title: Efficacy of fumigation with Trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on embryonated egg shells.
abstract: This study investigated the efficacy of two GRAS (generally regarded as safe)-status, plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) and eugenol (EUG) applied as a fumigation treatment in reducing SE on embryonated egg shells. Egg shells of day-old embryonated eggs were spot inoculated with a 4-strain mixture of SE (∼6.5 log CFU/egg) and subjected to fumigation with the aforementioned PDAs (0 or 1% concentration) for 20 minutes in a hatching incubator. SE on the shell and embryo was enumerated on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 13, 16 and 18. On day 13, the eggs were re-inoculated, followed by fumigation treatment for 20 minutes. Since the two PDAs were dissolved in ethanol (final concentration 0.04%), eggs fumigated with ethanol were included as a control.Approximately 6 log CFU/egg of SE were recovered from the shell of untreated, inoculated eggs on days 1 and 13. The fumigation of embryonated egg shells with the two PDAs was more effective in reducing SE on the shell and embryo compared to controls (P < 0.05). On day 18, the eggs fumigated with ethanol were SE positive on the shell, whereas no pathogen was detected on eggs subjected to fumigation with TC and EUG. Similarly, although the embryos of eggs subjected to fumigation with ethanol yielded 1 log CFU/egg of SE on day 18, the embryos of TC and EUG treated eggs were devoid of the pathogen. This study demonstrated that TC and EUG dissolved in 0.04% ethanol could potentially be used as a fumigation treatment for reducing SE on embryonated egg shell, however, quality traits of eggs, including the hatchability need to be ascertained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Upadhyaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Hsin-Bai
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Meera S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Chi-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Abhinav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Darre
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA kumar.venkitanarayanan@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkitanarayanan
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology*; D005054:Eugenol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005651:Fumigation / Q000592:standards*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012477:Salmonella enteritidis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005054:Eugenol; D000171:Acrolein; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: Salmonella Enteritidis; embryonated eggs; fumigation; plant-derived antimicrobials