title: Feasibility analysis of wastewater and solid waste systems for application in Indonesia.
abstract: Indonesia is one of many developing countries with a backlog in achieving targets for the implementation of wastewater and solid waste collection, treatment and recovery systems. Therefore a technical and financial feasibility analysis of these systems was performed using Indonesia as an example. COD, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus and pathogen removal efficiencies, energy requirements, sludge production, land use and resource recovery potential (phosphorus, energy, duckweed, compost, water) for on-site, community based and off-site wastewater systems were determined. Solid waste systems (conventional, centralized and decentralized resource recovery) were analyzed according to land requirement, compost and energy production and recovery of plastic and paper. In the financial analysis, investments, operational costs & benefits and Total Lifecycle Costs (TLC) of all investigated options were compared. Technical performance and TLC were used to guide system selection for implementation in different residential settings. An analysis was undertaken to determine the effect of price variations of recoverable resources and land prices on TLC. A 10-fold increase in land prices for land intensive wastewater systems resulted in a 5 times higher TLC, whereas a 4-fold increase in the recovered resource selling price resulted in maximum 1.3 times higher TLC. For solid waste, these impacts were reversed - land price and resource selling price variations resulted in a maximum difference in TLC of 1.8 and 4 respectively. Technical and financial performance analysis can support decision makers in system selection and anticipate the impact of price variations on long-term operation. The technical analysis was based on published results of international research and the approach can be applied for other tropical, developing countries. All costs were converted to per capita unit costs and can be updated to assess other countries' estimated costs and benefits. Consequently, the approach can be used to guide wastewater and solid waste system planning in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Royal HaskoningDHV, P.O. Box 1132, 3800 BC Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sjoerd.kerstens@rhdhv.com.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kerstens
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ingo.leusbrock@wur.nl.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leusbrock
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: grietje.zeeman@wur.nl.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeeman
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D007214:Indonesia; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen; D010758:Phosphorus; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Developing countries; Financial analysis; Resource recovery; Solid waste; Technical analysis; Wastewater