title: Urinary cadmium and estimated dietary cadmium in the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: Cadmium, a heavy metal dispersed in the environment as a result of industrial and agricultural applications, has been implicated in several human diseases including renal disease, cancers, and compromised bone health. In the general population, the predominant sources of cadmium exposure are tobacco and diet. Urinary cadmium (uCd) reflects long-term exposure and has been frequently used to assess cadmium exposure in epidemiological studies; estimated dietary intake of cadmium (dCd) has also been used in several studies. The validity of dCd in comparison with uCd is unclear. This study aimed to compare dCd, estimated from food frequency questionnaires, to uCd measured in spot urine samples from 1,002 participants of the Women's Health Initiative. Using linear regression, we found that dCd was not statistically significantly associated with uCd (β=0.006, P-value=0.14). When stratified by smoking status, dCd was not significantly associated with uCd both in never smokers (β=0.006, P-value=0.09) and in ever smokers (β=0.003, P-value=0.67). Our results suggest that because of the lack of association between estimated dCd and measured uCd, dietary estimation of cadmium exposure should be used with caution in epidemiologic studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.|Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Sabah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Scott V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jaymie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Meliker
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Juhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Polly A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Newcomb
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium