title: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional dynamic imaging of live biofilms in a microchannel by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
abstract: A vacuum compatible microfluidic reactor, SALVI (System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface), was employed for in situ chemical imaging of live biofilms using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Depth profiling by sputtering materials in sequential layers resulted in live biofilm spatial chemical mapping. Two-dimensional (2D) images were reconstructed to report the first three-dimensional images of hydrated biofilm elucidating spatial and chemical heterogeneity. 2D image principal component analysis was conducted among biofilms at different locations in the microchannel. Our approach directly visualized spatial and chemical heterogeneity within the living biofilm by dynamic liquid ToF-SIMS.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific-Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences , Lebanon, Oregon 97355, USA.
authors.forename: Yijia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Material Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Yufan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Zihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Songqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Sciences and Global Climate Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ying
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9861-3109
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Yu