title: The Association Between Heroin Inhalation and Early Onset Emphysema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation/smoking has become the most common method of recreational opiate consumption in the United Kingdom and other countries. Although some heroin smokers appear to develop COPD, little is known about the association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present data from a cohort of 73 heroin smokers with clinician-diagnosed and spirometrically confirmed COPD, seen within our clinical service, where symptoms developed before the age of 40 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whole group mean age at diagnosis was 41 years, subjects had smoked heroin for 14 years, and mean FEV1 was 1.08 L (31.5% predicted), with mean FEV1/FVC of 0.4. No subject was found to have severe α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Forty-four subjects had either a high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan (32) or measurement of lung diffusion (12). Overall HRCT scan emphysema score averaged across the upper, middle, and lower part of the lung was 2.3 (5%-25% emphysema), with 47% subjects having an upper lobe emphysema score ≥ 3 (25%-50% emphysema). Median diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was 48% of predicted value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recreational smoking of heroin appears to lead to early onset COPD with a predominant emphysema phenotype. This message is important to both clinicians and the public, and targeted screening and education of this high-risk population may be justified.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England. Electronic address: ppwalker@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thwaite
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, England.
authors.forename: Peter M A
authors.initials: PMA
authors.lastname: Calverley
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D003932:Heroin