title: Extrapolation of systemic bioavailability assessing skin absorption and epidermal and hepatic metabolism of aromatic amine hair dyes in vitro.
abstract: Approaches to assess the role of absorption, metabolism and excretion of cosmetic ingredients that are based on the integration of different in vitro data are important for their safety assessment, specifically as it offers an opportunity to refine that safety assessment. In order to estimate systemic exposure (AUC) to aromatic amine hair dyes following typical product application conditions, skin penetration and epidermal and systemic metabolic conversion of the parent compound was assessed in human skin explants and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and hepatocyte cultures. To estimate the amount of the aromatic amine that can reach the general circulation unchanged after passage through the skin the following toxicokinetically relevant parameters were applied: a) Michaelis-Menten kinetics to quantify the epidermal metabolism; b) the estimated keratinocyte cell abundance in the viable epidermis; c) the skin penetration rate; d) the calculated Mean Residence Time in the viable epidermis; e) the viable epidermis thickness and f) the skin permeability coefficient. In a next step, in vitro hepatocyte Km and Vmax values and whole liver mass and cell abundance were used to calculate the scaled intrinsic clearance, which was combined with liver blood flow and fraction of compound unbound in the blood to give hepatic clearance. The systemic exposure in the general circulation (AUC) was extrapolated using internal dose and hepatic clearance, and Cmax was extrapolated (conservative overestimation) using internal dose and volume of distribution, indicating that appropriate toxicokinetic information can be generated based solely on in vitro data. For the hair dye, p-phenylenediamine, these data were found to be in the same order of magnitude as those published for human volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA. Electronic address: manwaring.jd@pg.com.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manwaring
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Sulzbacher Str. 40, 65823 Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany.
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obringer
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Foltz
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Inc., Mason Business Center, Mason, OH 45040, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Troutman
authors.affiliation: SWS, Erzhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Sulzbacher Str. 40, 65823 Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goebel
mesh_terms: D000627:Aminophenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000627:Aminophenols; D006202:Hair Dyes
keywords: Cosmetic ingredients; Exposure; Extrapolation; Hair dyes; In vitro; Skin