title: Screening for depression and anxiety among older Chinese immigrants living in Western countries: The use of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression and anxiety are two common mental health problems among older people. There is evidence that using well-validated screening tools can improve detection of depression and anxiety among this group. The review explored the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) for screening depression and anxiety among older Chinese immigrants, one of the largest and fastest growing groups of older immigrants in Western society. It focused on the GDS and GAI because both are designed specifically for older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. A narrative approach was used to review included papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 articles were included. There were limited data on anxiety among older Chinese immigrants, with only one unpublished report identified. There were 13 studies (20 articles) using the GDS with this group. Results of these studies indicated that the GDS is a reliable tool in this population; however, there was limited validity data. Two versions of the GDS-15 have been used with older Chinese immigrants, including the standard GDS-15 and Mui's GDS-15. Prevalence of depression ranged between 20% and 30% in most reviewed studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this review have practical implications for clinicians in their use of these tools with older Chinese immigrants in Western countries, such as the different GDS versions. It also suggests a number of directions for future research, such as the inclusion of clinical samples and consideration of the diversity within this group.
authors.affiliation: National Ageing Research Institute Ltd, Health Promotion Division, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Ageing Research Institute Ltd, Health Promotion Division, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haralambous
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Psychology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Pachana
authors.affiliation: The Royal Women's Hospital, Centre for Women's Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Park Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: LoGiudice
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Kew, Victoria, Australia.|Royal Melbourne Hospital, Neuropsychiatry Unit, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: National Ageing Research Institute Ltd, Health Promotion Division, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Briony
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dow
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019366:Western World
keywords: Chinese; anxiety; depression; immigrant; older people