title: Iatrogenic urinary tract injuries: etiology, diagnosis, and management.
abstract: Iatrogenic injury to the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, is a potential complication of surgical procedures performed in or around the retroperitoneal abdominal space or pelvis. While both diagnostic and interventional radiologists often play a central and decisive role in the identification and initial management of a variety of iatrogenic injuries, discussions of these injuries are often directed toward specialists such as urologists, obstetricians, gynecologists, and general surgeons whose procedures are most often implicated in iatrogenic urinary tract injuries. Interventional radiologic procedures can also be a source of an iatrogenic urinary tract injury. This review describes the clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging findings, and management of iatrogenic renal vascular and urinary tract injuries, as well as the radiologist's role in the diagnosis, treatment, and cause of these injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Esparaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.affiliation: Department of Abdominal Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Herts
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Baljendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kapoor
keywords: bladder; iatrogenic injury; interventional radiology; renal vascular; ureter