title: Urine testing for antipsychotics: a pilot trial for a method to determine detection levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to demonstrate that the analytical assay of interest can detect antipsychotics in human urine specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty inpatients treated with haloperidol, quetiapine, risperidone, or olanzapine were recruited to participate in a one visit study. During the study visit, demographic and clinical information was collected as well as one urine sample that was forwarded to the Ameritox Laboratory and assayed for the presence of antipsychotic medications and/or metabolites. Urine samples were analyzed to determine detection sensitivity for four antipsychotic medications and their metabolites (risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, and/or haloperidol) using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All urine samples produced positive results for the antipsychotic(s) the participants were known to be taking. Urine concentrations (level of quantification) for parent drugs ranged from <25-417 ng/mL for haloperidol, <25-4017 ng/mL for quetiapine, 0-997 ng/mL for risperidone, and 57-700 ng/mL for olanzapine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analytical assay produced by Ameritox, Ltd using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry can qualitatively detect antipsychotics in human urine specimens. The present study highlights the potential utility of the urine assay to help monitor adherence to antipsychotic medications.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Wilkes-Barre Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wehring
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bethany A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: DiPaula
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Love
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ayodele Antoinette
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raley
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000652:urine*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate / Q000652:urine*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine
keywords: adherence; haloperidol; olanzapine; quetiapine; risperidone; urine