title: International Children's Continence Society standardization report on urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this document created by the ICCS standardization subcommittee is to provide a uniform guideline on measurement, quality control and documentation of urodynamic studies in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This guideline was created using expert opinion and critical review of the published literature on urodynamic studies in children. Currently no standardized guideline or level 1 data exists on the proper technique for this subject matter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The document provides a throughout explanation on how to approach a child who presents with lower urinary tract dysfunction, whether it be of neurogenic, anatomic or functional origin. Formation of an urodynamic question after a comprehensive history and physical examination is paramount in selecting the urodynamic study(ies) that will be most appropriate for each child. Appropriate application of each test with careful consideration of the needs of the child and family will provide the most accurate and reproducible results. Recommendations on how to execute each of the components of an urodynamic study as well as interpretation are included in the document.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urodynamic studies have become a major tool in evaluating lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. There are many subtleties in performing these studies in children in juxtaposition to adults; therefore, adaptations specific to children must be made to achieve accurate and reproducible results. Uniformity in how the studies are conducted from center to center will allow for healthier transparency and enhanced comparison of results in both clinical and research situations.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rien J M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Drzewiecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenberg, Gothenberg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sillen
authors.affiliation: Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoebeke
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000592:standards; D014563:Urodynamics; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014572:Urology / Q000592:standards*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000592:standards
keywords: incontinence; lower urinary tract; pediatrics; standardization; urodynamics