title: Stress-free automatic sleep deprivation using air puffs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep deprivation via gentle handling is time-consuming and personnel-intensive.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present here an automated sleep deprivation system via air puffs. Implanted EMG and EEG electrodes were used to assess sleep/waking states in six male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were collected from an implanted intravenous catheter every 4h during the 12-h light cycle on baseline, 8h of sleep deprivation via air puffs, and 8h of sleep deprivation by gentle handling days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The automated system was capable of scoring sleep and waking states as accurately as our offline version (∼90% for sleep) and with sufficient speed to trigger a feedback response within an acceptable amount of time (1.76s). Manual state scoring confirmed normal sleep on the baseline day and sleep deprivation on the two manipulation days (68% decrease in non-REM, 63% decrease in REM, and 74% increase in waking). No significant differences in levels of ACTH and corticosterone (stress hormones indicative of HPA axis activity) were found at any time point between baseline sleep and sleep deprivation via air puffs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no significant differences in ACTH or corticosterone concentrations between sleep deprivation by air puffs and gentle handling over the 8-h period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our system accurately detects sleep and delivers air puffs to acutely deprive rats of sleep with sufficient temporal resolution during the critical 4-5h post learning sleep-dependent memory consolidation period. The system is stress-free and a viable alternative to existing sleep deprivation techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States. Electronic address: bagross@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Brooks A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Vanderheyden
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Lea M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Urpa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Devon E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Kaustubh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
authors.forename: Gina R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Poe
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000392:Air Movements; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001331:Automation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009862:Online Systems; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness
chemical_list: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Air puffs; Automated; EEG; EMG; MATLAB; Non-REM sleep; Power spectral density; REM sleep; Sleep deprivation; Waking