title: Comparison of cardiovascular magnetic resonance characteristics and clinical consequences in children and adolescents with isolated left ventricular non-compaction with and without late gadolinium enhancement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is showing increasingly diagnostic potential in left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC), relatively little research relevant to CMR is conducted in children with LVNC. This study was performed to characterize and compare CMR features and clinical outcomes in children with LVNC with and without late gadolinium enhancement (LGE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 40 consecutive children (age, 13.7 ± 3.3 years; 29 boys and 11 girls) with isolated LVNC underwent a baseline CMR scan with subsequent clinical follow-up. Short-axis cine images were used to calculate left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), myocardial mass, ratio of non-compacted-to-compacted myocardial thickness (NC/C ratio), and number of non-compacted segments. The LGE images were analyzed to assess visually presence and patterns of LGE. The primary end point was a composite of cardiac death and heart transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LGE was present in 10 (25%) children, and 46 (27%) segments were involved, including 23 non-compacted segments and 23 normal segments. Compared with LGE- cohort, LGE+ cohort had significantly lower LVEF (23.8 ± 10.7% vs. 42.9 ± 16.7%, p < 0.001) and greater LVEDV (169.2 ± 65.1 vs. 118.2 ± 48.9 mL/m2, p = 0.010), LVESV (131.3 ± 55.5 vs. 73.3 ± 46.7 mL/m2, p = 0.002), and sphericity indices (0.75 ± 0.19 vs. 0.60 ± 0.20, p = 0.045). There were no differences in terms of number and distribution of non-compacted segments, NC/C ratio, and myocardial mass index between LGE+ and LGE- cohort. In the LGE+ cohort, adverse events occurred in 6 patients compared to 2 events in the LGE- cohort. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant difference in outcome between LGE+ and LGE- cohort for cardiac death and heart transplantation (p = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LGE was present in up to one-fourth of children with LVNC, and the LGE+ children exhibited a more maladaptive LV remodeling and a higher incidence of cardiovascular death and heart transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. chenghb1981@163.com.
authors.forename: Huaibing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. coolkan@163.com.
authors.forename: Minjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. houch1968@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Cuihong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. cheyne_xh@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. pathologyli@163.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. doctorjing@126.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. cardiacbmeyg@163.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. cxy0202@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiuyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. xlw6369@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiangli
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Andrew41316@126.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. fwyy06@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. zsfuwai@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, SW3 6NP, London, UK. S.Prasad@rbht.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. fuwaipujielin@163.com.
authors.forename: Jielin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100037, Beijing, People's Republic of China. cjrzhaoshihua@163.com.
authors.forename: Shihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D056830:Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA