title: Population dynamics of rhesus macaques and associated foamy virus in Bangladesh.
abstract: Foamy viruses are complex retroviruses that have been shown to be transmitted from nonhuman primates to humans. In Bangladesh, infection with simian foamy virus (SFV) is ubiquitous among rhesus macaques, which come into contact with humans in diverse locations and contexts throughout the country. We analyzed microsatellite DNA from 126 macaques at six sites in Bangladesh in order to characterize geographic patterns of macaque population structure. We also included in this study 38 macaques owned by nomadic people who train them to perform for audiences. PCR was used to analyze a portion of the proviral gag gene from all SFV-positive macaques, and multiple clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer long-term patterns of viral transmission. Analyses of SFV gag gene sequences indicated that macaque populations from different areas harbor genetically distinct strains of SFV, suggesting that geographic features such as forest cover play a role in determining the dispersal of macaques and SFV. We also found evidence suggesting that humans traveling the region with performing macaques likely play a role in the translocation of macaques and SFV. Our studies found that individual animals can harbor more than one strain of SFV and that presence of more than one SFV strain is more common among older animals. Some macaques are infected with SFV that appears to be recombinant. These findings paint a more detailed picture of how geographic and sociocultural factors influence the spectrum of simian-borne retroviruses.
authors.affiliation: Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mostafa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Feeroz
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Khanh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soliven
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Small
authors.affiliation: University of Washington , National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA ; Swedish Medical Center , Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreina Pacheco
authors.affiliation: University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: JoAnn L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamrul Hasan
authors.affiliation: University of Washington , National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Gunwha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Jahangirnagar University , Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rabiul Alam
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Dana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Eun-Gyung
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Lerche
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Ananias A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Matsen Iv
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Maxine L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Linial
authors.affiliation: University of Washington , National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones-Engel
keywords: Bangladesh; anthropogenic change; emerging infectious diseases; macaques; simian foamy virus