title: Hydrolyzable and condensed tannins resistance in Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: Tannins added in the diet are being used to improve nutrition and health in farm animals as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters and to control enteric clostridial diseases. However, the capacity of Clostridium perfringens to develop resistance under the selective pressure of tannins is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if C. perfringens possess the ability to develop resistance against tannins in comparison with antimicrobial agents. Susceptibility for 7 AGPs (antimicrobial growth promoters), 9 therapeutic antimicrobials and 2 tannin based extracts was determined for 30 C. perfringens strains isolated from poultry and cattle. Two susceptible strains were selected and cultured in presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of tannins and AGPs for resistant sub-populations selection. Tannin resistance of C. perfringens isolates from both animal species revealed no statistically significant differences in MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration). Poultry isolates showed higher MICs to several AGPs compared with cattle isolates. All isolates were susceptible to the therapeutic antimicrobials tested, but avian isolates showed a significantly lower susceptibility to these antimicrobials which was highly correlated with an increased resistance to bacitracin and others AGPs. In-vitro selection of resistant clones suggests that C. perfringens was unable to develop resistance against tannins at least compared to AGPs like bacitracin and avilamycin. Avian origin strains, which were previously exposed to antibiotics showed higher resistance, compared to cattle origin strains. These results suggest that the evolution of resistance against tannins in C. perfringens would be more difficult and slower than to the determined AGPs.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: redondo.leandro@inta.gob.ar.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Redondo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: dominguez.elizabeth@inta.gob.ar.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: rabinovitz.bettina@inta.gob.ar.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Rabinovitz
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: redondo.enzo@inta.gob.ar.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Redondo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Patobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia 1917, 1033, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: fernandezmiyakawa.m@inta.gob.ar.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fernández Miyakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D059645:Mutation Rate; D011200:Poultry; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012692:Serial Passage
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D044945:Proanthocyanidins
keywords: Antimicrobial growth promoter; Chestnut; Clostridium perfringens; Necrotic enteritis; Quebracho