title: λ-Carrageenan Suppresses Tomato Chlorotic Dwarf Viroid (TCDVd) Replication and Symptom Expression in Tomatoes.
abstract: The effect of carrageenans on tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) replication and symptom expression was studied. Three-week-old tomato plants were spray-treated with iota(ɩ)-, lambda(λ)-, and kappa(κ)-carrageenan at 1 g·L-1 and inoculated with TCDVd after 48 h. The λ-carrageenan significantly suppressed viroid symptom expression after eight weeks of inoculation, only 28% plants showed distinctive bunchy-top symptoms as compared to the 82% in the control group. Viroid concentration was reduced in the infected shoot cuttings incubated in λ-carrageenan amended growth medium. Proteome analysis revealed that 16 tomato proteins were differentially expressed in the λ-carrageenan treated plants. Jasmonic acid related genes, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and lipoxygenase (LOX), were up-regulated in λ-carrageenan treatment during viroid infection. Taken together, our results suggest that λ-carrageenan induced tomato defense against TCDVd, which was partly jasmonic acid (JA) dependent, and that it could be explored in plant protection against viroid infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. Jatinder.sangha@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Jatinder S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sangha
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. skandasamy@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Saveetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Basic Sciences Department, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia. Khanmuh@ksau-hs.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Wajahatullah
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. pulsarsidhu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Navratan Singh
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bahia
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Rd., Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada. singhr@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Rudra P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1X8, Canada. alan.critchley@acadian.ca.
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. bprithiviraj@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Balakrishnan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prithiviraj
mesh_terms: D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D014772:Viroids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D020543:Proteome; C011006:jasmonic acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D008084:Lipoxygenase; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C021377:hydroperoxide isomerase
keywords: carrageenans; induced resistance; tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd)