title: Does Commuting Affect Health?
abstract: This paper analyzes the relation between commuting time and health in the UK. I focus on four different types of health outcomes: subjective health measures, objective health measures, health behavior, and healthcare utilization. Fixed effect models are estimated with British Household Panel Survey data. I find that whereas objective health and health behavior are barely affected by commuting time, subjective health measures are clearly lower for people who commute longer. A longer commuting time is, moreover, related to more visits to the general practitioner. Effects turn out to be more pronounced for women and for commuters driving a car. For women, commuting time is also negatively related to regular exercise and positively to calling in sick. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University | ROA, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|IZA, Schaumburg-Lippe-Strasse, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Künn-Nelen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: commuting time; health; transportation mode