title: Remembrance of time series past: simple chromatic method for visualizing trends in biomedical signals.
abstract: Analysis of biomedical time series plays an essential role in clinical management and basic investigation. However, conventional monitors streaming data in real-time show only the most recent values, not referenced to past dynamics. We describe a chromatic approach to bring the 'memory' of the physiologic system's past behavior into the current display window.The method employs the estimated probability density function of a time series segment to colorize subsequent data points.For illustrative purposes, we selected open-access recordings of continuous: (1) fetal heart rate during the pre-partum period, and (2) heart rate and systemic blood pressure from a critical care patient during a spontaneous breathing trial. The colorized outputs highlight changes from the 'baseline' reference state, the latter defined as the mode value assumed by the signal, i.e. the maximum of its probability density function.A colorization method may facilitate the recognition of relevant features of time series, especially shifts in baseline dynamics and other trends (including transient and longer-term deviation from baseline values) which may not be as readily noticed using traditional displays. This method may be applicable in clinical monitoring (real-time or off-line) and in research settings. Prospective studies are needed to assess the utility of this approach.
authors.affiliation: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burykin
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Tiago F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Schnettler
authors.forename: Madalena D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Ary L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goldberger
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016638:Critical Illness; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D011336:Probability; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors