title: Monitoring of phthalates in foodstuffs using gas purge microsyringe extraction coupled with GC-MS.
abstract: Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly used as nonreactive plasticisers in vinyl plastics to increase the flexibility of plastic polymers. Numerous studies have indicated that the PAEs as a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In addition, the studies have also shown that a major source of human exposure to phthalates is the diet. To date, the largest problem in PAEs analysis is the high blank value because PAEs are widely used in various applications and products. To overcome this shortcoming, gas purge microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) was applied, which established a new and low-blank-value analytical method for PAE analysis to analyse PAEs in foodstuffs. In this study, GP-MSE was used as a clean-up method, and the overall recoveries ranged from 85.7 to 102.6%, and the RSD was less than 10%. More importantly, this method can overcome the problem of the high blank value in PAE analysis. This method was applied for measuring PAEs in 78 foodstuffs. The results showed that a wide variety of PAE concentrations were found in the different groups, and the content of PAEs (varies from 658 to 1610 ng g(-1) fresh weight) is greatest in seafood. The concentrations were in the following order: DEHP>DBP>DEP≈DMP>BBP≈DNOP. Finally, the daily intake of PAEs was estimated for adults based on the levels of PAEs in foodstuffs. The total EDIdiet values of 3.2 and 12.9 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1) were calculated for DEHP based on the mean and highest concentrations in foodstuffs, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Xiangai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Xiangfan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
authors.forename: Tie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: SAFE - Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, I-71100 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quinto
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China. Electronic address: dhli@ybu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Donghao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Foodstuffs; GC–MS; Gas purge microsyringe extraction; Liquid phase microextraction; Phthalate esters