title: Glutamate Release.
abstract: Our aim was to review the processes of glutamate release from both biochemical and neurophysiological points of view. A large body of evidence now indicates that glutamate is specifically accumulated into synaptic vesicles, which provides strong support for the concept that glutamate is released from synaptic vesicles and is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Evidence suggests the notion that synaptic vesicles, in order to sustain the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate, are endowed with an efficient mechanism for vesicular filling of glutamate. Glutamate-loaded vesicles undergo removal of Synapsin I by CaM kinase II-mediated phosphorylation, transforming to the release-ready pool. Vesicle docking to and fusion with the presynaptic plasma membrane are thought to be mediated by the SNARE complex. The Ca(2+)-dependent step in exocytosis is proposed to be mediated by synaptotagmin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0736, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hackett
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA. tueda@umich.edu.|Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. tueda@umich.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. tueda@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Tetsufumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013569:Synapses / Q000378:metabolism; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018846:Excitatory Amino Acids; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Aspartate aminotransferase; Excitatory synapse; Glycolytic ATP; Local synthesis; SNARE; Synapsin I; Synatotagmin; VGLUT