title: Suppression of Inflammatory Responses by Black Rice Extract in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells via Downregulation of NF-kB and AP-1 Signaling Pathways.
abstract: Anthocyanin, a phenolic compound, has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced changes in immune cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory effects. Few research studies have concerned the anti-inflammation properties of colored rice extract as a functional material. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine anti-inflammatory effects of the polar fraction of black rice whole grain extracts (BR-WG-P) that features a high anthocyanin content. Our results showed that BR-WG-P significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro- inflammatory mediators, including production of NO and expression of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 was also significantly inhibited. Moreover, BR-WG-P and anthocyanin inhibited NF-kB and AP-1 translocation into the nucleus. BR-WG-P also decreased the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK in a dose dependent manner. These results suggested that BR-WG-P might suppress LPS-induced inflammation via the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway leading to decrease of NF-kB and AP-1 translocation. All of these results indicate that BR-WG-P exhibits therapeutic potential associated with the anthocyanin content in the extract for treating inflammatory diseases associated with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand E-mail : pornngarm.d@cmu.ac.th.
authors.forename: Pornngarm
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Limtrakul
authors.forename: Supachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yodkeeree
authors.forename: Pornsiri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pitchakarn
authors.forename: Wanisa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Punfa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002523:Edible Grain; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012275:Oryza; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005419:Flavonoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2