title: Comparing problem gamblers with moderate-risk gamblers in a sample of university students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an effort to provide further empirical evidence of meaningful differences, this study explores, in a student population, the distinctions in gambling behavioral patterns and specific associated problems of two levels of gambling severity by comparing problem gamblers (PG) and moderate-risk gamblers (MR) as defined by the score on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; MR: 3-7; PG: 8 and more).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample included 2,139 undergraduate students (male = 800, mean age = 22.6) who completed the PGSI and questionnaires on associated problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that problem gamblers engage massively and more diversely in gambling activities, more often and in a greater variety of locations, than moderate-risk gamblers. In addition, important differences have been observed between moderate-risk and problem gamblers in terms of expenditures and accumulated debt. In regards to the associated problems, compared to moderate-risk gamblers, problem gamblers had an increased reported psychological distress, daily smoking, and possible alcohol dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The severity of gambling and associated problems found in problem gamblers is significantly different from moderate-risk gamblers, when examined in a student population, to reiterate caution against the amalgamation of these groups in future research.
authors.affiliation: CSSS Lucille-Teasdale, Clinique-réseau intégrée Maisonneuve , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kairouz
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robillard
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: addictive behaviours; at-risk gambling; gambling habits; problem gambling; social context; university students