title: Folding stability modulation of the villin headpiece helical subdomain by 4-fluorophenylalanine and 4-methylphenylalanine.
abstract: HP36, the helical subdomain of villin headpiece, contains a hydrophobic core composed of three phenylalanine residues (Phe47, Phe51, and Phe58). Hydrophobic effects and electrostatic interactions were shown to be the critical factors in stabilizing this core and the global structure. To assess the interactions among Phe47, Phe51, and Phe58 residues and investigate how they affect the folding stability, we implanted 4-fluorophenylalanine (Z) and 4-methylphenylalanine (X) into the hydrophobic core of HP36. We chemically synthesized HP36 and its seven variants including four single mutants whose Phe51 or Phe58 was replaced with Z or X, and three double mutants whose Phe51 and Phe58 were both substituted. Circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements show that the variants exhibit a native HP36 like fold, of which F51Z and three double mutants are more stable than the wild type. Molecular modeling provided detailed interaction energy within the phenylalanine residues, revealing that electrostatic interactions dominate the stability modulation upon the introduction of 4-fluorophenylalanine and 4-methylphenylalanine. Our results show that these two non-natural amino acids can successfully tune the interactions in a relatively compact hydrophobic core and the folding stability without inducing dramatic steric effects. Such an approach may be applied to other folded motifs or proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Wei-Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Ting-Chia
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, R.O.C.|Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Jia-Cherng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Horng
mesh_terms: D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D055672:Static Electricity; D013816:Thermodynamics; D010135:p-Fluorophenylalanine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008840:Microfilament Proteins; C026615:villin; D010649:Phenylalanine; D010135:p-Fluorophenylalanine; C067359:4-methylphenylalanine
keywords: 4-fluorophenylalanine; 4-methylphenylalanine; HP36; electrostatic interaction; hydrophobic effect