title: Predicting Attitudes toward Press- and Speech Freedom across the U.S.A.: A Test of Climato-Economic, Parasite Stress, and Life History Theories.
abstract: National surveys reveal notable individual differences in U.S. citizens' attitudes toward freedom of expression, including freedom of the press and speech. Recent theoretical developments and empirical findings suggest that ecological factors impact censorship attitudes in addition to individual difference variables (e.g., education, conservatism), but no research has compared the explanatory power of prominent ecological theories. This study tested climato-economic, parasite stress, and life history theories using four measures of attitudes toward censoring the press and offensive speech obtained from two national surveys in the U.S.A. Neither climate demands nor its interaction with state wealth--two key variables for climato-economic theory--predicted any of the four outcome measures. Interstate parasite stress significantly predicted two, with a marginally significant effect on the third, but the effects became non-significant when the analyses were stratified for race (as a control for extrinsic risks). Teenage birth rates (a proxy of human life history) significantly predicted attitudes toward press freedom during wartime, but the effect was the opposite of what life history theory predicted. While none of the three theories provided a fully successful explanation of individual differences in attitudes toward freedom of expression, parasite stress and life history theories do show potentials. Future research should continue examining the impact of these ecological factors on human psychology by further specifying the mechanisms and developing better measures for those theories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communicology, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jinguang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Annenberg School of Communication, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001290:Attitude; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D005610:Freedom; D006801:Humans; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D010271:Parasites; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013060:Speech; D014481:United States