title: Acute kidney injury KDIGO stage 2 to 3 in HIV-positive patients treated with cART--a case series over 11 years in a cohort of 1,153 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to explore acute kidney injury (AKI) Kidney Disease Improving Global Guidelines (KDIGO) stage 2 to 3 in a cohort of antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected individuals of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (Basel site), treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) 2002-2013, were included. AKI was defined and classified according to the KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for AKI. Data were prospectively collected and reports of kidney biopsies obtained from records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,153 cART-treated patients, 13 experienced AKI KDIGO stage 2 to 3 (1 patient stage 2, 12 patients stage 3; median age 46 years; 9 male; median CD4 count 366 cells/μl), corresponding to an incidence rate of AKI of 0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.45-1.33) per 1000 patient-years. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 87 ml/min (interquartile range 66-100). Ten patients were treated with tenofovir (TDF). Nine patients (69%) had ≥1 cardiovascular risk factor, only two patients had known pre-existing kidney disease. Three patients needed chronic and two temporary dialysis. AKI was associated with TDF therapy in 6 of 13 (46%) patients (mean TDF exposure time before AKI 41 months). Impaired renal function was partially reversible in all patients. In three patients with biopsy-proven pre-existing kidney disease (AA amyloidosis, calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephropathy and minimal change glomerulopathy), TDF potentially added to AKI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AKI KDIGO stage 2 to 3 demonstrates complex associations at the individual level and can occur without early signs. Although treatment with TDF and presence of cardiovascular risk factors were found frequently, predicting AKI seems very difficult.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burkhalter
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dickenmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Department, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elzi
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battegay
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000068698:Tenofovir