title: Maternal metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, and small for gestational age infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to explore to what extent the presence of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular risk constitutions differ between pregnancies complicated by small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infancy, preeclampsia (PE), or a combination of both.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study in women after pregnancies complicated by placental syndrome with fetal manifestations (SGA infancy [n = 113]), maternal manifestations (PE [n = 729]), or both (n = 461). Independent sample t test was used to compare cardiometabolic and cardiovascular risk factors between groups. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its constituents between groups. Adjustments were made for maternal age, parity, smoking, interval between delivery and measurements, and intrauterine fetal demise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metabolic syndrome was present in 7.5% of women who delivered SGA infants, 15.6% of former PE women, and 19.8% of women after pregnancy complicated by both SGA and PE. Hypertension was observed in 25% of former PE women and 15% of women with solely SGA. Women who delivered a SGA infant had lower global vascular compliance compared to former PE women without SGA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiometabolic risk factors consistent with metabolic syndrome relate to the maternal rather than to the fetal presentation of placental syndrome. Nonetheless, highest incidence of metabolic syndrome was observed in women with both PE and SGA. PE relates to chronic hypertension, whereas increased arterial stiffness seems to be associated with women who deliver a SGA infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.c.e.hooijschuur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mieke C E
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hooijschuur
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chahinda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ghossein-Doha
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Salwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Nasiry
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc E A
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Spaanderman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: cardiovascular assessment; metabolic syndrome; preeclampsia; small-for-gestational-age infancy