title: How are physical activity behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors associated with characteristics of the built and social residential environment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of our study was to identify perceptions of built and social residential characteristics and their association with behaviors such as physical activity (PA), nutrition and smoking and with cardiovascular risk factors (elevated BMI and fasting blood glucose).
  
  
  METHODS
  Among participants of a preventive medical checkup at an Austrian District Health Insurance Fund (n=904, response rate = 82.2%, 42% women, 18-91 years) self-reported and measured data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total PA was positively associated with the presence of trees along the streets and high levels of pro-physical activity social modeling (SM) and it was negatively related to perceived safety from crime. More leisure-time PA was associated with higher levels of cycling/walking infrastructure and high levels of SM. PA for transportation was positively related to high levels of connectivity and high levels of SM. Better behavioral cardiovascular risk factor profiles (smoking and nutrition) were associated with high levels of SM and high levels of total PA. Lower BMI values were associated with high levels of infrastructure and high levels of SM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both built and social residential characteristics are important correlates of PA as well as of major cardiovascular risk factors besides PA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Titze
authors.affiliation: Styrian District Health Insurance Fund, Friedrichgasse 18, 8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haditsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsstrasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Willibald J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Stronegger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014186:Transportation; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult