title: The comparative effect of propolis in two different vehicles; mouthwash and chewing-gum on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In general, chemical plaque agents have been used in mouthwashes, gels, and dentifrices. In some situations, application of mouthwashes and dentifrices can be difficult. Therefore, different approaches for oral health-care have been needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propolis chewing-gum compared to propolis-containing mouthwash on gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation on patients that refrained from daily oral hygiene procedures for 5 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 college students with systemically healthy and very good oral hygiene and gingival health were included in this randomized, single-blind, crossover 5-day plaque regrowth with a 3-day washout period clinical study. After plaque scores were reduced to zero, participants were asked to refrain from oral hygiene procedures and allocated to either propolis mouthwash or chewing-gum group. Chewing-gum was performed after meals 3 times a day for 20 min mouthwash group was instructed to rinse mouthwash 2 times a day for 1 min. On day 5, the clinical periodontal measurements containing plaque and gingival indexes were taken from the participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The both plaque and gingival indexes of propolis mouthwash group were significantly lower than that of the propolis chewing-gum group (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was demonstrated that the propolis mouthwash was more effective than the propolis chewing gum on the plaque inhibition and the gingival inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Merkez, Kirikkale, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ercan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Merkez, Kirikkale, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Ebru Olgun
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Erdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Merkez, Kirikkale, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Serdar Yucel
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Merkez, Kirikkale, Turkiye.
authors.forename: Meltem Karsiyaka
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hendek
keywords: Chewing gum; dental plaque; gingival inflammation; mouthwashes; propolis