title: Is the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised a Useful Clinical Tool for Managing Pain in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess the clinical usefulness of the Nociception Coma Scale-revised (NCS-R) in pain management of patients with disorders of consciousness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients with potential painful conditions (eg, due to fractures, decubitus ulcers, or spasticity) were assessed during nursing cares before and after the administration of an analgesic treatment tailored to each patient's clinical status. In addition to the NCS-R, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was used before and during treatment to observe fluctuations in consciousness. Twenty-three of them had no analgesic treatment before the assessment, whereas the analgesic treatment has been adapted in the other 16 patients. We performed nonparametric Wilcoxon tests to investigate the difference in the NCS-R and GCS total scores but also in the NCS-R subscores before versus during treatment. The effect of the level of consciousness and the etiology were assessed using a Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCS-R total scores were statistically lower during treatment when compared with the scores obtained before treatment. We also found that the motor, verbal, and facial expression subscores were lower during treatment than before treatment. In contrast, we found no difference between the GCS total scores obtained before versus during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the NCS-R is an interesting clinical tool for pain management. Besides, this tool seems useful when a balance is needed between reduced pain and preserved level of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: *Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège ∥Acute Pain Service Departments of §Intensive Care ¶Rehabilitation #Neurosurgery **Neurology, University Hospital of Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium †Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School ‡Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA ††Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chatelle
authors.forename: Marie-Daniele
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: De Val
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catano
authors.forename: Cristo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaskis
authors.forename: Pierrette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seeldrayers
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laureys
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biston
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schnakers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult