title: Improved x-ray detection and particle identification with avalanche photodiodes.
abstract: Avalanche photodiodes are commonly used as detectors for low energy x-rays. In this work, we report on a fitting technique used to account for different detector responses resulting from photoabsorption in the various avalanche photodiode layers. The use of this technique results in an improvement of the energy resolution at 8.2 keV by up to a factor of 2 and corrects the timing information by up to 25 ns to account for space dependent electron drift time. In addition, this waveform analysis is used for particle identification, e.g., to distinguish between x-rays and MeV electrons in our experiment.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diepold
authors.affiliation: LIBPhys, Physics Department, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis M P
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL) e Departamento de Física da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2892-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL) e Departamento de Física da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2892-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdou-Ahmed
authors.affiliation: LIBPhys, Physics Department, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antognini
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Biraben
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ling
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: i3N, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Covita
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dax
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galtier
authors.affiliation: LIBPhys, Physics Department, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gouvea
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Götzfried
authors.affiliation: Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Theodor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hänsch
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Malte
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Indelicato
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lucile
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kirch
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knecht
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kottmann
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Krauth
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: LIBPhys, Physics Department, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina M B
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulhauser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naar
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nez
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Instrumentação, Engenharia Biomédica e Física da Radiação (LIBPhys-UNL) e Departamento de Física da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, 2892-516 Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: LIBPhys, Physics Department, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joaquim M F
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schuhmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Csilla I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taqqu
authors.affiliation: i3N, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: João F C A
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.affiliation: Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weichelt
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, 85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Randolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pohl