title: The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: a new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a subjective, self-report, sleep-screening questionnaire for elite athletes. This paper describes the development of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 60 elite athletes was randomly distributed into two groups; 30 athletes completed a survey composed of current psychometric tools, and 30 athletes completed a revised survey and a sleep specialist structured clinical interview. An item analysis was performed on the revised survey with comparison to clinical decisions regarding appropriate intervention based on a sleep specialist assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of existing sleep-screening tools with determination of clinical need from a sleep specialist showed low consistency, indicating that current sleep-screening tools are unsuitable for assessing athlete sleep. A new 15-item tool was developed (ASSQ) by selecting items from existing tools that more closely associated with the sleep specialist's reviews. Based on test-retest percentage agreement and the κ-statistic, we found good internal consistency and reliability of the ASSQ. To date, 349 athletes have been screened, and 46 (13.2%) identified as requiring follow-up consultation with a sleep specialist. Results from the follow-up consultations demonstrated that those athletes identified by the ASSQ as abnormal sleepers have required intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research developed a new athlete-specific sleep-screening questionnaire. Our findings suggest that existing sleep-screening tools are unsuitable for assessing sleep in elite athletes. The ASSQ appears to be more accurate in assessing athlete sleep (based on comparison with expert clinical assessment). The ASSQ can be deployed online and provides clinical cut-off scores associated with specific clinical interventions to guide management of athletes' sleep disturbance. The next phase of the research is to conduct a series of studies comparing results from the ASSQ to blinded clinical reviews and to data from objective sleep monitoring to further establish the validity of the ASSQ as a reliable sleep screening tool for elite athletes.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Chiropractic, D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Meeuwisse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Athlete; Questionnaire; Recovery; Sleep