title: Assessment of the frequency of snack and beverages consumption and stimulants intake in children grown up in orphanages in Krakow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood is a particular period of life, when nutritional habits are emerging, so much attention should be paid to proper dietary habits, which become a nutritional pattern copied in the future.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate selected dietary habits and preferences in a group of children living in Krakow orphanages (supervising by the Social Welfare Centre in Krakow), by assessing the frequency of snacks and beverages consumptions as well as an intake of beverages with caffeine, alcohol and smoking cigarettes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were performed in the years 2007-2008 in five orphanages located in Krakow. 181 children, 9 to 20 yrs of age, participated in this study. Assessment of dietary habits and preferences was performed based on anonymous questionnaire which included questions about snacking frequency, favorite and most frequently drank beverages without or with caffeine, alcohol and cigarettes smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of nutritional habits showed that the most popular high-calorie snacks were eaten by the youngest children. Children and adolescents asked for the most commonly consumed beverages indicated on fizzy drinks and fruits juice. Among the youngest children (9-12 years old), 5% reported drinking alcohol, 10% of boys smoked cigarettes, 10% of girls and 21% of boys drank coffee. Among the oldest respondents, about 35% declared drinking coffee, 39% girls and 65% boys declared smoking cigarettes, whereas drinking alcohol reported 22 and 38% subjects, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results obtained in this study, indicate the necessity of intervention, consisting on running training courses and workshops of the assessed population, i.e. children, adolescents and instructing their educators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pysz
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leszczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopeć
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001628:Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D019372:Orphanages / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D062410:Snacks; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients