title: Longitudinal associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42: findings from the Northern Swedish Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known on long-term consequences of poor social relationships in adulthood. The study aimed to examine associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was drawn from four waves of the Northern Swedish cohort (n = 1001, 94 % response rate). The outcome internalising symptoms was measured by a composite index of depressiveness and anxiety. A cumulative measure was constructed to reflect various aspects of social relationships. Multivariate ordinal logistic regressions were used, controlling for socioeconomic indicators and previous level of internalising symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An accumulation of poor social relationships indicators at age 30 is related to internalising symptoms at age 42 in women (OR 1.30; CI 1.11-1.52) and men (OR 1.17; CI 1.02-1.36). The associations remained significant after adjustment for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Poor quality of social relationships at age 30 can predict internalising symptoms 12 years later in both men and women even when previous mental health as well as financial disadvantage is accounted for. More research is required to further examine pathways and mechanisms as well as suitable interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden. evelina.landstedt@umu.se.
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Landstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammarström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
keywords: Mental health; Non-work factors; Prospective study; Social integration; Social network