title: Effect of Ti:sapphire laser on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to ceramic surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With increasing demand for orthodontic treatments in adults, orthodontists continue to debate the optimal way to prepare ceramic surfaces for bonding. This study evaluated the effects of a Ti:sapphire laser on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to two ceramic surfaces (feldspathic and IPS Empress e-Max) and the results were compared with those using two other lasers (Er:YAG and Nd:YAG) and 'conventional' techniques, i.e., sandblasting (50 µm) and hydrofluoric (HF) acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 150 ceramic discs were prepared and divided into two groups. In each group, the following five subgroups were prepared: Ti:sapphire laser, Nd:YAG laser, Er:YAG laser, sandblasting, and HF acid. Mandibular incisor brackets were bonded using a light-cured adhesive. The samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C and then thermocycled. Extra samples were prepared and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SBS testing was performed and failure modes were classified. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests were used to compare SBS among the five subgroups (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feldspathic and IPS Empress e-Max ceramics had similar SBS values. The Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser (16.76 ± 1.37 MPa) produced the highest mean bond strength, followed by sandblasting (12.79 ± 1.42 MPa) and HF acid (11.28 ± 1.26 MPa). The Er:YAG (5.43 ± 1.21 MPa) and Nd:YAG laser (5.36 ± 1.04 MPa) groups were similar and had the lowest SBS values. More homogeneous and regular surfaces were observed in the ablation pattern with the Ti:sapphire laser than with the other treatments by SEM analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, Ti:sapphire laser- treated surfaces had the highest SBS values. Therefore, this technique may be useful for the pretreatment of ceramic surfaces as an alternative to 'conventional' techniques.
authors.affiliation: Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emire Aybuke
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Erdur
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Faruk Ayhan
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Basciftci
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011897:Random Allocation; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D003776:Dental Porcelain
keywords: Ti: sapphire laser; ceramic bonding; laser; orthodontic brackets; shear bond strength