title: Observing temporal order in living processes: on the role of time in embryology on the cell level in the 1870s and post-2000.
abstract: The article analyses the role of time in the visual culture of two phases in embryological research: at the end of the nineteenth century, and in the years around 2000. The first case study involves microscopical cytology, the second reproductive genetics. In the 1870s we observe the first of a series of abstractions in research methodology on conception and development, moving from a method propagated as the observation of the "real" living object to the production of stained and fixated objects that are then aligned in temporal order. This process of abstraction ultimately fosters a dissociation between space and time in the research phenomenon, which after 2000 is problematized and explicitly tackled in embryology. Mass data computing made it possible partially to re-include temporal complexity in reproductive genetics in certain, though not all, fields of reproductive genetics. Here research question, instrument and modelling interact in ways that produce very different temporal relationships. Specifically, this article suggests that the different techniques in the late nineteenth century and around 2000 were employed in order to align the time of the researcher with that of the phenomenon and to economize the researcher's work in interaction with the research material's own temporal challenges.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cultural History and Theory, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10199, Berlin, Germany, bettina.bock.v.wuelfingen@staff.hu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bock von Wülfingen
mesh_terms: D004626:Embryology / Q000266:history*; D005060:Europe; D005306:Fertilization; D005823:Genetics / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D012098:Reproduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States