title: Study addiction--a new area of psychological study: conceptualization, assessment, and preliminary empirical findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent research has suggested that for some individuals, educational studying may become compulsive and excessive and lead to 'study addiction'. The present study conceptualized and assessed study addiction within the framework of workaholism, defining it as compulsive over-involvement in studying that interferes with functioning in other domains and that is detrimental for individuals and/or their environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Bergen Study Addiction Scale (BStAS) was tested - reflecting seven core addiction symptoms (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems) - related to studying. The scale was administered via a cross-sectional survey distributed to Norwegian (n = 218) and Polish (n = 993) students with additional questions concerning demographic variables, study-related variables, health, and personality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A one-factor solution had acceptable fit with the data in both samples and the scale demonstrated good reliability. Scores on BStAS converged with scores on learning engagement. Study addiction (BStAS) was significantly related to specific aspects of studying (longer learning time, lower academic performance), personality traits (higher neuroticism and conscientiousness, lower extroversion), and negative health-related factors (impaired general health, decreased quality of life and sleep quality, higher perceived stress).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that BStAS has good psychometric properties, making it a promising tool in the assessment of study addiction. Study addiction is related in predictable ways to personality and health variables, as predicted from contemporary workaholism theory and research.
authors.affiliation: University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Atroszko
authors.forename: Cecilie Schou
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallesen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D011044:Poland; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: academic performance; assessment; learning engagement; scale; study addiction; workaholism