title: Circulating Cytokine Levels in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Effects of Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy and External-beam Radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to better characterize the temporal induction of inflammatory cytokines in the serum of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) treated with radiotherapy and to ascertain the influence of hormonal therapy upon those expressions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2007 and December 2009, 30 patients with localized PCa were treated with 3-dimensional conformal external-beam radiotherapy. Fifteen patients had received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy using a leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analog for six months prior to radiotherapy. The cytokine levels were collectively measured using a multiplex assay system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen cytokines were at detectable levels throughout the blood sampling times before and during radiotherapy. Hormonal therapy for six months significantly decreased the serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) significantly increased during radiotherapy. Most cytokine levels, except for eotaxin, G-CSF, growth-related oncogene (GRO), transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)-1 and TGFβ2, significantly increased during radiotherapy compared to the levels observed before radiotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study revealed the influence of hormonal, and of radiation therapy on the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the sera of patients with PCa. In addition, neoadjuvant hormonal therapy amplified the radiation-induced alteration of serum cytokines. Further studies to characterize the mechanism underlying a radiation- or hormone-induced inflammatory state are, therefore, necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan tanji@m.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanji
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikugawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.affiliation: Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Senzo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ohzu City Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ohzu City Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Houshasen-Daiichi Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000097:blood; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D016207:Cytokines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: cytokines; hormonal therapy; prostate cancer; radiotherapy