title: Comparison of frictional resistance of esthetic and semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frictional resistance encountered during sliding mechanics has been well established in the orthodontic literature, and it consists of complex interactions between the bracket, archwire, and method of ligation the claim of reduced friction with self-ligating brackets is often cited as a primary advantage over conventional brackets. This study was done to compare and evaluate the frictional forces generated between fully esthetic brackets and semi-aesthetic self-ligating brackets, which are of passive form and SEM (scanning electron microscope) study of the Brackets after Frictional evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two types of self-ligating esthetic brackets, Damon clear (Ormco) made of fully ceramic and Opal (Ultradent Products, USA) and, Two types of self-ligating semi-esthetic brackets, Clarity SL (3M Unitek) and Damon 3 (Ormco) both of which are made of ceramic with metal slot. Arch wires with different dimensions and quality 17 × 25, 19 × 25 Titanium Molybdenum Alloy (TMA) and 17 × 25, 19 × 25 stainless steel that came from plain strands of wire were used for frictional comparison test. The brackets used in this study had 0.022 × 0.028 inch slot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The statistical tests showed significantly smaller amount of kinetic frictional forces is generated by Damon 3 (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets). For each wire used, Damon 3 displayed significantly lower frictional forces (P ≤ 0.05) than any of the self-ligating system, followed by Opal (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) which generated smaller amount of frictional forces but relatively on the higher side when compared with Damon 3. Damon clear (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated the maximum amount of kinetic forces with all types of wire dimensions and properties when compared to the other three types of self-ligating system. Clarity SL (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated smaller amount of frictional forces when compared with Damon clear and relatively higher amount of frictional forces when compared to Opal and Damon 3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishorekumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gnanashanmugam
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jayanth
keywords: Esthetic self-ligating; frictional forces; self-ligating brackets; semi-esthetic self-ligating