title: Distal peripheral nerve blockade for patients undergoing hand surgery: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data are limited regarding the use of peripheral nerve blockade at the level of the forearm, and most studies regard these procedures as rescue techniques for failed or incomplete blocks. The purpose of the study was to investigate patients undergoing hand surgery with distal peripheral nerve (forearm) blocks and compare them with patients having similar procedures under more proximal brachial plexus blockade. No investigations comparing distal nerve blockade to proximal approaches are currently reported in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who had undergone hand surgery with a peripheral nerve block between November 2012 and October 2013. The primary outcome was the ability to provide a primary anesthetic without the need for general anesthesia or local anesthetic supplementation by the surgical team. Secondary outcome measures included narcotic administration during the block and intraoperative procedures, block performance times, and the need for rescue analgesics in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistical difference in conversion rates to general anesthesia was observed between the two groups. Total opiate administration for the block and surgical procedure was lower in the forearm block group. There was no difference in block performance times or need for rescue analgesics in the PACU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forearm blocks are viable alternatives to proximal blockade and are effective as a primary anesthetic technique in patients undergoing hand surgery. Compared to the more proximal approaches, these blocks have the benefits of not causing respiratory compromise, the ability to be performed bilaterally, and may be safer in anticoagulated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Soberón
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: Bobby D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Nossaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA.
authors.forename: Leslie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sisco-Wise
keywords: Forearm blocks; Hand surgery; Median (or) ulnar (or) radial nerve blocks; Regional anesthesia; Ultrasound-guided