title: The Developmental Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Harmful Drinking in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Peers and Parents.
abstract: Depressive symptoms have been linked to the development of harmful drinking in adolescence but it remains unclear to what extent this effect continues into emerging adulthood. Deviant peers represent a risk factor while parental monitoring is a protective factor for harmful drinking. The study explored the relationship between depressive symptoms and harmful drinking between early adolescence and emerging adulthood. We also assessed to what extent this relationship is mediated by the influence of deviant peers and whether parental monitoring weakens this process. The sample consisted of 2964 adolescents (64 % females) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study assessed between the ages of 14 and 19. Using structural equation modelling, we found that affiliation with deviant peers mediated the association between depressive symptoms and harmful drinking after adjustment for socio-demographic variables, parental drinking and depression, teenager's sex, conduct problems as well as drinking and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. We also found that parental control and solicitation reduced the influence of deviant peers on harmful drinking. The results indicate that prevention programs should offer adolescents training for peer resistance training and monitoring skills training for parents may have a long-term effect at weakening peer influences on harmful drinking.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Institute for Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK, f.pesola@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pesola
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munafò
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hickman
authors.forename: Marianne B M
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: van den Bree
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012650:Self Disclosure; D055815:Young Adult