title: Differential predation by age and sex classes in blue wildebeest in Serengeti: study of a modern carnivore den in Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania).
abstract: Age and sex selection of prey is an aspect of predator ecology which has been extensively studied in both temperate and African ecosystems. This dimension, along with fecundity, survival rates of prey and mortality factors other than predation are important in laying down the population dynamics of prey and have important implications in the management of species. A carnivore den located in the short-grassland ecological unit of the Serengeti was studied. Sex- and age- class (using five age categories) of the wildebeest remains recovered were analyzed through horn morphology, biometrics of the bones and tooth wear patterns. We compared our results with previous studies from lion and hyaena kills through multivariate analyses. Seasonality of the accumulation was analyzed through tooth histology. PCA and CVA results show that age class selection by predators depends on season, habitat-type, and growth rate of the wildebeest population. Female-biased predation was found to contradict classical hypotheses based on territorial male behaviour. The lion and spotted hyaena showed strong selection on age classes, contrary to previous studies. Migratory wildebeest sex ratio is regulated through differential predation by seasons and female deaths in the wet season are a trade-off for population stability. These data are crucial for an effective management of the species and the new method created may be useful for different carnivore species and their prey.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Ciencias, Campus Externo, Ctra. A-II-km 33,600 C. P. 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Evolución en África (IDEA), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mari Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Arriaza
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Evolución en África (IDEA), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cayetana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Maza
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Audax
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mabulla
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Evolución en África (IDEA), Madrid, Spain; Museo Arqueológico Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baquedano
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000866:Antelopes / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology; D060435:Carnivory; D005260:Female; D045968:Hyaenidae; D008045:Lions; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012621:Seasons; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013636:Tanzania; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry