title: Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming.
abstract: Organic farming is based on the concept of working 'with nature' instead of against it; however, compared with conventional farming, organic farming reportedly has lower productivity. Ideally, the goal should be to narrow this yield gap. In this review, we specifically discuss the feasibility of new breeding techniques (NBTs) for rewilding, a process involving the reintroduction of properties from the wild relatives of crops, as a method to close the productivity gap. The most efficient methods of rewilding are based on modern biotechnology techniques, which have yet to be embraced by the organic farming movement. Thus, the question arises of whether the adoption of such methods is feasible, not only from a technological perspective, but also from conceptual, socioeconomic, ethical, and regulatory perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Vej 4, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin Marchman
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Vej 4, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Regulation and Administration, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Regulation and Administration, Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anyshchenko
authors.affiliation: Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Janus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falhof
authors.affiliation: Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jeppe Thulin
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Østerberg
authors.affiliation: Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene Irene
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anna Kristina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Edenbrandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Suzanne Elizabeth
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Vedel
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bo Jellesmark
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandøe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gamborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Vej 4, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klemens
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.affiliation: Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: palmgren@plen.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Palmgren
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D000069600:Plant Breeding
keywords: CRISPR-Cas9; TALEN; cisgenesis; organic agriculture; reverse breeding; rewilding