title: Dry-Spun Single-Filament Fibers Comprising Solely Cellulose Nanofibers from Bioresidue.
abstract: We demonstrated that low-cost and environmentally friendly filaments of native cellulose can be prepared by dry spinning an aqueous suspension of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The CNF were extracted from banana rachis, a bioresidue from banana cultivation. The relationship between spinning rate, CNF concentration, and the mechanical properties of the filaments were investigated and the results showed that the modulus of the filaments was increased from 7.8 to 12.6 GPa and the strength increased from 131 to 222 MPa when the lowest concentration and highest speed was used. This improvement is believed to be due to an increased orientation of the CNF in the filament. A minimum concentration of 6.5 wt % was required for continuous filament spinning using the current setup. However, this relatively high concentration is thought to limit the orientation of the CNF in the filament. The process used in this study has a good potential for upscaling providing a continuous filament production with well-controlled speed, but further work is required to increase the orientation and subsequently the mechanical properties.
authors.affiliation: †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hooshmand
authors.affiliation: †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aitomäki
authors.affiliation: §PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Norberg
authors.affiliation: †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aji P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: †Division of Materials Science, Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oksman
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D028521:Musa / Q000737:chemistry*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: banana rachis; cellulose nanofibers; dry spinning; filament fibers; mechanical properties; orientation