title: Killer immunoglobulin receptor genes and their HLA-C ligand are associated with Type 1 diabetes in an Eastern Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their interaction with HLA class I ligands have been shown to be associated with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of KIR genes and their HLA-C ligands for susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes in patients from Eastern India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 135 patients with Type 1 diabetes and 98 healthy subjects from Eastern India were typed for KIR genes and HLA-C ligands using PCR-based genotyping. The frequencies of these genes were compared between patients and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of KIR genes between Type 1 diabetes patients and healthy subjects revealed significantly different frequencies of KIRs 2DL2 and 2DS4. The presence of HLA-C1 was negatively associated with disease. The presence of both HLA-C1 and -C2 showed a negative association with Type 1 diabetes, whereas the absence of C1 and presence of C2 was positively associated with disease. Stratification analysis of HLA-C ligands and KIRs showed significant associations between Type 1 diabetes and 2DL2+/C1-, 2DL2-/C1+, 2DL3+/C1+, 2DL3+/C1- and 2DS2+/C1-.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the interaction of KIRs with HLA-C ligands are significant and certain combinations contribute to susceptibility to and protection against Type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjeevi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6025-4801
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Kanungo Institute of Diabetes Specialities Hospital, Bhubaneshwar, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanungo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sanjeevi
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015236:HLA-C Antigens / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008024:Ligands; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D054340:Receptors, KIR / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054343:Receptors, KIR2DL2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054344:Receptors, KIR2DL3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015236:HLA-C Antigens; C515077:KIR2DL2 protein, human; C515078:KIR2DL3 protein, human; C473953:KIR2DS4 protein, human; D008024:Ligands; D054340:Receptors, KIR; D054343:Receptors, KIR2DL2; D054344:Receptors, KIR2DL3