title: A multibiomarker approach to explore interactive effects of propranolol and fluoxetine in marine mussels.
abstract: A multi-biomarker approach, including several lysosomal parameters, activity and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, and DNA damage, was employed to investigate the nominal effects of 0.3 ng/L fluoxetine (FX) and 0.3 ng/L propranolol (PROP) alone or in combination (0.3 ng/L FX + 0.3 ng/L PROP) on Mediterranean mussels after a 7 day treatment. FX co-exposure appears to facilitate PROP bioaccumulation because PROP only accumulated in digestive gland of FX + PROP treated mussels. Lysosomal parameters were significantly impaired by FX + PROP treatment, while no clear antioxidant responses at the catalytic and transcriptional levels were observed. Biomarker responses led to a "medium stress level" diagnosis in FX + PROP treated mussels, according to the Expert System, whereas 0.3 ng/L PROP or FX alone did not induce consistent stress conditions. These findings suggest vulnerability of coastal marine mussels to FX and PROP contamination at environmentally relevant levels.
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.franzellitti@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franzellitti
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buratti
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: C Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chambliss
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, via Selmi 3, 40100 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabbri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011433:Propranolol / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005473:Fluoxetine; D011433:Propranolol
keywords: Adverse outcome pathway; Bioaccumulation; Biomarkers; Drug–drug interaction; Fluoxetine; Lysosomal responses; Marine mussel; Propranolol