title: Was it so bad? The role of retrospective memory in symptom reporting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrospective symptom reports are an important source of information in both laboratory and clinical settings. The present study investigated memory for experimentally induced pain and dyspnea in high and low habitual symptom reporters (HSR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy women (N = 48; 24 high/24 low HSR) participated in 2 laboratory studies. One study included 2 pain episodes (cold pressor task), the other study included 2 dyspnea episodes (rebreathing task). Pain and dyspnea ratings were collected (a) continuously during symptom inductions, (b) after each trial, (c) immediately after the experiment, and (d) at 2-week follow-up. Symptom ratings, negative affect (NA), and anxiety measures were also completed following each trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although the retrospective pain ratings were higher in the high compared with the low HSR group (p = .01), both groups rated recalled dyspnea higher relative to concurrent dyspnea (p < .001). A further increase in bias over time was only found for dyspnea in high HSR (p = .02). Moreover, dyspnea induction was associated with higher state NA (p = .03) and anxiety (p = .007) than pain induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that even though memory for pain and dyspnea is overall distorted, the extent of bias in symptom recall clearly differs between symptoms and groups. The observed increase of dyspnea reporting over time may have important implications for diagnostic assessment based on symptom reporting.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walentynowicz
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology.
authors.forename: Katleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Diest
authors.affiliation: Learning and Experimental Psychopathology.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raes
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000523:psychology*; D013995:Time; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult