title: Comparison of the refractive measurements with hand-held autorefractometer, table-mounted autorefractometer and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the performance of the hand-held and table-top autorefractokeratometer in measuring refractive errors by comparing them with cycloplegic retinoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included in the study were 112 eyes of 112 pediatric patients whose mean age was 6.78 ± 2.61 years (range, 2 to 12 years). The refractive errors of all the eyes were measured with and without cycloplegia using a hand held autorefractokeratometer (Retinomax K-plus 3), table top autorefractokeratometer (Canon RK-F1) and performing cycloplegic retinoscopy. The spherical equivalent, cylindrical axis and keratometer values were statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean spherical equivalent obtained from the Retinomax K-plus 3 was significantly less hyperopic than that of Canon RK-F1 (p = 0.004) before cycloplegia. When the Bland Altman analysis was performed in comparisons of spherical equivalent values measured with the Retinomax K-plus 3, Canon RK-F1 and cycloplegic retinoscopy, it was seen that almost all of the differences between the measurements remained within the range of ±2 standard deviation. Good agreement was found between Retinomax K-plus 3 and Canon RK-F1 for the Jackson cross-cylinder values at axis 0° and 45°; keratometer values respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The refractive error components were highly correlated between the two instruments and cycloplegic retinoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Op. Dr. Ergun Özdemir Gorele State Hospital, Giresun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akil
authors.affiliation: Aydın State Hospital, Aydın, Turkey.
authors.forename: Soner
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keskin
authors.affiliation: Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Çavdarli
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis*; D042261:Retinoscopes; D042262:Retinoscopy; D015351:Vision Screening
keywords: Hand-held autorefractokeratometer; Refractive errors; Retinoscopy; Table-top autorefractokeratometer