title: Investigation of the association between the fecal microbiota and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a population-based case-control pilot study.
abstract: We investigated whether the gut microbiota differed in 48 postmenopausal breast cancer case patients, pretreatment, vs 48 control patients. Microbiota profiles in fecal DNA were determined by Illumina sequencing and taxonomy of 16S rRNA genes. Estrogens were quantified in urine. Case-control comparisons employed linear and unconditional logistic regression of microbiota α-diversity (PD_whole tree) and UniFrac analysis of β-diversity, with two-sided statistical tests. Total estrogens correlated with α-diversity in control patients (Spearman Rho = 0.37, P = .009) but not case patients (Spearman Rho = 0.04, P = .77). Compared with control patients, case patients had statistically significantly altered microbiota composition (β-diversity, P = .006) and lower α-diversity (P = .004). Adjusted for estrogens and other covariates, odds ratio of cancer was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.30 to 0.85) per α-diversity tertile. Differences in specific taxa were not statistically significant when adjusted for multiple comparisons. This pilot study shows that postmenopausal women with breast cancer have altered composition and estrogen-independent low diversity of their gut microbiota. Whether these affect breast cancer risk and prognosis is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF). goedertj@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Gieira
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Guoqin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Roni T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gail
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (JJG, GJ, XH, GY, RF, RTF, MHG, JS) and Division of Cancer Prevention (RF), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (XX); Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (JR); Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO (HSF).
authors.forename: Heather Spencer
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Feigelson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004967:Estrogens / Q000652:urine; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017698:Postmenopause; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S