title: Oral insulin delivery using deoxycholic acid conjugated PEGylated polyhydroxybutyrate co-polymeric nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop insulin loaded deoxycholic acid conjugated PEGylated polyhydroxybutyrate co-polymeric nanoparticles and carry out in vitro and in vivo testing of enteric coated granules comprising these nanoparticles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin loaded nanoparticles were prepared and characterized in vitro. Cellular uptake was studied using hyperspectral and live cell confocal microscopy. Enteric coated granules of nanoparticles were fed orally to diabetic rats and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultra small (˜10 nm) nanoparticles with polydispersity index of 0.299 were obtained. The enteric coated granules showed a negligible insulin release in acidic pH, but released insulin in alkaline environment. High cellular uptake was observed and nanoparticles were able to maintain the blood glucose levels up to 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These enteric-coated nanoparticle granules sustained the release of insulin and showed enhanced insulin bioavailability. Hence, these may serve as a platform device for oral insulin delivery with extended release.
authors.affiliation: 1Soniya College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad 580 002, India.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.affiliation: 1Soniya College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad 580 002, India.
authors.forename: Kuntal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.affiliation: 1Soniya College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad 580 002, India.
authors.forename: Anandrao R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Rudzinski
authors.affiliation: 3CytoViva, Inc., 300 North Dean Road, Suite 5 - PMB 157, Auburn, AL 36830, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: 1Soniya College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad 580 002, India.
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nadagouda
authors.affiliation: 1Soniya College of Pharmacy, S.R. Nagar, Dharwad 580 002, India.
authors.forename: Tejraj M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Aminabhavi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007328:Insulin; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D020148:Butyric Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: deoxycholic acid; insulin; nanoparticles; polyethylene glycol; polyhydroxybutyrate