title: Assessing the Gap in Female Authorship in Radiology: Trends Over the Past Two Decades.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify trends in the representation of female authorship in prominent general radiology journals over the past 2 decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search was conducted for all articles published in 1993, 2003, and 2013 in Radiology, the American Journal of Roentgenology (AJR), European Radiology, and Investigative Radiology. The genders of the first and last authors were collected. Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis, and P values < .05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3,786 articles were reviewed. Overall, women constituted 20.0% authorship, 24.7% of first authors, and 15.2% of senior authors. The average overall female first and senior authorship grew from 19.7% to 32.1% and from 13.6% to 19.1%, respectively from 1993 to 2013. Female first authorship grew over the past 2 decades in the journals reviewed, with significant growth in AJR and Radiology (P < .0001). Female first authorship in the individual journals grew from 16.4%-29.1% in 1993, to 29.1%-34.8% in 2013. Female senior authorship also demonstrated growth in the past 2 decades, growing from 4.3%-17.5% in 1993 to 15.5%-23.2% in 2013. There was significant growth in senior female authorship in Radiology (from 12.1% to 19.2%, P = .004) and European Radiology (from 4.3% to 15.5%, P = .0433). Female senior authorship remained significantly lower than first authorship over the past 2 decades (P = .002, P < .001, and P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although women's growth in first authorship in radiology literature is proportional to their growth in the specialty, they continue to remain a minority, especially in senior authorship, and demonstrate similar participation to other medical specialties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: teresaliang86@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Rohan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Khara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011643:Publishing / Q000639:trends*; D011871:Radiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Academic promotion; education; gender; women