title: Challenging gait leads to stronger lower-limb kinematic synergies: The effects of walking within a more narrow pathway.
abstract: Previous studies using the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis demonstrated that during the swing phase of gait, multi-joint kinematic synergies act to stabilize, i.e., minimize the variance of, the mediolateral trajectory of the swinging limb. Importantly, these synergies are strongest during midswing, suggesting that during gait, individuals may employ strategies to avoid collisions between the limbs at this instance. The purpose of the current study was to test this hypothesis by quantifying whether the synergy index (ΔV) during the middle period of the swing phase of treadmill walking was affected when the width of the treadmill belt was narrowed, a task expected to increase the risk of limb collisions. Eleven healthy young adults walked on a dual-belt treadmill under two conditions: (1) dual-belt - both belts of the treadmill moved at 1.2 m/s (total width: 62.5 cm) and the subject walked with one foot on each of the moving belts and (2) single-belt - one treadmill belt moved at 1.2m/s while the other belt remained stationary and the subject walked with both feet on the moving belt (total width: 30.5 cm). During both conditions, motion capture recorded the positions of 22 passive reflective markers from which UCM analysis was used to quantify ΔV in the joint configuration space. Results indicate that ΔV during the middle-third of swing phase significantly increased by 20% during single-belt walking (p<.01). We interpret this as evidence that the stronger synergies at midswing are needed to stabilize the limb trajectory in order to reduce the risk of between-limb collisions during a period when the lower limbs are nearest each other in the frontal plane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St. MC 994, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine's Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research (CLEAR), Rosalind Franklin Univeristy of Medicine and Science, 3333 Greenbay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA. Electronic address: noah.rosenblatt@rosalindfranklin.edu.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 268N Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: mll11@psu.edu.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Latash
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 2nd Avenue South, SHPB 360X, Birmingham, AL 35294-1212, USA. Electronic address: cphurt@uab.edu.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St. MC 994, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address: grabiner@uic.edu.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Grabiner
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Frontal plane; Swing limb control; Synergy; Uncontrolled manifold analysis