title: Avoidance and management of perioperative complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy: the Dhaka experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a minimally invasive procedure, serious perioperative complications may occur due to the unique surgical maneuvers involved. In this paper the authors report the complications of elective and emergency ETV and their surgical management in 412 patients from July 2006 to October 2012 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital (a government hospital) and other private hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The authors attempted some previously undescribed simple maneuvers that may help to overcome the difficulties of managing complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The complication rate was determined by recording intraoperative changes in pulse and blood pressure, bleeding episodes, serum electrolyte abnormalities, CSF leakage, and neurological deterioration in the immediate postoperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative complications included hemodynamic alterations in the form of tachycardia, bradycardia, and hypertension. Bleeding was categorized as major in 2 cases and minor in 68 cases. Delayed recovery from anesthesia occurred in 14 cases, CSF leakage from the wound in 11 cases, and electrolyte imbalance in 5 cases. Postoperatively, 2 patients suffered convulsions and 1 had evidence of third cranial nerve injury. Three patients died as a result of complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications during endoscopy can lead to serious consequences that may sometimes be very difficult to manage. The authors have identified and managed a large number of complications in this series, although the rate of complications is consistent with that in other reported series. These complications should be kept in mind perioperatively by both surgeons and anesthesiologists, as prompt detection and action can help minimize the risks associated with neuroendoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Khandkar A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kawsar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammod R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Forhad H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; ICP = intracranial pressure; complications; endoscopy; hydrocephalus; third ventriculostomy