title: Galectin 3 for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate serum levels of galectin-3 (G-3) in patients with bladder cancer and a control group, as a potential diagnostic and prognostic serum tumour marker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2012 and January 2013, 55 patients (median age 58 years) were enrolled into three groups, i.e., a control, those with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) or those with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The serum G-3 level was measured the night before cystoscopy. The levels of G-3 levels were correlated with tumour type, stage and grade, and in relation to levels in normal urothelium. The results were analysed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the receiver operating characteristic curve, as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median serum G-3 level was 100, 720 and 920 pg/mL in the control, TCC and SCC groups, respectively, with very significantly greater G-3 levels in both the TCC and SCC groups than in the control group. Patients with high-grade TCC had a statistically significantly greater serum G-3 level than those with low-grade tumours, as did those with muscle-invasive TCC than those with Ta tumours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of G-3 can aid as a diagnostic marker in patients with either TCC or SCC of the bladder, but the prognostic significance of G-3 remains to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Gendy
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Bothina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madkour
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdelaty
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Fayza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Essawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khattab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Olfat
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hammam
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Kholy
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hani H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nour
keywords: (N)MI, (non-) muscle-invasive; Bladder cancer; G-3, galectin-3; Galectin 3; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; Squamous cell carcinoma; Transitional cell carcinoma