title: Recent advances in re-engineered liver: de-cellularization and re-cellularization techniques.
abstract: Allogeneic transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease but is limited by donor shortage and very high cost. Through de-cellularization and re-cellularization methods, re-engineered liver may provide a promising alternative for treating patients with end-stage liver disease. To achieve this, the prevention of the native extracellular matrix ultrastructure plays a central role in de-cellularization protocol; the re-seeding cell types, as well as re-seeding strategies, need more explorations in re-cellularization protocol. Some success of this approach has been published in a rat model; however, the re-engineered liver remains functional in vivo for only several hours, which suggests that the recent protocol may be far from the ideal target. This Review highlights the challenges still to be overcome and presents an overview and summary of methods of de-cellularization and re-cellularization strategies, together with a view on future directions that may lead to the regeneration of a functional liver.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ren
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Renji School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Qian
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiang-Tao
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Laboratory and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Liang
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ka-Te
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Qi
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Yue
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braddock
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Electronic address: zhengmh@wmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D014019:Tissue Donors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000639:trends*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
keywords: de-cellularization; extracellular matrix; organ engineering; re-cellularization