title: Levels and sources of volatile organic compounds including carbonyls in indoor air of homes of Puertollano, the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. Estimation of health risk.
abstract: Twenty nine organic air pollutants including carbonyl compounds, alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenes were measured in the indoor environment of different houses together with the corresponding outdoor measurements in Puertollano, the most industrialized city in central Iberian Peninsula. VOCs were sampled during 8 weeks using Radiello(®) passive samplers, and a questionnaire on potential VOCs sources was filled out by the occupants. The results show that formaldehyde and hexanal was the most abundant VOCs measured in indoor air, with a median concentration of 55.5 and 46.4μgm(-3), respectively followed by butanal (29.1μgm(-3)), acetone (28.4μgm(-3)) and acetaldehyde (21.4μgm(-3)). After carbonyls, n-dodecane (13.1μgm(-3)) and terpenes (α-pinene, 13.4μgm(-3) and limonene, 13.4μgm(-3)) were the compounds with higher median concentrations. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios demonstrated that sources in the indoor environment are prevailing for most of the investigated VOCs especially for limonene, α-pinene, hexanal, formaldehyde, pentanal, acetaldehyde, o-xylene, n-dodecane and acetone with I/O ratio >6. Multiple linear regressions were applied to investigate the indoor VOC determinants and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to establish common sources between VOCs. Finally, the lifetime cancer risk associated to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzene exposure was estimated and they varied from 7.8×10(-5) to 4.1×10(-4) for formaldehyde, from 8.6×10(-6) to 3.5×10(-5) for acetaldehyde and from 2.0×10(-6) to 1.5×10(-5) for benzene. For formaldehyde, the attributed risk in most sampled homes was two orders of magnitude higher than the one (10(-6)) proposed as acceptable by risk management bodies.
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric Pollution, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Castilla La Mancha Science and Technology Park, Paseo de la Innovación 1, 02006 Albacete, Spain. Electronic address: Florentina.vgarcia@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Florentina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric Pollution, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: Araceli.tapia@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: mariano.amo@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amo-Salas
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: Alberto.notario@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Notario
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric Pollution, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: Beatriz.cabanas@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cabañas
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Research Institute for Combustion and Atmospheric Pollution, University of Castilla La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: Ernestom.ataz@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013030:Spain; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000447:Aldehydes; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Aldehydes; Health risk; Indoor air; Industrial area Puertollano; Passive samplers; VOCs