title: The effect of plant sterols and different low doses of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on lipoprotein subclasses.
abstract: METHODS
  Consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with plant sterols (PS) and different low doses (<2 g/day) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil reduces serum triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Chol) and thus beneficially affects two blood lipid risk factors. Yet, their combined effects on TG and Chol in various lipoprotein subclasses have been investigated to a limited extent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study, we determined TG and Chol in 13 LP subclasses in fasting serum of 282 hypercholesterolemic subjects, who consumed either a placebo spread or one of the four spreads containing PS (2.5 g/day) and EPA+DHA (0.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 g/day) for 4 weeks. After PS treatment, total LDL-Chol was reduced, which was not further changed by EPA+DHA. No shift in the LDL-Chol particle distribution was observed. The addition of EPA+DHA to PS dose-dependently reduced VLDL-Chol and VLDL-TG mainly in larger particles. Furthermore, the two highest doses of EPA+DHA increased Chol and TG in the larger HDL particles, while these concentrations were decreased in the smallest HDL particles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with both PS and EPA+DHA induced shifts in the lipoprotein distribution that may provide additional cardiovascular benefits over PS consumption alone.
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Doris M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Velitchka V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Mihaleva
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniël B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: van Schalkwijk
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vervoort
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ferdinand A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van Dorsten
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rouyanne T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ras
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Demonty
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elke A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Duynhoven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005215:Fasting; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010840:Phytosterols; D014280:Triglycerides; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Lipoprotein; NMR; Particle Profiler; Plant sterols; n-3 fatty acids