title: Modeling bioaccumulation and biomagnification of nonylphenol and its ethoxylates in estuarine-marine food chains.
abstract: There are several studies on bioaccumulation and biomagnification of nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPEOs), but their toxico-kinetic mechanisms remain unclear. In the present investigation, we explored the accumulation of NP and NPEOs in estuarine-marine food chains with a bioaccumulation model comprising five trophic levels. Using this model, we estimated uptake and elimination rate constants for NPEOs based on the organisms' weight and lipid content and the chemicals' Kow. Further, we calculated accumulation factors for NP and NPEOs, including biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) and biomagnification factors (BMF), and compared these to independent field measurements collected in the Western Scheldt estuary in The Netherlands and field data reported in the literature. The estimated BSAF values for NP and total NPEOs were below 1 for all trophic levels. The estimated BMF values were around 1 for all trophic levels except for the highest level (carnivorous mammals and birds). For this trophic level, the estimated BMF value varied between 0.1 and 2.4, depending on the biotransformation capacity. For all trophic levels, except primary producers, the accumulation estimates that accounted for biotransformation of NPEOs into NP were closer to the field data than model estimates that did not include biotransformation, indicating that NP formation by biotransformation of NPEOs might occur in organisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: johnkorsman@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Korsman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aafke M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Network Institute, Computer Science Department, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 NV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martine G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Centre, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martine J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van den Heuvel-Greve
authors.affiliation: Deltares, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands; Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, 1081 NV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A Dick
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vethaak
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A Jan
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism; D005019:Ethyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D020387:Food Chain; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009426:Netherlands; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D005019:Ethyl Ethers; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol
keywords: Biotransformation; Elimination; Toxicokinetics; Uptake; Western Scheldt estuary