title: Evaluation of Minimally Invasive, Ultrasound-guided Synovial Biopsy Techniques by the OMERACT Filter--Determining Validation Requirements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because limited data currently support the clinical utility of peripherally expressed biomarkers in guiding treatment decisions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the search has turned to the disease tissue. The strategic aim of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) synovitis working group over the years has been to develop novel diagnostic and prognostic synovial biomarkers. A critical step in this process is to refine and validate minimally invasive, technically simple, robust techniques to sample synovial tissue, for use both in clinical trials and routine clinical practice. The objective of the synovitis working group (SWG) at OMERACT 12 (2014) was to examine whether recently developed ultrasound (US)-guided synovial biopsy techniques could be validated according to the OMERACT filter for future clinical use recommendation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SWG examined whether current data reporting US-guided synovial biopsy of both large and small joints addressed the OMERACT filters of truth, discrimination, and feasibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are currently limited data examining the performance of US-guided synovial biopsy, mainly from observational studies. Thus, it remains critical to evaluate its performance, within the clinical trials context, against the current gold standard of arthroscopic biopsy, with particular reference to: (1) synovial tissue yield, (2) capacity to determine treatment response as measured by a validated synovial biomarker, and (3) tolerability of the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We summarize the discrete work packages agreed to as requirements to validate US-guided synovial biopsy and therefore lead to a global consensus on the use of synovial biopsy for research and clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Humby
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugatti
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filer
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Arti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahto
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Joao Eurico
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Maria-Antonietta
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Naredo
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lories
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Carlomaurizio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montecucco
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Paul Peter
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Malcolm D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veale
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Ernest H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute at Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, and Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Inserm U987, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Skeletal Development and Joint Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK; School of Medicine and Medical Science, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Rheumatology Research Unit, Repatriation General Hospital, Daw Park, South Australia; Dublin Academic Medical Centre, The Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Regional Experimental Arthritis Treatment and Evaluation Centre, Cardiff, UK; Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.F. Humby, MRCP; S. Kelly, MRCP, Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Ins
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitzalis
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D061214:Patient Safety; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D013585:Synovitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents
keywords: BIOPSY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SYNOVITIS; ULTRASOUND