title: Prevalence of Spirometrically-defined Restrictive Ventilatory Defect in Korea: The Fourth-2, 3, and Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2012.
abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of restrictive ventilatory defect and to determine the risk factors in subjects with spirometrically-defined restrictive ventilatory defect. We used the population-based, fourth-2, 3 (2008, 2009) and fifth (2010-2012) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to analyze 15,073 subjects, aged ≥40 yr who underwent spirometry. Chest radiographs were also analyzed to identify restrictive lung disease. Spirometrically-defined restrictive ventilatory defect (FEV1/FVC≥70% and FVC<80% of mean predicted value) was detected in 11.3% (n= 1,709) of subjects aged ≥40 yr. The prevalence increased to 12.3% on using the lower limit of normal (LLN) criteria. Approximately 99.4% of subjects were classified as mild restrictive. Among these, 11.3% had inactive tuberculosis (TB) lesion, 2.2% cardiac disease, 2.0% previous operation scar or radiation injury and/or mediastinal disease, and 7.4% other pulmonary disease suggestive of restrictive lung diseases on chest radiograph. Evidence of previous TB history was independently associated with restrictive ventilatory defect (odds ratios [OR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.18) after adjustment for gender, age, smoking, area for residence and body mass index. The prevalence of restrictive ventilatory defect among the nationwide population in Korea was 11.3% with fixed ratio criterion and 12.3% with LLN criterion. Most cases were of the mild restrictive category and previous TB history is the independent risk factor for restrictive ventilatory defect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Yeon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7011-620X
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Il
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3502-5211
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Bum
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8810-6077
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Chilgok, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Yong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7993-4495
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Uk
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0745-0675
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon-Mok
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0116-4683
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung Kyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4783-2077
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Il
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5306-3692
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sueng Su
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1733-5192
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Yeub
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7565-1076
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Hoon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9960-1524
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital-Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Heung Bum
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8267-8434
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Chul
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8349-7697
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Soo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7990-3066
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungwon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8097-6078
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yuna
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1812-1639
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea.
authors.forename: Chaemin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0179-2420
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Ha
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9969-2657
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Epidemiology; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Respiratory Function Tests; Tuberculosis; X-Rays