title: Intrinsic host restrictions to HIV-1 and mechanisms of viral escape.
abstract: To replicate in their hosts, viruses have to navigate the complexities of the mammalian cell, co-opting mechanisms of cellular physiology while defeating restriction factors that are dedicated to halting their progression. Primate lentiviruses devote a relatively large portion of their coding capacity to counteracting restriction factors by encoding accessory proteins dedicated to neutralizing the antiviral function of these intracellular inhibitors. Research into the roles of the accessory proteins has revealed the existence of previously undetected intrinsic defenses, provided insight into the evolution of primate lentiviruses as they adapt to new species and uncovered new targets for the development of therapeutics. This Review discusses the biology of the restriction factors APOBEC3, SAMHD1 and tetherin and the viral accessory proteins that counteract them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Landau
mesh_terms: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000378:metabolism*; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D058507:Host Specificity; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D015703:Antigens, CD; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human; C502889:APOBEC3 proteins, human