title: Long-term outcomes in treatment of deformational plagiocephaly and brachycephaly using helmet therapy and repositioning: a longitudinal cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deformational plagiocephaly and/or brachycephaly (DPB) is a misshapen head presenting at birth or shortly thereafter, caused by extrinsic forces on an infant's malleable cranium. There are two treatment methods available for DPB: helmeting and repositioning. Little is known about the long-term outcomes of these two treatment options. The purpose of this study was to examine children who received helmeting or repositioning therapy for DPB as infants and compare the long-term head shape outcomes of the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study design was used to evaluate change in head shape of the two groups. One hundred children (50 helmeted, 50 repositioned) were initially evaluated at 6 months or younger for DPB. Anthropometric skull measurements taken as infants before treatment were compared with measurements taken for this study. Inclusion criteria included initial clinic visit at age 6 months or younger, evaluation by the same practitioner, and current age 2-10 years. Cephalic index and cranial vault asymmetry were calculated based on caliper measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 100 children were evaluated for this study. Significant differences between the treatment groups in the mean change in cephalic index (p = 0.003) and cranial vault asymmetry (p < 0.001) were found; the children that used helmet therapy demonstrated greater improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is one of the larger published long-term outcome studies comparing children that used helmets and repositioning to treat their DPB as infants. The data suggest that infants will have more improvement in head shape with a helmet than with repositioning.
authors.affiliation: Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA, naidoos@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Sybill D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: Gary B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Skolnick
authors.forename: Kamlesh B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Albert S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: An-Lin
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome