title: Noradrenaline and dopamine neurons in the reward/effort trade-off: a direct electrophysiological comparison in behaving monkeys.
abstract: Motivation determines multiple aspects of behavior, including action selection and energization of behavior. Several components of the underlying neural systems have been examined closely, but the specific role of the different neuromodulatory systems in motivation remains unclear. Here, we compare directly the activity of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta and noradrenergic neurons from the locus coeruleus in monkeys performing a task manipulating the reward/effort trade-off. Consistent with previous reports, dopaminergic neurons encoded the expected reward, but we found that they also anticipated the upcoming effort cost in connection with its negative influence on action selection. Conversely, the firing of noradrenergic neurons increased with both pupil dilation and effort production in relation to the energization of behavior. Therefore, this work underlines the contribution of dopamine to effort-based decision making and uncovers a specific role of noradrenaline in energizing behavior to face challenges.
authors.affiliation: Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France, Frontières du Vivant, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France, and.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-9866
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Varazzani
authors.affiliation: Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: San-Galli
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Neuroscience of Paris IHU-A-ICM, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gilardeau
authors.affiliation: Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France, sebastien.bouret@icm-institute.org.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-6161
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouret
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003657:Decision Making; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D005133:Eye Movements; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology
keywords: choice; decision; locus coeruleus; motivation; pupil; substantia nigra