title: A Comparison of Survey Measures and Biomarkers of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Nonsmokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure causes several adverse physical health outcomes. Conceptual differences in survey measures of 'psychosocial' (SHS exposure from smokers in an individual's life) and 'physical' (environments where an individual is exposed to SHS) SHS exposure exist. Few studies have examined the association between psychosocial and physical SHS exposures measures in comparison to biomarkers of SHS exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was examined among a convenience sample of 20 adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data included survey items on SHS exposure and hair nicotine and saliva cotinine levels. Spearman analysis was used to assess correlations among variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medium and strong correlations were found among SHS exposure measures with the exception of saliva cotinine levels. Strong correlations were found among and between psychosocial and physical SHS exposure measures. Hair nicotine levels had medium strength associations with only perceived frequency of SHS exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As psychosocial measures of exposure were associated with biomarkers, such measures (particularly perceived frequency of SHS exposure) should be added to surveys in addition to physical SHS exposure measures to enhance accuracy of SHS measurement. Future explorations with robust sample sizes should further examine the strength of relationship between psychosocial and physical SHS exposure measures.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Chizimuzo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Okoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: biomarkers; environmental tobacco smoke exposure; hair nicotine; psychosocial secondhand smoke exposure; saliva cotinine