title: A qualitative study to explore how professionals in the United Kingdom make decisions to test children for a sickle cell carrier status.
abstract: European guidelines recommend that, unless there are clear benefits of autosomal recessive carrier testing in childhood, it should be deferred to protect children's autonomous decision making. Although it is believed that children receive testing in the United Kingdom, it is unclear how or why professionals make decisions to provide tests. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 professionals in the United Kingdom who advise about, and undertake, childhood sickle cell trait testing. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Few professionals were aware of, or used, guidelines to inform testing decisions and instead, considered the reproductive and clinical relevance of testing, and autonomous rights of parents. Many professionals believed testing was important and readily offered it to parents. Professionals who discouraged testing were met with parental resistance and often provided testing when conflict was difficult to manage. Children were rarely considered to be capable of making decisions and few were engaged in discussions. When consulted, older children demonstrated interest, but younger children usually declined testing. Wide variation in testing advice emerged because of opposing beliefs about children's best interests and potential benefits or harms of testing. An explanation of how children's best interests should be determined in light of conflicting evidence regarding the psychosocial and clinical implications of carrier status is needed. Improved awareness of guidelines might encourage professionals to support the role of children in testing decisions. Strategies are also required to help professionals determine children's cognitive capacity and to protect children's future autonomy during discussions with persistent parents.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noke
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wearden
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ulph
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010358:Patient Participation; D011361:Professional Competence; D036301:Qualitative Research; D006113:United Kingdom