title: Toxicity of a dental adhesive compared with ionizing radiation and zoledronic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the toxicity of aqueous dilutions of a universal self-priming dental adhesive (DA) and comparing these with those elicited by exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), Zoledronic acid (Z) treatment and the synergic effects of the combined treatment with IR+Z.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genotoxic effect of DA was determined by the increase in the frequency of micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked in cultured human lymphocytes before and after exposure to 2Gy of X-rays. The cytotoxic effect was studied by using the MTT cell viability test in normal prostate cell lines (PNT2) after exposure to different X-ray doses (0Gy-20Gy). The cell lines divided into different groups and treated with different test substances: DA in presence of O2, DA in absence of O2, Z-treated and control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An in vitro dose-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of DA, Z and IR on PNT2 cells (p>0.001) was demonstrated. DA without-O2, following the recommendations of manufacturers, had a more pronounced effect of increasing cell death than DA with-O2 (p<0.001). In the genotoxicity assay, DA at 25% of its original concentration significantly increased chromosome damage (p<0.001). The samples studied were found to be toxic, and the samples photo-polymerized in absence of O2 showed a bigger cytotoxic effect comparable to the additive toxic effect showed by the combined treatment of IR+Z.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional effort should be carried out to develop adhesives, which would reduce the release of hazardous substances; since toxic effects are similar to that reported by other agents whose clinical use is controlled by the health authorities.
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Physical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine/Dentistry, University of Murcia, mab@um.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: Daniel-Giyngiri
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Achel
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Cruz
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fondevilla-Soler
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canteras-Jordana
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C425843:Prime and Bond NT; D000077211:Zoledronic Acid