title: Building from a conceptual model of the resilience process during ageing, towards the Groningen Aging Resilience Inventory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and psychometrically test the Groningen Ageing Resilience Inventory.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ageing is a process that is often accompanied by functional limitation, disabilities and losses. Instead of focusing on these negative events of ageing, there are opportunities in focusing on adaptation mechanisms, like resilience, that are helpful to cope with those adversities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from 2011-2012. First, a conceptual model of resilience during the ageing process was constructed. Next, items were formulated that made up a comprehensive template questionnaire reflecting the model. Finally, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the construct validity and internal consistency of this template 16-item questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (N = 229) with a mean age of 71·5 years, completed the template 16-item Groningen Ageing Resilience Inventory, and performance based tests and psychological questionnaires. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a two factor solution of internal and external resources of resilience. Three items did not discriminate well between the two factors and were deleted, remaining a final 13-item questionnaire that shows evidence of good internal consistency. The direction and magnitude of the correlations with other measures support the construct validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Groningen Ageing Resilience Inventory is a useful instrument that can help nurses, other healthcare workers, researchers and providers of informal care to identify the internal and external resources of resilience in individuals and groups. In a multidisciplinary biopsychosocial approach this knowledge provides tools for empowering older patients in performing health promoting behaviors and self-care tasks.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Renske
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Abbema
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemiek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bielderman
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.|Centre for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Greef
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hobbelen
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing - Hanze University Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.|Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Centre for Rehabilitation, University Medical Centre Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van der Schans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011788:Quality of Life; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D020377:Self Efficacy
keywords: diagnostic tests; instrument development; nursing; older adults; psychometric testing; reliability; resilience; validity