title: Does a Change Over All Equal a Change in All? Testing for Polarized Alcohol Use Within and Across Socio-Economic Groups in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at testing whether drinking volume and episodic heavy drinking (EHD) frequency in Germany are polarizing between consumption levels over time. Polarization is defined as a reduction in alcohol use among the majority of the population, while a subpopulation with a high intake level maintains or increases its drinking or its EHD frequency. The polarization hypothesis was tested across and within socio-economic subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were based on seven cross-sectional waves of the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) conducted between 1995 and 2012 (n = 7833-9084). Overall polarization was estimated based on regression models with time by consumption level interactions; the three-way interaction with socio-economic status (SES) was consecutively introduced to test the stability of effects over socio-economic strata. Interactions were interpreted by graphical inspection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both alcohol use indicators, declines over time were largest in the highest consumption level. This was found within all SES groups, but was most pronounced at low and least pronounced at medium SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate no polarization but convergence between consumption levels. Socio-economic status groups differ in the magnitude of convergence which was lowest in medium SES. The overall decline was strongest for the highest consumption level of low SES.
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany gomesdematos@ift.de.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomes de Matos
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: IBMI Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piontek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult