title: Understanding depression associated with chronic physical illness: a Q-methodology study in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of depression can be difficult in primary care, particularly when associated with chronic illness. Patient beliefs may affect detection and subsequent engagement with management. Q-methodology can help to identify viewpoints that are likely to influence either clinical practice or policy intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify socially shared viewpoints of comorbid depression, and characterise key overlaps and discrepancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Q-methodology study of patients registered with general practices or community clinics in Leeds, UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with coronary heart disease or diabetes and depression from three practices and community clinics were invited to participate. Participants ranked 57 statements about comorbid depression. Factor analyses were undertaken to identify independent accounts, and additional interview data were used to support interpretation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients participated; 13 (42%) had current symptoms of depression. Five accounts towards comorbid depression were identified: overwhelmed resources; something medical or within me; a shameful weakness; part of who I am; and recovery-orientated. The main differences in attitudes related to the cause of depression and its relationship with the patient's chronic illness, experience of shame, and whether medical interventions would help recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are groups of patients who do not perceive a relationship between their depression and chronic illness; they may not understand the intention behind policy initiatives to identify depression during chronic illness reviews. Tailoring detection strategies for depression to take account of different clusters of attitudes and beliefs could help improve identification and personalise management.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Alderson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds.
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: House
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011779:Q-Sort; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: chronic disease; depression; general practice; illness beliefs; screening