title: Chromosomal passports provide new insights into diffusion of emmer wheat.
abstract: Emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccon schrank (syn. T. dicoccum (schrank) schÜbl.), is one of the earliest domesticated crops, harboring a wide range of genetic diversity and agronomically valuable traits. The crop, however, is currently largely neglected. We provide a wealth of karyotypic information from a comprehensive collection of emmer wheat and related taxa. In addition to C-banding polymorphisms, we identified 43 variants of chromosomal rearrangements in T. dicoccon; among them 26 (60.4%) were novel. The T7A:5B translocation was most abundant in Western Europe and the Mediterranean. The plant genetic resources investigated here might become important in the future for wheat improvement. Based on cluster analysis four major karyotypic groups were discriminated within the T. dicoccon genepool, each harboring characteristic C-banding patterns and translocation spectra: the balkan, asian, european and ethiopian groups. We postulate four major diffusion routes of the crop and discuss their migration out of the Fertile Crescent considering latest archaeobotanical findings.
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Badaeva
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keilwagen
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knüpffer
authors.affiliation: Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Waßermann
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Dedkova
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bolshaya Morskaya street 44, St. Petersburg 190000, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Mitrofanova
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bolshaya Morskaya street 44, St. Petersburg 190000, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Kovaleva
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bolshaya Morskaya street 44, St. Petersburg 190000, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Liapunova
authors.affiliation: N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina street 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
authors.forename: Vitaly A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Pukhalskiy
authors.affiliation: University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops. 01330 Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Özkan
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graner
authors.affiliation: Archéorient CNRS UMR 5133, Université de Lyon II, Antenne d'Archéorient, Jalés, Berrias, F-07460 St-Paul-le-Jeune, France.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willcox
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilian
mesh_terms: D002871:Chromosome Banding; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D059785:Karyotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics*