title: NSAID-manufacturing plant effluent induces geno- and cytotoxicity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: The pharmaceutical industry generates wastewater discharges of varying characteristics and contaminant concentrations depending on the nature of the production process. The main chemicals present in these effluents are solvents, detergents, disinfectants - such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) - and pharmaceutical products, all of which are potentially ecotoxic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the geno- and cytotoxicity induced in the common carp Cyprinus carpio by the effluent emanating from a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-manufacturing plant. Carp were exposed to the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL, 0.1173%) for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, and biomarkers of genotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test) and cytotoxicity (caspase-3 activity and TUNEL assay) were evaluated. A significant increase with respect to the control group (p<0.05) occurred with all biomarkers from 24h on. Significant positive correlations were found between NSAID concentrations and biomarkers of geno- and cytotoxicity, as well as among geno- and cytotoxicity biomarkers. In conclusion, exposure to this industrial effluent induces geno- and cytotoxicity in blood of C. carpio.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: SanJuan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico. Electronic address: lmgomezo@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edgar David
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: González-González
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Vera
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Farmacología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ángel de la Independencia s/n. Col. Metopolitana 2ª Sección, 57740 Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D002347:Carps; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity; D004345:Drug Industry; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000633:toxicity; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D004202:Disinfectants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Apoptosis; DNA damage; Effluent; Pharmaceutical industry