title: An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes.
abstract: The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nur Royhaila
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nur Haziqah Che
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Marzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Aziah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fahrul
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huyop
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai 81310 , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roswanira Abdul
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wahab
keywords: atomic force spectroscopy; circular dichroism; entrapment; enzymes; immobilization; nanoscale; surface analysis