title: Male burying beetles extend, not reduce, parental care duration when reproductive competition is high.
abstract: Male parents spend less time caring than females in many species with biparental care. The traditional explanation for this pattern is that males have lower confidence of parentage, so they desert earlier in favour of pursuing other mating opportunities. However, one recent alternative hypothesis is that prolonged male parental care might also evolve if staying to care actively improves paternity. If this is the case, an increase in reproductive competition should be associated with increased paternal care. To test this prediction, we manipulated the level of reproductive competition experienced by burying beetles, Nicrophorus vespilloides (Herbst, 1783). We found that caregiving males stayed for longer and mated more frequently with their partner when reproductive competition was greater. Reproductive productivity did not increase when males extended care. Our findings provide support for the increased paternity hypothesis. Extended duration of parental care may be a male tactic both protecting investment (in the current brood) and maximizing paternity (in subsequent brood(s) via female stored sperm) even if this fails to maximize current reproductive productivity and creates conflict of interest with their mate via costs associated with increased mating frequency.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hopwood
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.|Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tregenza
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Royle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010332:Paternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal
keywords: parental care; paternal care; paternity assurance; phenotypic plasticity; sexual conflict