title: Assessment of metal species in river Ganga sediment at Varanasi, India using sequential extraction procedure and SEM-EDS.
abstract: Aim of the present study was to assess impact of urban drains over river water and sediments by physico-chemical and metal analysis. Metal speciation (Sequential Extraction Procedure) and elemental composition analysis (SEM-EDS) was used to quantify metal pollution load in river sediments. Metal speciation analysis showed dominance of available and labile fractions of all heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) except Mn and Fe which were dominant in residual forms. Cluster analysis (CA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) were applied as source receptor modeling for pollutants. Results classified river stretch into three zones i.e. moderately, severely and extremely polluted, on the basis of pollutant concentration released from anthropogenic sources. SEM-EDS study revealed the elemental composition percentage in river sediments. Pollution Load Index (PLI) varied from 1.8 (S1)-3.9 (S15). The Geo accumulation index (GAI) was found highest for Cd (6.88-8.97) and Pb (2.41-3.24).
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. Electronic address: mayankacademics@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. Electronic address: ashutosh.cest@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashutosh Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. Electronic address: amevsbhu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. Electronic address: tripathibd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D007194:India; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Chemometric analysis; Metal speciation; River Ganga; SEM–EDS; Sequential extraction process