title: Advance care planning in 21st century Australia: a systematic review and appraisal of online advance care directive templates against national framework criteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A drive to promote advance care planning at a population level has led to a proliferation of online advance care directive (ACD) templates but little information to guide consumer choice. The current study aimed to appraise the quality of online ACD templates promoted for use in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of online Australian ACD templates was conducted in February 2014. ACD templates were identified via Google searches, and quality was independently appraised by two reviewers against criteria from the 2011 report A National Frameworkfor Advance Care Directives. Bias either towards or against future medical treatment was assessed using criteria designed to limit subjectivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen online ACD templates were included, all of which were available only in English. Templates developed by Southern Cross University best met the framework criteria. One ACD template was found to be biased against medical treatment--the Dying with Dignity Victoria Advance Healthcare Directive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More research is needed to understand how online resources can optimally elicit and record consumers' individual preferences for future care. Future iterations of the framework should address online availability and provide a simple rating system to inform choice and drive quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, Level 7, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. Email: ;
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luckett
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, Level 7, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. Email: ;
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattarai
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, Level 7, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. Email: ;
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department Palliative Care, Braeside Hospital, Locked Bag 82, Wetherill Park, NSW 1851, Australia. Email.
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agar
authors.affiliation: Department Palliative and Supportive Services, Flinders University, Health Sciences Building, Repatriation General Hospital, 210-216 Daws Road, Daw Park, SA 5041, Australia. Email.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Currow
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Building 10, Level 7, 235-253 Jones Street, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia. Email: ;
authors.forename: Yordanka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Krastev
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Email.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D032722:Advance Care Planning; D001315:Australia; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet