title: Histological evaluation of sodium percarbonate exposure on the gills of rainbow trout.
abstract: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a recurring problem in Australian rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss farms and requires strategically timed, repeat treatments for effective management. Sodium percarbonate (SPC) is permitted for use in Australia, with host safety margins based on the toxicity of acute exposures to hydrogen peroxide (HP), the active product released when SPC is added to water. The effects of exposure to HP released by SPC, of repeated doses and of doses exceeding 100 mg l-1 on rainbow trout are unknown. We exposed juvenile rainbow trout (mean weight: 30.5 ± 9 g) to repeated doses of 50, 150 and 250 mg l-1 SPC for 1 h on Days 1, 2, 7 and 8 of a treatment regime. The effect of SPC was assessed by histological evaluation of structural changes in gill tissue. Survival was 100% in all groups, but some fish exposed to 250 mg l-1 SPC displayed impaired swimming performance, and on Day 9 after the final treatment, oedema was present in 9.8% of lamella, which was significantly higher than the mean occurrence of 1.7, 4.2 and 1.3% in fish treated with 0, 50 and 150 mg l-1 SPC, respectively. These changes resolved within 24 h of the cessation of treatment. We conclude that SPC is safe to use on rainbow trout in doses of ≤150 mg l-1 at 17°C, however caution is advised at doses approaching 250 mg l-1. Water temperature, fish age, fish size and maturity, intensity of parasite infection and stocking density could alter the sensitivity of rainbow trout to SPC treatments.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Forwood
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landos
authors.forename: Marty R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Deveney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001315:Australia; D002254:Carbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D002254:Carbonates; C034738:sodium percarbonate