title: Epidemiology of Sepsis and Its Recognition by Emergency Medical Services Personnel in the Netherlands.
abstract: Little is known about the epidemiology of sepsis in the Netherlands. In addition, information regarding the ability of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel to recognize sepsis is lacking. The aim of this study is to determine epidemiological characteristics of sepsis and the recognition of sepsis by EMS personnel in an urban area in the Netherlands. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using transport information from EMS Amsterdam and admission diagnoses at the emergency department gathered through discharge data from two academic hospitals in Amsterdam for the year 2012. A total of 253 patients with sepsis were evaluated, of which 131 were transported by ambulance. The in-hospital mortality rate of the total population was 21% and a mean length of hospital stay was of 13.5 days. Sixty-seven patients (26.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Almost half of the patients were assigned to the internal medicine ward (117; 46.2%). The most common site of infection was the urinary tract (30%). E. coli was the most frequent cause of infections. EMS staff recognized 18/131 (13.7%) transported patients with (severe) sepsis or septic shock. In 52 cases (39.7%) sepsis went unrecognized, probably due to an incomplete primary survey. In 60 cases (45.8%) sepsis went unrecognized, although enough systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria were present at initial presentation. Recognition of sepsis by EMS staff in the Netherlands is low, probably due to a lack of awareness of the syndrome and infrequent measurement of temperature and respiratory rate. As early initiation of treatment is crucial, the EMS staff, general practitioners, and other specialties could benefit from more education on this critical illness.
authors.forename: Lena C W
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: van der Wekken
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Frits
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Holleman
authors.forename: Pieternel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Exter
authors.forename: Mark H H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Prabath W B
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Nanayakkara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality
keywords: emergency medical service; epidemiology; sepsis; septic shock; severe sepsis