title: Cognitive neuroscience. Unlearning implicit social biases during sleep.
abstract: Although people may endorse egalitarianism and tolerance, social biases can remain operative and drive harmful actions in an unconscious manner. Here, we investigated training to reduce implicit racial and gender bias. Forty participants processed counterstereotype information paired with one sound for each type of bias. Biases were reduced immediately after training. During subsequent slow-wave sleep, one sound was unobtrusively presented to each participant, repeatedly, to reactivate one type of training. Corresponding bias reductions were fortified in comparison with the social bias not externally reactivated during sleep. This advantage remained 1 week later, the magnitude of which was associated with time in slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep after training. We conclude that memory reactivation during sleep enhances counterstereotype training and that maintaining a bias reduction is sleep-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Creery
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Iliana M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Galen V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Bodenhausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. kap@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Ken A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Paller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult