title: Examination of weekly mammary parenchymal area by ultrasound, mammary mass, and composition in Holstein heifers reared on 1 of 3 diets from birth to 2 months of age.
abstract: Monitoring in vivo growth of mammary parenchyma (PAR) has historically been difficult, necessitating slaughter studies to measure PAR quantity. Advances in ultrasound (US) technology warrant revisiting its use as a noninvasive tool to monitor PAR growth in vivo. The level of nutrient intake during the first 2mo of life may affect measures of mammary growth and composition. Objectives were to examine the utility of US as an in vivo tool to quantify PAR cross-sectional area in Holstein heifers reared on 1 of 3 diets from birth to 2mo of age, assessing potential dietary effects; assess the relationships between weekly US measurements, teat length, manual palpation of PAR scores, and PAR mass at 2mo of age; and examine mammary composition in experimental animals. Holstein heifers (n=24; 41±1kg of initial body weight) from a single farm were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 milk replacers that differed in source and amount of fat. Milk replacer was fed at 660g of dry matter/d until weaning at 42 d. Heifers had ad libitum access to a common calf starter (20% crude protein) and water for the duration of the 56-d trial. Teat length and palpation scores were obtained weekly. A real-time B-mode US with a 7.5-MHz convex probe was used to examine 2-dimensional PAR area in all 4 glands of heifers once weekly from 2 to 3 d of age to harvest at 56 d. The left front and left rear glands were also examined by US 24h postharvest to validate final US measurements, and then bisected to produce a sagittal plane view of PAR for comparison with US images. Mass and composition of mammary gland tissue were determined at 8 wk using standard methodology. Over the course of this 8-wk trial, average teat length increased from 11 to 17mm. The PAR area started small (6.6±3.2mm(2) per gland) and increased to 42.1±2.5mm(2) per gland by the end of the trial. As anticipated, based on measurements obtained at slaughter, US measurements were more related to amount of PAR (r=0.74) than either teat length (r=0.34) or palpation scoring (r=0.63). Importantly, US is quantitative, whereas palpation scoring is subjective. Diet did not affect mass or composition of PAR in young heifers; total udder PAR mass averaged 1.40±0.80g. In conclusion, we showed that in heifers younger than 2mo of age, obtaining weekly PAR measurements via ultrasound is an effective quantitative tool for measuring changes in PAR area in vivo. Future studies may incorporate and expand upon the methods developed here to determine what quantitative evaluation of PAR in young heifers can reveal about milk production capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Esselburn
authors.affiliation: Nurture Research Center, Provimi North America, Brookville, OH 45309.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Nurture Research Center, Provimi North America, Brookville, OH 45309.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Fluharty
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: O'Diam
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691. Electronic address: danielsk@vt.edu.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Daniels
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: dairy heifer; mammary; ultrasound