title: Evolutionary, Comparative and Functional Analyses of the Brassinosteroid Receptor Gene, BRI1, in Wheat and Its Relation to Other Plant Genomes.
abstract: Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones, fundamental for the growth and development of plants. A trans-membrane protein receptor kinase, Brassinosteroid-Insensitive 1 (BRI1), is known to interact with BRs and be directly involved in plant development. This study investigates the structural organization of BRI1 orthologs in several taxa, with a specific interest in Triticum aestivum. True orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1 (AtBRI1) from seven-plant species showed sequence identity ranging from 54% to 95% at the protein level. All gene sequences lacked introns, leading to speculation that post-transcriptional processing in TaBRI1 is similar to AtBRI1. Based on in silico analysis, a single copy of BRI1 was present in each of the three wheat genomes on the long arm of chromosome 3. Domain structure of BRI1 orthologs among different taxa showed multiple leucine rich repeats (LRRs), an island domain (ID), a juxtamembrane/transmembrane domain (JTMD), a catalytic kinase domain (KD), C and N-Terminal domains. The KD showed the highest level of conservation while the LRRs and JTMD were most variable. Phosphorylation of residues in the juxtamembrane domain, known to be involved in the activation of the KD, is conserved in TaBRI1. While TaBRI1 has well-defined differences in the ID and LRR domains, many residues involved in ligand binding are conserved. The activation loop present in the KD showed 100% conservation in all taxa. Despite residue differences, hydrophobicity was conserved in the BR binding pocket across taxa, suggesting that function may not differ as drastically as residue identity may suggest. Predicted 3D structure of AtBRI1 and TaBRI1 showed a conserved super helical assembly, a feature essential in protein-protein interactions. An unrooted phylogram showed TaBRI1 in the monocot clade to be distinct from that of dicots. New insight in the structure and functions of BRI1 may help in targeting BR pathway for crop improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jerott
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baumert
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kulvinder S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States of America.
authors.forename: Devinder
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandhu
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014908:Triticum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; C108270:BRI1 protein, Arabidopsis