title: High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper.
abstract: Today's consumer electronics, such as cell phones, tablets and other portable electronic devices, are typically made of non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and sometimes potentially toxic (for example, gallium arsenide) materials. These consumer electronics are frequently upgraded or discarded, leading to serious environmental contamination. Thus, electronic systems consisting of renewable and biodegradable materials and minimal amount of potentially toxic materials are desirable. Here we report high-performance flexible microwave and digital electronics that consume the smallest amount of potentially toxic materials on biobased, biodegradable and flexible cellulose nanofibril papers. Furthermore, we demonstrate gallium arsenide microwave devices, the consumer wireless workhorse, in a transferrable thin-film form. Successful fabrication of key electrical components on the flexible cellulose nanofibril paper with comparable performance to their rigid counterparts and clear demonstration of fungal biodegradation of the cellulose-nanofibril-based electronics suggest that it is feasible to fabricate high-performance flexible electronics using ecofriendly materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Yei Hwan
authors.identifier: 0000000217542602
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsuan
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Huilong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Qifeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.
authors.forename: Vina W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Hongyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Munho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Sang June
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Dong-Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Juhwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
authors.forename: Yijie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering and Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Shaoqin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, 3445 Engineering Hall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D001152:Arsenicals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002482:Cellulose; D005708:Gallium; D008872:Microwaves; D057139:Nanofibers; D010209:Paper; D020075:Phanerochaete; D012825:Silicon; D000068997:Smartphone
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; C043055:gallium arsenide; D002482:Cellulose; D005708:Gallium; D012825:Silicon