title: Cholecystectomy vs. percutaneous cholecystostomy for the management of critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis: a protocol for a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute cholecystitis is a common diagnosis. However, the heterogeneity of presentation makes it difficult to standardize management. Although surgery is the mainstay of treatment, critically ill patients have been managed via percutaneous cholecystostomy. However, the role of percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of such patients has not been clearly established. This systematic review will compare the outcomes of critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis managed with percutaneous cholecystostomy to those of similar patients managed with cholecystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches will be conducted across relevant health databases including the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus using the following keywords: (acute cholecystitis OR severe cholecystitis OR cholecystitis) AND (cholecystectomy OR laparoscopic cholecystectomy OR open cholecystectomy) AND (Cholecystostomy OR percutaneous cholecystectomy OR gallbladder drain OR gallbladder tube OR transhepatic gallbladder drain OR transhepatic gallbladder tube OR cholecystostomy tube). The reference lists of eligible articles will be hand searched. Articles from 2000-2014 will be identified using the key terms "acute cholecystitis, cholecystectomy, and percutaneous cholecystostomy". Studies including both interventions will be included. Relevant data will be extracted from eligible studies using a specially designed data extraction sheet. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale will be used to assess the quality of non-randomized studies. Central tendencies will be reported in terms of means and standard deviations where necessary, and risk ratios will be calculated where possible. All calculations will be performed with a 95 % confidence interval. Furthermore, the Fisher's exact test will be used for the calculation of significance, which will be set at p < 0.05. Pooled estimates will be presented after consideration of both clinical and methodological heterogeneity of included studies. Both interventions would be compared with regard to in-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, procedure-dependent complications, re-intervention, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, length of hospital stay, re-admission, and cost of treatment. The review will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review aims at identifying and evaluating the clinical value of percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of critically ill patients with acute cholecystitis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPERO CRD42015016205.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, Witten-Herdecke University, Heusner Str. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. Peter.Ambe@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ambe
authors.affiliation: Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Homerton Row, London, E9 6ST, UK. s.kaptanis@homerton.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Sarantos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaptanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, Witten-Herdecke University, Heusner Str. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. Marios.Papadakis@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elisabeth Hospital Hohenlind, Werthmannstr. 1, 50937, Cologne, Germany. Sebastian.Weber@hohenlind.de.
authors.forename: Sebastian A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, Witten-Herdecke University, Heusner Str. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. Hubert.Zirngibl@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zirngibl
mesh_terms: D002763:Cholecystectomy; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000601:surgery*; D002767:Cholecystostomy; D016638:Critical Illness; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome