title: Beyond adjuvants: immunomodulation strategies to enhance T cell immunity.
abstract: Engagement of CD8T cells is a crucial aspect of immune responses to pathogens and in tumor surveillance. Nonetheless most vaccination strategies with common adjuvants fail to elicit long-term memory CD8T cells. Increased knowledge on the cellular and molecular requirements for CD8T cell activation has unveiled new opportunities to directly modulate CD8T cells to generate optimal responses. During chronic infections and cancer, immunomodulation strategies to enhance T cell responses may be particularly necessary to overcome the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this review we will discuss blockade of inhibitory receptors; interleukin-2 administration; regulatory T cell modulation; and targeting of mTOR, as means to enhance CD8T cell immunity.
authors.affiliation: Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Alice O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Kamphorst
authors.affiliation: Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd Rm G211, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Electronic address: rahmed@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: CTLA-4; Cancer; IL-2; PD-1; Treg cells; mTOR