title: Ceramics manufacturing contributes to ambient silica air pollution and burden of lung disease.
abstract: Inhalation of silica (SiO2) in occupational exposures can cause pulmonary fibrosis (silicosis), lung function deficits, pulmonary inflammation, and lung cancer. Current risk assessment models, however, cannot fully explain the magnitude of silica-induced pulmonary disease risk. The purpose of this study was to assess human health risk exposed to airborne silica dust in Taiwan ceramics manufacturing. We conducted measurements to characterize workplace-specific airborne silica dust in tile and commodity ceramic factories and used physiologically based alveolar exposure model to estimate exposure dose. We constructed dose-response models for describing relationships between exposure dose and inflammatory responses, by which health risks among workers can be assessed. We found that silica contents were 0.22-33.04 % with mean concentration ranges of 0.11-5.48 and 0.46-1763.30 μg m(-3), respectively, in commodity and tile ceramic factories. We showed that granulation workers in tile ceramic factory had the highest total SiO2 lung burden (∼1000 mg) with cumulative SiO2 lung burden of ∼4 × 10(4) mg-year. The threshold estimates with an effect on human lung inflammation and fibrosis are 407.31 ± 277.10 (mean ± sd) and 505.91 ± 231.69 mg, respectively. For granulation workers, long-term exposure to airborne silica dust for 30-45 years was likely to pose severe adverse health risks of inflammation and fibrosis. We provide integrated assessment algorithms required to implement the analyses and maintain resulting concentration of silica dust at safety threshold level in the hope that they will stimulate further analyses and interpretation. We suggest that decision-makers take action to implement platforms for effective risk management to prevent the related long-term occupational disease in ceramics manufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China. cmliao@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chung-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bo-Chun
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Hsien
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.|National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City, 22143, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nan-Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001822:Body Burden; D002516:Ceramics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D012829:Silicosis / Q000209:etiology; D013624:Taiwan; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D017132:Workplace / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Air pollution; Ceramics manufacturing; Lung; Risk assessment; Silica; Silicosis