title: [Hand injuries from combat sports].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Each year 3.1% of German adults suffer from accidents related to sports and 75% of the injured athletes are male between 20 and 29 years old. The upper limbs are affected in more than 20% of cases and one third of these injuries involve the hands and fingers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  More than half a million athletes are organized in combat sport associations in Germany with an increasing trend. Combat sports are commonly said to have a high risk of injuries to the hand. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis as well as to describe typical hand injuries associated with combat sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of literature (up to January 2015) in PubMed/Medline and The Cochrane Library as well as a secondary search in the reference lists were carried out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusive comparative studies on the incidence and severity of hand injuries directly related to combat sports action could not be found in the currently available literature. The overall risk of suffering from a sports injury seems to be relatively low in combat sports compared to other sports. Boxing, however, seems to be the most dangerous sport for injuries to the upper extremities and especially the hand. The injury pattern after punching (emergency patients and professional boxers) shows that more than half of these fractures affect the 5th metacarpal and 25% of these are the classical boxer's fracture. This differs significantly from the fracture distribution generally associated with sports, where fractures of the phalanges are the most common. Two rare conditions that may occur as a result of repeated punching are referred to as carpal bossing and boxer's knuckle and excellent results are described for both injury forms after surgical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Moltkestr. 90, 76133, Karlsruhe, Deutschland, wadih.hanna@klinikum-karlsruhe.de.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult