title: Psychotropic Medication Use in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the rate of psychotropic medication use in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) and to describe age-related trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from electronic health records from 2010 to 2013 for a retrospective cohort of 832 children with DS, aged 5 to 21 years, including 5324 visits. The following medication classes: central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, atypical antipsychotics, and alpha adrenergic agonists were examined. The distribution of rates of medication use across ages was assessed graphically and with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Between-group comparisons of medication classes were conducted using χ. Repeated measures models with generalized estimating equations were used to assess changes in rates of medication use over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children aged 12 to 21 years were more likely to be on any medication at some point compared with children aged 5 to 11 years (25% vs 17%, respectively, p = .003). For 5 to 11 year olds, the odds of being on a psychotropic medication increased with age for all medication classes studied. For 12 to 18 year olds, the odds of being on a CNS stimulant significantly decreased with increasing age (odds ratio: 0.73, 95% confidence intervals, 0.58-0.91), whereas the odds of being on a medication from one of the other classes was stable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in psychotropic medication use across the age span in children with DS suggest that the type and severity of neurobehavioral problems in this population likely also change over time. These findings will inform future research on the common mental health conditions and treatments for children with DS.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; †Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Downes
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anixt
authors.forename: Anna J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Esbensen
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.forename: Jareen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meinzen-Derr
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors