title: Anti-diabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effects and Safety of Salacia reticulata and Related Species.
abstract: Extracts of Salacia reticulata Wight (Hypocrataceae) roots, stems, and leaves have been used in Asia for hundreds of years for the folkloric treatment of diabetes and other health problems. Constituents that have been identified as exhibiting anti-diabetic effects include salacinol, kotalanol, ponkorinol, salaprinol, and their corresponding de-0-sulfonated compounds. Mangiferin, kotalagenin 16-acetate and various proanthocyanidin oligomers have also been isolated. Studies indicate that Salacia extracts modulate multiple targets that influence carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, pancreatic lipase, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-α, glucose transporter-4 mediated glucose uptake, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Furthermore, Salacia extracts exhibit free radical scavenging, antioxidant and hepatoprotectant activities. In human studies, Salacia extracts have been shown to decrease plasma glucose and insulin levels, decrease HbA1c, and modulate serum lipid levels with no adverse effects being reported. Similar results have been demonstrated in rat and mouse models as well as in vitro systems. Safety of S. reticulata and other Salacia species as S. oblonga and S. chinensis in rats and mice indicate that extracts are exceedingly safe. No clinical studies have examined the effects of Salacia extracts on human weight loss, although weight loss and decreases in weight gain have been demonstrated in animal models. Because of the large number of pharmacologically active compounds, it is difficult to establish standards for extracts.
authors.affiliation: AdvoCare International, Plano, TX, 75074, USA.
authors.forename: Sidney J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stohs
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Fort Wayne, IN, 46845, USA.
authors.forename: Sidhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D051381:Rats; D049918:Salacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology; D013431:Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; C114502:Kotalanol; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D013431:Sulfates; D014315:Triterpenes; D044004:Xanthones; C407012:kotalagenin 16-acetate; C427963:salacinol; C013221:proanthocyanidin; C013592:mangiferin
keywords: Salacia reticulata; anti-hyperlipidemic; antidiabetic; antioxidant; hepatoprotectant