title: Pediatric craniomaxillofacial injuries after road traffic crashes: characteristics of injuries and protective equipment use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A cross-sectional study to determine the pattern of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries among children involved in road traffic crashes was performed. The association of protective equipment use with the CMF injuries was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective records of children treated in the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, after road traffic crashes between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012 were reviewed, and, after that, telephone interviews were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one children were included in this study. Fifty-two (73.6%) were involved in a motorcycle injury and 19 (23.4%) in a car crash. Their mean age was 6.02 years; SD, 3.46 (range between 0 to 13 years old). More male children were observed (52.1%) compared with females (47.9%). Thirty-nine point four percent of the children sustained CMF injuries, 33.8% body injuries, and 23.9% had both CMF and other body parts injuries. The highest injury severity score was 26, whereas the lowest was 0. Many children did not use protective equipment during traveling, 44.2% of children among motorcycle pillion riders, and 78.9% among car passengers. The association between helmet use and CMF injuries was shown to be statistically significant (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Craniomaxillofacial injuries could be prevented with the use of motorcycle helmet and seat belt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Salmiah Mohd
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wei Cheong
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Ngeow
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: roszalina@ppukm.ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Roszalina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramli
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D001336:Automobiles; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009049:Motorcycles; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies