title: A novel wireless recording and stimulating multichannel epicortical grid for supplementing or enhancing the sensory-motor functions in monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
abstract: Artificial brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) represent a prospective step forward supporting or replacing faulty brain functions. So far, several obstacles, such as the energy supply, the portability and the biocompatibility, have been limiting their effective translation in advanced experimental or clinical applications. In this work, a novel 16 channel chronically implantable epicortical grid has been proposed. It provides wireless transmission of cortical recordings and stimulations, with induction current recharge. The grid has been chronically implanted in a non-human primate (Macaca fascicularis) and placed over the somato-motor cortex such that 13 electrodes recorded or stimulated the primary motor cortex and three the primary somatosensory cortex, in the deeply anaesthetized animal. Cortical sensory and motor recordings and stimulations have been performed within 3 months from the implant. In detail, by delivering motor cortex epicortical single spot stimulations (1-8 V, 1-10 Hz, 500 ms, biphasic waves), we analyzed the motor topographic precision, evidenced by tunable finger or arm movements of the anesthetized animal. The responses to light mechanical peripheral sensory stimuli (blocks of 100 stimuli, each single stimulus being <1 ms and interblock intervals of 1.5-4 s) have been analyzed. We found 150-250 ms delayed cortical responses from fast finger touches, often spread to nearby motor stations. We also evaluated the grid electrical stimulus interference with somatotopic natural tactile sensory processing showing no suppressing interference with sensory stimulus detection. In conclusion, we propose a chronically implantable epicortical grid which can accommodate most of current technological restrictions, representing an acceptable candidate for BMI experimental and clinical uses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zippo
authors.affiliation: Ab Medica Lainate, Italy.
authors.forename: Pantaleo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Laboratoire d' Électronique des Technologies de l'Information, CLINATEC Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Napoleon R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Torres Martinez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technology Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Caramenti
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Laboratoire d' Électronique des Technologies de l'Information, CLINATEC Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Alim L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Benabid
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele E M
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Biella
keywords: Macaca fascicularis; brain-machine interface; chronic implantation; epicortical grid; sensory-motor recordings; sensory-motor stimulation