title: Short Time Exposure (STE) test in conjunction with Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay including histopathology to evaluate correspondence with the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) eye irritation classification of textile dyes.
abstract: Eye irritation evaluation is mandatory for predicting health risks in consumers exposed to textile dyes. The two dyes, Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) and Reactive Green 19 (RG19) are classified as Category 2A (irritating to eyes) based on the UN Globally Harmonized System for classification (UN GHS), according to the Draize test. On the other hand, animal welfare considerations and the enforcement of a new regulation in the EU are drawing much attention in reducing or replacing animal experiments with alternative methods. This study evaluated the eye irritation of the two dyes RO16 and RG19 by combining the Short Time Exposure (STE) and the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assays and then comparing them with in vivo data from the GHS classification. The STE test (first level screening) categorized both dyes as GHS Category 1 (severe irritant). In the BCOP, dye RG19 was also classified as GHS Category 1 while dye RO16 was classified as GHS no prediction can be made. Both dyes caused damage to the corneal tissue as confirmed by histopathological analysis. Our findings demonstrated that the STE test did not contribute to arriving at a better conclusion about the eye irritation potential of the dyes when used in conjunction with the BCOP test. Adding the histopathology to the BCOP test could be an appropriate tool for a more meaningful prediction of the eye irritation potential of dyes.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - FF/UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Electronic address: gaugusto@ufg.br.
authors.forename: Gisele Augusto Rodrigues
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - FF/UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael do Nascimento
authors.initials: Rdo N
authors.lastname: Ducas
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - FF/UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Campos
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - FO/UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Carvalho
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - FCFRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle Palma
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - FF/UFG, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marize Campos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valadares
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000139:chemically induced; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007509:Irritants / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D010539:Permeability; D011817:Rabbits; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007509:Irritants; C483723:reactive orange 16
keywords: Alternative method; Eye irritation; Reactive Green 19; Reactive Orange 16; UN GHS