title: The association of point-of-sale cigarette marketing with cravings to smoke: results from a cross-sectional population-based study.
abstract: To examine the association between recalled exposure to point-of-sale (POS) cigarette marketing (ie, pack displays, advertisements and promotions such as discounts) and reported cravings to smoke while visiting a store.
  
  
  
  Data were collected using a telephone survey of a cross-sectional sample of 999 adult smokers in Omaha, Nebraska. Recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing was measured by asking respondents about noticing (a) pack displays, (b) advertisements and (c) promotions in store in their neighbourhood. A 3-item scale indicating the frequency of experiencing cravings to smoke in locations where cigarettes are sold was created by asking respondents: (1) "feel a craving for a cigarette?" (2) "feel like nothing would be better than smoking a cigarette?" and (3) "feel like all you want is a cigarette?" The association between recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing and cravings was estimated using ordinary least squares linear regression models, controlling for nicotine dependence, gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, education, frequency of visiting stores in one's neighbourhood and method of recruitment into the study.
  
  
  
  Recalled exposure to POS cigarette displays (p<0.001) and advertisements (p=0.002), but not promotions (p=0.06), was associated with more frequent cravings to smoke.
  
  
  
  Recalled exposure to POS cigarette marketing is associated with cravings to smoke as predicted by laboratory studies on the effects of smoking cues on cigarette craving. Policies that reduce or eliminate POS cigarette marketing could reduce cigarette cravings and might attenuate impulse buying of cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siahpush
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Raees A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: K Michael
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Alexander West, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Alexander West, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Asia Sikora
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meza
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
authors.forename: Neng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003132:Commerce; D066249:Craving; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009329:Nebraska; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Advertising and Promotion; Packaging and Labelling; Prevention