title: VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF RETINOPATHY IN A PEDIGREE OF PATIENTS WITH INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the varied ocular manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti (IP) in a large pedigree.
  
  
  METHODS
  All available members of the kindred who were affected with IP were examined with ophthalmoscopy, wide-field color photos, and fluorescein angiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual family members demonstrated variable expression of retinopathy characteristic of IP. There was severe retinopathy in two eyes: one associated with concurrent persistent fetal vasculature and another with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Another individual with biopsy-confirmed IP demonstrated no retinopathy in either eye. When present, retinopathy manifested asymmetrically between eyes of the same individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cutaneous manifestations of IP are irregular and nonuniform due to lyonization of the X chromosome. In this report, we identify asymmetric retinal disease between eyes in the same individual and variable retinal findings within the kindred. These differences may be explained by random inactivation of the X chromosome or other epigenetic modifications.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Connie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Morton F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007184:Incontinentia Pigmenti / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010375:Pedigree; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*