title: How many infants are temperamentally difficult? Comparing norms from the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire to a population sample of UK infants.
abstract: The original norms for the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (RITQ) were published in 1978 and were based on a small sample from the US. The aim of this study is to compare temperament scores from the original RITQ against scores from a large population-based cohort of infants from the UK. This study consists of 10,937 infants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) born between April 1991 and December 1992 in the southwest of England. Infant temperament at 6 months of age was reported by parents using the adapted RITQ. Responses were scored according to the RITQ manual and then categorized into temperament groups (easy, intermediate low, intermediate high, and difficult) using either the RITQ norms or norms derived from the data. The scores for each temperament subscale and the proportion of children in each temperament group were compared across the two methods. Subscale scores for the ALSPAC sample were higher (more "difficult") than the RITQ norms for rhythmicity, approach, adaptability, intensity, and distractibility. When RITQ norms were applied, 24% infants were categorized as difficult and 25% as easy, compared with 15% difficult and 38% easy when ALSPAC norms were used. There are discrepancies between RITQ norms and the ALSPAC norms which resulted in differences in the distribution of temperament groups. There is a need to re-examine RITQ norms and categorization for use in primary care practice and contemporary population-based studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia. Electronic address: shiauyun.chong@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Shiau Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chittleborough
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Tess
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Smithers
mesh_terms: D000067290:Behavior Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament / Q000145:classification*
keywords: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC); Population; Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (RITQ); Temperament