title: The copYAZ Operon Functions in Copper Efflux, Biofilm Formation, Genetic Transformation, and Stress Tolerance in Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: In bacteria, copper homeostasis is closely monitored to ensure proper cellular functions while avoiding cell damage. Most Gram-positive bacteria utilize the copYABZ operon for copper homeostasis, where copA and copB encode copper-transporting P-type ATPases, whereas copY and copZ regulate the expression of the cop operon. Streptococcus mutans is a biofilm-forming oral pathogen that harbors a putative copper-transporting copYAZ operon. Here, we characterized the role of copYAZ operon in the physiology of S. mutans and delineated the mechanisms of copper-induced toxicity in this bacterium. We observed that copper induced toxicity in S. mutans cells by generating oxidative stress and disrupting their membrane potential. Deletion of the copYAZ operon in S. mutans strain UA159 resulted in reduced cell viability under copper, acid, and oxidative stress relative to the viability of the wild type under these conditions. Furthermore, the ability of S. mutans to form biofilms and develop genetic competence was impaired under copper stress. Briefly, copper stress significantly reduced cell adherence and total biofilm biomass, concomitantly repressing the transcription of the gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, and gbpC genes, whose products have roles in maintaining the structural and/or functional integrity of the S. mutans biofilm. Furthermore, supplementation with copper or loss of copYAZ resulted in significant reductions in transformability and in the transcription of competence-associated genes. Copper transport assays revealed that the ΔcopYAZ strain accrued significantly large amounts of intracellular copper compared with the amount of copper accumulation in the wild-type strain, thereby demonstrating a role for CopYAZ in the copper efflux of S. mutans. The complementation of the CopYAZ system restored copper expulsion, membrane potential, and stress tolerance in the copYAZ-null mutant. Taking these results collectively, we have established the function of the S. mutans CopYAZ system in copper export and have further expanded knowledge on the importance of copper homeostasis and the CopYAZ system in modulating streptococcal physiology, including stress tolerance, membrane potential, genetic competence, and biofilm formation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  S. mutans is best known for its role in the initiation and progression of human dental caries, one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. S. mutans is also implicated in bacterial endocarditis, a life-threatening inflammation of the heart valve. The core virulence factors of S. mutans include its ability to produce and sustain acidic conditions and to form a polysaccharide-encased biofilm that provides protection against environmental insults. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of copper and/or deletion of copYAZ (the copper homeostasis system) have serious implications in modulating biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and genetic transformation in S. mutans. Manipulating the pathways affected by copper and the copYAZ system may help to develop potential therapeutics to prevent S. mutans infection in and beyond the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kamna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Dilani B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Senadheera
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Céline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lévesque
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada d.cvitkovitch@dentistry.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Dennis G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cvitkovitch
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D009876:Operon / Q000502:physiology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D014170:Transformation, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003300:Copper