title: Responses of hematological parameters, beta-endorphin, cortisol, reactive oxygen metabolites, and biological antioxidant potential in horses participating in a traditional tournament.
abstract: Several concerns have been raised over the health of animals used in equestrian games that have their origins in historical or religious events and are currently held in many countries. This study investigated physiological stress response and health status of horses participating in the Sartiglia, a historical horse tournament held in the city of Oristano, Italy, which is principally based on the attempts of masked horsemen at a gallop to run a sword through a hole in a suspended silver star. Blood samples were collected from 21 horses the day before the tournament (D0), during the tournament (D1), and the day after the tournament (D2). Samples were analyzed for complete blood count and biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress assays. Data were analyzed using the mixed effect model with sampling session as one of the fixed effects. On the whole, blood parameters evidenced an optimal health status of horses at D0. Significant dehydration and increase of circulating glucose, enzymes, cortisol, and β-endorphin were registered at D1 (P < 0.001) with a complete recovery of physiological values just at D2. The reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM), from which the prooxidant activity can be evaluated, showed an increase from D0 to D1 and D2. Concentration of biological antioxidant potential, which measured the antioxidant capacity, was characterized by the maximum level registered during the tournament and counteracted the simultaneous increase of d-ROM. It can be hypothesized that the tournament played an important role in causing high levels of oxidant markers not only because of the physical exercise represented by the gallop but also because the emotional stressors. In conclusion, the tournament caused significant changes of most parameters, which rapidly recovered to baseline values within the day after. These data will certainly be useful for a future implementation of tests in equine medicine and for the improvements of knowledge of changes of blood parameters and health of horses in similar tournaments.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pazzola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pira
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sedda
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vacca
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cocco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sechi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonelli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolussi
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood*; D013177:Sports; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D001615:beta-Endorphin; D006854:Hydrocortisone