title: Extraction and characterization of lignin from oil palm biomass via ionic liquid dissolution and non-toxic aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate precipitation processes.
abstract: The objective of this study is to extract and characterize lignin from oil palm biomass (OPB) by dissolution in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]), followed by the lignin extraction through the CO2 gas purging prior to addition of aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate (AlK(SO4)2 · 12H2O). The lignin yield, Y(L) (%wt.) was found to be dependent of the types of OPB observed for all precipitation methods used. The lignin recovery, RL (%wt.) obtained from CO2-AlK(SO4)2 · 12H2O precipitation was, however dependent on the types of OPB, which contradicted to that of the acidified H2SO4 and HCl solutions of pH 0.7 and 2 precipitations. Only about 54% of lignin was recovered from the OPB. The FTIR results indicate that the monodispersed lignin was successfully extracted from the OPT, OPF and OPEFB having a molecular weight (MW) of 1331, 1263 and 1473 g/mol, and degradation temperature of 215, 207.5 and 272 °C, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mohtar
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: T N Z
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Tengku Malim Busu
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Md Noor
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaari
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: Petronas Ionic Liquid Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bustam Khalil
authors.affiliation: Petronas Ionic Liquid Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Abdul Mutalib
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Novel Materials Research Group, Frontier Materials Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: hbmat@cheme.utm.my.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mat
mesh_terms: D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D018533:Biomass; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000534:Alum Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007477:Ions; D010938:Plant Oils; D012996:Solutions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041524:aluminum sulfate; C502841:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; D000073878:Palm Oil; D008031:Lignin
keywords: Dissolution; Ionic liquid; Lignin; Oil palm biomass; Precipitation