title: Hockey lines for simulation-based learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation-based health professional education is often limited in accommodating large numbers of students. Most organisations do not have enough simulation suites or staff to support growing demands.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We needed to find ways to make simulation sessions more accommodating for larger groups of learners, so that more than a few individuals could be active in a simulation scenario at any one time. Moreover, we needed to make the experience meaningful for all participating learners.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the metaphor of (ice) hockey lines and substitution 'on the fly' to effectively double the numbers of learners that can be actively engaged at once. Team players must communicate clearly, and observe keenly, so that currently playing members understand what is happening from moment to moment and incoming substitutes can take over their roles seamlessly. Most organisations do not have enough simulation suites or staff to support growing demands
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that this hockey lines approach to simulation-based team scenarios will raise learners' levels of engagement, reinforce good crew resource management (CRM) practices, enhance closed-loop communication, and help learners to understand their cognitive biases and limitations when working in high-pressure situations. During our continuing refinement of the hockey-lines approach, we developed a number of variations on the basic activity model, with various benefits and applications. Both students and teachers have been enthusiastically positive about this approach when it was introduced at our various courses and participating institutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Topps
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Canada.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ellaway
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Canada.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kupsh
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006688:Hockey; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D017145:Models, Educational; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000458:organization & administration*