title: Toxicopathology induced by microcystins and nodularin: a histopathological review.
abstract: Cyanobacteria are present in all aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. They are able to produce toxic secondary metabolites, and microcystins are those most frequently found. Research has displayed a negative influence of microcystins and closely related nodularin on fish, and various histopathological alterations have been observed in many organs of the exposed fish. The aim of this article is to summarize the present knowledge of the impact of microcystins and nodularin on the histology of fish. The observed negative effects of cyanotoxins indicate that cyanobacteria and their toxins are a relevant medical (due to irritation, acute poisoning, tumor promotion, and carcinogenesis), ecotoxicological, and economic problem that may affect both fish and fish consumers including humans.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia.
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Svirčev
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lujić
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Marinović
authors.forename: Damjana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drobac
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokodi
authors.forename: Bratislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stojiljković
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meriluoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D052998:Microcystins / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C063998:nodularin; C078588:microcystin
keywords: cyanobacteria; cyanotoxins; fish; histology; toxicology