title: Acute cholecystitis associated with infection of Enterobacteriaceae from gut microbiota.
abstract: Acute cholecystitis (AC) is one of the most common surgical diseases. Bacterial infection accounts for 50% to 85% of the disease's onset. Since there is a close relationship between the biliary system and the gut, the aims of this study were to characterize and determine the influence of gut microbiota on AC, to detect the pathogenic microorganism in the biliary system, and to explore the relationship between the gut and bile microbiota of patients with AC. A total of 185 713 high-quality sequence reads were generated from the faecal samples of 15 patients and 13 healthy controls by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Patients' samples were significantly enriched in Akkermansia, Enterobacter and Escherichia/Shigella group. The healthy controls, however, showed significant enrichment of Clostridiales, Coprococcus, Coprobacillaceae, Paraprevotella, Turicibacter and TM7-3 in their faecal samples. Escherichia coli was the main biliary pathogenic microorganism, among others such as Klebsiella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter cloacae in the bile of the patients. Additionally, the amount of bile endotoxin significantly correlated with the number of Enterobacteriaceae, especially E. coli. Our data indicate that Enterobacteriaceae might play essential role in the pathogenesis and/or progress of AC. This was verified in an in vivo model using a pathogenic E. coli isolated from one of the patients in guinea pigs and observed marked gallbladder inflammation and morphologic changes. This study thus provides insight which could be useful for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of AC and related diseases by controlling the growth of Enterobacteriaceae to alleviate the infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China; Shenzhen Puensum Genetech Institution, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Abdominal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, China. Electronic address: yufang_ma@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. Electronic address: jimxin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000382:microbiology; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Acute cholecystitis; Enterobacteriaceae; gut microbiota; pyrosequencing; real time PCR