title: Consumption of hot beverages and foods and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have mostly focused on the effects of specific constituents of beverages and foods on the risk of esophageal cancer (EC). An increasing number of studies are now emerging examining the health consequences of the high temperature of beverages and foods. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence and clarify the association between hot beverages and foods consumption and EC risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies, published before May 1, 2014, with the aim to estimate the association between hot beverage and food consumption and EC risk. A random-effect model was used to pool the results from the included studies. Publication bias was assessed by using the Begg test, the Egger test, and funnel plot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, giving a total of 42,475 non-overlapping participants and 13,811 EC cases. Hot beverage and food consumption was significantly associated with EC risk, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-2.17). The risk was higher for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, with a pooled OR of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.29-2.00), and was insignificant for esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.53-1.16). Subgroup analyses suggests that the association between hot beverage and food consumption and EC risk were significant in Asian population (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.62-2.61) and South American population (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.25-1.85), but not significant in European population (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.68-1.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hot beverage and food consumption is associated with a significantly increased risk of EC, especially in Asian and South American populations, indicating the importance in changing people's dietary habits to prevent EC.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. cyw2013shuxue@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yawen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China. tongyeqing9999@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yeqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. julianmitz@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. scswj2008@163.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. hl_sun_health@163.com.
authors.forename: Huilian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. bihuashan@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Huashan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. 313704102@qq.com.
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. hnyinxiaoxv@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoxv
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. zuxunlu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zuxun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001628:Beverages; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology