title: Differences in parental bonding between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Evidence of prodromal symptoms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) examines parent-child bonds and attachment during the first 16 years. Our study aims to compare PBI scores between patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed PBI scores in 59 patients with schizophrenia, 36 with BD and 52 healthy controls using ANCOVA, with age, gender and years of education as covariates. Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. PBI has maternal and paternal scores, each one with two domains: care and overprotection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In PBI maternal and paternal care domains, patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher scores when compared with BD patients (p<0.001). However, when compared with healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia only showed significantly higher scores of PBI maternal care domain (p=0.037). BD patients showed significantly lower PBI care scores compared with healthy controls (maternal score: p=0.016; paternal score: p<0.001). In PBI maternal and paternal overprotection domain, BD patients showed significantly higher scores compared with patients with schizophrenia (p=0.004; p=0.021) and healthy controls (p=0.014; p=0.008); while no significant difference was observed between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. "P values" are according to Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are significant differences in the perception of attachment between schizophrenia and BD. This finding may shed some light to better understand the prodromal symptoms of each disorder.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Grilo
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorder, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ives C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carla
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Krolow
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reckziegel
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirela Paiva
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Program, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spanemberg
authors.affiliation: Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Co-Coordinator Schizophrenia Program, HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belmonte-de-Abreu
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorder, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: mksantanna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauer-Sant'Anna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Parental bonding; Schizophrenia