title: Cytokines induce effector T-helper cells during invasive aspergillosis; what we have learned about T-helper cells?
abstract: Invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus species (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. terreus) is life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. Understanding the innate and adaptive immune response particularly T-helper cells (TH-cells) against these Aspergillus species and how the different sub-set of TH-cells are regulated by differentiating cytokines at primary target organ site like lung, kidney and brain is of great significance to human health. This review focuses on presentation of Aspergillus through Antigen presenting cells (APCs) to the naive CD4(+) T-cells in the host. The production of differentiating/effector cytokines that activate following TH-cells, e.g., TH1, TH2, TH9, and TH17 has been reported in association or alone in allergic or invasive aspergillosis. Chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL1, and CCL20) and their receptors associated to these TH-cells have also been observed in invasive aspergillosis. Thus, further study of these TH-cells in invasive aspergillosis and other elements of adaptive immune response with Aspergillus species are required in order to have a better understanding of host response for safer and effective therapeutic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology , Solan, India.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology , Solan, India.
authors.forename: Shraddha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Agam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, India.
authors.forename: Bhupendra N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Tiwary
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology , Solan, India.
authors.forename: Jata
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shankar
keywords: Aspergillus; T-helper cells; antigen presenting cells; cytokines; dendritic cells; invasive aspergillosis