title: Lithium-induced Clock Gene Expression in Lymphoblastoid Cells of Bipolar Affective Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disturbances of circadian rhythms occur in all episodes of bipolar disorder (BD). Lithium, as gold-standard in the maintenance treatment of BD, is known to influence circadian processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a pilot study lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were generated from 8 BD patients and 6 healthy controls. The LCLs were treated with lithiumchloride (LiCl) for 3 weeks. Cell cycles were then synchronized and expressional analysis by quantitative Real Time PCR was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BD and controls differed in the period length regarding DBP (albumin D-box binding protein) expression and DBP expression was also influenced by lithium treatment. Furthermore, baseline DBP expression was significantly different between non-treated BD and healthy controls. None of the other analyzed circadian genes showed to be influenced by chronic lithium treatment or to be differentially regulated due to the diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We here show that chronic lithium treatment of LCLs leads to decreased expression of the clock gene DBP, rendering DBP a lithium-regulated gene. We could confirm the role of the circadian clock as well in lithium mode of action as in the pathomechanisms of BD although future studies with a greater number of participants and cell lines are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittel-Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schreck
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weißflog
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hilscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schnetzler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Community Hospital of Lohr, Lohr am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neuner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reif
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002460:Cell Line; D057906:Circadian Clocks; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; C063898:DBP protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D018021:Lithium Chloride