title: The mummified brain of a pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) compared with the brain of the extant African elephant (Loxodonta africana).
abstract: This study presents the results of an examination of the mummified brain of a pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) recovered from the Yakutian permafrost in Siberia, Russia. This unique specimen (from 39,440-38,850 years BP) provides the rare opportunity to compare the brain morphology of this extinct species with a related extant species, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). An anatomical description of the preserved brain of the woolly mammoth is provided, along with a series of quantitative analyses of various brain structures. These descriptions are based on visual inspection of the actual specimen as well as qualitative and quantitative comparison of computed tomography imaging data obtained for the woolly mammoth in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging data from three African elephant brains. In general, the brain of the woolly mammoth specimen examined, estimated to weigh between 4,230 and 4,340 g, showed the typical shape, size, and gross structures observed in extant elephants. Quantitative comparative analyses of various features of the brain, such as the amygdala, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and gyrnecephalic index, all indicate that the brain of the woolly mammoth specimen examined has many similarities with that of modern African elephants. The analysis provided here indicates that a specific brain type representative of the Elephantidae is likely to be a feature of this mammalian family. In addition, the extensive similarities between the woolly mammoth brain and the African elephant brain indicate that the specializations observed in the extant elephant brain are likely to have been present in the woolly mammoth.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia.
authors.forename: Anastasia S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kharlamova
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, 117418, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Saveliev
authors.affiliation: Academy of Sciences of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), 677007, Russia.
authors.forename: Albert V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Protopopov
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: Busisiwe C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Maseko
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: Adhil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhagwandin
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Manger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004606:Elephants / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D056665:Mammoths / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008578:Meninges / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009106:Mummies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Elephantidae; Mammuthus; Pleistocene; Proboscidae; brain evolution; brain preservation; permafrost