title: Combining biomass wet disk milling and endoglucanase/β-glucosidase hydrolysis for the production of cellulose nanocrystals.
abstract: Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a biomaterial with high added value, were obtained from pure cellulose, Eucalyptus holocellulose, unbleached Kraft pulp, and sugarcane bagasse, by fibrillating these biomass substrates using wet disk milling (WDM) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using endoglucanase/β-glucosidase. The hydrolysis experiments were conducted using the commercial enzyme OptimashBG or a blend of Pyrococcus horikoshii endoglucanase and Pyrococcus furiosus β-glucosidase. The fibrillated materials and CNCs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the specific surface area (SSA) was measured. WDM resulted in the formation of long and twisted microfibers of 1000-5000 nm in length and 4-35 nm in diameter, which were hydrolyzed into shorter and straighter CNCs of 500-1500 nm in length and 4-12 nm in diameter, with high cellulose crystallinity. Therefore, the CNC's aspect ratio was successfully adjusted by endoglucanases under mild reaction conditions, relative to the reported acidic hydrolysis method.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute, CT, Bloco A, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-909, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: sposina55@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ricardo Sposina Sobral
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute, CT, Bloco A, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Technology, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Avenida Venezuela, 82, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20081-312, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: aylasantana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ayla Sant'Ana
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest Material Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhtojh@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hwkim@kopri.re.kr.
authors.forename: Han-Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Hiroshima, Japan. Electronic address: kazu-ishikawa@aist.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Biomass Refinery Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-0046, Hiroshima, Japan. Electronic address: t-endo@aist.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest Material Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: lshyhk@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute, CT, Bloco A, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-909, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: elba1996@iq.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Elba P S
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bon
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002480:Cellulase / Q000737:chemistry; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002482:Cellulose; C027433:bagasse; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D002480:Cellulase
keywords: Cellulose microfibers; Cellulose nanocrystals; Endoglucanases; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Wet disk milling