title: Neurocognitive subtypes of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To empirically identify schizophrenia neurocognitive subtypes and establish their association with clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sustained attention, executive function, facial emotion recognition, verbal learning, and working memory tests were applied to 253 subjects with schizophrenia. We identified neurocognitive subtypes by a latent class analysis of the tests results. After, we made a search for the association of these subtypes with clinic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified four neurocognitive subtypes: 1) &#8220;Global cognitive deficit&#8221;, 2) &#8220;Memory and executive function deficit&#8221;, 3) &#8220;Memory and facial emotion recognition deficit,&#8221; and 4) &#8220;Without cognitive deficit.&#8221; In comparison with the subtype &#8220;without cognitive deficit,&#8221; we found that the &#8220;memory and executive function deficit subtype&#8221; and the &#8220;global cognitive deficit subtype&#8221; had a higher frequency of male, unemployed, severe impairment, and adherence to treatment participants. However, in the &#8220;global cognitive deficit subtype&#8221; the differences were higher and there was also a lower frequency of past major depressive episodes (OR 0.39; 95%CI: 0.16 to 0.97). The &#8220;memory and facial recognition deficit subtype&#8221; had a higher probability of severe impairment (OR 5.52; 95%CI: 1.89 to 16.14) and unemployed (OR 2.43; 95%CI: 1.06 to 5.55) participants, but also a lower probability of past depressive episodes (OR 0.21; 95%CI: 0.07 to 0.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the existence of four neurocognitive subtypes in schizophrenia with a spectrum of dysfunction and severity. We found higher dysfunction in those with worse cognitive dysfunction, and higher affective psychopathology and less treatment adherence in those with less cognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.affiliation: Grupo Biología y Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
authors.forename: María V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Ocampo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Botero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Losada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ospina-Duque
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palacio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: C Arango
authors.affiliation: Área de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Acevedo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D055815:Young Adult