title: Perfluorinated carboxylic acids discharged from the Yodo River Basin, Japan.
abstract: We investigated perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 7-14 carbon atoms (C7-C14) in the Yodo River system in 2013. C7-C11 were detected at most sampling sites. The range and median of total PFCAs (ΣPFCAs) concentrations were 1.0-89.7 and 11.2 ng L(-1), respectively. The dominant component was C8 (average for all samples=53.3±8.8%), followed by C7 (19.2±6.7%) and C9 (17.6±7.1%). The levels of C8 were confirmed to decrease greatly over the last 10 years. We assessed the fluxes in C7-C11 discharged from the basin based on the concentrations in river water and river flow rate. The flux of discharged ΣPFCAs was 237.0 g d(-1) at the most downriver point of the assessment areas. Considering the variability in flow rate due to precipitation, the annual ΣPFCAs flux was estimated to be 86.5-173.4 kg y(-1). Identification and quantification of PFCAs sources is difficult because the strength of the sources changes with time, and available information is quite limited. Further monitoring and investigation are necessary to understand sources of PFCAs, as well as their potential for human exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niisoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: S T M L D
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Senevirathna
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hitomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hatasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Junxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Electronic address: koizumi.akio.5v@kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koizumi
mesh_terms: D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014507:Urbanization
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Japan; PFOA; Perfluorinated carboxylic acid; River water; Urban area