title: Sugar concentration and timing of feeding affect feeding characteristics and survival of a parasitic wasp.
abstract: The availability of food sources is important for parasitoid survival, especially for those that inhabit ecosystems where nectar and honeydew are spatially or temporally scarce. Therefore, the value of even a single meal can be crucial for survival. Psyttalia lounsburyi is a parasitoid, and biological control agent, of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. In order to improve our understanding of the basic nutritional ecology of P. lounsburyi and its role in survival we evaluated the effect of a single sucrose meal on the longevity of female and male wasps. We measured the duration of feeding, volume ingested, sucrose consumption, energy content, and longevity of wasps provided with different concentrations of sucrose (0.5, 1, and 2M) at different times after emergence (0, 1, 2 or 3 days after emergence). Our results showed that longevity was significantly influenced by sucrose concentration and timing of feeding. For females, feeding on sucrose increased the likelihood of survival to varying degrees, ranging from 32.3% to 95.4%, compared to water-only controls. The longest duration of feeding was observed for the highest sucrose concentrations and oldest wasps. The amount of sugar ingested and energy uptake increased, up to a point, as sugar concentration increased. Our results suggest that P. lounsburyi derived greatest benefit from the intermediate concentration (1M) of sucrose provided 2 or 3 days after emergence. Our study emphasizes the importance of finding balance between increasing longevity and limiting the duration of feeding, and concomitant uptake of nutrients, that is fundamental for survival of the wasp in nature.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, Montferrier sur Lez, France. Electronic address: lwilliams@ars-ebcl.org.
authors.forename: Livy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deschodt
authors.affiliation: Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pointurier
authors.affiliation: CGIAR-CIAT, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: Kris A G
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wyckhuys
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000469:parasitology; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose
keywords: Bactrocera oleae; Carbohydrate subsidy; Feeding behavior; Nutritional ecology; Parasitoid; Psyttalia lounsburyi; Stretch receptors; Survival analysis