title: Low-temperature solution-processed tin oxide as an alternative electron transporting layer for efficient perovskite solar cells.
abstract: Lead halide perovskite solar cells with the high efficiencies typically use high-temperature processed TiO2 as the electron transporting layers (ETLs). Here, we demonstrate that low-temperature solution-processed nanocrystalline SnO2 can be an excellent alternative ETL material for efficient perovskite solar cells. Our best-performing planar cell using such a SnO2 ETL has achieved an average efficiency of 16.02%, obtained from efficiencies measured from both reverse and forward voltage scans. The outstanding performance of SnO2 ETLs is attributed to the excellent properties of nanocrystalline SnO2 films, such as good antireflection, suitable band edge positions, and high electron mobility. The simple low-temperature process is compatible with the roll-to-roll manufacturing of low-cost perovskite solar cells on flexible substrates.
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.|‡Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States.
authors.forename: Weijun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guojia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liangbin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pingli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Borui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: †Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States.
authors.forename: Yanfa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan