title: Ventilatory abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing the submaximal treadmill exercise test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise has been studied as a prognostic marker for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as a tool for improving their quality of life and analyzing lung disease. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare variables of lung functioning. Our data included: (i) volumetric capnography (VCAP) parameters: expiratory minute volume (VE), volume of exhaled carbon dioxide (VCO2), VE/VCO2, ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2); (ii) spirometry parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC), percent forced expiratory volume in the first second of the FVC (FEV1%), and FEV1/FVC%; and (iii) cardiorespiratory parameters: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), and Borg scale rating at rest and during exercise. The subjects comprised children, adolescents, and young adults aged 6-25 years with CF (CF group [CFG]) and without CF (control group [CG]).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a clinical, prospective, controlled study involving 128 male and female patients (64 with CF) of a university hospital. All patients underwent treadmill exercise tests and provided informed consent after study approval by the institutional ethics committee. Linear regression, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test were performed to compare the CFG and CG. The α value was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the CFG showed significantly different VCAP values and spirometry variables throughout the exercise test. Before, during, and after exercise, several variables were different between the two groups; statistically significant differences were seen in the spirometry parameters, SpO2, HR, VCO2, VE/VCO2, PetCO2, and Borg scale rating. VCAP variables changed at each time point analyzed during the exercise test in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VCAP can be used to analyze ventilatory parameters during exercise. All cardiorespiratory, spirometry, and VCAP variables differed between patients in the CFG and CG before, during, and after exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. paloma.francisco@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Paloma Lopes Francisco
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Parazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. fernandolimamarson@hotmail.com.|Department of Medical Genetics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. fernandolimamarson@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernando Augusto de Lima
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. ribeiromago@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Angela Gonçalves de Oliveira
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. ccb.almeida@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Celize Cruz Bresciani
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hospital, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. lclaudio@fcm.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Luiz Cláudio
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medics of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Ilma@mpc.com.br.
authors.forename: Ilma Aparecida
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Paschoal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. dalbotoro@terra.com.br.
authors.forename: Adyleia Aparecida Dalbo Contrera
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.affiliation: State University of Santa Catarina, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Coqueiros, 88080-350, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. cacaiss@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Camila Isabel Santos
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Schivinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, State University of Campinas, Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil. jdirceuribeiro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jose Dirceu
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019296:Capnography; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide