title: Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction is associated with ventricular arrhythmias in endurance athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intense exercise places disproportionate strain on the right ventricle (RV) which may promote pro-arrhythmic remodelling in some athletes. RV exercise imaging may enable early identification of athletes at risk of arrhythmias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise imaging was performed in 17 athletes with RV ventricular arrhythmias (EA-VAs), of which eight (47%) had an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), 10 healthy endurance athletes (EAs), and seven non-athletes (NAs). Echocardiographic measures included the RV end-systolic pressure-area ratio (ESPAR), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), and systolic tricuspid annular velocity (RV S'). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) measures combined with invasive measurements of pulmonary and systemic artery pressures provided left-ventricular (LV) and RV end-systolic pressure-volume ratios (SP/ESV), biventricular volumes, and ejection fraction (EF) at rest and during intense exercise. Resting measures of cardiac function were similar in all groups, as was LV function during exercise. In contrast, exercise-induced increases in RVFAC, RV S', and RVESPAR were attenuated in EA-VAs during exercise when compared with EAs and NAs (P < 0.0001 for interaction group × workload). During exercise-CMR, decreases in RVESV and augmentation of both RVEF and RV SP/ESV were significantly less in EA-VAs relative to EAs and NAs (P < 0.01 for the respective interactions). Receiver-operator characteristic curves demonstrated that RV exercise measures could accurately differentiate EA-VAs from subjects without arrhythmias [AUC for ΔRVESPAR = 0.96 (0.89-1.00), P < 0.0001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among athletes with normal cardiac function at rest, exercise testing reveals RV contractile dysfunction among athletes with RV arrhythmias. RV stress testing shows promise as a non-invasive means of risk-stratifying athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Sports Cardiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia andre.lagerche@bakeridi.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Gerche
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dymarkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jens-Uwe
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Buck
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhees
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Droogne
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Cleemput
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University and Heart Center, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidbuchel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Arrhythmias; Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular cardiomyopathy; Athletes; Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; Echocardiography; Exercise; Right ventricle; Sports cardiology