title: iStent as a Solo Procedure for Glaucoma Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. It is firmly entrenched in the traditional treatment paradigm to start with pharmacotherapy. However, pharmacotherapy is not benign and has been well documented to have a number of significant challenges. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) that targets the outflow pathway with minimal to no scleral dissection has resulted in the need to reconsider the glaucoma treatment paradigm.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate and quantify the effect on post-operative intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of topical glaucoma medications, in patients receiving the iStent MIGS device as the solo procedure without concurrent cataract surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was conducted by searching various databases between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2014. Studies reporting up to a maximum follow-up period of 24 months were retrieved and screened using the EPPI-Reviewer 4 gateway. Percentage reduction in IOP (IOPR%), and mean reduction in topical glaucoma medications after surgery were computed. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA v. 13.0. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated as the effect size for continuous scale outcomes. Heterogeneity was determined using the I2 statistics, Z-value, and χ2 statistics. Fixed-effect and random-effect models were developed based on heterogeneity. Sub-group analysis was performed based on the number of iStents implanted and the follow-up period. The outcome measures were changes in the IOP and number of glaucoma medications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy identified 105 records from published literature and 9 records from the grey literature. Five studies with 248 subjects were included for quantitative synthesis. A 22% IOP reduction (IOPR%) from baseline occurred at 18-months after one iStent implant, 30% at 6-months after two iStents implantations, and 40% at 6-months after implantation of three iStents. A mean reduction of 1.2 bottles per patient of topical glaucoma medications occurred at 18-months after one iStent implant, 1.45 bottles per patient at 6-months after two iStents, and one bottle of medication per patient was reduced at 6-months following placement of three iStents implants. Meta-analysis results showed a significant reduction in the IOP after one iStent (SMD = -1.68, 95% CI: [-2.7, -0.61]), two iStents (SMD = -1.88, 95% CI: [-2.2, -1.56]), and three iStents (SMD = -2, 95% CI: [-2.62, -1.38]) implantation. Results showed a significant drop in the topical glaucoma medications after one iStent (SMD = -2.11, CI: [-3.95, -0.27]), two iStent (SMD = -1.88, CI: [-2.20, -1.56]), and three iStents (SMD = -2.00, CI: [-2.62, -1.38]) implantation. The maximum reduction in IOP occurred at 12-months (SMD = -2.21, CI: [-2.53, -1.88]) and a significant reduction in post-operative topical glaucoma medications occurred even after 18-months of iStent implantation (SMD = -0.71, CI: [-1.15, -0.26]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  iStent implantation as a solo procedure without concurrent cataract extraction does lower IOP, and reduces the dependency on glaucoma medications. This effect seems to last at least 18 months.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Monali S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Malvankar-Mehta
authors.affiliation: Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Yufeng Nancy
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Yiannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iordanous
authors.affiliation: Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Wan Wendy
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Allyn & Betty Taylor Library, Natural Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Costella
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Cindy M L
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hutnik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002386:Cataract / Q000628:therapy; D002387:Cataract Extraction / Q000379:methods; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents