title: Morphology, ultrastructure and mineral uptake is affected by copper toxicity in young plants of Inga subnuda subs. luschnathiana (Benth.) T.D. Penn.
abstract: Toxic effects of copper (Cu) were analyzed in young plants of Inga subnuda subs. luschnathiana, a species that is highly tolerant to flooding and found in Brazil in wetlands contaminated with Cu. Plants were cultivated in fully nutritive solution, containing different concentrations of Cu (from 0.08 μmol to 0.47 mmol L(-1)). Symptoms of Cu toxicity were observed in both leaves and roots of plants cultivated from 0.16 mmol Cu L(-1). In the leaves, Cu clearly induced alterations in the thickness of the epidermis, mesophyll, palisade parenchyma, and intercellular space of the lacunose parenchyma. Also, this metal induced disorganization in thylakoid membranes, internal and external membrane rupture in chloroplasts, mitochondrial alterations, and electrodense material deposition in vacuoles of the parenchyma and cell walls. The starch grains disappeared; however, an increase of plastoglobule numbers was observed according to Cu toxicity. In the roots, destruction of the epidermis, reduction of the intercellular space, and modifications in the format of initial cells of the external cortex were evident. Cell walls and endoderm had been broken, invaginations of tonoplast and vacuole retractions were found, and, again, electrodense material was observed in these sites. Mineral nutrient analysis revealed higher Cu accumulation in the roots and greater macro- and micronutrients accumulation into shoots. Thus, root morphological and ultrastructural changes induced differential nutrients uptake and their translocations from root toward shoots, and this was related to membrane and endoderm ruptures caused by Cu toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Santa Cruz State University, Km 16, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tielle Abreu
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcel Giovanni Costa
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Santa Cruz State University, Km 16, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alex-Alan Furtado
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Science and Department of Agrarian Science and Environment, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio José Ribeiro
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology Science and Department of Agrarian Science and Environment, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raildo Mota
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.affiliation: Bahia Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Irecê, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vânia Lima
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Santa Cruz State University, Km 16, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Victor
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Santa Cruz State University, Km 16, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Ilhéus, BA, 45.662-000, Brazil. pamangabeira@uesc.br.
authors.forename: Pedro Antônio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mangabeira
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D003300:Copper
keywords: Cu accumulation; Cu localization; Heavy metal; Ultrastructural changes