title: In vitro myelin formation using embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Myelination in the central nervous system is the process by which oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons. Myelination enables neurons to transmit information more quickly and more efficiently and allows for more complex brain functions; yet, remarkably, the underlying mechanism by which myelination occurs is still not fully understood. A reliable in vitro assay is essential to dissect oligodendrocyte and myelin biology. Hence, we developed a protocol to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells and established a myelin formation assay with embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in microfluidic devices. Myelin formation was quantified using a custom semi-automated method that is suitable for larger scale analysis. Finally, early myelination was followed in real time over several days and the results have led us to propose a new model for myelin formation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Bilal E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Kerman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Hyung Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Crick Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Shereen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Georges
authors.affiliation: Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Joens
authors.affiliation: Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: James A J
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jappelli
authors.affiliation: Sanofi US, R&D, Genzyme MS/Neurology, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chandross
authors.affiliation: Sanofi US, R&D, Early to Candidate Unit, Tucson Innovation Center, 2090 E. Innovation Park Drive, Tucson, AZ 85755, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: August
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA gage@salk.edu.
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gage
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000196:embryology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C577923:CASR protein, mouse; D044169:Receptors, Calcium-Sensing; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
keywords: Automated quantification; Embryonic stem cells; Live imaging; Myelin; Oligodendrocyte