title: Liver involvement in pediatric celiac disease.
abstract: Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal inflammatory disease that manifests in genetically susceptible individuals when exposed to dietary gluten. It is a common chronic disorder, with a prevalence of 1% in Europe and North America. Although the disease primarily affects the gut, the clinical spectrum of CD is remarkably varied, and the disease can affect many extraintestinal organs and systems, including the liver. The hepatic dysfunction presenting in CD ranges from asymptomatic liver enzyme elevations or nonspecific reactive hepatitis (cryptogenic liver disorders), to chronic liver disease. In this article, we review the clinical presentations and possible mechanisms of CD-related liver injury to identify strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Caterina Anania, Ester De Luca, Giovanna De Castro, Lucia Pacifico, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anania
authors.affiliation: Caterina Anania, Ester De Luca, Giovanna De Castro, Lucia Pacifico, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Caterina Anania, Ester De Luca, Giovanna De Castro, Lucia Pacifico, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Castro
authors.affiliation: Caterina Anania, Ester De Luca, Giovanna De Castro, Lucia Pacifico, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: Caterina Anania, Ester De Luca, Giovanna De Castro, Lucia Pacifico, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pacifico
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Autoimmune liver disease; Celiac disease; Cryptogenic hypertransaminasemia; End-stage liver disease; Fatty liver