title: Management of severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: Frequently, severe idiopathic scoliosis patients are first seen in a spine centre after years of deformity evolution, presenting with large curves, severe rib hump, shoulder and trunk imbalance and cardiorespiratory complications related to neglected scoliosis. Severe rigid idiopathic scoliosis has <25% of correction on bending films and major curve over 90°. Adequate mobilization of this type of deformity is necessary to achieve maximal correction, often requiring more extensive surgical intervention, with care taken to avoid clinical and neurological complications. Halo traction, internal temporary distraction, releases, osteotomies and apical vertebral resection are often used in combination to achieve optimal results. Indications must be tailored by surgeons considering resources, deformity characteristics and patient's profile. Vertebral resection procedures may have potential neurological and clinical risks and should be one of the last treatment options performed by experienced surgical team. Neuromonitoring is essential during these procedures.
authors.affiliation: Center of Spine Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia - INTO, Av. Brasil 500, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-070, Brazil, luiscarelli@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Luis Eduardo Carelli
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Teixeira da Silva
authors.forename: Alderico Girão Campos
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Barros
authors.forename: Gustavo Borges Laurindo
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: de Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013905:Thoracoplasty; D014143:Traction; D055815:Young Adult