title: Molecular marker characterization and source appointment of particulate matter and its organic aerosols.
abstract: This study was carried out to identify possible sources and to estimate their contribution to total suspended particle (TSP) organic aerosol (OA) contents. A total of 120 TSP and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously every third day over a one-year period in urban area of Incheon, Korea. High concentration in particulate matters (PM) and its components (NO3(-), water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs), and n-alkanoic acids) were observed during the winter season. Among the organics, n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, levoglucosan, and phthalates were major components. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified seven sources of organic aerosols including combustion 1 (low molecular weight (LMW)-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)), combustion 2 (high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs), biomass burning, vegetative detritus (n-alkane), secondary organic aerosol 1 (SOA1), secondary organic aerosol 2 (SOA2), and motor vehicles. Vegetative detritus increased during the summer season through an increase in biogenic/photochemical activity, while most of the organic sources were prominent in the winter season due to the increases in air pollutant emissions and atmospheric stability. The correlation factors were high among the main components of the organic carbon (OC) in the TSP and PM2.5. The results showed that TSP OAs had very similar characteristics to the PM2.5 OAs. SOA, combustion (PAHs), and motor vehicle were found to be important sources of carbonaceous PM in this region. Our results imply that molecular markers (MMs)-PMF model can provide useful information on the source and characteristics of PM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon metropolitan city, Incheon 400-036, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Pyo
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon metropolitan city, Incheon 400-036, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Muk
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: zohkd@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung-Duk
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Zoh
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D001272:Atmosphere; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005947:Glucose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012621:Seasons; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000473:Alkanes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014131:Trace Elements; C014989:1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Molecular marker (MM); PM(2.5); Positive matrix factorization (PMF); Secondary organic aerosol (SOA); TSP