title: Peripheral interleukin-6 promotes resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accumulating evidences suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. In the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm, ~35% rats are resilient to inescapable stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of IL-6 in the serum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of LH rats (susceptible) and non-LH rats (resilience) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of IL-6 in the LH rats were significantly higher than those of control and non-LH rats. In contrast, tissue levels of IL-6 in the mPFC were not different among three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that peripheral IL-6 may contribute to resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable stress.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirayama
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Ji-Chun
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience,Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health,Chiba,Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000494:pharmacology; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C502936:tocilizumab
keywords: interleukin-6 (IL-6); learned helplessness; resilience; susceptible