title: Antimicrobial effects of citrus sinensis peel extracts against periodontopathic bacteria: an in vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of plant extracts and phytochemicals with known antimicrobial properties may have great significance in therapeutic treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the in vitro antimicrobial potential and also determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrus sinensis peel extracts with a view of searching a novel extract as a remedy for periodontal pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous and ethanol (cold and hot) extracts prepared from peel of Citrus sinensis were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, using agar well diffusion method. The lowest concentration of every extract considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for both test organisms. Confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5% respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis were resistant to aqueous extracts while Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was inhibited at very high cncentrations. Hot ethanolic extracts showed significantly higher zone of inhibition than cold ethanolic extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration of hot and cold ethanolic extracts of Citrus sinensis peel ranged between 12-15 mg/ml against all three periodontal pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both extracts were found sensitive and contain compounds with therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, clinical trials on the effect of these plants are essential before advocating large-scale therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Alfarabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khaja Amjad
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Maxillofacial Sciences, Alfarabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Bassel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tarakji
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, KMCT Dental College, Kerala University of Health and Allied Science, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Binu Purushothaman Panar
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kandy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, K.V.G Dental College and Hospital Sullia, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Indian Ocean Dental College and Hospital, Mauritius.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Indian Ocean Dental College and Hospital, Mauritius.
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramphul
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Oral Radiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan.
authors.forename: Darshan Devang
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Divakar
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects*; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts