title: Food intake and serum persistent organic pollutants in the Greenlandic pregnant women: The ACCEPT sub-study.
abstract: The Greenlandic Inuit have high blood concentrations of environmental persistent organic pollutants (POPs). High POP concentrations have been associated with age, smoking and consumption of marine mammals. Studies have indicated that exposure to POPs during pregnancy may adversely affect fetal and child development. To assess geographical differences in diet, lifestyle and environmental contaminant exposure among pregnant women in Greenland, blood samples and questionnaire data were collected from 207 pregnant women in five Greenlandic regions (North, Disco Bay, West, South and East). Blood samples were analyzed for 11 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 15 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 63 metals. A trend of higher intake of marine mammals in the East and North regions was reflected by a higher n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio. Participants in the East region tended also to have higher intake of terrestrial species. A significant higher seabird intake was seen for pregnant women in the West region. Significant regional differences were found for blood concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, PFASs and mercury, with higher levels in the North and East regions. PFASs were significantly associated with PCBs and OCPs in most of the regions. In the North region, PFASs were associated with both selenium and mercury. No significant regional difference was observed for PBDEs. The regional differences of blood levels of POPs and mercury were related to differences in intake of the traditional food. Compared to earlier reports, decreased levels of legacy POPs, Hg and Pb and perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid were observed, but the levels of PFAS congeners perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorononanoic acid were sustained. The detection of POPs and heavy metals in maternal blood indicates fetal exposure to these compounds possibly influencing fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: ml@ph.au.dk.
authors.forename: Manhai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: aksk@ph.au.dk.
authors.forename: Ane-Kersti Skaarup
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Primary Health Care Center, Nuuk, Greenland. Electronic address: HSP@peqqik.gl.
authors.forename: Henning Sloth
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: ebj@ph.au.dk.
authors.forename: Eva Cecilie
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bonefeld-Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004435:Eating; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood; D006116:Greenland; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000097:blood; D010575:Pesticides / Q000097:blood; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010575:Pesticides; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C078626:perflexane
keywords: Contaminants; Diet; Greenland; Lifestyle; Pregnant