title: Cropping systems modulate the rate and magnitude of soil microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation in soil.
abstract: The effect of different cropping systems on CO2 fixation by soil microorganisms was studied by comparing soils from three exemplary cropping systems after 10 years of agricultural practice. Studied cropping systems included: continuous cropping of paddy rice (rice-rice), rotation of paddy rice and rapeseed (rice-rapeseed), and rotated cropping of rapeseed and corn (rapeseed-corn). Soils from different cropping systems were incubated with continuous (14)C-CO2 labeling for 110 days. The CO2-fixing bacterial communities were investigated by analyzing the cbbL gene encoding ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RubisCO). Abundance, diversity and activity of cbbL-carrying bacteria were analyzed by quantitative PCR, cbbL clone libraries and enzyme assays. After 110 days incubation, substantial amounts of (14)C-CO2 were incorporated into soil organic carbon ((14)C-SOC) and microbial biomass carbon ((14)C-MBC). Rice-rice rotated soil showed stronger incorporation rates when looking at (14)C-SOC and (14)C-MBC contents. These differences in incorporation rates were also reflected by determined RubisCO activities. (14)C-MBC, cbbL gene abundances and RubisCO activity were found to correlate significantly with (14)C-SOC, indicating cbbL-carrying bacteria to be key players for CO2 fixation in these soils. The analysis of clone libraries revealed distinct cbbL-carrying bacterial communities for the individual soils analyzed. Most of the identified operational taxonomic units (OTU) were related to Nitrobacter hamburgensis, Methylibium petroleiphilum, Rhodoblastus acidophilus, Bradyrhizobium, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Rubrivivax, Burkholderia, Stappia, and Thiobacillus thiophilus. OTUs related to Rubrivivax gelatinosus were specific for rice-rice soil. OTUs linked to Methylibium petroleiphilum were exclusively found in rice-rapeseed soil. Observed differences could be linked to differences in soil parameters such as SOC. We conclude that the long-term application of cropping systems alters underlying soil parameters, which in turn selects for distinct autotrophic communities.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China ; ISA-CAS and UWA Joint Laboratory for Soil Systems Biology Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China ; ISA-CAS and UWA Joint Laboratory for Soil Systems Biology Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Tida
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Hongzhao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carl-Eric
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China ; ISA-CAS and UWA Joint Laboratory for Soil Systems Biology Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Zhenke
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: ISA-CAS and UWA Joint Laboratory for Soil Systems Biology Changsha, China ; School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Whiteley
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha, China ; ISA-CAS and UWA Joint Laboratory for Soil Systems Biology Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Jinshui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: 14C continuous labeling; 14C-SOC; RubisCO; autotrophic bacteria CO2 fixation; cbbL genes; cropping systems; soil depth