title: Haematuria as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression in glomerular diseases: A review.
abstract: Haematuria has long been considered to be a benign condition associated with glomerular diseases. However, new evidences suggest that haematuria has a pathogenic role in promoting kidney disease progression. An increased risk for end-stage renal disease has been reported in adolescents and young adults with persistent microscopic haematuria. A persistent impairment of renal function has been also reported following macroscopic haematuria-associated acute kidney injury in immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Haematuria-induced renal damage has been related to oxidant, cytotoxic and inflammatory effects induced by haemoglobin or haem released from red blood cells. The pathophysiological origin of haematuria may be due to a more fragile and easily ruptured glomerular filtration barrier, as reported in several glomerular diseases. In this review we describe a number of the key issues associated with the epidemiology and pathogenesis of haematuria-associated diseases, provide an update of recent knowledge on the role of haematuria on renal function outcome and discuss specific therapeutic approaches in this setting. KEY SUMMARY POINTS: 1. Glomerular haematuria is a common observation in a number of renal diseases that may lead to persistent renal injury. 2. Haematuria in children differs from that in adults in specific aspects, particularly in the frequency of glomerular diseases and renal disease outcome. 3. Regular follow-up of renal function in children with isolated microhaematuria may be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain. jamoreno@fjd.es.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Gregorio Marañon Hospital, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yuste
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, 12 de Octubre Hospital, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, 12 de Octubre Hospital, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel M
authors.initials: ÁM
authors.lastname: Sevillano
authors.affiliation: Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubio-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Amaro-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, 12 de Octubre Hospital, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Praga
authors.affiliation: Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.|Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; Glomerulonephritis; Haematuria; Red blood cells