title: BPA qualtitative and quantitative assessment associated with orthodontic bonding in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the in vivo amount of BPA released from a visible light-cured orthodontic adhesive, immediately after bracket bonding.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 orthodontic patients were recruited after obtaining informed consent. All patients received 24 orthodontic brackets in both dental arches. In Group A (11 patients), 25 ml of tap water were used for mouth rinsing, whereas in Group B (9 patients) a simulated mouth rinse formulation was used: a mixture of 20 ml de-ionized water plus 5 ml absolute ethanol. Rinsing solutions were collected before, immediately after placing the orthodontic appliances and after washing out the oral cavity and were then stored in glass tubes. Rinsing was performed in a single phase for 60s with the entire volume of each liquid. The BPA analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in BPA concentration immediately after the 1st post-bonding rinse was observed, for both rinsing media, which was reduced after the 2nd post-bonding rinse. Water exhibited higher levels of BPA concentration than water/ethanol after 1st and 2nd post-bonding rinses. Two-way mixed Repeated Measures ANOVA showed that the primary null hypothesis declaring mean BPA concentration to be equal across rinsing medium and rinsing status was rejected (p-value <0.001). The main effects of the rinsing medium and status, as well as their interaction were found to be statistically significant (p-values 0.048, <0.001 and 0.011 respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant pattern of increase of BPA concentration, followed by a decrease that reached the initial values was observed. The amount of BPA was relatively low and far below the reference limits of tolerable daily intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; 251 Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kloukos
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Iosif
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sifakakis
authors.affiliation: Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voutsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Doulis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Katsaros
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, Zurich 8032, Switzerland. Electronic address: theodore.eliades@zzm.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D000431:Ethanol; D008689:Methacrylates; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010636:Phenols; D019279:Resin Cements; C454540:Scotchbond etchant; C477790:Transbond XT; C458821:Transbond moisture-insensitive primer; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol-A (BPA); Orthodontic bracket bonding