title: Association of Angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion / deletion polymorphism with risk of ischemic heart disease in a population of smokers in southern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a major public health problem nationally and internationally. Smoking is a major risk factor for IHD.The deletion (D) allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism has been associated with hypertension, ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. The present study was carried out to determine the association of the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in IHD patients with and without smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seven male IHD patients admitted consecutively in the Cardiology unit of a Government Hospital and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study.The patients were further divided into smokers and nonsmokers. All the subjects were checked for I/D polymorphism of ACE gene, which is mapped to 17q23.3 with OMIM no 106180, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The subjects were also investigated for lipid profile and ejection fraction (EF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant difference in the distribution of D allele between patients and controls (p=0.009, OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.139 to 2.517).The significantly lower EF (p<0.001) was suggestive of greater cardiovascular compromise in smokers. The frequency of ID genotype was significantly associated with cases compared to controls (p=0.012, OR 2.054, 95% CI 1.1694-3.624) but was not significantly associated with smokers as compared to nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We infer significant association of D allele with IHD. The smokers with ID genotype should be put on prophylactic ACE inhibitor therapy to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with IHD.
authors.affiliation: PhD Scholar, Department of Physiology, Gandhi Medical College , Secunderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Sandhya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metta
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Dr Pinnamaneni Sidhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation , Gannavaram, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Satyanarayana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uppala
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences , Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Doddamani R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Basalingappa
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, Gandhi Medical College , Secunderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Srinivasa R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Badeti
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Physiology, Gandhi Medical College , Secunderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitta
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences , Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.affiliation: Senior Geneticist, Kamineni Hospitals , LB Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Poornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Subhadra
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center , LB Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Qurratulain
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hasan
keywords: Gene polymorphism; Smoking