title: Extensive in vitro gastrointestinal digestion markedly reduces the immune-toxicity of Triticum monococcum wheat: implication for celiac disease.
abstract: METHODS
  The ancient diploid Triticum monococcum is of special interest as a candidate low-toxic wheat species for celiac disease patients. Here, we investigated how an in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion, affected the immune toxic properties of gliadin from diploid compared to hexaploid wheat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gliadins from Triticum monococcum, and Triticum aestivum cultivars were digested using either a partial proteolysis with pepsin-chymotrypsin, or an extensive degradation that used gastrointestinal enzymes including the brush border membrane enzymes. The immune stimulatory properties of the digested samples were investigated on T-cell lines and jejunal biopsies from celiac disease patients. The T-cell response profile to the Triticum monococcum gliadin was comparable to that obtained with Triticum aestivum gliadin after the partial pepsin-chymotrypsin digestion. In contrast, the extensive gastrointestinal hydrolysis drastically reduced the immune stimulatory properties of Triticum monococcum gliadin. MS-based analysis showed that several Triticum monococcum peptides, including known T-cell epitopes, were degraded during the gastrointestinal treatment, whereas many of Triticum aestivum gliadin survived the gastrointestinal digestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of Triticum monococcum gliadin proteins is sufficiently different from those of common hexaploid wheat to determine a lower toxicity in celiac disease patients following in vitro simulation of human digestion.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.|Institute of Biochemistry Protein, CNR, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianfrani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camarca
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazzarella
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Stasio
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, S. G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giardullo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.|Department of Agricultural, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferranti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Picariello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rotondi Aufiero
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picascia
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Troncone
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pogna
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science and E.L.F.I.D, University "Federico II" Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Auricchio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mamone
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D005903:Gliadin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010455:Peptides / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D005903:Gliadin
keywords: Brush border membrane; Celiac disease; Gastrointestinal digestion; Gliadin; Triticum monococcum