title: Do bread-crust-derived Maillard reaction products affect the retention and tissue distribution of trace elements?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of the consumption of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) from bread crust (BC) on iron, copper and zinc body retention and tissue distribution, determining whether these effects are related to the molecular weight of browning products.
  
  
  METHODS
  During an 88-day study period, rats were fed a Control diet or diets containing BC as source of MRPs, its soluble high or low molecular weight fractions (BC, LMW or HMW diets). A mineral balance was conducted throughout the experiment to determine iron, copper and zinc retention. At day 88, animals were killed, blood was drawn for haemoglobin determination and some organs removed to analyse minerals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Copper and zinc balances were unchanged, and scant modification detected in their body delivery. However, the Fe retention rate from the diet increased (13, 22 and 32 % for BC, LMW and HMW diets), and a parallel higher Fe body concentration was observed (13-18 % higher than the Control group). Incoming iron accumulated particularly in the liver, femur and small intestine, but functional iron tended to decrease, as reflected by haemoglobin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term intake of BC or derivatives did not produce a notable effect on copper or zinc balances, although slightly increased iron retention rate and the body concentration of this mineral were observed. Iron accumulated in some organs, but the production of haemoglobin was not improved. In view of the differences observed between the effects of BC and its derivatives, our results underline the importance of working with real food matrices, where the joint presence of different components modulates the in vivo final effects.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain. cdelgado@eez.csic.es.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delgado-Andrade
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roncero-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pastoriza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004032:Diet; D005269:Femur / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D015416:Maillard Reaction; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015032:Zinc / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Copper; Iron; Maillard reaction products; Retention; Tissue distribution; Zinc