title: Effect of clinical examination and anatomical location on native arteriovenous fistula maturation rate in high risk patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maximal use of native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) for patients on hemodialysis therapy remains a clinical challenge. Primary failure rates remain high with risk factors such as female gender, diabetes mellitus, lower arm AVF and higher age. We wondered if a strategy of careful clinical examination prior to AVF creation and a preference towards an upper arm AVF in case of doubt about the quality of the vein in patients with any of the above mentioned risk factors, would lead to better maturation rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of all patients who received an AVF between January 2005 and December 2009 at our University Hospitals Leuven were studied retrospectively. Demographic data, comorbidity, fistula characteristics, fistula maturation and fistula complications were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 344 patients enrolled, 156 (45.3%) received a lower arm AVF and 188 (54.7%) an upper arm AVF. Two hundred and seventy-six (80.2%) fistulas had a normal maturation. Lower arm AVF was a significant risk factor for non-maturation in this series (73.1% versus 86.2% ; p = 0,0024). Female gender, diabetes and high age were not, but female gender showed a significant difference in distribution in upper arm versus lower arm fistulas (62.40% versus 37.6% ; p = 0,0218).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Careful clinical examination prior to upper or lower arm AVF creation together with the integration of risk assessment in the planning of AVF is worthwhile. A preference towards upper arm fistulas if major risk factors are -present can improve overall maturation rates and lead to the same maturation rates as in the overall dialysis population. Therefore, the presence of risk factors for non-maturation should not lead to the underuse of native AVFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verest
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Logghe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuypers
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fourneau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000601:surgery*; D016121:Brachiocephalic Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D055815:Young Adult