title: A review on colistin nephrotoxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colistin is an antibiotic that was introduced many years ago and was withdrawn because of its nephrotoxicity. Nowadays, reemergence of this antibiotic for multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections, and a new high dosing regimen recommendation increases concern about its nephrotoxicity. This review attempts to give a view on colistin nephrotoxicity, its prevalence especially in high doses, the mechanism of injury, risk factors, and prevention of this kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data collection was done in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases. The keywords for search terms were "colistin", "nephrotoxicity", "toxicity", "renal failure", "high dose", and "risk factor". Randomized clinical trials and prospective or retrospective observational animal and human studies were included. In all, 60 articles have been reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colistin is a nephrotoxic antibiotic; a worldwide increase in nosocomial infections has led to an increase in its usage. Nephrotoxicity is the concerning adverse effect of this drug. The mechanism of nephrotoxicity is via an increase in tubular epithelial cell membrane permeability, which results in cation, anion and water influx leading to cell swelling and cell lysis. There are also some oxidative and inflammatory pathways that seem to be involved in colistin nephrotoxicity. Risk factors of colistin nephrotoxicity can be categorized as dose and duration of colistin therapy, co-administration of other nephrotoxic drugs, and patient-related factors such as age, sex, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, underlying disease and severity of patient illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Niyayesh Cross Road, Valiasr Street, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ordooei Javan
authors.forename: Shervin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shokouhi
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sahraei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003091:Colistin