title: Respiratory and otolaryngologic manifestations of giant cell arteritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The classical presentation of giant cell arteritis (GCA) includes the new onset of headache, scalp tenderness, facial pain or jaw claudication in an older patient. Many patients with GCA have features consistent with the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatic (PMR) and nearly all have elevated markers of inflammation such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or the serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Respiratory and ear-nose-throat (ENT) signs and symptoms such as cough, tongue infarction, trismus, hearing loss and facial swelling are less commonly described, yet they may be the initial presentation of GCA. Our aim was to review the published literature on the topic of respiratory and otologic manifestations of GCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed on PUBMED and MEDLINE using the following keywords: GCA, temporal arteritis, pulmonary, respiratory, ENT, cough, tongue necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper and lower airways manifestations of GCA include a wide variety of conditions that could be caused by ischaemia due to the vasculitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to recognize these atypical presentations because they may be the sole initial manifestation of the disease. Early suspicion and confirmation of the diagnosis of GCA can help to prevent more catastrophic consequences of unrecognized disease, including stroke and blindness.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Helfgott
mesh_terms: D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000150:complications*; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007238:Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000209:etiology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply; D014313:Trismus / Q000209:etiology