title: Sonoran propolis and some of its chemical constituents inhibit in vitro growth of Giardia lamblia trophozoites.
abstract: Propolis is a cereus resin with a complex chemical composition that possesses a wide range of biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-Giardia lamblia activity of Sonoran propolis collected from three different areas of Sonoran Desert in northwestern Mexico (Caborca, Pueblo de Alamos, and Ures) and some of its chemical constituents. Additionally, we also analyzed the seasonal effect on the anti-G. lamblia activity of propolis. G. lamblia trophozoite cultures were treated with different concentrations of Sonoran propolis or chemical compounds during 48 h cell proliferation and cell viability were determined. Ures propolis showed the highest inhibitory activity against G. lamblia (IC50 63.8 ± 7.1 µg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner (Ures > Pueblo de Alamos > Caborca). Season had a significant effect on the in vitro anti-G. lamblia activity of Ures propolis. Summer propolis showed the highest inhibitory effect on the G. lamblia trophozoite growth (IC50 23.8 ± 2.3 µg/mL), followed by propolis collected during winter (IC50 59.2 ± 34.7 µg/mL), spring (IC50 102.5 ± 15.3 µg/mL), and autumn (IC50 125.0 ± 3.1 µg/mL). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an Ures propolis exclusive constituent, had the highest growth-inhibitory activity towards G. lamblia [IC50 63.1 ± 0.9 µg/mL (222.1 ± 3.2 µM)]. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that caffeic acid phenethyl ester possesses antiparasitic activity against G. lamblia. Naringenin [IC50 125.7 ± 20.7 µg/mL (461.8 ± 76.3 µM)], hesperetin [IC50 149.6 ± 24.8 µg/mL (494.9 ± 82.2 µM)], and pinocembrin [IC50 174.4 ± 26.0 µg/mL (680.6 ± 101.7 µM)] showed weak anti-G. lamblia activity. On the other hand, chrysin and rutin did not show significant antiparasitic activity. In conclusion, our results suggest that Sonoran propolis and some of its chemical constituents had inhibitory effects on the in vitro growth of G. lamblia trophozoites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alday-Provencio
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lucila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rascon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jael
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quintero
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Efrain
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alday
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robles-Zepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garibay-Escobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C. Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Astiazaran
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velazquez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008800:Mexico; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012431:Rutin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D053058:Trophozoites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; C043561:chrysin; D012431:Rutin; D011429:Propolis; C055494:caffeic acid phenethyl ester; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol