title: Astaxanthin Pretreatment Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy via the ROS/MAPK Pathway in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) is an important issue in complex liver resection and liver transplantation. The aim of the present study was to determine the protective effect of astaxanthin (ASX), an antioxidant, on hepatic IR injury via the reactive oxygen species/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ROS/MAPK) pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were randomized into a sham, IR, ASX or IR + ASX group. The mice received ASX at different doses (30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) for 14 days. Serum and tissue samples at 2 h, 8 h and 24 h after abdominal surgery were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), inflammation factors, ROS, and key proteins in the MAPK family.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASX reduced the release of ROS and cytokines leading to inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy via down-regulation of the activated phosphorylation of related proteins in the MAPK family, such as P38 MAPK, JNK and ERK in this model of hepatic IR injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis and autophagy caused by hepatic IR injury were inhibited by ASX following a reduction in the release of ROS and inflammatory cytokines, and the relationship between the two may be associated with the inactivation of the MAPK family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. sealjj@126.com.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. fairywong04285@163.com.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. gagaxyj@126.com.
authors.forename: Yujing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. dai_yue@163.com.
authors.forename: Weiqi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. cutking@126.com.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. Lrk678@126.com.
authors.forename: Sainan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. klmn1334@sina.com.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. sxzhengyuanyuan@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. hellowangjr@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China. 15214327248@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenxia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. zyq937065339@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China. yinqin201011@163.com.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. sealjj@126.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. sxzhengyuanyuan@126.com.
authors.forename: Yingqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China. 1962cy_guo@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chuanyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: astaxanthin; hepatic ischemia reperfusion; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species