title: Differences in the serum nonesterified Fatty Acid profile of young women associated with a recent history of gestational diabetes and overweight/obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) play pathophysiological roles in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we analyzed the fasting NEFA profiles of normoglycemic individuals at risk for T2D (women with a recent history of gestational diabetes (GDM)) in comparison to controls (women after a normoglycemic pregnancy). We also examined the associations of NEFA species with overweight/obesity, body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using LC-MS/MS, we analyzed 41 NEFA species in the fasting sera of 111 women (62 post-GDM, 49 controls). Clinical characterization included a five-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), biomarkers and anthropometrics, magnetic resonance imaging (n = 62) and a food frequency questionnaire. Nonparametric tests with Bonferroni correction, binary logistic regression analyses and rank correlations were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women after GDM had a lower molar percentage of total saturated fatty acids (SFA; 38.55% vs. 40.32%, p = 0.0002) than controls. At an explorative level of significance several NEFA species were associated with post-GDM status (with and without adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c): The molar percentages of 14:0, 16:0, 18:0 and 18:4 were reduced, whereas those of 18:1, 18:2, 20:2, 24:4, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and total n-6 NEFA were increased. BMI and the amount of body fat correlated inversely with several SFA and MUFA and positively with various PUFA species over the whole study cohort (abs(ρ)≥0.3 for all). 14:0 was inversely and BMI-independently associated with abdominal visceral adiposity. We saw no correlations of NEFA species with insulin sensitivity and the total NEFA concentration was similar in the post-GDM and the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, we found alterations in the fasting NEFA profile associated with a recent history of gestational diabetes, a risk marker for T2D. NEFA composition also varied with overweight/obesity and with body fat distribution, but not with insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fugmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Radiology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hetterich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Radiology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nora N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kammer
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Parhofer
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seissler
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lechner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D011859:Radiography
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids