title: Transcranial focal electrical stimulation reduces the convulsive expression and amino acid release in the hippocampus during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of transcranial focal electrical stimulation (TFS) on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release in the hippocampus under basal conditions and during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Animals were previously implanted with a guide cannula attached to a bipolar electrode into the right ventral hippocampus and a concentric ring electrode placed on the skull surface. The first microdialysis experiment was designed to determine, under basal conditions, the effects of TFS (300 Hz, 200 μs biphasic square pulses, for 30 min) on afterdischarge threshold (ADT) and the release of GABA and glutamate in the hippocampus. The results obtained indicate that at low current intensities (<2800 μA), TFS enhances and decreases the basal extracellular levels of GABA and glutamate, respectively. However, TFS did not modify the ADT. During the second microdialysis experiment, a group of animals was subjected to SE induced by pilocarpine administration (300 mg/kg, i.p.; SE group). The SE was associated with a significant rise of GABA and glutamate release (up to 120 and 182% respectively, 5h after pilocarpine injection) and the prevalence of high-voltage rhythmic spikes and increased spectral potency of delta, gamma, and theta bands. A group of animals (SE-TFS group) received TFS continuously during 2h at 100 μA, 5 min after the establishment of SE. This group showed a significant decrease in the expression of the convulsive activity and spectral potency in gamma and theta bands. The extracellular levels of GABA and glutamate in the hippocampus remained at basal conditions. These results suggest that TFS induces anticonvulsant effects when applied during the SE, an effect associated with lower amino acid release. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico.
authors.forename: César E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Santana-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alcántara-González
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luna-Munguía
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ivette
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bañuelos-Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Division for Neuroscience Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magdaleno-Madrigal
authors.affiliation: Division for Neuroscience Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Mas
authors.affiliation: Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Dept., University of Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Besio
authors.affiliation: Pharmacobiology Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico. Electronic address: lrocha@cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010862:Pilocarpine; D051381:Rats; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010862:Pilocarpine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: GABA; Glutamate; Pilocarpine; Status epilepticus; Transcranial focal electrical stimulation; Tripolar concentric ring electrode