title: Identification and quantification of Cu-chlorophyll adulteration of edible oils.
abstract: Cu-pyropheophytin a, the major Cu-pigment of Cu-chlorophyll, was determined in edible oil by high-resolution mass spectrometry with a high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole (HPLC-Q)-Orbitrap system and by HPLC coupled with a photodiode-array detector. Respective limit of detection and limit of quantification levels of 0.02 μg/g and 0.05 μg/g were obtained. Twenty-nine commercial oil products marked as olive oil, grapeseed oil and blended oil, all sourced directly from a food company that committed adulteration with Cu-chlorophyll, were investigated. In this company, four green dyes illegally used in oils were seized during factory investigation by the health authorities. The food additive Cu-pyropheophytin a was found in all confiscated samples in concentrations between 0.02 and 0.39 μg/g. Survey results of another 235 commercial oil samples manufactured from other companies, including olive pomace oil, extra virgin olive oil, olive oil, grapeseed oil and blended oil, indicated high positive incidences of 63%, 39%, 44%, 97% and 8%, respectively, with a concentration range between 0.02 and 0.54 μg/g. High Cu-chlorophyll concentrations are indications for fraudulent adulteration of oils.
authors.affiliation: a Taiwan Food and Drug Administration , Taipei City , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mingchih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Chia-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Guan-Yan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Su-Hsiang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Hwei-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ching-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Che-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Ya-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Daniel Yang-Chih
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D002735:Chlorophyllides / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods*; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000191:economics; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D010674:Pheophytins / Q000032:analysis; D010783:Photometry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013624:Taiwan; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002735:Chlorophyllides; C000607542:Cu-pyropheophytin a; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010674:Pheophytins; D010938:Plant Oils; D002734:Chlorophyll; C007020:chlorophyllin
keywords: Cu-chlorophyll; Orbitrap mass spectrometry; adulteration; fraudulent; grapeseed oil; olive oil; olive pomace oil