title: Dietary exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in metropolitan population from China: a risk assessment based on probabilistic approach.
abstract: The intake of contaminated foods is an important exposure pathway for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, data on the occurrence of EDCs in foodstuffs are sporadic and the resultant risk of co-exposure is rarely concerned. In this study, 450 food samples representing 7 food categories (mainly raw and fresh food), collected from three geographic cities in China, were analyzed for eight EDCs using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Besides estrone (E1), other EDCs including diethylstilbestrol (DES), nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol (OP), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) were ubiquitous in food. Dose-dependent relationships were found between NP and EE2 (r=0.196, p<0.05), BPA (r=0.391, p<0.05). Moreover, there existed a correspondencebetween EDCs congener and food category. Based on the obtained database of EDCs concentration combined with local food consumption, dietary EDCs exposure was estimated using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) system. The 50th and 95th percentile exposure of any EDCs isomer were far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value identically. However, the sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) exposure in population was considerably larger than the value of exposure to E2, which implied the underlying resultant risk of multiple EDCs in food should be concern. In conclusion, co-exposure via food consumption should be considered rather than individual EDCs during health risk evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Preventive medicine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China. Electronic address: 220000207857@usc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dongliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China. Electronic address: 1098569236@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China. Electronic address: 280114030@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China. Electronic address: zhaonana582@163.com.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: 358031666@qq.com.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: 407500399@qq.com.
authors.forename: Piwei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: yfan@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: dingshibin@163.com.
authors.forename: Shibin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: 375039979@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: tianchong0826@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: xust@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shunqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: yingcj@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chenjiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002947:Cities; D004032:Diet; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol / Q000032:analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D004964:Estriol / Q000032:analysis; D004970:Estrone / Q000032:analysis; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004054:Diethylstilbestrol; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004958:Estradiol; D004964:Estriol; D004970:Estrone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D010636:Phenols; C474055:octylphenol; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: 17β-Estradiol equivalent (∑EEQs); Dietary exposure; Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs); Probabilistic modeling; Risk assessment