title: Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a cytology-histology-human papillomavirus correlation in clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer mortality has declined by 74% in the United States since the implementation of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Nevertheless, more than 12,000 US women annually develop cervical cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCa) remains the predominant cervical malignancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate screening techniques used in the detection of SqCa of the cervix and provide insights regarding which technique(s) is (are) most efficacious in our study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed all available cytologic, human papillomavirus (HPV), and histologic malignancy burden data from patients diagnosed with SqCa. The clinical data were collected from 2 geographically and socioeconomically diverse hospital systems. Cases in which identified patients had a Pap test with a negative result/unsatisfactory specimen within 5 years of SqCa tissue diagnosis were considered Pap test screening failures. Cases in which patients were diagnosed with HPV-negative SqCa were considered HPV screening failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-eight cases (patients' ages ranging from 19 to 73 years) were identified. Of those, cytologic history was available for 64 cases present in our electronic medical history record. Three cases were cytology screening failures (one being an unsatisfactory specimen) and 3 cases were HPV screening failures (one being the cytologic unsatisfactory case). Although measuring sensitivity in practice has limitations, we calculated the SqCa detection sensitivity at 95.3% by Pap test alone and 97% when HPV DNA testing was incorporated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results highlight the necessity of combining Pap and HPV testing. Although the number of cases identified is relatively small, our data suggest detection failures will decrease as the practice of combining HPV and Pap testing increases.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls (Dr Miller); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Waters and Mody); and Sanford Health Pathology Clinic, Sanford USD Medical Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (Dr Tams). Dr Miller is now at the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. Dr Waters is now at the Department of Pathology, Medical City, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Lindsay L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: Dina R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.forename: Kimberlee C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Tams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000502:physiology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult