title: Probabilities of benefit and harms of preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: What do radiation oncologists tell and what do patients understand?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Probabilities of benefits and harms of treatment may help patients when making a treatment decision. This study aimed to examine (1) whether and how radiation oncologists convey probabilities to rectal cancer patients, and (2) patients' estimates of probabilities of major outcomes of rectal cancer treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  First consultations of oncologists and patients eligible for preoperative radiotherapy (PRT) (N=90) were audio taped. Tapes were transcribed verbatim and coded to identify probabilistic information presented. Patients (N=56) filled in a post-consultation questionnaire on their estimates of probabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Probabilities were mentioned in 99% (local recurrence), 75% (incontinence), 72% and 40% (sexual dysfunction in males and females, respectively) of cases. Most patients (89%) correctly estimated that PRT decreases the probability of local recurrence, and 10% and 38%/54% that it increases the probability of incontinence and sexual dysfunction in males/females, respectively. Patients tended to underestimate the probabilities of harms of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that oncologists almost always mention probabilities of benefit of PRT. In contrast, probabilities of harms often go unmentioned. The effect of PRT on adverse events is often underestimated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncologists should stay alert to patients' possible misunderstanding of probabilistic information and should check patients' perceptions of probabilities.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Decision Making, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunneman
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Decision Making, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stiggelbout
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corrie A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marijnen
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Medical Decision Making, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: pieterse@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Arwen H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Pieterse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072103:Oncologists; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Information provision; Preoperative radiotherapy; Rectal cancer; Risk communication; Shared decision making