title: Longitudinal trajectories of ADHD symptomatology in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and community controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the psychopathology and longitudinal course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology and global functioning between the offspring with ADHD of parents with bipolar disorder and the offspring with ADHD of community control parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-two offspring with ADHD of parents with bipolar disorder and 48 offspring with ADHD of control parents from the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS) were included. DSM-IV lifetime psychiatric disorders were ascertained through the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). The outcome measures of ADHD symptoms were ascertained at intake and every other year for a period of 6 years using the ADHD section of the K-SADS-PL and the Disruptive Behavior Disorder rating scale (DBD). Global functioning was assessed using the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The offspring with ADHD of parents with bipolar disorder showed higher lifetime prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders relative to the offspring with ADHD of control parents (P values ≤ .03). For both groups of offspring with ADHD, the hyperactivity, impulsivity, and total K-SADS-PL ADHD scores decreased over time (P values < .001) without differences between the 2 groups. There were no between- or within-group differences in the inattention scores over time. The DBD ADHD scores decreased with age in both groups (P values < .002) without differences between the 2 groups. For both groups of offspring with ADHD, the global functioning did not improve over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring with ADHD of parents with bipolar disorder have more psychopathology relative to offspring with ADHD of control parents. However, there were no differences in the developmental courses of ADHD symptomatology between these 2 groups of ADHD youth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-No, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea kimjw412@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Axelson
authors.forename: Benjamin I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Tina R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Rasim S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Diler
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.forename: Dara J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sakolsky
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Merranko
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Birmaher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*