title: Depression in persons with diabetes by age and antidiabetic treatment: a cross-sectional analysis with data from the Hordaland Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons with diabetes have increased risk of depression, however, studies addressing whether the risk varies by age and type of antidiabetic treatment have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate if the association between diabetes and depression varied by type of antidiabetic treatment in a large community based sample of middle-aged (40-47 years) and older adults (70-72 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 21845 participants in the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK) were analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Diabetes was assessed by self-report and classified as un-medicated, treated by oral antidiabetic agents or by insulin. Depression was defined as a score ≥ 8 on the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and/or self-reported use of antidepressant agents. Associations between diabetes and depression were estimated using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persons in their forties with diabetes had a doubled prevalence of depression (OR: 1.96 (95% C.I.: 1.35, 2.83)) compared to persons without diabetes, while a lower and non-significant association was found among persons in their seventies. Persons in their forties with orally treated diabetes had about three times higher prevalence of depression (OR: 2.92 (95% C.I.: 1.48, 5.77)) after adjustment for gender, BMI, physical activity, alcohol consumption and education, compared to non-diabetic persons in the same age-group. No association between depression and insulin or un-medicated diabetes was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that persons in their forties with orally treated diabetes are at a marked increased risk of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine 1, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mood Net Research Group, Haukeland University Hospital/University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Line I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Trond
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Grethe S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Tell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Marjolein M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Iversen
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Global Health Institute, Duke University, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Truls
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Østbye
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine 1, Section of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mood Net Research Group, Haukeland University Hospital/University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ann Kristin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Knudsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin