title: Opioid-Induced Esophageal Dysfunction (OIED) in Patients on Chronic Opioids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bowel dysfunction has been recognized as a predominant side effect of opioid use. Even though the effects of opioids on the stomach and small and large intestines have been well studied, there are limited data on opioid effects on esophageal function. The aim of this study was to compare esophageal pressure topography (EPT) of patients taking opioids at the time of the EPT (≤24 h) with chronic opioid users who were studied off opioid medications for at least 24 h using the Chicago classification v3.0.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review identified 121 chronic opioid users who completed EPT between March 2010 and August 2012. Demographic and manometric data were compared between the two groups using general linear models or χ(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 121 chronic opioid users, 66 were studied on opioid medications (≤24 h) and 55 were studied off opioid medications for at least 24 h. Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction was significantly more prevalent in patients using opioids within 24 h compared with those who did not (27% vs. 7%, P=0.004). Mean 4 s integrated relaxation pressure was also significantly higher in patients studied on opioids (10.71 vs. 6.6 mm Hg, P=0.025). Resting lower esophageal sphincter pressures tended to be higher on opioids (31.61 vs. 26.98 mm Hg, P=0.25). Distal latency was significantly lower in patients studied on opioids (6.15 vs. 6.74 s, P=0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid use within 24 h of EPT is associated with more frequent EGJ outflow obstruction and spastic peristalsis compared with when opioid use is stopped for at least 24 h before the study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Shiva K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ratuapli
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Crowell
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: DiBaise
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vela
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Burdick
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lacy
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010528:Peristalsis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid