title: Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, incidence, and epidemiology: proceedings from the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although there are similarities in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults and children, pediatric-specific practice patterns, comorbidities, and differences in outcome necessitate a pediatric-specific definition. We sought to create such a definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subgroup of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome investigators who drafted a pediatric-specific definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome based on consensus opinion and supported by detailed literature review tested elements of the definition with patient data from previously published investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  International PICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children enrolled in published investigations of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several aspects of the proposed pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome definition align with the Berlin Definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: timing of acute respiratory distress syndrome after a known risk factor, the potential for acute respiratory distress syndrome to coexist with left ventricular dysfunction, and the importance of identifying a group of patients at risk to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. There are insufficient data to support any specific age for "adult" acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with "pediatric" acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, children with perinatal-related respiratory failure should be excluded from the definition of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Larger departures from the Berlin Definition surround 1) simplification of chest imaging criteria to eliminate bilateral infiltrates; 2) use of pulse oximetry-based criteria when PaO2 is unavailable; 3) inclusion of oxygenation index and oxygen saturation index instead of PaO2/FIO2 ratio with a minimum positive end-expiratory pressure level for invasively ventilated patients; 4) and specific inclusion of children with preexisting chronic lung disease or cyanotic congenital heart disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pediatric-specific definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome builds on the adult-based Berlin Definition, but has been modified to account for differences between adults and children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. We propose using this definition for future investigations and clinical care of children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome and encourage external validation with the hope for continued iterative refinement of the definition.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. 2Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 3Division of Critical Care, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA. 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. 5Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Robinder G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Khemani
authors.forename: Lincoln S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jerry J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000367:Age Factors; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D010092:Oximetry; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors