title: Merlin's 'invalid or gouty chair' and the origin of the self-propelled wheelchair.
abstract: Wheelchairs are a major advance in enabling independence for people with walking difficulties. The first self-propelled wheelchair has been attributed to John Joseph Merlin, the 'ingenious mechanick', in the early 19th century and his 'gouty chair' is exhibited at Kenwood House. Research would suggest that comparable chairs existed in France as early as 1751 and the French Revolutionary, Georges Couthon, used one to get around Paris. A later design, also attributed to Merlin, the invalid wheelchair, features large wheels with outer hoops for the occupant to grasp and this is the true ancestor of the modern wheelchair.
authors.affiliation: History of Medicine, Oxford Brookes University, UK.
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire, UK jrussellsilver@btconnect.com.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Silver
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D014910:Wheelchairs / Q000266:history*
keywords: Couthon; Merlin; self-propelled; wheelchair