title: The accuracy of three-dimensional bladder ultrasonography in determining the residual urinary volume compared with conventional catheterisation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the accuracy of three-dimensional bladder ultrasonography (US, using the BVI 3000, Verathon, WA, USA) for determining the residual urinary volume, compared with the conventional catheterisation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study at day-care unit of a University hospital after obtaining approval from the Ethics Review Committee of the hospital. Thirty-four patients with lower urinary tract symptoms requiring cystometrography were included. The postvoid volume was measured by bladder US, with three readings taken, and then patient was catheterised using a 12-F Nelaton catheter to measure the urinary volume. The mean of the three readings was compared with the catheterisation volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) urinary volumes by US and catheterisation were 261 (186) and 260 (175) mL, respectively, and the correlation (r (2)) was 0.97. There was no effect of age, gender or body mass index on the accuracy of bladder US, which was accurate even when the urinary volume was ⩽100 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bladder US estimate is as accurate as catheterisation for determining the postvoid residual urinary volume. Its accuracy was also comparable when the urinary volume is <100 mL, and there was no significant effect of age, gender and body mass index. This system could replace the more invasive catheterisation, and with excellent accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Hammad
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ather
keywords: BMI, body mass index; Bladder scans; CMG, cystometrography; Catheterisation; Cystometrogram; PVR, postvoid residual; RPI, real-time pre-scan imaging; Residual urinary volume; US, ultrasonography; Urodynamics