title: Epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in HIV-1-infected US persons in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) in the HIV-1-infected US population on the epidemiology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the epidemiology of KSHV in 5022 HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naive US persons participating in six AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG)-randomized clinical trials, and followed in a long-term cohort study. We tested the first and last available sera of each participant for antibodies to KSHV K8.1 and ORF73.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied prevalence and incidence of KSHV infection, incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma, and overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KSHV prevalence was 38.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-39.5%]. Male sex, Caucasian race, age between 30 and 49 years, residence in north-eastern or western United States, and enrolment after 2001 were independently associated with prevalent infection. KSHV incidence was 4.07/100 person-years (95% CI 3.70-4.47). Male sex, Caucasian race, age below 30, and enrolment after 2001 were associated with incident infection. CD4 cell count increase following cART was associated with lower risk. Kaposi's sarcoma incidence was 104.05/100 000 person-years (95% CI 71.17-146.89). Higher baseline CD4 cell count, but not increase in CD4 cell count after cART, was associated with lower hazard of Kaposi's sarcoma. Randomized assignment of protease inhibitors was not associated with better KSHV outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-1-infected individuals, in particular Caucasian men, remain at a significant risk for KSHV co-infection and Kaposi's sarcoma. Thus, optimal management of HIV-1 infection should continue to include vigilance for manifestations of KSHV co-infection, including Kaposi's sarcoma.
authors.affiliation: aViral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick bDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland cDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California dDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Nazzarena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labo
authors.forename: Wendell
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miley
authors.forename: Constance A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D000914:Antibodies, Viral