title: The Safety and Effectiveness of Patient-controlled Analgesia in Outpatient Children and Young Adults With Cancer: A Retrospective Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is safe and effective in hospitalized children; however, data regarding its use for outpatients are limited. The aims of the study are to determine the safety of outpatient PCA and to compare the standard and proxy PCA groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients receiving outpatient PCA over 54 months were included in this retrospective study. Data regarding age, sex, diagnosis, PCA initiation/discontinuation circumstances, patient versus proxy-authorized PCA type, opioid doses, pain scores, and complications were collected. Nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for comparing 2 groups or Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test for comparing >2 groups) were used to compare duration of PCA use, opioid doses, pain scores, and circumstances of initiation and discontinuation of outpatient PCA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients used 69 outpatient PCAs. The complication rate was 0.36%. The starting mean MED (mg/kg/d) was 1.67 when initiation was for an outpatient and 4.04 for those discharged from the hospital with PCA; this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.13). The analysis of mean opioid doses in relationship to the circumstances for the discontinuation of the outpatient PCA revealed a significantly higher dose (mg/kg/d) in the group of patients who died (19.54) than in the group with a change of status to inpatient or transfer to another hospital or hospice (3.70) and in the group in which PCA was discontinued because pain management no longer required a PCA (1.19). The mean opioid daily doses and pain scores were significantly higher at the end of life (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outpatient PCA use for children and young adults with cancer is safe.
authors.affiliation: St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Doralina L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Anghelescu
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lane G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Faughnan
authors.forename: Deqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods*; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D010045:Outpatients; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid