title: Advances in Tourette syndrome: diagnoses and treatment.
abstract: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal or phonic tic, and often one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders. Premonitory sensory urges before tic execution and desire for "just-right" perception are central features. The pathophysiology involves cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits and possibly dopaminergic system. TS is considered a genetic disorder but the genetics is complex and likely involves rare mutations, common variants, and environmental and epigenetic factors. Treatment is multimodal and includes education and reassurance, behavioral interventions, pharmacologic, and rarely, surgical interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Fatema J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Serajee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: ahuq@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: A H M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mahbubul Huq
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010808:Physical Examination; D012307:Risk Factors; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: ADHD; OCD; Tics; Tourette