title: Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Tuberculous Nonfunctioning Kidneys: a single-center experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present our surgical techniques and experiences of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2005 to March 2013, a total of 51 patients with tuberculous nonfunctioning kidney underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy at our medical center. The techniques included early control of renal vessels and dissection of the diseased kidney along the underlying layer outside the Gerato's fascia. The distal ureter was dissected through a Gibson incision and the entire specimen was removed en bloc from the incision. Patient demographics, perioperative characteristics and laboratory parameters as well as postoperative outcome were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was successfully performed in 50 patients, whereas one case required conversion to open surgery due to non-progression of dissection. The mean operating time was 123.0 minutes (107-160 minutes) and the mean estimated blood loss was 134 mL (80-650 mL).The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.6 days (3-5 days) and the mean return to normal activity was 11.6 days (10-14 days). Most intra-operative and post-operative complications were minor complications and can be managed conservatively. After 68 months (12-96 months) follow-up, the outcome was satisfactory, and ureteral stump syndrome did not occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy as a minimally invasive treatment option is feasible for treatment of tuberculous nonfunctioning kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Mingshuai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yinong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Junhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department Of Urology, Affiliated Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Nianzeng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014398:Tuberculosis, Renal / Q000601:surgery*; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult