title: Can cannabis use be prevented by targeting personality risk in schools? Twenty-four-month outcome of the adventure trial on cannabis use: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effectiveness of a personality-targeted intervention program (Adventure trial) delivered by trained teachers to high-risk (HR) high-school students on reducing marijuana use and frequency of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster-randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary schools in London, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one secondary schools were randomized to intervention (n = 12) or control (n = 9) conditions, encompassing a total of 1038 HR students in the ninth grade [mean (standard deviation) age = 13.7 (0.33) years].
  
  
  METHODS
  Brief personality-targeted interventions to students with one of four HR profiles: anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, impulsivity and sensation-seeking.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  marijuana use. Secondary outcome: frequency of use. Assessed using the Reckless Behaviour Questionnaire at intervals of 6 months for 2 years. Personality risk was measured with the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analysis revealed significant intervention effects on cannabis use rates at the 6-month follow-up in the intent-to-treat sample [odds ratio (OR) = 0.67, P = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45-1.0] and significant reductions in frequency of use at 12- and 18-month follow-up (β = -0.14, P ≤ 0.05, 95% CI = -0.6 to -0.01; β = -0.12, P ≤ 0.05, 95% CI = -0.54 to 0.0), but this was not supported in two-part latent growth models. Subgroup analyses (both logistic and two-part models) reveal that the sensation-seeking intervention delayed the onset of cannabis use among sensation seekers (OR = 0.25, β = -0.833, standard error = 0.342, P = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Personality-targeted interventions can be delivered effectively by trained school staff to delay marijuana use onset among a subset of high-risk teenagers: sensation-seekers.
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Ste-Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Ioan T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-7864
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Mahu
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Ste-Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doucet
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Maeve
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Leary-Barrett
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Ste-Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Montréal, Canada.|Addictions Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conrod
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010551:Personality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Adolescents; drug prevention; impulsivity; personality; sensation seeking; targeted prevention