title: Russian vaccines against especially dangerous bacterial pathogens.
abstract: In response to the epidemiological situation, live attenuated or killed vaccines against anthrax, brucellosis, cholera, glanders, plague and tularemia were developed and used for immunization of at-risk populations in the Former Soviet Union. Certain of these vaccines have been updated and currently they are used on a selective basis, mainly for high risk occupations, in the Russian Federation. Except for anthrax and cholera these vaccines currently are the only licensed products available for protection against the most dangerous bacterial pathogens. Development of improved formulations and new products is ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Saratov Scientific and Research Veterinary Institute of the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations , Saratov 410028, Russia.
authors.forename: Valentina A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Feodorova
authors.affiliation: Scientific Center for Expertise of Medical Application Products, Department of Vaccine Control , Moscow 121002, Russia.
authors.forename: Lidiya V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Sayapina
authors.affiliation: Consultant, formerly Head, Division of Bacteriology, The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Milton Keynes, MK8 8PA , UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Motin
keywords: anthrax; brucellosis; cholera; glanders; pathogens; plague; tularemia; vaccine