title: Genetic interrelationships of North American populations of giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Population structure and genetic interrelationships of giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna from all enzootic North American regions were revealed in close relation with geographical distribution of its obligate definitive cervid hosts for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Variable fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1; 384 bp) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit I (nad1; 405 bp) were applied as a tool. The concatenated data set of both cox1 and nad1 sequences (789 bp) contained 222 sequences that resulted in 50 haplotypes. Genetic data were analysed using Bayesian Inference (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clades of F. magna, which separated the parasite into western and eastern populations. Western populations included samples from Rocky Mountain trench (Alberta) and northern Pacific coast (British Columbia and Oregon), whereas, the eastern populations were represented by individuals from the Great Lakes region (Minnesota), Gulf coast, lower Mississippi, and southern Atlantic seaboard region (Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida) and northern Quebec and Labrador. Haplotype network and results of AMOVA analysis confirmed explicit genetic separation of western and eastern populations of the parasite that suggests long term historical isolation of F. magna populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic makeup of the parasite's populations correlates with data on historical distribution of its hosts. Based on the mitochondrial data there are no signs of host specificity of F. magna adults towards any definitive host species; the detected haplotypes of giant liver fluke are shared amongst several host species in adjacent populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001, Košice, Slovakia. bazsal@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bazsalovicsová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001, Košice, Slovakia. hromadova@saske.sk.
authors.forename: Ivica
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Králová-Hromadová
authors.affiliation: Biology Centre AS CR, Institute of Parasitology and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. jan.stefka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Štefka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B-2, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia. gabriel.minarik@gmail.com.|Geneton Ltd., Ilkovičova 3, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia. gabriel.minarik@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Minárik
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B-2, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia. bokorovasisa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bokorová
authors.affiliation: Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Margo.Pybus@gov.ab.ca.
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pybus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011792:Quebec; D012418:Ruminants / Q000469:parasitology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015801:Helminth Proteins; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV