title: Study of renal and hepatic toxicity in rats supplemented with creatine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the renal and hepatic function, through biochemical analysis after 14 days of creatine supplementation in physically inactive rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four male, adult, Wistar rats were used which were kept in individual metabolic cages and were distributed into four groups, and received the following treatments by gavage:1) CONTROL: distilled water; 2)Creatine 0.5g/Kg/day; 3) Creatine 1g/Kg/day; 4) Creatine 2g/Kg/day. Their urinary outputs as well as food and water intake were daily measured. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and serum samples were stored for biochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Creatine supplementation at the doses given produced no significant changes in plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, creatinine, urea, and creatinine clearance, compared to control group (p> 0.05) Similarly, water and food intake, as well as urinary output, did not show significant changes among the four groups studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the doses used, oral creatine supplementation did not result in renal and/or hepatic toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Medical School of Itajuba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nilo Cesar do Vale
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Baracho
authors.affiliation: FMIt, Itajuba, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia Pereira de
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: FMIt, Itajuba, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Niara da Cunha
authors.initials: Nda C
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: FMIt, Itajuba, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Benício
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Laira
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003401:Creatine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D014508:Urea; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D003401:Creatine