title: Clinical Management of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: The Role of Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a genetic disorder causing life-threatening arrhythmias whenever sympathetic activity increases. β-Βlockers are the mainstay of therapy; when they fail, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are used but often cause multiple shocks. Preliminary results with flecainide appear encouraging. We proposed left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) as useful additional therapy, but evidence remains anecdotal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report 63 patients with CPVT who underwent LCSD as secondary (n=54) or primary (n=9) prevention. The median post-LCSD follow-up was 37 months. The 9 asymptomatic patients remained free of major cardiac events. Of the 54 patients with prior major cardiac events either on (n=38) or off (n=16) optimal medical therapy, 13 (24%) had at least 1 recurrence: 0 patients had an aborted cardiac arrest, 2 patients had syncope only, 10 patients had ≥1 appropriate ICD discharges, and 1 patient died suddenly. The 1- and 2-year cumulative event-free survival rates were 87% and 81%. The percentage of patients with major cardiac events despite optimal medical therapy (n=38) was reduced from 100% to 32% (P<0.001) after LCSD, and among 29 patients with a presurgical ICD, the rate of shocks dropped by 93% from 3.6 to 0.6 shocks per person per year (P<0.001). Patients with an incomplete LCSD (n=7) were more likely to experience major cardiac events after LCSD (71% versus 17%; P<0.01) than those with a complete LCSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LCSD is an effective antifibrillatory intervention for patients with CPVT. Whenever syncope occurs despite optimal medical therapy, LCSD could be considered the next step rather than an ICD and could complement ICDs in patients with recurrent shocks.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Gaetano M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: De Ferrari
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dusi
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spazzolini
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: J Martijn
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Charles I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Berul
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Crotti
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eldar
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kharlap
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Asaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Krahn
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leenhardt
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Moir
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odero
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olde Nordkamp
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosés I Noguer
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shkolnikova
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Till
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Arthur A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center (G.M.D.F., V.D.) and Division of Vascular Surgery (A.O.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy (G.M.D.T., V.D., C.S., L.C.); Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy (C.S., L.C., P.J.S.); Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (J.M.B., C.R.M., M.J.A.); Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.J.A.); Division of Cardiology, Children's National Heart Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.I.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (L.C.); Department of Cardiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia (A.M.D.); Heart Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.E.); Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, National Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia (M.K.); Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine; Technion, Haifa, Israel (A.K.); Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.D.K.); AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie et Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France (A.L.); Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (A.L.); Heart Centre AMC, Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.O.N., A.A.M.W.); Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Georg-August-University, 
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000098850:Polymorphic Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia
keywords: adrenergic beta-antagonists; arrhythmias, cardiac; death, sudden; genetics; sympathetic nervous system