title: Water and other fluids in nephrolithiasis: State of the art and future challenges.
abstract: Adequate hydration, as to maintain urinary volume over 2 L/day, has long been considered as the cornerstone medical prescription for preventing nephrolithiasis. However, scientific evidence about what kind of water stone formers should drink and about the effects of other beverages on urinary stone risk factors is sometimes unclear. Moreover, the recommendation that water therapy prevents kidney stone recurrence relies on only one randomized controlled trial, even if more epidemiologic and basic science studies seem to support this assumption. Therefore, in this review we analyze current evidence that support water therapy in nephrolithiasis and we highlight the possible effects of different types of water and other beverages on lithogenic risk, giving some practical recommendations for what stone formers should be advised to prevent recurrence.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ticinesi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouvenne
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Loris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Parma , Parma , Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meschi
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Kidney stones; beverages; fruit juices; hydration; prevention; soft drinks; urinary volume; urolithiasis; water