title: How to build and evaluate an integrated health care system for chronic patients: study design of a clustered randomised controlled trial in rural China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While integrated health care system has been proved an effective way to help improving patient health and system efficiency, the exact behaviour model and motivation approach are not so clear in poor rural areas where health human resources and continuous service provision are urgently needed. To gather solid evidence, we initiated a comprehensive intervention project in Qianjiang District, southwest part of rural China in 2012. And after one-year's pilot, we developed an intervention package of team service, comprehensive pathway and prospective- and performance-based payment system.
  
  
  METHODS
  To testify the potential influence of payment interventions, we use clustered randomised controlled trial, 60 clusters are grouped into two treatment groups and one control group to compare the time and group differences. Difference-in-differences model and structural equation modelling will be used to analyse the intervention effects and pathway. The outcomes are: quality of care, disease burden, supplier cooperative behaviour and patient utilisation behaviour and system efficiency. Repeated multivariate variance analysis will be used to statistically examine the outcome differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first trial of its kind to prove the effects and efficiency of integrated care. Though we adopted randomised controlled trial to gather the highest rank of evidence, still the fully randomisation was hard to realise in health policy reform experiment. To compensate, the designer should take efforts on control for the potential confounders as much as possible. With this trial, we assume the effects will come from: (1) improvement on the quality of life through risk factors control and lifestyles change on patient's behaviours; (2) improvement on quality of care through continuous care and coordinated supplier behaviours; (3) improvement on the system efficiency through active interaction between suppliers and patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integrated care system needs collaborative work from different levels of caregivers. So it is extremely important to consider the supplier cooperative behaviour. In this trial, we introduced payment system to help the delivery system integration through providing financial incentives to motivate people to play their roles. Also, the multidisciplinary team, the multi-institutional pathway and system global budget and pay-for-performance payment system could afford as a solution.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wenxi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Dean of School of Medicine and Health Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: China; integrated health care system; multi-institutional pathway; multidisciplinary team; prospective payment system; rural health