title: Constructing the Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey: Confirmatory factor analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, using a sample of 2061 Japanese university students majoring in the medical and natural sciences (67.9% male, 31.8% female; Mage  = 19.6 years, standard deviation = 1.5). The back-translated scale used unreversed items to assess inefficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inventory's descriptive properties and Cronbach's alphas were calculated using SPSS software. The present authors compared fit indices of the null, one factor, and default three factor models via confirmatory factor analysis with maximum-likelihood estimation using AMOS software, version 21.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intercorrelations between exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy were relatively higher than in prior studies. Cronbach's alphas were 0.76, 0.85, and 0.78, respectively. Although fit indices of the hypothesized three factor model did not meet the respective criteria, the model demonstrated better fit than did the null and one factor models. The present authors added four paths between error variables within items, but the modified model did not show satisfactory fit. Subsequent analysis revealed that a bi-factor model fit the data better than did the hypothesized or modified three factor models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey needs minor changes to improve the fit of its three factor model, but the scale as a whole can be used to adequately assess overall academic burnout in Japanese university students. Although the scale was back-translated, two items measuring exhaustion whose expressions overlapped should be modified, and all items measuring inefficacy should be reversed in order to statistically clarify the factorial difference between the scale's three factors.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Communication, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nisshin, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubakita
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimazaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Japanese university students; Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey; academic burnout; bi-factor model of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey; confirmatory factor analysis