title: Rectal cancer: a review.
abstract: Rectal cancer is the second most common cancer in large intestine. The prevalence and the number of young patients diagnosed with rectal cancer have made it as one of the major health problems in the world. With regard to the improved access to and use of modern screening tools, a number of new cases are diagnosed each year. Considering the location of the rectum and its adjacent organs, management and treatment of rectal tumor is different from tumors located in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract or even the colon. In this article, we will review the current updates on rectal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentations, screening, and staging. Diagnostic methods and latest treatment modalities and approaches will also be discussed in detail.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mhfazeli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Sadegh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fazeli
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keramati
keywords:  Treatment ; Diagnosis; Rectal cancer; Review; Screening; Staging; Treatment