title: Factors affecting acceptance of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling services among outpatient clients in selected health facilities in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the slow uptake of HIV counseling and testing, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) have developed draft guidelines on provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC). Both in low- and high-income countries, mainly from outpatient clinics and tuberculosis settings, indicates that the direct offer of HIV testing by health providers can result in significant improvements in test uptake. In Ethiopia, there were limited numbers of studies conducted regarding PITC in outpatient clinics. Therefore, in this study, we have assessed the factors affecting the acceptance of PITC among outpatient clients in selected health facilities in Harar, Harari Region State, Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional-based, cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted from February 12-30, 2011 in selected health facilities in Harar town, Harari Region State, Ethiopia. The study participants were recruited from the selected health facilities of Harar using a systematic random sampling technique. The collected data were double entered into a data entry file using Epi Info version 3.5.1. The data were transferred to SPSS software version 16 and analyzed according to the different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 362 (70.6%) clients accepted PITC, and only 39.4% of clients had heard of PITC in the outpatient department service. Age, occupation, marital status, anyone who wanted to check their HIV status, and the importance of PITC were the variables that showed significant associations with the acceptance of PITC upon bivariate and multivariate analyses. The main reasons given for not accepting the tests were self-trust, not being at risk for HIV, not being ready, needing to consult their partners, a fear of the results, a shortage of staff, a busy work environment, a lack of private rooms, and a lack of refresher training, which were identified as the main barriers for PITC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of the relatively increased acceptability of PITC services by outpatient department clients. A program needs to be strengthened to enhance the use of PITC; the Ministry of Health, Regional Health Bureau, and other responsible bodies - including health facilities - should design and strengthen information education and communication/behavioral change and communication interventions and promote activities related to PITC and HIV counseling and testing in both health facilities and the community at large.
authors.affiliation: Harari Regional Health Bureau, Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdurahman
authors.affiliation: Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Berhanu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seyoum
authors.affiliation: Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Lemessa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oljira
authors.affiliation: Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Harar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Fitsum
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weldegebreal
keywords: Eastern Ethiopia; Harar town; PITC; outpatient clients