title: Effects of Differently Coated Silver Nanoparticles on the Photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
abstract: Various factors have been invoked to explain the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) to microorganisms including particle size and the nature of stabilizing coatings as well as the amount of dissolved silver occurring in AgNP suspensions. In this study we have assessed the effects of nine differently coated AgNP (chitosan, lactate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethelene glycol, gelatin, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, citrate, dexpanthenol, and carbonate) and AgNO3 on the photosynthesis of the freshwater algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We have thus examined how AgNP effects on algae relate to particle size, measured dissolved silver (Agd), and bioavailable silver (Agbioav). Agbioav was indirectly estimated in toxicity experiments by cysteine-silver complexation at the EC50. The EC50 calculated as a function of measured Agd concentrations showed for some coatings values similar to that of dissolved Ag, whereas other coated AgNP displayed lower EC50 values. In all cases, excess cysteine completely prevented effects on photosynthetic yield, confirming the role of Agd as a cause of the observed effect on the photosynthesis. Toxicity was related neither to particle size nor to the coatings. For all differently coated AgNP suspensions, the EC50 values calculated as a function of Agbioav were comparable to the value of AgNO3. Depending on the coatings Agbioav was comparable to or higher than measured Agd.
authors.affiliation: †CSIC, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Avenida Montañana 1005, Apartado 13034, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: ‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: ‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Niksa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Odzak
authors.affiliation: ‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sigg
authors.affiliation: ‡Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behra
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002951:Citrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003545:Cysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010205:Pantothenic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011205:Povidone / Q000633:toxicity; D012834:Silver / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002254:Carbonates; D002951:Citrates; D007773:Lactates; D010205:Pantothenic Acid; C007288:dexpanthenol; D012834:Silver; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C001114:dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; D005780:Gelatin; D048271:Chitosan; D012835:Silver Nitrate; D011205:Povidone; D003545:Cysteine