title: Diaries and memories following an ICU stay: a 2-month follow-up study.
abstract: Many patients lack a clear recollection from their stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Diaries have been introduced as a tool to complete memories and reduce the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  
  To describe and compare patients' memories and PTSD in relation to having received and read or not received a diary and patients' experiences of having received and read their diary, without having discussed the contents with ICU staff.
  
  
  
  Descriptive and comparative.
  
  
  
  Patients received their diaries at ICU discharge. After 2 months patients answered the ICU Memory Tool, a screening instrument for PTSD (PTSS-14) and a questionnaire including space for own comments about the diaries.
  
  
  
  Of 96 patients, 52(54%) received a diary, 44 did not. Patients with diaries had significantly longer stay and more mechanical ventilation. Of these, 40 patients responded to PTSS-14 and had evaluated and read the diary and 34 patients served as controls. No significant differences were found in presence/absence of memories between these groups. In the diary-group patients with emotional memories had lower APACHE. Feelings of being anxious or frightened were more common in the diary-group. At 2 months, 12% scored above cut-off on the PTSS14 with no difference between groups. The diaries were helpful for understanding the ICU-stay.
  
  
  
  Diaries seem valuable in understanding what happened, as an act of caring and as a tool for discussion with relatives and friends. Patients valued reading their diaries. None expressed the wish to have read the diary together with a member of staff. The diary and non-diary groups however reported similar memories.
  
  
  
  Diaries seem to be valuable in understanding what happened, giving a feeling of trust and for talking about their ICU-stay. As many patients described stressful memories, sessions should be offered with ICU staff.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, ICU, Centralsjukhuset, Kristianstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glimelius Petersson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ringdal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, ICU, Centralsjukhuset, Kristianstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Apelqvist
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergbom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Critical care; Diary; Intrusive memories; Nursing; Posttraumatic stress