title: Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin.
abstract: Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for dose reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination. Considerable progress has been made within the field of well-established cutaneous vaccination strategies: Jet and powder injection technologies, microneedles, microporation technologies, electroporation, sonoporation, and also transdermal and transfollicular vaccine delivery. Due to recent advances, the use of cutaneous vaccination can be expanded from prophylactic vaccination for infectious diseases into therapeutic vaccination for both infectious and non-infectious chronic conditions. This review will provide an insight into immunological processes occurring in the skin and introduce the key innovations of cutaneous vaccination technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5, Haus B, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engelke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5, Haus B, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5, Haus B, D-81377 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: julia.engert@cup.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engert
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: DNA vaccination; Dermal dendritic cell; Langerhans cell; Skin microporation; Transcutaneous vaccination; Vaccine adjuvant