title: Hemoglobin detection using carbon dots as a fluorescence probe.
abstract: Herein, we have described the application of high fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) without any surface modification as a simple and fast responding fluorescence probe for sensitive and selective determination of hemoglobin (Hb) in the presence of H2O2. Although Hb itself was able to quench the fluorescence of CDs, based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of the protein that affects both excitation and emission spectra of CDs, the presence of H2O2 resulted in further improvement of the sensitivity of Hb detection. The assay is based on the reaction of Hb with H2O2 that generates reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl (OH•) and superoxide (O2(•-)) radicals under heme degradation and/or iron release from Hb and the subsequent reaction of hydroxyl radicals, as strong oxidizing agents, with CDs resulting in high fluorescence quenching. The proposed probe was used for determination of Hb in concentration range of 1-100 nM with a detection limit of 0.4 nM. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Hb in human blood samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barati
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Electronic address: mshamsipur@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamsipur
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Electronic address: abd@iasbs.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D045663:Quantum Dots; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D002244:Carbon; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Carbon dots; Fluorescence probe; Free radicals; Hemoglobin; Inner filter effect