title: Central Lip Lift as Aesthetic and Physiognomic Plastic Surgery: The Effect on Lower Facial Profile.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A central lip lift was introduced to Westerners in 1980s. However, no studies have been conducted on the facial aesthetic and physiognomic perspectives of a central lip lift in the Asian population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors presented the central lip lift as aesthetic and physiognomic treatment in Asians and explained its effect on lower facial profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed in 202 cases of asians. The authors analyzed patient age, cause of long philtrum, purpose of the treatment, and postoperative satisfaction. The authors then performed an anthropometric assessment and a photographic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vertical disproportion of the lower face was improved after the treatment, and there was significant shortening of the philtrum length (P < .001) and an increase in a visible upper vermilion (P < .001). In Westerners, a long philtrum was mainly caused by the aging process. Aging patients (range, 40-59 years) underwent the central lip lift for upper lip rejuvenation. In contrast, in Asia, a long philtrum was primarily caused by bone retraction after an orthognathic surgery or orthodontic procedure. Young patients (range, 20-39 years old) underwent the central lip lift to correct a relatively lengthened philtrum after 2-jaw surgery. Furthermore, about half of the patients (52.0%) underwent the central lip lift for facial physiognomic improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In today's multiracial society, plastic surgeons planning a central lip lift in Asian patients should consider both aesthetic and physiognomic perspectives. Regardless of the aesthetic outcome, the surgeon should strive to maximize patient satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  4 Therapeutic.
authors.affiliation: Dr D.E. Lee is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Hur is a Resident, and Drs J.H. Lee and Kim are Clinical Professors, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Seul is a Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dongkuk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Eun
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dr D.E. Lee is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Hur is a Resident, and Drs J.H. Lee and Kim are Clinical Professors, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Seul is a Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dongkuk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Dr D.E. Lee is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Hur is a Resident, and Drs J.H. Lee and Kim are Clinical Professors, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Seul is a Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dongkuk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dr D.E. Lee is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Hur is a Resident, and Drs J.H. Lee and Kim are Clinical Professors, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Seul is a Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dongkuk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ha
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Dr D.E. Lee is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Hur is a Resident, and Drs J.H. Lee and Kim are Clinical Professors, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. Dr Seul is a Clinical Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dongkuk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010781:Photography; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult