title: Developing a community-led SMS reporting tool for the rapid assessment of lymphatic filariasis morbidity burden: case studies from Malawi and Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphoedema and hydrocoele are the two most common clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis (LF). In order to effectively target morbidity management strategies, more information is rapidly needed on morbidity burden across all endemic countries. The purpose of this study was to develop and test an SMS tool (MeasureSMS) which enables trained community-based health workers to report basic information on all cases they identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tool was trialled in Chikwawa district, Malawi and Ahanta West district, Ghana in 2014. Salaried health surveillance assistants (HSAs) identified and reported cases in Malawi whereas volunteer community health workers (CHWs) were used in Ghana. Health workers were trained in recognising lymphoedema and hydrocoeles and submitting individual case data using MeasureSMS, after which they undertook a LF morbidity survey. After the reporting period, a random sample of reported cases was visited by a physician to verify the health workers' diagnoses. The proportion of correctly diagnosed cases i.e. the positive predictive value (PPV) was then calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSAs in Malawi successfully reported 256 unique cases by SMS from 107 communities (166 hydrocoele, 88 lymphoedema, 2 with both), resulting in an estimated adult prevalence of 17.7 per 10,000 and 33.0 per 10,000 for lymphoedema and hydrocoele respectively. In Ghana, despite being less experienced in using SMS, CHWs successfully reported 360 unique cases by SMS from 33 communities (169 hydrocoele, 185 lymphoedema, 6 with both), resulting in an estimated adult prevalence of 76.9 per 10,000 and 70.5 per 10,000 adults for lymphoedema and hydrocoele respectively. The verification exercise resulted in a PPV for lymphoedema and hydrocoele diagnosis of 90 % (n = 42, 95 % CI 76.5 - 96.9) and 92 % (n = 49, 95 % CI 79.5 - 97.4) in Malawi and 94 % (n = 34, 95 % CI 78.9 %-99.0 %) and 47 % (n = 59, 35.1 %-61.7 %) in Ghana, indicating that non-invasive methods for diagnosing hydrocoeles needed to be further emphasised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concludes that given the appropriate education and tools, community-based health workers are exceptionally well-placed to participate in quantifying LF morbidity burden, and other NTDs with observable symptoms. This concept has the potential to enable national programmes to more effectively monitor their community impact in an efficient, timely and cost-effective way.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. michelle.stanton@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.affiliation: National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi. smkwanda@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Square Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Mkwanda
authors.affiliation: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. yadebrah@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alexander Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Debrah
authors.affiliation: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. lindrousy@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Batsa
authors.affiliation: National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana. nanakwadwo.biritwum@ghsmail.org.
authors.forename: Nana-Kwadwo
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Biritwum
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. hoerauf@microbiology-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoerauf
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. m.j.cliffe@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cliffe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. a.l.best1@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Tripod Software Ltd, Lancaster, UK. andy.molineux@tripodsoftware.co.uk.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molineux
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. louise.kelly-hope@lstmed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kelly-Hope
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003150:Community Health Workers / Q000523:psychology; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017216:Telemedicine; D055815:Young Adult