title: Implications of chronic daily anti-oxidant administration on the inflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress events have been implicated to occur and facilitate multiple failure modes of intracortical microelectrodes. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the ability of a sustained concentration of an anti-oxidant and to reduce oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration for the application of intracortical microelectrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-functional microelectrodes were implanted into the cortex of male Sprague Dawley rats for up to sixteen weeks. Half of the animals received a daily intraperitoneal injection of the natural anti-oxidant resveratrol, at 30 mg kg(-1). The study was designed to investigate the biodistribution of the resveratrol, and the effects on neuroinflammation/neuroprotection following device implantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily maintenance of a sustained range of resveratrol throughout the implantation period resulted in fewer degenerating neurons in comparison to control animals at both two and sixteen weeks post implantation. Initial and chronic improvements in neuronal viability in resveratrol-dosed animals were correlated with significant reductions in local superoxide anion accumulation around the implanted device at two weeks after implantation. Controls, receiving only saline injections, were also found to have reduced amounts of accumulated superoxide anion locally and less neurodegeneration than controls at sixteen weeks post-implantation. Despite observed benefits, thread-like adhesions were found between the liver and diaphragm in resveratrol-dosed animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, our chronic daily anti-oxidant dosing scheme resulted in improvements in neuronal viability surrounding implanted microelectrodes, which could result in improved device performance. However, due to the discovery of thread-like adhesions, further work is still required to optimize a chronic anti-oxidant dosing regime for the application of intracortical microelectrodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr Drive, Wickenden Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Advanced Platform Technology Center, L. Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Potter-Baker
authors.forename: Wade G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: Chun T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Meador
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Ziats
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Capadona
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D013267:Stilbenes; D000077185:Resveratrol