title: Identification of Enterococcus Faecalis and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on and in Implants in Individuals with Peri-implant Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether the parts of dental implants can be contaminated by opportunistic pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 38 individuals (52 implants) were investigated. Samples for microbiologic analysis (for a total of 180 sites) were obtained from each individual, from three types of sites in the following order: (1) the peri-implant sulcus of each implant, (2) the gingival sulcus of adjacent teeth, and (3) inside the implant-abutment connection and the abutment of each implant. Swabs from the oral mucosa (cheeks, tongue, and pharynx) were also collected. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out for total bacterial counts of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two-way analysis of variance (sites, species) and Holm-Sidak tests were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No opportunistic bacteria were found in the gingival sulcus specimens (38 sites). E faecalis was detected in the peri-implant sulcus (3 of 52 sites) and the inner connection/abutment portion (3 of 52 sites). P aeruginosa was identified only in the oral mucosa swabs (1 of 38 sites) and represented the highest bacterial number (3.5 × 10⁶). Statistically significant differences were only found between species and in the peri-implant sulcus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, significant differences in the presence and levels of nosocomial bacteria were detected in the peri-implant environment of diseased implants. From a clinical point of view, data from this study might suggest that, in patients affected by peri-implantitis, prostheses should be removed and the implant-abutment connection disinfected routinely, along with implant surface decontamination.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canullo
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique Orlato
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penarrocha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D058491:Bacterial Load; D003428:Cross Infection; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018401:Sample Size; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants