title: Simultaneous increase in multiple proinflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor in neovascular glaucoma with and without intravitreal bevacizumab injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate aqueous humor proinflammatory cytokine levels of patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG), and to analyze the effects of background factors in the expression of these molecules.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study enrolled 137 participants who were grouped into (1) primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG; n = 36) patients; (2) NVG patients (NVG; n = 33); and (3) cataract surgery patients as a comparative group (CG; n = 68). Aqueous humor samples were collected from the anterior chamber at the start of surgery, deposited in CryoTubes, registered, and stored at -80 °C until processing. Multiplex microparticle-based immunodetection was performed by using xMAP and the Human Cytokine/Chemokine Panel I. Bevacizumab was injected into the vitreous cavity 1 to 2 days before surgery in 22 NVG patients (IVB group), whereas 11 NVG patients received no antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy 3 months preoperatively (N group). The Wilcoxon rank sum test or Fisher's exact test for two variables and the Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test for multiple variables were used to compare the cytokine levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NVG patients had higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA compared to both the CG and POAG groups. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and PDGF-AB/BB were higher in the IVB group than the N group, whereas the VEGF level was significantly lower in the IVB group (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal bevacizumab injection decreased VEGF levels, but not those of the other cytokines.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shobayashi
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.forename: Mikiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Hidenobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanihara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002386:Cataract / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015355:Glaucoma, Neovascular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D016207:Cytokines; D000068258:Bevacizumab