title: Longitudinal association of measures of adiposity with serum antioxidant concentrations in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between obesity and circulating levels of antioxidants is poorly understood. Most studies that have examined the association of adiposity with blood or tissue concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients have been cross-sectional, and few have compared the associations for indices of overall obesity and central obesity. Our aim was to prospectively examine the longitudinal association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist circumference-height ratio (WCHtR) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with major serum antioxidants in a population of postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a subsample of participants in the Women's Health Initiative aged 50-79 years at entry with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.8 years of follow-up (N=2672). Blood samples were used to measure α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein+zeaxanthin, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and retinol at baseline, and at years 1, 3 and 6. We used mixed-effects linear regression analyses to examine associations between anthropometric measures and serum antioxidants at baseline and over time, controlling for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In longitudinal analyses, carotenoids, and particularly β-carotene, were strongly and inversely associated with BMI, WC and WCHtR and less so with WHR. α-Tocopherol showed a strong positive association with WHR but not with other anthropometric measures, whereas γ-tocopherol was positively and strongly associated with BMI, WC, WCHtR and less so with WHR. Retinol was positively associated with WHR. The inverse association of several carotenoids with anthropometric measures was stronger in never and former smokers compared with current smokers and in women without the metabolic syndrome. The inverse association of carotenoids with obesity measures may reflect reduced micronutrient concentrations owing to inflammation associated with obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, the strongest observed associations between anthropometric variables and micronutrients were an inverse association of WC with serum β-carotene and a positive association of WC with γ-tocopherol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kabat
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Profession, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ochs-Balcom
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: LeBoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mossavar-Rahmani
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Adams-Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nassir
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ard
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zaslavsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D050154:Adiposity; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D017698:Postmenopause; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood*; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019207:beta Carotene; D014801:Vitamin A; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol