title: Independent effect of polymeric nanoparticle zeta potential/surface charge, on their cytotoxicity and affinity to cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Up to now, little research has been focussed on discovering how zeta potential independently affects polymeric nanoparticle (NP) cytotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polymeric nanoparticles of gradient zeta potential ranging from -30 mv to +40 mv were fabricated using the same poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHBHHx) biopolymer. Interaction forces between nanoparticles and cells were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles to cells was investigated by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four kinds of nanoparticle with similar sizes and gradient zeta potentials, were fabricated. Those with positive surface charges were found to be more toxic than those with negative surface charges. Positively charged nanoparticles or nanoparticles with higher 'like' charges, offered higher interaction force with cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work proposes a novel approach for investigating interaction between NPs and cells, and discloses the importance of controlling zeta potential in developing NPs-based formulations in the future.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ru
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ying
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xiao
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Rong
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002208:Caproates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D055672:Static Electricity; D000094122:Polyhydroxybutyrates
chemical_list: D002208:Caproates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D011091:Polyesters; C045051:3-hydroxyhexanoic acid; C003182:poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate; D000094122:Polyhydroxybutyrates