title: Heterogeneous methodology of racial/ethnic classification may be responsible for the different risk assessments for prostate cancer between Black and White men in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate if the different results of prostate cancer risk between black and white Brazilian men may be associated with the varying methodology used to define participants as either Blacks or Whites.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated median PSA values, rate of PSA level ≥ 4.0 ng/ mL, indications for prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, biopsy/cancer rate, cancer/biopsy rate, and the relative risk of cancer between blacks versus whites, blacks versus non-blacks (browns and whites), non-whites (browns and blacks) versus whites, African versus non-African descendants, and African descendants or blacks versus non-African descendants and non-blacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1544 participants, there were 51.4% whites, 37.2% browns, 11.4% blacks, and 5.4% African descendants. Median PSA level was 0.9 ng/mL in whites, browns, and non-African descendants, compared to 1.2 ng/mL in blacks, and African descendants or blacks, and 1.3 ng/mL in African descendants. Indications for prostate biopsy were present in 16.9% for African descendants, 15.9% of black, 12.3% of white, 11.4% for non-African descendants, and 9.9% of brown participants. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 30.3% of performed biopsies: 6.2% of African descendants, 5.1% of blacks, 3.3% of whites, 3.0% of non-African descendants, and 2.6% of browns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Median PSA values were higher for Blacks versus Whites in all classification systems, except for non-white versus white men. The rate of prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, and relative risk for cancer was increased in African descendants, and African descendants or blacks, compared to non-African descendants, and non-African descendants and non-blacks, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Policlínica Cascavel, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.|Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel, PR, Brazil.|Instituto Curitiba de Saúde, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.|Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paran á, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Ricardo T P
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Hospital Policlínica Cascavel, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Faculdade Assis Gurgacz (FAG), Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rui Manuel S de
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paran á, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge Eduardo F
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paran á, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tambara Filho
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D044383:Black People / Q000145:classification / Q000208:ethnology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000208:ethnology; D005007:Ethnology / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People / Q000145:classification / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen