title: Non-invasive detection of intracranial hypertension using a simplified intracranial hemo- and hydro-dynamics model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is highly important for detecting abnormal brain conditions such as intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or brain tumor. Until now, the monitoring of ICP requires an invasive method which has many disadvantages including the risk of infections, hemorrhage, or brain herniation. Therefore, many non-invasive methods have been proposed for estimating ICP. However, these methods are still insufficient to estimate sudden increases in ICP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We proposed a simplified intracranial hemo- and hydro-dynamics model that consisted of two simple resistance circuits. From this proposed model, we designed an ICP estimation algorithm to trace ICP changes. First, we performed a simulation based on the original Ursino model with the real arterial blood pressure to investigate our proposed approach. We subsequently applied it to experimental data that were measured during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and resting state, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation result revealed a small root mean square error (RMSE) between the estimated ICP by our approach and the reference ICP derived from the original Ursino model. Compared to the pulsatility index (PI) based approach and Kashif's model, our proposed method showed more statistically significant difference between VM and resting state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our proposed method successfully tracked sudden ICP increases. Therefore, our method may serve as a suitable tool for non-invasive ICP monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea. lightjin619@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwang Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea. chanki@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Chanki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea. jooyoungoh@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jooyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical System Engineering (DMSE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea. leebr@gist.ac.kr.|School of Mechatronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea. leebr@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Boreom
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D001834:Body Water; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012146:Rest; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver / Q000502:physiology*