title: Effects of Dietary Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Tissue Mineral Retention, Antioxidant Status, and Fur Quality in Growing-Furring Blue Foxes (Alopex lagopus).
abstract: A 4×2 factorial experiment with four supplemental levels of copper (0, 20, 40, or 60 mg copper per kg dry matter) from copper sulfate and two supplemental levels of zinc (40 or 200 mg zinc per kg dry matter) from zinc sulfate was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary copper and zinc supplementation on growth performance, tissue mineral retention, antioxidant status, and fur quality in growing-furring blue foxes. One hundred and twenty healthy 15-week-old male blue foxes were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with 15 replicates per treatment for a 70-day trial from mid-September to pelting in December. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were increased with copper supplementation in the first 35 days as well as the overall period (P<0.05). In addition, copper supplementation tended to increase feed intake during the first 35 days (P<0.10). Diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg zinc did not affect body gain (P>0.10) and feed intake (P>0.10) but improved feed conversion (P<0.05) compared with those supplemented 40 mg/kg zinc throughout the experiment. No copper×zinc interaction was observed for growth performance except that a tendency (P=0.09) was found for feed intake in the first 35 days. Supplementation of copper or zinc improved crude fat digestibility (P<0.01) but had no effects on the digestibility of other nutrients. Fecal copper was increased with both copper (P<0.01) and zinc addition (P<0.05). However, fecal zinc was affected only by dietary zinc addition (P<0.01). Mineral contents in serum and kidney were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, the level of copper in the liver was increased with copper supplementation (P<0.05) and tended to decrease with zinc supplementation (P=0.08). Dietary zinc addition tended to increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase (P=0.07). The activities of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and catalase tended to increase by copper (P=0.08) and zinc addition (P=0.05). Moreover, a copper×zinc interaction was observed for catalase in the experiment (P<0.05). Serum malondialdehyde concentration decreased with the increasing of dietary copper and zinc levels (P<0.05). The activity of glutathione peroxidase tended to increase by copper addition (P=0.09). For fur quality, foxes fed diets supplemented with high copper had larger skin length and darker pelts than those fed the basal diet without copper addition (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that dietary copper and zinc supplementation can improve growth by increasing feed intake and improving fat digestibility. Additionally, copper and zinc can enhance the antioxidant capacity of blue foxes. This study also indicates that additional zinc up to 200 mg/kg did not exert significant adverse effects on the copper metabolism of growing-furring blue foxes.
authors.affiliation: Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China. 350564324@qq.com.|State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China. 350564324@qq.com.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xuezhuang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.|State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.
authors.forename: Tietao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Jungang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China. 361010260@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.|State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.
authors.forename: Fuhe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.|State Key Lab for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun City, Jilin, 130112, China.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005243:Feces; D005589:Foxes; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D011897:Random Allocation; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D003300:Copper; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Antioxidant status; Blue foxes; Copper; Fur quality; Growth performance; Nutrient digestibility; Zinc