title: Vitamin D—update for the pediatric rheumatologists.
abstract: Vitamin D, upon its discovery one century ago, was classified as a vitamin. This classification still greatly affects our perception about its biological role. 1,25(OH)2D (now known as the D hormone) is a pleiotropic steroid hormone that has multiple biologic effects. It is integral to the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone turnover as well as having anti-proliferative, pro-differentiation, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties within the body in various cells and tissues. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) should be considered a nutritional substrate that must be ingested or synthesized in sufficient amounts for the further synthesis of the very important regulatory steroid hormone (D hormone), especially in patients with pediatric rheumatic diseases (PRD). Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency was shown to be pandemic and associated with numerous chronic inflammatory and malignant diseases and even with increased risk of mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that a high percentage of children with pediatric rheumatic diseases (PRD-e.g., JIA, jSLE) have a vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency which might correlate with disease outcome and flares. Glucocorticoids used to treat disease may have a regulatory effect on vitamin D metabolism which can additionally aggravate bone turnover in PRD. An effort to define the optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations for healthy children and adults was launched in 2010 but as of now there are no guidelines about supplementation in PRD. In this review we have tried to summarize the strong evidence now suggesting that as the knowledge of the optimal approach to diagnosis and treatment PRD has evolved, there is also an emerging need for vitamin D supplementation as an adjunct to regular disease treatment. So in accordance with new vitamin D recommendations, we recommend that a child with rheumatic disease, especially if treated with steroids, needs at least 2-3 time higher doses of vitamin D than the dose recommended for age (approximately 2000 UI/day). Vitamin D supplementation has become an appealing and important adjunct treatment option in PRD.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatrics, Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bul dr Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000, Nis, Serbia. vojinovic.jelena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vojinovic
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Viale Pieraccini, 24, 50139, Firenze, Italy. rolando.cimaz@unifi.it.
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cimaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D013256:Steroids; D014807:Vitamin D