title: Serum quantitative proteomic analysis reveals potential zinc-associated biomarkers for nonbacterial prostatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostatitis is one of the most common urological problems afflicting adult men. The etiology and pathogenesis of nonbacterial prostatitis, which accounts for 90-95% of cases, is largely unknown. As serum proteins often indicate the overall pathologic status of patients, we hypothesized that protein biomarkers of prostatitis might be identified by comparing the serum proteomes of patients with and without nonbacterial prostatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All untreated samples were collected from subjects attending the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES). We profiled pooled serum samples from four carefully selected groups of patients (n = 10/group) representing the various categories of nonbacterial prostatitis (IIIa, IIIb, and IV) and matched healthy controls using a mass spectrometry-based 4-plex iTRAQ proteomic approach. More than 160 samples were validated by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 69 proteins were identified. Among them, 42, 52, and 37 proteins were identified with differential expression in Category IIIa, IIIb, and IV prostatitis, respectively. The 19 common proteins were related to immunity and defense, ion binding, transport, and proteolysis. Two zinc-binding proteins, superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), and carbonic anhydrase I (CA1), were significantly higher in all types of prostatitis than in the control. A receiver operating characteristic curve estimated sensitivities of 50.4 and 68.1% and specificities of 92.1 and 83.8% for CA1 and SOD3, respectively, in detecting nonbacterial prostatitis. The serum CA1 concentration was inversely correlated to the zinc concentration in expressed-prostatic secretions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that SOD3 and CA1 are potential diagnostic markers of nonbacterial prostatitis, although further large-scale studies are required. The molecular profiles of nonbacterial prostatitis pathogenesis may lay a foundation for discovery of new therapies.
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Chengdong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Zhidi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Youjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Yanbao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Muyan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Yuening
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Department of Urology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Yuanliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Ruobing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Center for Reproductive Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Shaoming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.|Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Zengnan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015032:Zinc
keywords: CA1; SOD3; iTRAQ; nonbacterial prostatitis; serum