title: Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 from Sanya, China.
abstract: PM2.5 samples were collected in Sanya, China in summer and winter in 2012/2013. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-polar organic compounds including n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C40) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified. The concentrations of these carbonaceous matters were generally higher in winter than summer. The estimated secondary organic carbon (OCsec) accounted for 38% and 54% of the total organic carbon (TOC) in winter and summer, respectively. The higher value of OCsec in addition to the presences of photochemically-produced PAHs in summer supports that photochemical conversions of organics are much active at the higher air temperatures and with stronger intense solar radiation. Carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes suggest that anthropogenic sources were more dominant than derivation from terrestrial plants in Sanya. Diagnostic ratios of atmospheric PAHs further indicate that there was a wide mix of pollution sources in winter while fossil fuel combustion was the most dominant in summer. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis with 18 PAHs in the winter samples found that motor vehicle emissions and biomass burning were the two main pollution sources, contributing 37.5% and 24.6% of the total quantified PAHs, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jingzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States.
authors.forename: Steven Sai Hang
authors.initials: SSH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: cao@loess.llqg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jiamao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Science and Technology, Qiongzhou University, Sanya, China.
authors.forename: Youzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmntal Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Suixin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Gehui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhenxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Carbonaceous aerosols; PAHs; PMF; Sanya; Secondary organic carbon; n-Alkanes