title: The association between major depressive disorder, use of antidepressants and bone mineral density (BMD) in men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both depression and use of antidepressants have been negatively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) but mainly in studies among postmenopausal women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate these relationships in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2006 and 2011, 928 men (aged 24-98 years) from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study completed a comprehensive questionnaire, clinical measurements and had BMD assessments at the forearm, spine, total hip and total body. Major depressive disorder (MDD) was identified using a structured clinical interview (SCID-I/NP). The cross-sectional associations between BMD and both MDD and antidepressant use were analyzed using multivariable linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the study population, 84 (9.1%) men had a single MDD episode, 50 (5.4%) had recurrent episodes and 65 (7.0%) were using antidepressants at the time of assessment. Following adjustments, recurrent MDD was associated with lower BMD at the forearm and total body (-6.5%, P=0.033 and -2.5%, P=0.033, respectively compared to men with no history of MDD), while single MDD episodes were associated with higher BMD at the total hip (+3.4%, P=0.030). Antidepressant use was associated with lower BMD only in lower-weight men (<75-110 kg depending on bone site).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both depression and use of antidepressants should be taken into account as possible risk factors for osteoporosis in men.
authors.affiliation: Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland.|Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UEF, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rauma
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.|North West Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasco
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.|Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.|The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, UEF, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Departments of Psychiatry: Kuopio University Hospital (KUH), South-Savonia Hospital District, Mikkeli; North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu; SOSTERI, Savonlinna; SOTE, Iisalmi; Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koivumaa-Honkanen
authors.affiliation: Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, UEF, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.|Barwon Biomedical Research, The Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D005542:Forearm / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors