title: Gestational weight gain and the risk of offspring obesity at 10 and 16 years: a prospective cohort study in low-income women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring obesity risk at ages chosen to approximate prepuberty (10 years) and postpuberty (16 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective pregnancy cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-income pregnant women (n = 514) receiving prenatal care at an obstetric residency clinic and their singleton offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gestational weight gain was classified based on maternal GWG-for-gestational-age Z-score charts and was modelled using flexible spline terms in modified multivariable Poisson regression models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obesity at 10 or 16 years, defined as body mass index (BMI) Z-scores ≥95th centile of the 2000 CDC references, based on measured height and weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of offspring obesity was 20% at 10 years and 22% at 16 years. In the overall sample, the risk of offspring obesity at 10 and 16 years increased when GWG exceeded a GWG Z-score of 0 SD (equivalent to 30 kg at 40 weeks); but for gains below a Z-score of 0 SD there was no relationship with child obesity risk. The association between GWG and offspring obesity varied by prepregnancy BMI. Among mothers with a pregravid BMI <25 kg/m(2) , the risk of offspring obesity increased when GWG Z-score exceeded 0 SD, yet among overweight women (BMI ≥25 kg/m(2) ), there was no association between GWG Z-scores and offspring obesity risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among lean women, higher GWG may have lasting effects on offspring obesity risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Diesel
authors.affiliation: School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arslanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bodnar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; gestational weight gain; obesity; prenatal factors