title: Repair of bone defect by nano-modified white mineral trioxide aggregates in rabbit: A histopathological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many researchers have tried to enhance materials functions in different aspects of science using nano-modification method, and in many cases the results have been encouraging. To evaluate the histopathological responses of the micro-/nano-size cement-type biomaterials derived from calcium silicate-based composition with addition of nano tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) on bone healing response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety mature male rabbits were anesthetized and a bone defect was created in the right mandible. The rabbits were divided into three groups, which were in turn subdivided into five subgroups with six animals each based on the defect filled by: white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA), Nano-WMTA, WMTA without 3CaO.Al2O3, Nano-WMTA with 2% Nano-3CaO.Al2O3, and empty as control. Twenty, forty and sixty days postoperatively the animals were sacrificed and the right mandibles were removed for histopathological evaluations. Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc comparisons based on the LSMeans procedure was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the experimental materials provoked a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction, which significantly differed from the control group (p< 0.05). Statistical analysis of bone formation and bone regeneration data showed significant differences between groups at 40- and 60- day intervals in all groups. Absence of 3CaO.Al2O3 leads to more inflammation and foreign body reaction than other groups in all time intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both powder nano-modification and addition of 2% Nano-3CaO.Al2O3 to calcium silicate-based cement enhanced the favorable tissue response and osteogenesis properties of WMTA based materials.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Shiraz University, jafar.orangi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saghiri
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orangi
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanideh
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asatourian
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janghorban
authors.forename: Franklin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Godoy
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheibani
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008297:Male; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate