title: Gender differences in the roles of religion and locus of control on alcohol use and smoking among African Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spiritual health locus of control reflects a person's beliefs about the role of a higher power in one's health and can take an active or a passive perspective. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of active and passive spiritual health locus of control beliefs on select health risk behaviors--alcohol use and smoking--in a national sample of African Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national U.S. probability sample of study participants (N = 2,370; 906 men; 1,464 women) completed a telephone survey assessing religious involvement, active and passive spiritual health locus of control beliefs, and alcohol consumption and smoking status. Because of previous research suggesting gender-specific associations among these variables, moderation analyses were conducted separately for men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For women, higher religious behaviors were associated with less alcohol use, and this effect was more pronounced among those high in active spiritual health locus of control. For men, the combination of lower religious beliefs and higher passive spiritual health locus of control was associated with more alcohol consumption and more days of consuming five or more alcoholic drinks. No moderation effects were found for smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified unique patterns of religious involvement and spiritual health locus of control beliefs that are associated with alcohol use, including heavy drinking, among African Americans. These findings have implications for pastoral counseling and other faith-based approaches for addressing heavy drinking in African Americans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Eddie M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012067:Religion; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States