title: Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome in children with nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and prognoses of children who develop reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome (RPES) during treatment for nephrotic syndrome (NS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinicoradiological characteristics and prognoses of 51 patients with NS, including 21 with RPES and 30 without, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the controls, the RPES patients exhibited a higher rate of tacrolimus (P = 0.01) and cyclosporine (P = 0.02) treatment; higher-dose prednisolone (P = 0.01) treatment; higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.04), serum cholesterol (P = 0.03), and proteinuria (P < 0.01); and lower serum albumin levels (P = 0.03). Hypertension was present in 85.7% of RPES patients. The clinical manifestations of RPES included an altered mental status, seizures, headaches, nausea and vomiting, and visual impairment. Electroencephalography findings included slow waves and focal sharp or/and spiked waves; magnetic resonance imaging showed lesions localized in the occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal lobes and the cerebellum and brainstem; and magnetic resonance angiography revealed vertebral artery narrowing. All RPES patients recovered completely with timely and appropriate therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension, calcineurin inhibitor and high-dose steroid treatments, high serum cholesterol and proteinuria levels, and low serum albumin levels can predispose children with NS to RPES, although both the clinical and imaging outcomes are satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Helin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xuefei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Daoqi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000150:complications; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: hypertension; magnetic resonance imaging; nephrotic syndrome; reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome