title: Effects of 3,5-Diiodotyrosine and Potassium Iodide on Thyroid Function and Oxidative Stress in Iodine-Excess Wistar Rats.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of organic iodine (3,5-diiodotyrosine, DIT) and inorganic iodine (potassium iodine, KI) on thyroid function and oxidative stress in iodine-excess Wistar rats. Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups: normal control (NC), thyroid tablet-induced hyperthyroidism model (HM), low DIT (L-DIT), medium DIT (M-DIT), high DIT (H-DIT), low KI (L-KI), medium KI (M-KI), and high KI (H-KI). All rats were fed ad libitum for 30 days. Morphological changes in the thyroid, absolute and relative weights of the thyroid, thyroid function markers free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), urinary iodine level, and oxidative stress indicators were measured. Compared to the HM groups, the FT3 and FT4 levels decreased in the L-DIT groups; the thyroid weight and thyroid weight/body weight values decreased markedly in the L-DIT and M-DIT groups; serum superoxide dismutase/malondialdehyde increased markedly; glutathione peroxidase activity increased markedly in the L-DIT groups; and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly in the M-DIT groups. However, the FT3 and FT4 levels decreased and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in the DIT groups compared to their corresponding KI groups. Additionally, urinary iodine levels increased significantly in both DIT and KI groups, while the highest urinary iodine excretion was showed in the DIT groups among groups. When the addition of iodine with the same doses in iodine-excess rats, although neither DIT nor KI normalized iodine levels in the iodine-excess rats, the DIT did less damage than did KI to thyroid follicular cells. Therefore, DIT rather than KI had a protective effect by balancing the antioxidant system when exposed to supraphysiological iodine. These suggest that DIT may be used as a new alternative iodized salt in the universal salt iodization to avoid the potential damage of surplus KI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China. xinyingll@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xinying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shandong food and drug administration, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Fugui
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institution of Biomedicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China. wangxiaes@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D004105:Diiodotyrosine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007455:Iodine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011193:Potassium Iodide / Q000737:chemistry*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects*; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D011193:Potassium Iodide; D004105:Diiodotyrosine; D007455:Iodine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: 3,5-diiodotyrosine; Hyperthyroidism thyroid; Potassium iodide