title: Nonpulmonary treatments for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the recommendations from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference on nonpulmonary treatments in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consensus conference of experts in pediatric acute lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of 27 experts met over the course of 2 years to develop a taxonomy to define pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and to make recommendations regarding treatment and research priorities. The nonpulmonary subgroup comprised three experts. When published data were lacking, a modified Delphi approach emphasizing strong professional agreement was utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference experts developed and voted on a total of 151 recommendations addressing the topics related to pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, 30 of which related to nonpulmonary treatment. All 30 recommendations had strong agreement. Patients with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome should receive 1) minimal yet effective targeted sedation to facilitate mechanical ventilation; 2) neuromuscular blockade, if sedation alone is inadequate to achieve effective mechanical ventilation; 3) a nutrition plan to facilitate their recovery, maintain their growth, and meet their metabolic needs; 4) goal-directed fluid management to maintain adequate intravascular volume, end-organ perfusion, and optimal delivery of oxygen; and 5) goal-directed RBC transfusion to maintain adequate oxygen delivery. Future clinical trials in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome should report sedation, neuromuscular blockade, nutrition, fluid management, and transfusion exposures to allow comparison across studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Consensus Conference developed pediatric-specific definitions for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and recommendations regarding treatment and future research priorities. These recommendations for nonpulmonary treatment in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome are intended to promote optimization and consistency of care for patients with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and identify areas of uncertainty requiring further investigation.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Massachusetts Children's Medical Center, Worcester, MA. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Critical Care Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. 3Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. 4Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 5Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 6Department of Cardiovascular and Critical Care Services, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Martha A Q
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Curley
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000379:methods; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019148:Neuromuscular Blockade / Q000379:methods; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000628:therapy*