title: Evidence in obese children: contribution of hyperlipidemia, obesity-inflammation, and insulin sensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence shows a high incidence of insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia in adult obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the relevance of inflammatory markers, circulating lipids, and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 45 male children (aged 6 to 13 years, lean control = 16, obese = 19, overweight = 10) in this study. The plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and insulin levels, the circulating levels of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, and the high-sensitive CRP level were determined using quantitative colorimetric sandwich ELISA kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the lean control subjects, the obese subjects had obvious insulin resistance, abnormal lipid profiles, and low-grade inflammation. The overweight subjects only exhibited significant insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. Both TNF-α and leptin levels were higher in the overweight/obese subjects. A concurrent correlation analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) percentile and fasting insulin were positively correlated with insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers but negatively correlated with adiponectin. A factor analysis identified three domains that explained 74.08% of the total variance among the obese children (factor 1: lipid, 46.05%; factor 2: obesity-inflammation, 15.38%; factor 3: insulin sensitivity domains, 12.65%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that lipid, obesity-inflammation, and insulin sensitivity domains predominantly exist among obese children. These factors might be applied to predict the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases in the future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Wen-Lin Hemodialysis Unit, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Deng-Yuan
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jun-Zhi
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Low-Tone
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Juan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin