title: Water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools in low socio-economic regions in Nicaragua: a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools contributes to better health and educational outcomes among school-aged children. In 2012, UNICEF Nicaragua and partners conducted a cross-sectional survey of WaSH in 526 schools in 12 low socio-economic status municipalities in Nicaragua. The survey gathered information on: school characteristics; teacher and community participation; water and sanitation infrastructure; and hygiene education and habits. Survey results were analyzed for associations between variables. WaSH coverage was significantly higher in urban than rural areas. Presence of drinking water infrastructure (43%) was lower than sanitation infrastructure (64%). Eighty-one percent of schools had no hand washing stations and 74% of schools lacked soap. Sanitation facilities were not in use at 28% of schools with sanitation infrastructure and 26% of schools with water infrastructure had non-functional systems. Only 8% of schools had budgets to purchase toilet-cleaning supplies and 75% obtained supplies from students' families. This study generates transferable WaSH sector learnings and new insights from monitoring data. Results can be used by donors, service providers, and policy makers to better target resources in Nicaraguan schools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. tjordanova@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jordanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. rcronk@live.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cronk
authors.affiliation: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Managua 10000, Nicaragua. wobando@unicef.org.
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Obando
authors.affiliation: Independent Consultant, Managua 10000, Nicaragua. octaviozmedina@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Octavio Zeledon
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Managua 10000, Nicaragua. rkinoshita@unicef.org.
authors.forename: Rinko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. jbartram@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartram
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water; D063373:Hand Hygiene; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D009527:Nicaragua; D012574:Schools; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014038:Toilet Facilities
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Sustainable Development Goals; WaSH; equity; monitoring and evaluation