title: Measuring the efficacy of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam for lame sows using a GAITFour pressure mat and an embedded microcomputer-based force plate system.
abstract: Pain associated with lameness on farm is a negative affective state and has a detrimental impact on individual farm animal welfare. Animal pain can be managed utilizing husbandry tools and through pharmacological approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including meloxicam and flunixin meglumine are compounds used in many species for pain management because they are easy to administer, long lasting, and cost-effective. Assessing an animal's biomechanical parameters using such tools as the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system provides an objective, sensitive, and precise means to detect animals in lame states. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine for pain mitigation in lame sows using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Lameness was induced in 24 mature mixed-parity sows using a chemical synovitis model and compared 3 treatments: meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg per os), flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg intramuscular) and sterile saline (intramuscular). Weight distribution (kg) for each foot was collected twice per second for a total of 5 min for each time point using the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system. Stride time, stride length, maximum pressure, activated sensors, and stance time were collected using 3 quality walks (readings) for each time point using the GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam tolerated more weight on their lame leg compared with saline sows (P < 0.005). Sows administered flunixin meglumine or meloxicam had smaller differences in stance time, maximum pressure, and activated sensors between the sound and lame legs compared with saline-treated sows between 37 and 60 h after lameness induction (P < 0.03). In conclusion, flunixin meglumine and meloxicam administration mitigated pain sensitivity in sows after lameness induction when pain sensitivity was evaluated with the embedded microcomputer-based force plate system and GAITFour pressure mat gait analysis walkway system. Analgesic drugs may be a key tool to manage negative pain affective states associated with lameness.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pairis-Garcia
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abell
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Karriker
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Millman
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stalder
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D005684:Gait; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077239:Meloxicam; D008838:Microcomputers; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013843:Thiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D003002:Clonixin; D000077239:Meloxicam