title: Consumption of fruits and vegetables and probabilistic assessment of the cumulative acute exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides of schoolchildren in Slovenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables is a part of recommendations for a healthy diet. The aim of the present study was to assess acute cumulative dietary exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides via fruit and vegetable consumption by the population of schoolchildren aged 11-12 years and the level of risk for their health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative probabilistic risk assessment methodology with the index compound approach was applied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Slovenia, primary schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schoolchildren (n 1145) from thirty-one primary schools in Slovenia. Children were part of the PRO GREENS study 2009/10 which assessed 11-year-olds' consumption of fruit and vegetables in ten European countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative acute exposure amounted to 8.3 (95% CI 7.7, 10.6) % of the acute reference dose (ARfD) for acephate as index compound (100 µg/kg body weight per d) at the 99.9th percentile for daily intake and to 4.5 (95% CI 3.5, 4.7) % of the ARfD at the 99.9th percentile for intakes during school time and at lunch. Apples, bananas, oranges and lettuce contributed most to the total acute pesticides intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimations showed that acute dietary exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides is not a health concern for schoolchildren with the assessed dietary patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption.
authors.affiliation: 1National Institute of Public Health,Trubarjeva 2,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenija.
authors.forename: Urška
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Blaznik
authors.affiliation: 2The School of Hospitality,Culinary Arts and Meal Science,Örebro University,Örebro,Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yngve
authors.affiliation: 1National Institute of Public Health,Trubarjeva 2,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenija.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eržen
authors.affiliation: 1National Institute of Public Health,Trubarjeva 2,1000 Ljubljana,Slovenija.
authors.forename: Cirila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hlastan Ribič
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012574:Schools; D017524:Slovenia; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Cumulative exposure assessment; Fruit and vegetables; Pesticides; Slovenia