title: Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Why Do Children Receive Implants Late?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early cochlear implantation has been widely promoted for children who derive inadequate benefit from conventional acoustic amplification. Universal newborn hearing screening has led to earlier identification and intervention, including cochlear implantation in much of the world. The purpose of this study was to examine age and time to cochlear implantation and to understand the factors that affected late cochlear implantation in children who received cochlear implants.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this population-based study, data were examined for all children who underwent cochlear implant surgery in one region of Canada from 2002 to 2013. Clinical characteristics were collected prospectively as part of a larger project examining outcomes from newborn hearing screening. For this study, audiologic details including age and severity of hearing loss at diagnosis, age at cochlear implant candidacy, and age at cochlear implantation were documented. Additional detailed medical chart information was extracted to identify the factors associated with late implantation for children who received cochlear implants more than 12 months after confirmation of hearing loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of diagnosis of permanent hearing loss for 187 children was 12.6 (interquartile range: 5.5, 21.7) months, and the age of cochlear implantation over the 12-year period was highly variable with a median age of 36.2 (interquartile range: 21.4, 71.3) months. A total of 118 (63.1%) received their first implant more than 12 months after confirmation of hearing loss. Detailed analysis of clinical profiles for these 118 children revealed that late implantation could be accounted for primarily by progressive hearing loss (52.5%), complex medical conditions (16.9%), family indecision (9.3%), geographical location (5.9%), and other miscellaneous known (6.8%) and unknown factors (8.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms that despite the trend toward earlier implantation, a substantial number of children can be expected to receive their first cochlear implant well beyond their first birthday because they do not meet audiologic criteria of severe to profound hearing loss for cochlear implantation at the time of identification of permanent hearing loss. This study underscores the importance of carefully monitoring all children with permanent hearing loss to ensure that optimal intervention including cochlear implantation occurs in a timely manner.
authors.affiliation: 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; 2Child Hearing Lab, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and 3School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.forename: JoAnne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whittingham
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003657:Decision Making; D061345:Early Medical Intervention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009864:Ontario; D010290:Parents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*