title: Browning inhibition mechanisms by cysteine, ascorbic acid and citric acid, and identifying PPO-catechol-cysteine reaction products.
abstract: The titled compounds were examined as PPO inhibitors and antibrowning agents; their various mechanisms were investigated and discussed. All compounds reduced significantly both the browning process and PPO activity. Browning index gave strong correlation with PPO activity (r(2) = 0.96, n = 19) indicating that the browning process is mainly enzymatic. Ascorbic acid could reduce the formed quinone instantly to the original substrate (catechol) at high concentration (>1.5 %) while at lower concentrations acted as competitive inhibitor (KI = 0.256 ± 0.067 mM). Cysteine, at higher concentrations (≥1.0 %), reacted with the resulted quinone to give a colorless products while at the low concentrations, cysteine worked as competitive inhibitor (KI = 1.113 ± 0.176 mM). Citric acid acted only as PPO non-competitive inhibitor with KI = 2.074 ± 0.363 mM. The products of PPO-catechole-cysteine reaction could be separation and identification by LC-ESI-MS. Results indicated that the product of the enzymatic oxidation of catechol, quinone, undergoes two successive nucleophilic attacks by cysteine thiol group. Cysteine was condensed with the resulted mono and dithiocatechols to form peptide side chains.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, Egypt ; Faculty of Science For Girls, Chemistry Department, Dammam University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 31113 P.O. Box 838.
authors.forename: Hussein M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Gizawy
authors.affiliation: Vegetable Handling Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rawia E I
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: El-Bassiouny
authors.affiliation: Vegetable Handling Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saleh
keywords: Antibrowning agents; Ascorbic acid; Citric acid; Cysteine; ESI-MS; Inhibition mechanisms; Polyphenoloxidase (PPO)