title: Potential cardiovascular adverse events when phenylephrine is combined with paracetamol: simulation and narrative review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased bioavailability of phenylephrine is reported when combined with paracetamol in over-the-counter formulations for the symptomatic treatment of the common cold and influenza. Such formulations could increase phenylephrine-related cardiovascular adverse events particularly in susceptible individuals. Quantification of the effect of phenylephrine concentration on blood pressure allows simulation of potential adverse combination therapy effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for papers discussing or describing any adverse effect, hypersensitivity or safety concerns related to phenylephrine alone or in combination with other drugs. The pharmacodynamic relationship between plasma phenylephrine concentration and mean arterial blood pressure was characterized using published observations of blood pressure changes after ophthalmic eye drops. The resulting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were then used to predict mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) changes in that population if given an oral combination of phenylephrine and paracetamol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1172 papers identified for examination. Forty-seven reports fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Increases in blood pressure and decreases in heart rate have been reported with doses over 15 mg. It has been estimated that a 20-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure would occur with an oral dose of 45 mg phenylephrine in normotensive healthy people. Those taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors report increased systolic blood pressure of greater than 60 mmHg. Blood pressure and heart rate changes are potentiated in patients with underlying hypertension. Simulation showed a modest increase in MAP when phenylephrine 10 mg was co-administered with paracetamol 1 g (4.2 vs 12.3 mmHg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination paracetamol phenylephrine oral therapy has potential to increase blood pressure more than phenylephrine alone in those with cardiovascular compromise.
authors.affiliation: AFT Pharmaceuticals Ltd, PO Box 33-203, Takapuna, Auckland, 0740, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Hartley C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D010656:Phenylephrine; D000082:Acetaminophen