title: Distinct regulation of hypothalamic and brown/beige adipose tissue activities in human obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The identification of brown/beige adipose tissue in adult humans has motivated the search for methods aimed at increasing its thermogenic activity as an approach to treat obesity. In rodents, the brown adipose tissue is under the control of sympathetic signals originating in the hypothalamus. However, the putative connection between the depots of brown/beige adipocytes and the hypothalamus in humans has never been explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of the hypothalamus and brown/beige adipose tissue to cold stimulus in obese subjects undergoing body mass reduction following gastric bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated twelve obese, non-diabetic subjects undergoing Roux-in-Y gastric bypass and 12 lean controls. Obese subjects were evaluated before and approximately 8 months after gastric bypass. Lean subjects were evaluated only at admission. Subjects were evaluated for hypothalamic activity in response to cold by functional magnetic resonance, whereas brown/beige adipose tissue activity was evaluated using a (F 18) fluorodeoxyglucose positron emisson tomography/computed tomography scan and real-time PCR measurement of signature genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass reduction resulted in a significant increase in brown/beige adipose tissue activity in response to cold; however, no change in cold-induced hypothalamic activity was observed after body mass reduction. No correlation was found between brown/beige adipose tissue activation and hypothalamus activity in obese subjects or in lean controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In humans, the increase in brown/beige adipose tissue activity related to body mass reduction occurs independently of changes in hypothalamic activity as determined by functional magnetic resonance.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rachid
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Sande-Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodovalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Folli
authors.affiliation: Neurophysics Group, Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Beltramini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morari
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bombassaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tincani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaim
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.|Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pareja
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-4578
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Geloneze
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9336-9568
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: M J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Velloso
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D022722:Thermogenesis; D013851:Thinness / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18