title: Factors associated with antenatal depression and obstetric complications in immigrant women in Geneva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  immigrant women are at increased risk for health problems during pregnancy, and for antenatal and postnatal depression. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic and specific psychosocial risk factors of antenatal depression and obstetric complications in an economically and culturally heterogeneous sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  prospective cross-sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  the study was conducted in a midwifery office.
  
  
  METHODS
  the community sample included 228 immigrant pregnant women with low French proficiency referred to birth preparation classes between 2006 and 2014 in Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  depressive symptoms were measured during the third trimester of pregnancy using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. A cut-off score ≥12 was considered to be indicative of antenatal depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  more than half of the participants had been living in Switzerland for less than five years and had a short-term residence permit. Thirty-seven per cent of women scored above the clinical cut-off score. Women with several risk factors, such as a precarious legal status, lack of marital support, difficult living conditions and being a newcomer to Switzerland, were at higher risk of depression. Women who encountered difficult living conditions were at higher risk of obstetric complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  these results confirm the findings of previous research, and highlight the need for early detection. Public health prevention policies should consist of multidimensional programmes to address simultaneously psychosocial, cultural and obstetric issues in pregnant immigrant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Uni Mail, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 40, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Betty.Goguikian@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Betty Goguikian
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ratcliff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Uni Mail, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 40, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharapova
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Education, University of Geneva, Uni Mail, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 40, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suardi
authors.affiliation: Arcade des sages-femmes, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antenatal depression; EPDS; Immigrant women; Psychosocial risk factors