title: Multifunctional phosphate-based inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles.
abstract: Phosphate-based inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs) with the general composition [M](2+)[Rfunction(O)PO3](2-) (M = ZrO, Mg2O; R = functional organic group) show multipurpose and multifunctional properties. If [Rfunction(O)PO3](2-) is a fluorescent dye anion ([RdyeOPO3](2-)), the IOH-NPs show blue, green, red, and near-infrared fluorescence. This is shown for [ZrO](2+)[PUP](2-), [ZrO](2+)[MFP](2-), [ZrO](2+)[RRP](2-), and [ZrO](2+)[DUT](2-) (PUP = phenylumbelliferon phosphate, MFP = methylfluorescein phosphate, RRP = resorufin phosphate, DUT = Dyomics-647 uridine triphosphate). With pharmaceutical agents as functional anions ([RdrugOPO3](2-)), drug transport and release of anti-inflammatory ([ZrO](2+)[BMP](2-)) and antitumor agents ([ZrO](2+)[FdUMP](2-)) with an up to 80% load of active drug is possible (BMP = betamethason phosphate, FdUMP = 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate). A combination of fluorescent dye and drug anions is possible as well and shown for [ZrO](2+)[BMP](2-)0.996[DUT](2-)0.004. Merging of functional anions, in general, results in [ZrO](2+)([RdrugOPO3]1-x[RdyeOPO3]x)(2-) nanoparticles and is highly relevant for theranostics. Amine-based functional anions in [MgO](2+)[RaminePO3](2-) IOH-NPs, finally, show CO2 sorption (up to 180 mg g(-1)) and can be used for CO2/N2 separation (selectivity up to α = 23). This includes aminomethyl phosphonate [AMP](2-), 1-aminoethyl phosphonate [1AEP](2-), 2-aminoethyl phosphonate [2AEP](2-), aminopropyl phosphonate [APP](2-), and aminobutyl phosphonate [ABP](2-). All [M](2+)[Rfunction(O)PO3](2-) IOH-NPs are prepared via noncomplex synthesis in water, which facilitates practical handling and which is optimal for biomedical application. In sum, all IOH-NPs have very similar chemical compositions but can address a variety of different functions, including fluorescence, drug delivery, and CO2 sorption.
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.affiliation: ‡Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Dept. Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Napp
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simonato
authors.affiliation: §Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V., Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Möllmer
authors.affiliation: §Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V., Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: ∥University of Göttingen Medical School, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.affiliation: §Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V., Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.|⊥University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Badstraße 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Staudt
authors.affiliation: ‡Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Dept. Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: †Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feldmann
mesh_terms: D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D015040:Zirconium; D008274:Magnesium