title: Urethral and penile war injuries: The experience from civil violence in Iraq.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence, mechanism of injury, wounding pattern and surgical management of urethral and penile injuries sustained in civil violence during the Iraq war.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 2800 casualties with penetrating trauma to the abdomen and pelvis were received at the Al-Yarmouk Hospital, Baghdad, from January 2004 to June 2008. Of these casualties 504 (18%) had genitourinary trauma, including 45 (8.9%) with urethral and/or penile injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 45 patients, 29 (64%) were civilians and 16 (36%) were Iraqi military personnel. The injury was caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) in 25 (56%) patients and by individual firearms in 20 (44%). Of the patients, 24 had penile injuries, 15 had an injury to the bulbar urethra and six had an injury to the posterior urethra. Anterior urethral injuries were managed by primary repair, while posterior urethral injuries were managed by primary realignment in five patients and by a suprapubic cystostomy alone in one. An associated injury to major blood vessels was the cause of death in eight of nine patients who died soon after surgery (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urethral and penile injuries were caused by IEDs and individual firearms with a similar frequency. Most of the casualties were civilians and a minority were military personnel. Injuries to the anterior urethra can be managed by primary repair, while injuries to the posterior urethra can be managed by primary realignment. An associated trauma to major blood vessels was the leading cause of death in these casualties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Al-Mustansiriya College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: Issam S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Al-Azzawi
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mamdouh M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Koraitim
keywords: Civil violence; GU, genitourinary; IED, improvised explosive device; Penile War injuries; Trauma; Urethral