title: Psychological distress and stressful life events in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is little knowledge regarding the association between psychological factors and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in children. Specifically, it is not known which factors precipitate CRPS and which result from the ongoing painful disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as the experience of stressful life events in children with CRPS compared with children with chronic primary headaches and functional abdominal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart study examined children with CRPS (n=37) who received intensive inpatient pain treatment between 2004 and 2010. They were compared with two control groups (chronic primary headaches and functional abdominal pain; each n=37), who also received intensive inpatient pain treatment. Control groups were matched with the CRPS group with regard to admission date, age and sex. Groups were compared on symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as stressful life events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with CRPS reported lower anxiety and depression scores compared with children with abdominal pain. A higher number of stressful life events before and after the onset of the pain condition was observed for children with CRPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CRPS are not particularly prone to symptoms of anxiety or depression. Importantly, children with CRPS experienced more stressful life events than children with chronic headaches or abdominal pain. Prospective long-term studies are needed to further explore the potential role of stressful life events in the etiology of CRPS.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wager
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brehmer
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hirschfeld
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zernikow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult