title: Treatment of pediatric diarrhea: a simulated client study at private pharmacies of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In low- and middle-income countries such as India, private pharmacies play an important role in medical treatments, offering advice for common illnesses such as diarrhea and respiratory tract infections. There is a need to explore the details of the dispensing practices at the private pharmacies in low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study used simulated client methodology to assess the actual dispensing practices for patients with pediatric diarrhea at private pharmacies in an urban setting of an Indian province.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study identified 164 private pharmacies (84.10%) in the study setting that engaged in the practice of dispensing prescription drugs without prescriptions. Only about 40% asked clients if they had a prescription from a doctor. The average duration of consultations at the pharmacies was 1.3 minutes (range, 0.5-6 minutes). The dispensing of drugs was not in compliance with the recommended guidelines and regulations. The most commonly dispensed drugs were antibiotics (40.24%); of these, quinolones either alone or in combination with imidazoles were the most frequently dispensed. The other commonly dispensed drugs were antimotility drugs (31.10%) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (probiotics; 23.17%). The drugs were dispensed in inappropriate doses due to the absence of indications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overuse and misuse of all these prescription drugs dispensed by pharmacies pose significant issues, such as resistance, dangerous side effects, and high costs. At the same time, the pharmacies did not dispense recommended drugs such as oral rehydration solution and zinc, which they are authorized to dispense without a prescription.
authors.affiliation: R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. vishaldiwan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Diwan
authors.forename: Yogesh D
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Sabde
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Byström
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010594:Pharmacies; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents