title: An ultra-low power wireless sensor network for bicycle torque performance measurements.
abstract: In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient transmission technique known as the sleep/wake algorithm for a bicycle torque sensor node. This paper aims to highlight the trade-off between energy efficiency and the communication range between the cyclist and coach. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment utilised the Zigbee protocol (XBee S2), and the second experiment used the Advanced and Adaptive Network Technology (ANT) protocol based on the Nordic nRF24L01 radio transceiver chip. The current consumption of ANT was measured, simulated and compared with a torque sensor node that uses the XBee S2 protocol. In addition, an analytical model was derived to correlate the sensor node average current consumption with a crank arm cadence. The sensor node achieved 98% power savings for ANT relative to ZigBee when they were compared alone, and the power savings amounted to 30% when all components of the sensor node are considered. The achievable communication range was 65 and 50 m for ZigBee and ANT, respectively, during measurement on an outdoor cycling track (i.e., velodrome). The conclusions indicate that the ANT protocol is more suitable for use in a torque sensor node when power consumption is a crucial demand, whereas the ZigBee protocol is more convenient in ensuring data communication between cyclist and coach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia. sadiq@siswa.ukm.edu.my.|College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Techniques, Foundation of Technical Education, Baghdad 10062, Iraq. sadiq@siswa.ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Sadik K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gharghan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia. adee@ukm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Rosdiadee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia. mahamod@eng.ukm.my.
authors.forename: Mahamod
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
keywords: ANT; ZigBee; bicycle torque; energy-efficient; track cycling; wireless sensor  network