title: Urinary tract infection of mice to model human disease: Practicalities, implications and limitations.
abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. Murine models of human UTI are vital experimental tools that have helped to elucidate UTI pathogenesis and advance knowledge of potential treatment and infection prevention strategies. Fundamentally, several variables are inherent in different murine models, and understanding the limitations of these variables provides an opportunity to understand how models may be best applied to research aimed at mimicking human disease. In this review, we discuss variables inherent in murine UTI model studies and how these affect model usage, data analysis and data interpretation. We examine recent studies that have elucidated UTI host-pathogen interactions from the perspective of gene expression, and review new studies of biofilm and UTI preventative approaches. We also consider potential standards for variables inherent in murine UTI models and discuss how these might expand the utility of models for mimicking human disease and uncovering new aspects of pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia .
authors.forename: Alison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.affiliation: a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia .
authors.forename: Chee K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia .
authors.forename: Deepak S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ipe
authors.affiliation: a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia .
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: b Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia , and.
authors.forename: Allan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Cripps
authors.affiliation: c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schembri
authors.affiliation: a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia .
authors.forename: Glen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ulett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Animal models; Escherichia coli; bacterial pathogenesis; innate immunity; urinary tract infection