title: A simulation study on the efficacy of advanced belt restraints to mitigate the effects of obesity for rear-seat occupant protection in frontal crashes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent field data analyses have shown that the safety advantages of rear seats relative to the front seats have decreased in newer vehicles. Separately, the risks of certain injuries have been found to be higher for obese occupants. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of advanced belt features on the protection of rear-seat occupants with a range of body mass index (BMI) in frontal crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-body finite element human models with 4 BMI levels (25, 30, 35, and 40 kg/m2) developed previously were used in this study. A total of 52 frontal crash simulations were conducted, including 4 simulations with a standard rear-seat, 3-point belt and 48 simulations with advanced belt features. The parameters varied in the simulations included BMI, load limit, anchor pretensioner, and lap belt routing relative to the pelvis. The injury measurements analyzed in this study included head and hip excursions, normalized chest deflection, and torso angle (defined as the angle between the hip-shoulder line and the vertical direction). Analyses of covariance were used to test the significance (P <.05) of the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher BMI was associated with greater head and hip excursions and larger normalized chest deflection. Higher belt routing increased the hip excursion and torso angle, which indicates a higher submarining risk, whereas the anchor pretensioner reduced hip excursion and torso angle. Lower load limits decreased the normalized chest deflection but increased the head excursion. Normalized chest deflection had a positive correlation with maximum torso angle. Occupants with higher BMI have to use higher load limits to reach head excursions similar to those in lower BMI occupants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simulation results suggest that optimizing load limiter and adding pretensioner(s) can reduce injury risks associated with obesity, but conflicting effects on head and chest injuries were observed. This study demonstrated the feasibility and importance of using human models to investigate protection for occupants with various BMI levels. A seat belt system capable of adapting to occupant size and body shape will improve protection for obese occupants in rear seats.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan , China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhonghao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Libo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Jingwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D012622:Seat Belts; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: obesity, human model, rear seat, occupant protection, restraint system, frontal crashes