title: Engineering selection stringency on expression vector for the production of recombinant human alpha1-antitrypsin using Chinese Hamster ovary cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression vector engineering technology is one of the most convenient and timely method for cell line development to meet the rising demand of novel production cell line with high productivity. Destabilization of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) selection marker by addition of AU-rich elements and murine ornithine decarboxylase PEST region was previously shown to improve the specific productivities of recombinant human interferon gamma in CHO-DG44 cells. In this study, we evaluated novel combinations of engineered motifs for further selection marker attenuation to improve recombinant human alpha-1-antitrypsin (rhA1AT) production. Motifs tested include tandem PEST elements to promote protein degradation, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mutations to impede translation initiation, and codon-deoptimized dhfr selection marker to reduce translation efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a 2-step methotrexate (MTX) amplification to 50 nM that took less than 3 months, the expression vector with IRES point mutation and dhfr-PEST gave a maximum titer of 1.05 g/l with the top producer cell pool. Further MTX amplification to 300 nM MTX gave a maximum titer of 1.15 g/l. Relative transcript copy numbers and dhfr protein expression in the cell pools were also analysed to demonstrate that the transcription of rhA1AT and dhfr genes were correlated due to the IRES linkage, and that the strategies of further attenuating dhfr protein expression with the use of a mutated IRES and tandem PEST, but not codon deoptimization, were effective in reducing dhfr protein levels in suspension serum free culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel combinations of engineered motifs for further selection marker attenuation were studied to result in the highest reported recombinant protein titer to our knowledge in shake flask batch culture of stable mammalian cell pools at 1.15 g/l, highlighting applicability of expression vector optimization in generating high producing stable cells essential for recombinant protein therapeutics production. Our results also suggest that codon usage of the selection marker should be considered for applications that may involve gene amplification and serum free suspension culture, since the overall codon usage and thus the general expression and regulation of host cell proteins may be affected in the surviving cells.
authors.affiliation: Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. christine_chin@bti.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Christine Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. chin_hing_kah@bti.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Hing Kah
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. cara_chin@bti.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Cara Sze Hui
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.affiliation: Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. ethan_lai@bti.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ethan Tingfeng
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. ng_say_kong@bti.a-star.edu.sg.|Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. ng_say_kong@bti.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Say Kong
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D003412:Cricetulus; D005784:Gene Amplification; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000067556:Internal Ribosome Entry Sites; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D009955:Ornithine Decarboxylase; D008727:Methotrexate