title: Cardiac arrhythmias during or after epileptic seizures.
abstract: Seizure-related cardiac arrhythmias are frequently reported and have been implicated as potential pathomechanisms of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). We attempted to identify clinical profiles associated with various (post)ictal cardiac arrhythmias. We conducted a systematic search from the first date available to July 2013 on the combination of two terms: 'cardiac arrhythmias' and 'epilepsy'. The databases searched were PubMed, Embase (OVID version), Web of Science and COCHRANE Library. We attempted to identify all case reports and case series. We identified seven distinct patterns of (post)ictal cardiac arrhythmias: ictal asystole (103 cases), postictal asystole (13 cases), ictal bradycardia (25 cases), ictal atrioventricular (AV)-conduction block (11 cases), postictal AV-conduction block (2 cases), (post)ictal atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation (14 cases) and postictal ventricular fibrillation (3 cases). Ictal asystole had a mean prevalence of 0.318% (95% CI 0.316% to 0.320%) in people with refractory epilepsy who underwent video-EEG monitoring. Ictal asystole, bradycardia and AV-conduction block were self-limiting in all but one of the cases and seen during focal dyscognitive seizures. Seizure onset was mostly temporal (91%) without consistent lateralisation. Postictal arrhythmias were mostly found following convulsive seizures and often associated with (near) SUDEP. The contrasting clinical profiles of ictal and postictal arrhythmias suggest different pathomechanisms. Postictal rather than ictal arrhythmias seem of greater importance to the pathophysiology of SUDEP.
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marije
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Lende
authors.affiliation: Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Surges
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, UK.
authors.forename: Josemir W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, UK.
authors.forename: Roland D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Thijs
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000209:etiology
keywords: CARDIOLOGY; EPILEPSY; SUDDEN DEATH