title: Pycnogenol prevents peritoneal adhesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tested the ability of pycnogenol, an extract from the bark of the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty female Wistar albino rats were separated randomly into three equal groups: Group (1) the control group, which underwent surgery, but was given no drug; Group (2) given 10 mg/kg of pycnogenol dissolved in normal saline intraperitoneally for 10 days after surgery; and Group (3) given 0.1 mL of normal saline for 10 days intraperitoneally after surgery. On post-operative day 10, all of the animals were killed and any adhesions were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The macroscopic adhesion scores (mean ± SD) for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 2.5 ± 0.53, 0.60 ± 0.70, and 2.0 ± 0.82, respectively. The macroscopic adhesion score was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.001). All three components of the histopathological evaluation (inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization) were significantly lower in Group 2 than in Groups 1 or 3 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.004, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pycnogenol was found to be effective at preventing surgery-related adhesions in an animal model.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. drsahbazahmet@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahbaz
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. o.aynoglu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oner
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Aynioglu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. k.hgonbe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isik
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. banudogangun@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Banu Dogan
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gun
authors.affiliation: Experimental Animal Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey. osmancengil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cengil
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Oncology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey. dronurerol@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010532:Peritoneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028223:Pinus / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000267:Tissue Adhesions / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; C024070:pycnogenols
keywords: Adhesions; Female; Intra-abdominal; Pycnogenol; Rat