title: The efficacy of photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite in root canal disinfection by a single-file instrumentation technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canal disinfection by a single-file instrumentation technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy human single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, and divided into seven groups (n=10) according to the protocol of disinfection used. Group 1: 1% NaOCl; Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl; Group 3: saline+PDT; Group 4: 1% NaOCl+PDT; Group 5: 5.25% NaOCl+PDT; Group 6: positive control; Group 7: negative control. For PDT, methylene blue (15μg/mL) remained in the root canal for 2min, followed by irradiation with diode laser. Samples were collected before and after instrumentation and plated in specific media cultures, to assess the presence or absence of microbial growth and determine the average reduction of viable microorganisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  5.25% NaOCl+PDT resulted in the highest number of specimens with no microbial growth. Also, 1% NaOCl and 1% NaOCl+PDT exhibited similar antimicrobial effects. Saline+PDT was not able to eliminate all microorganisms. There was statistical significant differences between the groups and the microorganisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of 5.25% NaOCl with PDT was the most effective treatment against microorganisms from endodontic infection in root canals instrumented by a single-file instrumentation technique. This result shows that PDT can be useful to improve the root canal disinfection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Paloma
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. Electronic address: cmaguiar@ufpe.br.
authors.forename: Carlos Menezes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Oral and Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Cruz
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Câmara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miracy Muniz
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Regis de Barros
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monica Felts de La Roca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: Enterococcus faecalis; Photodynamic therapy; Root canal; Sodium hypochlorite