title: Identification of a dietary pattern associated with greater cardiometabolic risk in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Energy dense, high fat, low fibre diets may contribute to obesity in young people, however their relationships with other cardiometabolic risk factors are unclear. We examined associations between an 'energy-dense, high-fat and low-fibre' dietary pattern (DP) and cardiometabolic risk factors, and the tracking of this DP in adolescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data was sourced from participants in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort Study. At 14 and 17 y, dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical data were measured and z-scores for an 'energy dense, high fat and low fibre' DP were estimated using reduced rank regression (RRR). Associations between DP z-scores and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined using regression models. Tracking of DP z-scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A 1 SD unit increase in DP z-score between 14 and 17 y was associated with a 20% greater odds of high metabolic risk (95% CI: 1.01, 1.41) and a 0.04 mmol/L higher fasting glucose in boys (95% CI: 0.01, 0.08); a 28% greater odds of a high-waist circumference (95% CI: 1.00, 1.63) in girls. An increase of 3% and 4% was observed for insulin and HOMA (95% CI: 1%, 7%), respectively, in boys and girls, for every 1 SD increase in DP z-score and independently of BMI. The DP showed moderate tracking between 14 and 17 y of age (r = 0.51 for boys, r = 0.45 for girls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An 'energy dense, high fat, low fibre' DP is positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and tends to persist throughout adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Appannah
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Pot
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oddy
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jebb
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: Gina.Ambrosini@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Adolescents; Cardiometabolic risk factors; Dietary patterns; Energy density; Fat; Fibre; Raine study