title: Learning-guided automatic three dimensional synapse quantification for drosophila neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The subcellular distribution of synapses is fundamentally important for the assembly, function, and plasticity of the nervous system. Automated and effective quantification tools are a prerequisite to large-scale studies of the molecular mechanisms of subcellular synapse distribution. Common practices for synapse quantification in neuroscience labs remain largely manual or semi-manual. This is mainly due to computational challenges in automatic quantification of synapses, including large volume, high dimensions and staining artifacts. In the case of confocal imaging, optical limit and xy-z resolution disparity also require special considerations to achieve the necessary robustness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel algorithm is presented in the paper for learning-guided automatic recognition and quantification of synaptic markers in 3D confocal images. The method developed a discriminative model based on 3D feature descriptors that detected the centers of synaptic markers. It made use of adaptive thresholding and multi-channel co-localization to improve the robustness. The detected markers then guided the splitting of synapse clumps, which further improved the precision and recall of the detected synapses. Algorithms were tested on lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster, for GABAergic synaptic markers on axon terminals as well as dendrites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented method was able to overcome the staining artifacts and the fuzzy boundaries of synapse clumps in 3D confocal image, and automatically quantify synaptic markers in a complex neuron such as LPTC. Comparison with some existing tools used in automatic 3D synapse quantification also proved the effectiveness of the proposed method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sterne
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA. jzhou@niu.edu.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000737:chemistry*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D013569:Synapses / Q000737:chemistry*