title: The Impact of Six Annual Rounds of Mass Drug Administration on Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Humans and in Mosquitoes in Mali.
abstract: Wuchereria bancrofti prevalence and transmission were assessed in six endemic villages in Sikasso, Mali prior to and yearly during mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole and ivermectin from 2002 to 2007. Microfilaremia was determined by calibrated thick smear of night blood in adult volunteers and circulating filarial antigen was measured using immunochromatographic card test in children < 5 years of age. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch from July to December. None of the 686 subjects tested were microfilaremic 12 months after the sixth MDA round. More importantly, circulating antigen was not detected in any of the 120 children tested, as compared with 53% (103/194) before the institution of MDA. The number of infective bites/human/year decreased from 4.8 in 2002 to 0.04 in 2007, and only one mosquito containing a single infective larva was observed 12 months after the final MDA round. Whether this dramatic reduction in transmission will be sustained following cessation of MDA remains to be seen.
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland yicoulibaly@icermali.org yaya7fr@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Yaya I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dembele
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Abdallah Amadou
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Siaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konaté
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Houseini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolo
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Siaka Yamoussa
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Salif Seriba
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Doumbia
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soumaoro
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel Emmanuel
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Moses J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bockarie
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Nutman
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amy D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Klion
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yeya T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Toure
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Filariasis Research and Training Unit, Bamako, Mali; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; University of Liverpool, Liverpool Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Eosinophil Pathology Section, Bethesda, Maryland; World Health Organization, Vectors, Environment and Society Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sekou F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Traore
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods*; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014958:Wuchereria bancrofti / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007559:Ivermectin; D015766:Albendazole