title: Synthesis of 24-h soluble gelatin sponge particles and their effect on liver necrosis following hepatic artery embolization: Results of in vitro and in vivo studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize 24-h soluble gelatin sponge particles (SGSP) of 200-500 and 500-1000 µm, and to investigate their ischemic potency following hepatic artery embolization (HAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-endotoxin gelatin was freeze-dried and heated at 110, 115, 118, 120, 122 and 125°C to form cross-linked gelatin sponge. We prepared 200-500- and 500-1000-µm SGSP by pulverizing and sieving the gelatin sponge. The dissolution times in saline were measured. Eight healthy pigs underwent HAE of the right and left hepatic arteries with either 200-500- or 500-1000-µm SGSP (n = 4/group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The particles prepared at 110-122°C were soluble whereas particles prepared at 125°C or more were insoluble. The mean dissolution time of the particles increased with increasing temperature. In each pig, sequential arteriography confirmed that recanalization was complete 24 h after embolization. Pathological tests 48 h after HAE revealed coagulation necrosis but least damage to the biliary tract. The liver necrosis rate (mean ± standard deviation) was significantly greater in the 200-500-µm group than in the 500-1000-µm group (9.89 ± 4.04% vs 4.44 ± 0.67%, respectively; P = 0.0027). A significantly greater proportion of arteries with a diameter of 100-200 µm had residual SGSP in the 200-500-µm group than in the 500-1000-µm group (P < 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAE with 200-500-µm SGSP had greater effects on promoting liver necrosis without biliary damage than did HAE with 500-1000-µm SGSP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Morio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiro
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikoma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minamiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sonomura
authors.affiliation: 2nd Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Ibu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
authors.affiliation: 2nd Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Warigaya
authors.affiliation: 2nd Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murata
keywords: hepatic artery embolization; hepatocellular carcinoma; soluble gelatin sponge particles