title: Composite prognostic models across the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum: Clinical application in developing countries.
abstract: Heterogeneity in clinical presentation, histological severity, prognosis and therapeutic outcomes characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) necessitates the development of scientifically sound classification schemes to assist clinicians in stratifying patients into meaningful prognostic subgroups. The need for replacement of invasive liver biopsies as the standard method whereby NAFLD is diagnosed, graded and staged with biomarkers of histological severity injury led to the development of composite prognostic models as potentially viable surrogate alternatives. In the present article, we review existing scoring systems used to (1) confirm the presence of undiagnosed hepatosteatosis; (2) distinguish between simple steatosis and NASH; and (3) predict advanced hepatic fibrosis, with particular emphasis on the role of NAFLD as an independent cardio-metabolic risk factor. In addition, the incorporation of functional genomic markers and application of emerging imaging technologies are discussed as a means to improve the diagnostic accuracy and predictive performance of promising composite models found to be most appropriate for widespread clinical adoption.
authors.affiliation: Hilmar K Lückhoff, Maritha J Kotze, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Bellville 7530, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hilmar K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lückhoff
authors.affiliation: Hilmar K Lückhoff, Maritha J Kotze, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Bellville 7530, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Frederik C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Hilmar K Lückhoff, Maritha J Kotze, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Bellville 7530, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maritha J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kotze
keywords: Genomics; Histological severity; Liver biopsy; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Non-invasive biomarkers; Steatohepatitis