title: Maternal use of methadone and risk of sudden neonatal death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and describe infant deaths presenting suddenly and unexpectedly in whom there was a history of maternal methadone consumption or misuse of drugs during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of neonatal postmortem examinations between 2004 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 138 autopsies were performed in infants up to 28 days. Thirty-two cases (23%) presented suddenly and unexpectedly. In 12 of 32 (37.5%), in whom the cause of death remained unexplained after a thorough postmortem, there was a history of methadone use and/or other drugs of abuse during pregnancy. Their mean age at death was 11 days (range 1-28 days). Multiple risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome were present in these 12 cases: smoking (10), prematurity (7), and inappropriate sleeping place (8). Five mothers were positive for hepatitis C. The history was inconsistent with the findings in only one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An unexpectedly high proportion of infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly in the first month had a history of maternal substance misuse. All had multiple risk factors, for sudden infant death syndrome many avoidable. We would stress the need to emphasise the 'Safe Sleep' message with these families at every contact with health professionals.
authors.affiliation: Histopathology Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Marta C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Sandringham Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Morley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Jessop Wing, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Coombs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone; D009294:Narcotics; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D066087:Perinatal Death; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Methadone; Pregnancy; Risk factors; Sudden infant death syndrome - SIDS; ‘Safe Sleep’