title: Glycemic responses, appetite ratings and gastrointestinal hormone responses of most common breads consumed in Spain. A randomized control trial in healthy humans.
abstract: The present study was carried out to determine the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), insulinemic index (InI), appetite ratings and postprandial plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones related to the control of food intake after the ingestion of the five most common breads consumed in Spain with different compositions and manufacturing processes. Twenty-two healthy adults participated in a randomized crossover study. The breads tested were Ordinary, Precooked-Frozen, Candeal-flour, Alfacar whites and Wholemeal. All breads portions were calculated to supply 50 g of available carbohydrates. In addition, 50 g of glucose was used as a reference. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare data calculated for all breads with glucose load. The GI value varied from 61 for the Wholemeal, to Alfacar 68, Ordinary 76, and 78 and 86 for the Precooked-Frozen and Candeal-flour breads, respectively. Wholemeal and Alfacar had lower GI than glucose. All tested breads had a lower GL (ranged 9 to 18) compared with glucose. Wholemeal GL was similar to Alfacar, but lower than the other white breads. InI were significantly lower for all breads (ranged 68 to 73) compared with glucose, and similar among them. The intake of the Wholemeal bread led to a higher release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide compared with the Ordinary and Precooked breads and to a higher release of pancreatic polypeptide compared with the Precooked-Frozen bread. All breads affected appetite ratings similarly. In conclusion, based on GL, the Wholemeal bread would be expected to exert a favorable glycemic response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain. karol29@correo.ugr.es.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Anton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain. mdcrico@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rico
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain. estefaniasr@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Estefania
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja C.P., 18071 Granada (Granada), Spain. mdruiz@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain. agil@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "Jose Mataix", University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla (Granada), Spain. mdmesa@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mesa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013030:Spain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
keywords: appetite ratings; bread; dietary fiber; gastrointestinal hormones; glycemic index; glycemic load; insulinogenic index