title: Leuco-crystal-violet micelle gel dosimeters: I. Influence of recipe components and potential sensitizers.
abstract: Radiochromic leuco crystal violet (LCV) micelle gel dosimeters are promising three-dimensional radiation dosimeters because of their spatial stability and suitability for optical readout. The effects of surfactant type and surfactant concentration on dose sensitivity of LCV micelle gels are tested, demonstrating that dose sensitivity and initial colour of the gel increases with increasing Triton x-100 (Tx100) concentration. Using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) in place of Tx100 produces gels that are nearly colourless prior to irradiation, but reduces the dose sensitivity. The separate effects of Tri-chloro acetic acid concentration and pH are investigated, revealing that controlling the pH near 3.6 is crucial for achieving high dose sensitivity. The sensitizing effect of chlorinated species on dose sensitivity is tested using 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (TCE), chloroform, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol hemihydrate. TCE gives the largest improvement in dose sensitivity and is recommended for use in micelle gel dosimeters because it is less volatile and safer to use than chloroform. Preliminary experiments on a new gel containing CTAB as the surfactant and TCE show that this new gel gives a dose sensitivity that is 24% higher than that of previous LCV micelle gels and is nearly colourless prior to irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: McAuley
mesh_terms: D000077286:Cetrimonium; D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005023:Ethylene Chlorohydrin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D005840:Gentian Violet / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008823:Micelles; D017830:Octoxynol / Q000737:chemistry; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002593:Cetrimonium Compounds; D005782:Gels; D008823:Micelles; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014238:Trichloroacetic Acid; D005023:Ethylene Chlorohydrin; C015320:leucomalachite green; D017830:Octoxynol; C005849:2,2,2-trichloroethanol; D005840:Gentian Violet; D000077286:Cetrimonium