title: Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses: Presenting Evidence for Identification of the Defining Characteristics in Neonatal and Pediatric Populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and summarize clinical data supporting selection of nursing diagnoses related to the respiratory system for pediatric and neonatal populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review conducted in indexed publications was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final sample consisted of 13 studies conducted in children with cardiac disease, respiratory infection, and asthma with nursing diagnoses such as ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange, and ineffective airway clearance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher frequency defining characteristics were dyspnea, abnormal breathing pattern, use of accessory muscle to breathe, change in frequency and respiratory rate, decreased SaO2, and agitation.
  This literature review may provide a basis for consideration of important diagnostic criteria in the pediatric population; however, clinical validation in different stages of development is critical for ensuring diagnostic accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nursing Department, Paulista School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. avena@unifesp.br.
authors.forename: Marta J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Avena
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nursing Department, Paulista School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mavilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira
authors.affiliation: the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Brazil.|NANDA International, Inc., Green Bay, Wisconsin, Brazil.
authors.forename: T Heather
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Herdman
authors.affiliation: the Paulista School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria G R
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000451:nursing*
keywords: neonatal nursing; nursing diagnosis; pediatric nursing; respiratory; sign and symptom