title: A localized Richardson-Lucy algorithm for fiber orientation estimation in high angular resolution diffusion imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diffusion tensor imaging is widely used for studying neural fiber trajectories in white matter and for quantifying changes in tissue using diffusion properties at each voxel in the brain. To better model the nature of crossing fibers within complex architectures, rather than using a simplified tensor model that assumes only a single fiber direction at each image voxel, a model mixing multiple diffusion tensors is used to profile diffusion signals from high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data. Based on the HARDI signal and a multiple tensors model, spherical deconvolution methods have been developed to overcome the limitations of the diffusion tensor model when resolving crossing fibers. The Richardson-Lucy algorithm is a popular spherical deconvolution method used in previous work. However, it is based on a Gaussian distribution, while HARDI data are always very noisy, and the distribution of HARDI data follows a Rician distribution. This current work aims to present a novel solution to address these issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  By simultaneously considering both the Rician bias and neighbor correlation in HARDI data, the authors propose a localized Richardson-Lucy (LRL) algorithm to estimate fiber orientations for HARDI data. The proposed method can simultaneously reduce noise and correct the Rician bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean angular error (MAE) between the estimated Fiber orientation distribution (FOD) field and the reference FOD field was computed to examine whether the proposed LRL algorithm offered any advantage over the conventional RL algorithm at various levels of noise. Normalized mean squared error (NMSE) was also computed to measure the similarity between the true FOD field and the estimated FOD filed. For MAE comparisons, the proposed LRL approach obtained the best results in most of the cases at different levels of SNR and b-values. For NMSE comparisons, the proposed LRL approach obtained the best results in most of the cases at b-value = 3000 s/mm(2), which is the recommended schema for HARDI data acquisition. In addition, the FOD fields estimated by the proposed LRL approach in regions of fiber crossing regions using real data sets also showed similar fiber structures which agreed with common acknowledge in these regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel spherical deconvolution method for improved accuracy in investigating crossing fibers can simultaneously reduce noise and correct Rician bias. With the noise smoothed and bias corrected, this algorithm is especially suitable for estimation of fiber orientations in HARDI data. Experimental results using both synthetic and real imaging data demonstrated the success and effectiveness of the proposed LRL algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
authors.forename: Xiaozheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
authors.forename: Zhenming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Provence, Hangzhou 310012, China.
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: MRI Unit and Epidemiology Division, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NYSPI Unit 24, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032.
authors.forename: Dongrong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans