title: What's New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as an alteration in brain functions caused by an external force, is responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. It is important to identify and treat TBI victims as early as possible. Tracking and monitoring TBI with neuroimaging technologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and high definition fiber tracking (HDFT) show increasing sensitivity and specificity. Classical electrophysiological monitoring, together with newly established brain-on-chip, cerebral microdialysis techniques, both benefit TBI. First generation molecular biomarkers, based on genomic and proteomic changes following TBI, have proven effective and economical. It is conceivable that TBI-specific biomarkers will be developed with the combination of systems biology and bioinformation strategies. Advances in treatment of TBI include stem cell-based and nanotechnology-based therapy, physical and pharmaceutical interventions and also new use in TBI for approved drugs which all present favorable promise in preventing and reversing TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. cesarreis@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. monkeymei2@aliyun.com.|Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Jinan, Guangzhou 250012, China. monkeymei2@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yuechun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. onatakyol@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Onat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. wingiho@googlemail.com.|Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria. wingiho@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Wing Mann
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. rapplegate@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Richard Applegate
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ii
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. gstier@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stier
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. rdmartin@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. johnzhang3910@yahoo.com.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. johnzhang3910@yahoo.com.|Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. johnzhang3910@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: biomarker; electrophysiology; genomic; hypothermia; microdialysis; nano particle; neuroimaging; proteomic; stem cell; traumatic brain injury