title: Association between depression and glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients in Lima, Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited and controversial information regarding the potential impact of depression on glycemic control. This study aims to evaluate the association between depression and poor glycemic control. In addition, the prevalence of depression and rates of poor glycemic control were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study performed in the endocrinology unit of two hospitals of ESSALUD in Peru. The outcome of interest was poor glycemic control, evaluated by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c: <7% versus ≥7%), whereas the exposure of interest was depression defined as 15 or more points in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 tool. The association of interest was evaluated using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors reporting prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 277 participants, 184 (66.4%) males, mean age 59.0 (SD: 4.8), and 7.1 (SD: 6.8) years of disease were analyzed. Only 31 participants (11.2%; 95% CI: 7.5%-14.9%) had moderately severe or severe depression, whereas 70 (25.3%; 95% CI 20.3%-30.8%) had good glycemic control. Depression increased the probability of having poor glycemic control (PR=1.32; 95% CI 1.15-1.51) after adjusting for several potential confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an association between depression and poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients. Our results suggest that early detection of depression might be important to facilitate appropriate glycemic control and avoid further metabolic complications.
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crispín-Trebejo
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: María Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Robles-Cuadros
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú|CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernabé-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Peru; depression; glycated hemoglobin; prevalence; type 2 diabetes