title: Universal Route to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis in Foodstuff: Two-Dimensional Heart-Cut Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
abstract: Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex foodstuff is associated with complicated and work-intensive sample preparation. Chromatographic interference has to be faced in many situations. The scope of the current work was the development of a highly efficient two-dimensional heart-cut LC-LC-GC-MS method. Detection was performed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) to allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the obtained data in terms of cleanup efficiency. Additionally, routine detection was performed with single quadrupole MS. An easy and quick generic sample preparation protocol was realized as a first step. During method development, focus was given to optimizing HPLC cleanup for complex foodstuff. Silica-, polymeric-, and carbon-based HPLC phases were tested. Coupling of silica gel to π-electron acceptor modified silica gel showed the best cleanup properties. A four rotary valve configuration allowed the usage of a single binary HPLC pump. Screening of several fatty and nonfatty food matrices showed the absence of unwanted matrix compounds in the cleaned-up PAH fraction down to the low picogram range using TOF-MS. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were below 0.1 μg/kg for all EU priority PAHs. Recovery rates ranged from 82 to 111%. Validation data fully complied with EU Regulation 836/2011. Sample preparation was possible in 20 min. Interlacing of HPLC and GC allowed an average method runtime of 40 min per sample.
authors.affiliation: †Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nestola
authors.affiliation: §Institute Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH, Albestr. 3-4, D-12159 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: §Institute Kirchhoff Berlin GmbH, Albestr. 3-4, D-12159 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bluhme
authors.affiliation: †Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Torsten C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons