title: Perception of facial attractiveness following modification of the nose and teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated how laypeople perceive persons with straight teeth and nose, mild to moderate modification of the nose, and mild to moderate modification of the teeth. The objectives were to determine: (1) how modification of the nose or teeth affects others' perceptions of target persons' facial attractiveness, (2) whether these evaluations are affected by the target persons' or raters' gender, (3) whether the frontal view or three-quarter view has any effect on the ratings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey data were collected from 226 college students at Seton Hill University (49% male, 51% female; age range, 18-25 years) who rated, on a 100mm VAS, photos of subjects with straight teeth and nose (control), mild to moderate modification of the nose, and mild to moderate modification of the teeth from the frontal and three-quarter views.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male and female target photos with teeth modification were considered the least attractive. Both male and female target photos showed that female raters evaluated both control and nose modification conditions more positively than did male raters. For male and female target photos, the frontal view was less esthetically pleasing under teeth modification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both male and female evaluators judged teeth modification as the least attractive compared to nose modification. It is recommended for rhinoplasty patients with malaligned teeth that it may be beneficial for cosmetic surgeons to establish an interdisciplinary approach working with orthodontists.
authors.affiliation: 139 Hyde Park, Irvine, CA 92606, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bui
authors.affiliation: Seton Hill University Center for Orthodontics, 2900 Seminary Drive, Building E, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rinchuse
authors.affiliation: Program in Biostatistics, Seton Hill University Center for Orthodontics, 2900 Seminary Drive, Building E, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.affiliation: School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Strada Statale 554, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Cagliari, Italy. Electronic address: maurocozzani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozzani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001504:Beauty; D003817:Dentition; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000523:psychology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D010781:Photography; D012737:Sex Factors; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aesthetics; Attractiveness; Malocclusion; Nose deviations; Perceptions