title: Living Well with Pain: Development and Preliminary Evaluation of the Valued Living Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Encouraging individuals with chronic pain to focus on nonpain-related goals that are consistent with personal values is a goal of most psychosocial pain interventions. A valid and reliable measure of goal-related variables would be useful to evaluate the importance of these to patient quality of life and as factors that may explain treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed items for a measure (the Valued Living Scale, VLS) to assess goal importance, success, and confidence with respect to eight value domains and 26 specific values-related goals, and administered these items to individuals with three chronic pain conditions (low back pain, N = 58; fibromyalgia, N = 55; headache, N = 61).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses supported: 1) a two-factor model of the VLS items assessing goal-related variables associated with a) health and productivity and b) social relations; 2) VLS scale score reliability, with Cronbach's alphas greater than 0.70; and 3) VLS scale score validity, as indicated by significant associations with pain intensity, depression, and pain interference in the expected directions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VLS items can be administered and scored to assess: 1) the importance of as well as 2) confidence in and 3) success in achieving values-consistent goals. The measure can be used by clinicians to monitor and track changes in patient's perceptions about their goals with treatment. Researchers can use the VLS to test theoretical models of the roles that patient perceptions about goal importance, confidence, and success play in chronic pain treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Vowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Linea E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gertz
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D059350:Chronic Pain; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Assessment; Chronic Pain; Psychology; Self-Efficacy; Values