title: Fish, omega-3 long-chain fatty acids, and all-cause mortality in a low-income US population: Results from the Southern Community Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined associations between fish and n-3 LCFA and mortality in a prospective study with a large proportion of blacks with low socio-economic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 6914 deaths among 77,604 participants with dietary data (follow-up time 5.5 years). Of these, 77,100 participants had available time-to-event data. We investigated associations between mortality with fish and n-3 LCFA intake, adjusting for age, race, sex, kcal/day, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, income, education, chronic disease, insurance coverage, and meat intake. Intakes of fried fish, baked/grilled fish and total fish, but not tuna, were associated with lower mortality among all participants. Analysis of trends in overall mortality by quintiles of intake showed that intakes of fried fish, baked/grilled fish and total fish, but not tuna, were associated with lower risk of total mortality among all participants. When participants with chronic disease were excluded, the observed association remained only between intakes of baked/grilled fish, while fried fish was associated with lower risk of mortality in participants with prevalent chronic disease. The association between n-3 LCFA intake and lower risk of mortality was significant among those with diabetes at baseline. There was an inverse association of mortality with fried fish intake in men, but not women. Total fish and baked/grilled fish intakes were associated with lower mortality among blacks while fried fish intake was associated with lower mortality among whites. Effect modifications were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a modest benefit of fish consumption on mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: raquel.villegas@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villegas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murff
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003296:Cooking; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005006:Ethnicity; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: Fish; Omega-3 long-chain fatty acids; Southern Community Cohort Study