title: A review of the health effects of smoking shisha.
abstract: There is emerging evidence, although at early stages, of various detrimental health effects after smoking shisha. With regard to the cardiovascular system, there is a significant acute rise in cardiovascular markers, such as heart rate and blood pressure. The long-term effects on the cardiovascular system are yet to be established. Shisha smoking has also been significantly associated with lung cancer. Various other forms of cancer have also been documented, but have not reached statistical significance and require further research. Finally, shisha smoking increases the risk of infection and has been associated with outbreaks in the Middle East. Therefore, with the increasing consumption of shisha in Europe, especially in the UK, more research is required to tackle this potential public health threat.
authors.affiliation: University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Murtaza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadhum
authors.affiliation: University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Abed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sweidan
authors.affiliation: University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ali Emad
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Jaffery
authors.affiliation: University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Saadi
authors.affiliation: University of London, London, UK brendan.madden@stgeorges.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madden
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D011634:Public Health; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Shisha; cardiorespiratory; hookah; public health; smoking; tobacco