title: Uterine NDRG2 expression is increased at implantation sites during early pregnancy in mice, and its down-regulation inhibits decidualization of mouse endometrial stromal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-myc down-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor suppressor involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine the uterine expression pattern of this gene during early pregnancy in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uterine NDRG2 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively, during the peri-implantation period in mice. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed to examine the spatial localization of NDRG2 expression in mouse uterine tissues. The in vitro decidualization model of mouse endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) was used to evaluate decidualization of ESCs following NDRG2 knock down by small interfering RNA (siRNA). Statistical significance was analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 19.0 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uterine NDRG2 gene expression was significantly up-regulated and was predominantly localized to the secondary decidual zone on days 5 and 8 of pregnancy in mice. Its increased expression was associated with artificial decidualization as well as the activation of delayed implantation. Furthermore, uterine NDRG2 expression was induced by estrogen and progesterone treatments. The in vitro decidualization of mouse ESCs was accompanied by up-regulation of NDRG2 expression, and knock down of its expression in these cells by siRNA inhibited the decidualization process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that NDRG2 might play an important role in the process of decidualization during early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. woshiguyan277@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs & Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. zhangxuancw@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 13211150008@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. wangjianmei68@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian-mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs & Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. dhyp409@163.com.
authors.forename: Ya-ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs & Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. sunzgbio@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhao-gui
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. 13764015980@139.com.
authors.forename: Hui-qin
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs & Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. wangjiansippr@126.com.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D003656:Decidua / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011247:Pregnancy; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014599:Uterus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C485172:Ndr2 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc