title: Control of cardiorespiratory function in response to hypoxia in an air-breathing fish, the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus.
abstract: We evaluated the role of the first pair of gill arches in the control of cardiorespiratory responses to normoxia and hypoxia in the air-breathing catfish, Clarias gariepinus. An intact group (IG) and an experimental group (EG, bilateral excision of first gill arch) were submitted to graded hypoxia, with and without access to air. The first pair of gill arches ablations reduced respiratory surface area and removed innervation by cranial nerve IX. In graded hypoxia without access to air, both groups displayed bradycardia and increased ventilatory stroke volume (VT), and the IG showed a significant increase in breathing frequency (fR). The EG exhibited very high fR in normoxia that did not increase further in hypoxia, this was linked to reduced O2 extraction from the ventilatory current (EO2) and a significantly higher critical O2 tension (PcO2) than the IG. In hypoxia with access to air, only the IG showed increased air-breathing, indicating that the first pair of gill arches excision severely attenuated air-breathing responses. Both groups exhibited bradycardia before and tachycardia after air-breaths. The fH and gill ventilation amplitude (VAMP) in the EG were overall higher than the IG. External and internal NaCN injections revealed that O2 chemoreceptors mediating ventilatory hypoxic responses (fR and VT) are internally oriented. The NaCN injections indicated that fR responses were mediated by receptors predominantly in the first pair of gill arches but VT responses by receptors on all gill arches. Receptors eliciting cardiac responses were both internally and externally oriented and distributed on all gill arches or extra-branchially. Air-breathing responses were predominantly mediated by receptors in the first pair of gill arches. In conclusion, the role of the first pair of gill arches is related to: (a) an elevated EO2 providing an adequate O2 uptake to maintain the aerobic metabolism during normoxia; (b) a significant bradycardia and increased fAB elicited by externally oriented O2 chemoreceptors; (c) increase in the ventilatory variables (fR and VAMP) stimulated by internally oriented O2 chemoreceptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), P.O. Box 676, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP (UFSCar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Belão
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), P.O. Box 676, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP (UFSCar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Zeraik
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Botany, IBILCE, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Florindo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), P.O. Box 676, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP (UFSCar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (FAPESP/CNPq), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kalinin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), P.O. Box 676, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP (UFSCar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (FAPESP/CNPq), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A C
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Zoophysiology and Comparative Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), P.O. Box 676, Via Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP (UFSCar), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (FAPESP/CNPq), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: ftrantin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Rantin
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002397:Catfishes / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration
keywords: Air-breathing; Clarias gariepinus; Gill chemoreceptors; Hypoxic bradycardia; NaCN injection