title: Origin and Population Dynamics of a Novel HIV-1 Subtype G Clade Circulating in Cape Verde and Portugal.
abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype G is the most prevalent and second most prevalent HIV-1 clade in Cape Verde and Portugal, respectively; but there is no information about the origin and spatiotemporal dispersal pattern of this HIV-1 clade circulating in those countries. To this end, we used Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian coalescent-based methods to analyze a collection of 578 HIV-1 subtype G pol sequences sampled throughout Portugal, Cape Verde and 11 other countries from West and Central Africa over a period of 22 years (1992 to 2013). Our analyses indicate that most subtype G sequences from Cape Verde (80%) and Portugal (95%) branched together in a distinct monophyletic cluster (here called G(CV-PT)). The G(CV-PT) clade probably emerged after a single migration of the virus out of Central Africa into Cape Verde between the late 1970s and the middle 1980s, followed by a rapid dissemination to Portugal a couple of years later. Reconstruction of the demographic history of the G(CV-PT) clade circulating in Cape Verde and Portugal indicates that this viral clade displayed an initial phase of exponential growth during the 1980s and 1990s, followed by a decline in growth rate since the early 2000s. Our data also indicate that during the exponential growth phase the G(CV-PT) clade recombined with a preexisting subtype B viral strain circulating in Portugal, originating the CRF14_BG clade that was later disseminated to Spain and Cape Verde. Historical and recent human population movements between Angola, Cape Verde and Portugal probably played a key role in the origin and dispersal of the G(CV-PT )and CRF14_BG clades.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde, Praia, Santiago, Cabo Verde.
authors.forename: Isabel Inês M
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: de Pina-Araujo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delatorre
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monick L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariza G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bello
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D055726:Cabo Verde / Q000453:epidemiology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013997:Time Factors