title: Hyaluronic acid co-functionalized gold nanoparticle complex for the targeted delivery of metformin in the treatment of liver cancer (HepG2 cells).
abstract: In this study, green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved using the extract of eggplant as a reducing agent. Hyaluronic acid (HA) serves as a capping and targeting agent. Metformin (MET) was successfully loaded on HA capped AuNPs (H-AuNPs) and this formulation binds easily on the surface of the liver cancer cells. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, HR-TEM, particle size analyser and zeta potential measurement. Toxicity studies of H-AuNPs in zebra fish confirmed the in vivo safety of the AuNPs. The in vitro cytotoxicity results showed that the amount of MET-H-AuNPs enough to achieve 50% inhibition (IC50) was much lower than free MET. Flow cytometry analysis showed the significant reduction in G2/M phase after treatment with MET-H-AuNPs, and molecular level apoptosis were studied using western blotting. The novelty of this study is the successful synthesis of AuNPs with a higher MET loading and this formulation exhibited better targeted delivery as well as increased regression activity than free MET in HepG2 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: C Senthil
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 20, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.affiliation: DST Sponsored National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024 Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: D Sathish
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gover Antoniraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India; DST Sponsored National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024 Tamilnadu, India. Electronic address: rmani48@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruckmani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005022:Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide / Q000737:chemistry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D032323:Solanum melongena; D013388:Succinimides / Q000737:chemistry; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013388:Succinimides; D006046:Gold; C035761:N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D008687:Metformin; D005022:Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide
keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Green synthesis; HepG2 cells; Hyaluronic acid; Metformin; Zebrafish