title: Smoking and diet in healthy adults: a cross-sectional study in tehran, iran, 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking and unhealthy diet are two major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between these two risk factors amongst healthy adults 30-60 years old in Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 2602 healthy adults 30 to 60 years old in Tehran were studied. The demographic characteristics, anthropometric and smoking status of the participants were questioned. The frequency of consumption of red meat, white meat, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, bread and cereals and fast food were questioned to be daily, weekly, monthly, once every 6 months or yearly and categorized as "healthy" or "unhealthy".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2602 participants, 974 (37.4%) had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their life time and continued daily or smoked occasionally. Smokers significantly consumed more fast food and white meat but less fruit and vegetables and dairy product (P<0.0001). Totally, 586 (22.5%) consumed "unhealthy" diet. A positive association between cigarette smoking and unhealthy diet (OR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.40-2.03) were found. After adjusting the analysis for the effect of age, education and gender, the odds ratio of consuming unhealthy diet for the smoker increased to 1.83 (1.50, 2.25) compared with non-smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study found a noticeable association between cigarette smoking and unhealthy diet. Smoking cessation and changing diet program for smokers is recommended.
authors.affiliation: 1. Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heydari
authors.affiliation: 2. Dept. of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farrokh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: 3. Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefifard
authors.affiliation: 4. Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseini
keywords: Adult; Diet; Health; Smoking