density). The CPMG-derived short-T2 fraction at 9.4 T, however, was highly correlated with porosity (R(2)  = 0.87) and matrix density (R(2)  = 0.88), confirming the utility of this method for independent validation of bone water pools.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: NMR Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wehrli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Felix W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Wehrli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016062:Porosity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013977:Tibia / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: MRI; NMR; bi-component analysis; bone; bone water; bound water; pore water; relaxation