title: Glucose encapsulating liposome for signal amplification for quantitative detection of biomarkers with glucometer readout.
abstract: A new technology was developed to quantitatively detect a broad range of disease biomarkers and proven to be portable, economical, and conveniently accessible. Measurements were performed based on releasing encapsulated glucose from antibody-tagged liposomes and subsequently detecting the released glucose using a commercial personal glucose meter (GM). The innovative aspect of this approach lies in the quantification of target biomarkers through the detection of glucose, thus expanding the applicability of the GM by broadening the range of target biomarkers instead of detecting only one analyte, glucose. Because of the bilayer membrane of liposomes, which can accommodate tens of thousands of glucose molecules, the sensitivity was greatly enhanced by using glucose encapsulating liposomes as a signal output and an amplifier. Here, the model analyte, protein 53 phosphorylated on Serine 15 (phospho-p53(15)), was captured by primary antibodies bound on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and then recognized by reporting antibodies conjugated to glucose encapsulating liposomes. Finally, the target phospho-p53(15) was detected by lysing the bound liposomes to release the encapsulated glucose (4 × 10(5) glucose molecules per liposome), which is detected with the GM. This approach was demonstrated to be a universal technology that can be easily produced to quantify a wide variety of biomarkers in medical diagnostics, food safety, public health, and environmental monitoring. In the near future, it is expected that these sensors, in combination with a portable GM, can be used in many fields such as physicians' laboratories, hospitals and the common household.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Electronic address: dan.du@mail.ccnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. Electronic address: yuehe.lin@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Yuehe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D015415:Biomarkers; D008081:Liposomes; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Glucometer; Glucose encapsulating liposome; Immunoassay; Phosphorylated protein