title: Stimulation of endothelial non-neuronal muscarinic receptor attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis via inhibiting endothelial cells activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of non-neuronal muscarinic receptors (NNMR) stimulation on atherosclerosis and endothelial cells activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atherosclerosis model was established in ApoE-/- mice by a high fat diet for 7 weeks. During the experimental periods, animals were received a low (7 mg/kg/d) or a high (21 mg/kg/d) dose of arecoline by gavage. At the termination of the treatments, serum total cholesterol and NO levels were measured, and the aorta morphology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and adhesion molecules in the thoracic aortas was determined by RT-PCR, and the MCP-1 protein expression and NF-κB activity were detected by Western blot analysis. NO production, MCP-1 secretion in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), and monocyte-endothelium adhesion assay were also performed after arecoline treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arecoline efficiently decreased atherosclerotic plaque areas, increased serum nitric oxide (NO) content, suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1, and modulated the IκB-α degradation and P65 phosphorylation in the aortae of ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, arecoline promoted NO production and suppressed MCP-1 secretion in cultured RAECs after ox-LDL exposure, and either atropine or NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester could abrogate these effects. Arecoline also significantly inhibited the adherence of U937 monocytes to the ox-LDL injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which could be abolished by atropine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that arecoline attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis and inhibits endothelial cells activation and adherence by stimulating endothelial NNMR. These effects, at least in part, are due to its modulation on NF-κB activity.
authors.forename: Jing-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhi-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yan-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wen-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Chao-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001115:Arecoline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000502:physiology*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; C000606205:Nfkbia protein, mouse; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001115:Arecoline; D002784:Cholesterol