title: The Impact of Financial Disclosure on Attendee Assessment of Objectivity in Continuing Medical Education Programs in Psychiatry: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of financial conflict of interest disclosures by speakers at continuing medical education (CME) programs is to assist attendees in their assessment of the objectivity of the information presented. This empirical study was undertaken to determine what level of disclosure is optimal to achieve this goal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attendees at five CME programs were randomly assigned to receive either a standard financial disclosure, an intermediate level that included whether speakers received more or less than 5% of their income from each company they disclosed, or a high level of disclosure that included the percent of their income derived from each company. A total of 169 attendees (85.4% response rate) completed a questionnaire regarding the objectivity of the CME presentation they attended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attendees receiving the highest level of disclosure came significantly closer to the ratings of speaker bias made by peer reviewers than did attendees receiving medium or low levels of disclosure (p = 0.03; effect size 0.31). Among the minority of attendees who received the highest level of disclosure but whose assessment of bias differed from that of peer reviewers, however, there was a tendency to underestimate bias (5.9 vs 31.4%; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major limitation of this study was an overall low level of bias in the presentations, making it difficult to generalize these findings to less objective programs. The study did not address whether the process of disclosure had an impact on speakers' behavior. This study provides mixed support for higher levels of financial disclosure than are currently required for CME programs.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. mdjibson@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jibson
authors.affiliation: Maricopa Integrated Health System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cobourn
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seibert
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016265:Conflict of Interest / Q000191:economics*; D030881:Disclosure; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Bias; Conflict of interest; Continuing medical education; Disclosure; Objectivity; Randomized controlled trial