title: Excessive weight--muscle depletion paradox and cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests a nutritional transition process in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Obesity, which was once an uncommon occurrence in such patients, has grown in this population at the same prevalence rate as that found in the general population, bringing with it an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional status and occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-series cross-sectional study was conducted involving male and female adult outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease. Data were collected on demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and anthropometric variables as well as the following cardiovascular risk factors: sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, abdominal obesity, medications in use, comorbidities, alcohol intake and smoking habits. The significance level for all statistical tests was set to 5% (P< 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample comprised 80 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 56 of whom (70.0%) had ulcerative colitis and 24 of whom (30.0%) had Crohn's disease. Mean age was 40.3±11 years and the female genre accounted for 66.2% of the sample. High frequencies of excess weight (48.8%) and abdominal obesity (52.5%) were identified based on the body mass index and waist circumference, respectively, in both groups, especially among those with ulcerative colitis. Muscle depletion was found in 52.5% of the sample based on arm muscle circumference, with greater depletion among patients with Crohn's disease (P=0.008). The most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease were a sedentary lifestyle (83.8%), abdominal obesity (52.5%) and excess weight (48.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the complete anthropometric evaluation draw one's attention to a nutritional paradox, with high frequencies of both - muscle depletion, as well as excess weight and abdominal obesity.
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maria Izabel Siqueira de
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
authors.forename: Regiane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maio
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
authors.forename: Keila Fernandes
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Fortes Cavalcanti de
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Macêdo
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.
authors.forename: Augusto César
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Barreto Neto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications; D010045:Outpatients; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000209:etiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors