title: RBANS Norms based on the Relationship of Age, Gender, Education, and WRAT-3 Reading to Performance within an Older African American Sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Due to factors including differences in educational opportunity, African Americans and Caucasians frequently differ on cognitive tests creating diagnostic error risks. Such differences have been found on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and preliminary norms based on a small sample of African Americans have been generated. In a larger sample of community-dwelling older African Americans, we explored sources of variance including age, gender, common medical conditions, years of education, and reading level to generate norms stratified on the most relevant bases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and fifty-five African Americans aged 55+ and living independently completed the RBANS and health, education, and psychosocial interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension and type 2 diabetes were unrelated to overall RBANS performance once age and education were accounted for. Age, education, and WRAT-3 Reading score (a proxy for scholastic attainment) were independent predictors of RBANS performance. Females performed better on List Learning, Story Memory, Fluency, Coding, List Recall, and List Recognition; males were superior on Line Orientation and Picture Naming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to generating norms stratified by age, we provide descriptive statistics grouped by age and education, and by age and WRAT-3 Reading grade level, to provide clinicians with the opportunity to tailor their interpretation of scores based upon perceived best fit for their patient. Regression formulas are provided to address gender differences. To complement the standard index norms, we provide norms for alternative indexes representing additional an factor structure of cognitive domains.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Charissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreotti
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009949:Orientation; D011932:Reading; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: African American; Cognition; Diabetes; Education; Hypertension; Neuropsychology.; Norms; RBANS