title: Ethylene Biosynthesis Is Promoted by Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids during Lysigenous Aerenchyma Formation in Rice Roots.
abstract: In rice (Oryza sativa) roots, lysigenous aerenchyma, which is created by programmed cell death and lysis of cortical cells, is constitutively formed under aerobic conditions, and its formation is further induced under oxygen-deficient conditions. Ethylene is involved in the induction of aerenchyma formation. reduced culm number1 (rcn1) is a rice mutant in which the gene encoding the ATP-binding cassette transporter RCN1/OsABCG5 is defective. Here, we report that the induction of aerenchyma formation was reduced in roots of rcn1 grown in stagnant deoxygenated nutrient solution (i.e. under stagnant conditions, which mimic oxygen-deficient conditions in waterlogged soils). 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) is a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. Stagnant conditions hardly induced the expression of ACS1 in rcn1 roots, resulting in low ethylene production in the roots. Accumulation of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of 24, 26, and 28 carbons was reduced in rcn1 roots. Exogenously supplied VLCFA (26 carbons) increased the expression level of ACS1 and induced aerenchyma formation in rcn1 roots. Moreover, in rice lines in which the gene encoding a fatty acid elongase, CUT1-LIKE (CUT1L; a homolog of the gene encoding Arabidopsis CUT1, which is required for cuticular wax production), was silenced, both ACS1 expression and aerenchyma formation were reduced. Interestingly, the expression of ACS1, CUT1L, and RCN1/OsABCG5 was induced predominantly in the outer part of roots under stagnant conditions. These results suggest that, in rice under oxygen-deficient conditions, VLCFAs increase ethylene production by promoting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid biosynthesis in the outer part of roots, which, in turn, induces aerenchyma formation in the root cortex.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6772-6506
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiono
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Itsuro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takamure
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-0884
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Naoko K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawai-Yamada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.).
authors.forename: Kiyoaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.Y., A.F., H.M., Mik.N.);Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida, Fukui 910-1195, Japan (K.S.);Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan (Min.N., M.K.-Y.);Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (M.A., N.K.N., N.T.);Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (I.T.);Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.K.N.); andDepartment of Crop Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (K.K.) nakazono@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7119-2052
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazono
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D005030:Ethylenes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C036216:ethylene; C005073:ethephon