title: Do future thoughts reflect personal goals? Current concerns and mental time travel into the past and future.
abstract: Our overriding hypothesis was that future thinking would be linked with goals to a greater extent than memories; conceptualizing goals as current concerns (i.e., uncompleted personal goals). We also hypothesized that current-concern-related events would differ from non-current-concern-related events on a set of phenomenological characteristics. We report novel data from a study examining involuntary and voluntary mental time travel using an adapted laboratory paradigm. Specifically, after autobiographical memories or future thoughts were elicited (between participants) in an involuntary and voluntary retrieval mode (within participants), participants self-generated five current concerns and decided whether each event was relevant or not to their current concerns. Consistent with our hypothesis, compared with memories, a larger percentage of involuntary and voluntary future thoughts reflected current concerns. Furthermore, events related to current concerns differed from non-concern-related events on a range of cognitive, representational, and affective phenomenological measures. These effects were consistent across temporal direction. In general, our results agree with the proposition that involuntary and voluntary future thinking is important for goal-directed cognition and behaviour.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.
authors.forename: Scott N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berntsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal; D003210:Concept Formation; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Current concerns; Episodic future thinking; Goals; Involuntary memory; Mental time travel