title: Class I and II histone deacetylase expression in human chronic periodontitis gingival tissue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are being considered to treat chronic inflammatory diseases at low doses. Currently HDACi that are more specific are being developed to target particular HDACs; therefore, this study aimed to determine levels and distribution of class I and II HDAC in human gingival samples obtained from patients with chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival biopsies were obtained from patients with and without (mild inflammation, no bone loss) periodontitis. Total RNA was isolated for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine expression of HDACs 1-10. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine protein distribution of HDACs 1, 5, 8 and 9. Factor VIII, CD3 and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were detected in serial sections to identify blood vessels, lymphocytes, pre-osteoclasts and osteoclasts cells respectively. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA for HDAC 1, 5, 8 and 9 were significantly upregulated in chronic periodontitis gingival tissues compared to non-periodontitis samples (p < 0.05). Significantly higher HDAC 1 protein expression was observed in chronic periodontitis samples (p < 0.05), and was associated with CD3, TRAP and TNF-α-positive cells. HDAC 1, 5, 8 and 9 were expressed strongly by the factor VIII-positive microvasculature in the chronic periodontitis gingival tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HDAC 1, 5, 8 and 9 expression was higher in gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis compared to non-periodontitis samples. Results suggest that these HDACs could therefore be targeted with specific acting HDACi.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: A A S S K
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dharmapatni
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Algate
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Crotti
authors.affiliation: Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bartold
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Haynes
mesh_terms: D055113:Chronic Periodontitis; D005881:Gingiva; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D006801:Humans; D010010:Osteoclasts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
keywords: histone deacetylases; immunohistochemistry; inflammation; periodontitis