title: Validation and Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS) in University Students of Tehran.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the fact that the mobile phone has become a pervasive technology of our time, little research has been done on mobile dependency. Therefore, a valid and reliable instrument, conforming to Iranian culture seems essential. The aim of our study was to validate the Iranian version of MPPUS (Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional research, in which data were collected from 600 students studying at Tehran universities. Stratified sampling method was used to collect data. All participants completed Demographic Questionnaire, Cellular Phone Dependency Questionnaire (CPDQ) anonymously. Finally, a clinical interview (based on DSM-IV-TR) was conducted with 100 participants. Data were analyzed using concurrent validity, factor analysis, internal consistency (Cronbach's'α), split half, test-retest and ROC Curve by SPSS18 Software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result of reliability analysis and factor analysis by principal component and Varimax rotation, we extracted three factors including preoccupation, withdrawal symptoms and overuse of mobile phones in both males and females. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the MPPUS was .91; Cronbach's alpha of the factors was .87, .70, .82 respectively. The test-retest correlation of the MPPUS was .56. The best cut off point for this questionnaire (MPPUS) was 160.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MPPUS proved to be a reliable questionnaire with adequate factor models to assess the extent of problems caused by the "misuse" of mobile phones in the Iranian society; however, further studies are needed on this topic.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammadi Kalhori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Salman
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jannatifard
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghazal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sepahbodi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baba Reisi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajedi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farshchi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Rasul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: KhodaKarami
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hatami Kasvaee
keywords: MPPUS; Psychometric Properties; Students; Tehran; Validatio