title: Improvement of antioxidant status after Brazil nut intake in hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of partially defatted Granulated Brazil nut (GBN) on biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients on nutrition and drug approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety one hypertensive and dyslipidemic subjects of both genders (51.6 % men), mean age 62.1 ± 9.3 years, performed a randomized crossover trial, double-blind, placebo controlled. Subjects received a diet and partially defatted GBN 13 g per day (≈227.5 μg/day of selenium) or placebo for twelve weeks with four-week washout interval. Anthropometric, laboratory and clinic characteristics were investigated at baseline. Plasma selenium (Se), plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx3) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 8-epi PGF2α and oxidized LDL were evaluated at the beginning and in the end of each intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GBN intake significantly increased plasma Se from 87.0 ± 16.8 to 180.6 ± 67.1 μg/L, increased GPx3 activity in 24,8% (from 112.66 ± 40.09 to 128.32 ± 38.31 nmol/min/mL, p < 0,05), and reduced 3.25% of oxidized-LDL levels (from 66.31 ± 23.59 to 60.68 ± 20.88 U/L, p < 0.05). An inverse association between GPx3 and oxidized LDL levels was observed after supplementation with GBN by simple model (β -0.232, p = 0.032) and after adjustment for gender, age, diabetes and BMI (β -0.298, p = 0.008). There wasn't association between GPx3 and 8-epi PGF2α (β -0.209, p = 0.052) by simple model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The partially defatted GBN intake has a potential benefit to increase plasma selenium, increase enzymatic antioxidant activity of GPx3 and to reduction oxidation in LDL in hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01990391; November 20, 2013.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Heart Edson Saad, Federal Universityof Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. grazielle.huguenin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Grazielle V B
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Huguenin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Heart Edson Saad, Federal Universityof Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Glaucia M M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, National Institute of Cardiology (INC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. anniebello@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Annie S B
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. tatispierre@puc-rio.br.
authors.forename: Tatiana D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Saint'Pierre
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. rodrigoagoncalves@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. alessandra.mulder@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandra R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pinheiro-Mulder
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. atteodoro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anderson J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Teodoro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Heart Edson Saad, Federal Universityof Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ronir@iesc.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Ronir R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Luiz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Heart Edson Saad, Federal Universityof Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. glorimar@nutricao.ufrj.br.|Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro - Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Prédio do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco J, 2° andar, sala 25, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. glorimar@nutricao.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Glorimar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D031383:Bertholletia / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D012643:Selenium