title: PACK-CXL: Corneal Cross-linking for Treatment of Infectious Keratitis.
abstract: This article discusses corneal cross-linking (CXL) and how it transitioned from a modality for treating corneal ectatic disorders to an inventive means of treating infectious keratitis. Initially, CXL was successfully developed to halt the progression of ectatic diseases such as keratoconus, using the standard Dresden protocol. Later, indications were extended to treat iatrogenic ectasia developing after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK). At the time, it had been postulated that the combination of ultraviolet light with riboflavin could not only biomechanically strengthen the cornea but also was capable of destroying living cells and organisms including keratocytes and pathogens. Thus a new and innovative concept of treatment for infectious keratitis emerged through the use of CXL technology. Initially only advanced infectious melting ulcers resisting standard microbicidal therapy were treated with CXL in addition to standard therapy. In subsequent studies CXL was also used to treat bacterial keratitis as first line therapy without the use of concomitant antibiotic therapy. With the increasing interest in CXL technology to treat infectious keratitis and to clearly separate its use from the treatment of ectatic disorders, a new term was adopted at the 9(th) CXL congress in Dublin for this specific indication: PACK-CXL (photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis). PACK-CXL has the potential to eventually become an interesting alternative to standard antibiotic therapy in treating infectious corneal disorders, and may help reduce the global burden of microbial resistance to antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tabibian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Richoz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Ocular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA ; The ELZA Institute, Dietikon/Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafezi
keywords: Corneal Cross-linking; Corneal Ulcer; Infection; Keratitis; Riboflavin; Ultraviolet A