title: Usefulness of repetitive intraoperative indocyanine green-based videoangiography to confirm complete obliteration of micro-arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is difficult to intraoperatively confirm the total disappearance of arteriovenous (AV) shunts during surgery for microarteriovenous malformations (micro-AVMs), especially when the nidus is extremely small or diffuse on preoperative angiography. Although intraoperative angiography is effective for evaluating residual shunts, procedure-related risks raise important concerns. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of intraoperative indocyanine green-based videoangiography (ICG-VA) to determine complete disappearance of micro-AVMs during surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed eight patients with ruptured micro-AVMs who were treated using craniotomy with ICG-VA at our institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients underwent emergency partial evacuation of hematoma and external decompression before the diagnostic angiography. While three patients had a nidus smaller than 1 cm, five patients had only early draining veins without an appreciable nidus. The draining veins were superficial in six cases and deep in two cases. The average interval from onset to surgery was 33 days (range, 2-57). ICG-VA was repetitively conducted until disappearance of the AV shunt was confirmed. No residual AV shunt was observed on postoperative radiological examinations. In all cases, the diagnosis of AVM was confirmed from the results of postoperative pathological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICG-VA could detect early draining veins more clearly in situ than diagnostic angiography. Although it is not as effective for visualizing lesions with deep draining veins, repetitive ICG-VA was safe and effective for confirming the disappearance of AV shunts with superficial drainage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Indo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
keywords: Arteriovenous malformation; hematoma; indocyanine green-based videoangiography; microarteriovenous malformation