title: The value of local malaria strains for serological studies: local strains versus Palo Alto reference strain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standardization of the type of crude Plasmodium falciparum extracts for assays to evaluate the overall anti-blood-stage immune response in humans may be beneficial to malaria pre-elimination programmes. However, there is no consensus on which strain is appropriate for routine analyses. This study aimed to compare the responses of malaria IgG antibodies in serum collections from Dielmo and Ndiop to crude extracts of merozoites and schizonts of local and reference strains of P. falciparum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Malaria antibodies were evaluated using serological tests for exposure to three local strains (0703, F15 and F16) and the P. falciparum reference Palo Alto strain (PA). A total of 218 sera collected in 2000 from inhabitants of the villages of Dielmo and Ndiop were used: 142 from Dielmo and 76 from Ndiop. The biological collection was used to evaluate by ELISA the prevalence of IgG antibodies against crude merozoite and schizont extracts. The genetics of the local and reference strains were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was genetic divergence between strains 0703, F15, F16 and PA. IgG responses against local and reference strains correlated well (0.6 to 0.8; p<0.01). Ig G responses were highest to schizont and merozoite extracts from the field strain of P. falciparum 0703 adapted to in vitro culture. Extracts of P. falciparum strain 0703 isolated from a subject in Dielmo was the most widely recognized [91.3% (199/218) and 81.2% (177/218) for schizonts and merozoites, respectively], although the responses were high for merozoites from PA [85.3% (186/218)] the reference strain, and the two strains isolated from subjects living in Dakar: F15 [90.4% (197/218)] and F16 [72.5% (158/218)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For serological studies, the local strain provided the most complete picture of exposure to transmission and malaria prevalence in the local context. However, for the standardization of this method by different laboratories, the reference strain appeared to perform sufficiently well to be used for the evaluation of malaria control programmes.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. fodediop@hotmail.com.|Laboratory of Parasitology-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. fodediop@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fode
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diop
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology-Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. godiop@hotmail.com.|Immunogenetic Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. godiop@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gora
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diop
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. mniang@pasteur.sn.
authors.forename: Makhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niang
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. bdiouf@pasteur.sn.
authors.forename: Babacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diouf
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. daouda.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn.
authors.forename: Daouda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. vrichard@pasteur.sn.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.affiliation: Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. atoure@pasteur.sn.
authors.forename: Aissatou Toure
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Balde
mesh_terms: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum; D052940:Merozoites / Q000276:immunology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D052939:Schizonts / Q000276:immunology; D012675:Senegal
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G