title: Auxin Produced by the Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid Pathway Regulates Development and Gemmae Dormancy in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha.
abstract: The plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) has previously been suggested to regulate diverse forms of dormancy in both seed plants and liverworts. Here, we use loss- and gain-of-function alleles for auxin synthesis- and signaling-related genes, as well as pharmacological approaches, to study how auxin regulates development and dormancy in the gametophyte generation of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. We found that M. polymorpha possess the smallest known toolkit for the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) pathway in any land plant and that this auxin synthesis pathway mainly is active in meristematic regions of the thallus. Previously a Trp-independent auxin synthesis pathway has been suggested to produce a majority of IAA in bryophytes. Our results indicate that the Trp-dependent IPyA pathway produces IAA that is essential for proper development of the gametophyte thallus of M. polymorpha. Furthermore, we show that dormancy of gemmae is positively regulated by auxin synthesized by the IPyA pathway in the apex of the thallus. Our results indicate that auxin synthesis, transport, and signaling, in addition to its role in growth and development, have a critical role in regulation of gemmae dormancy in M. polymorpha.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: D Magnus
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-7636
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitsune
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0504-8196
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flores-Sandoval
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Saya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0803-8279
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-297X
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takebayashi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeyuki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1386-3932
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nonomura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouno
authors.affiliation: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rishikesh P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bhalerao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lagercrantz
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohchi
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia University of California, Section of Plant Biology, Davis, California 95616 john.bowman@monash.edu.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bowman
mesh_terms: D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D047008:Marchantia / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000254:growth & development*; D057445:Plant Dormancy / Q000502:physiology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D007211:Indoles; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; C008122:indol-3-yl pyruvic acid