title: Effects of rhythmical and extra-rhythmical qualities of music on heart rate during stationary bike activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rhythmical and extra-rhythmical qualities of music on the heart rate (HR) and rates of perceived exertion (RPE), during sub-maximal stationary bike activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  HR of 28 female adult participants was monitored during 3 session of physical activity, performed under 3 different conditions: Hi-BPM (music with 150-170 BPM), RHYTHM (rhythmical qualities only of Hi-BPM condition) and control condition without music (CONTROL). Four parameters were analyzed: the highest HR value (High-HR), High-HR minus starting HR (∆HR), time to reach the 75% of Maximal HR (MHR) (TimeTo75%) and time over 75% MHR (TimeOver75%). HR trend analysis was performed to evaluate differences among the three conditions. OMNI-Cycle Scale was administered to evaluate RPE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MANOVA showed significant differences between the three conditions in TimeTo75%, ∆HR (P<0.01) and TimeOver75% (P<0.05). In RHYTHM and CONTROL conditions after reaching 75% MHR, the HR increase were significantly lower than Hi-BPM (P<0.01). No significant differences were found in OMNI-Cycle Scale scores of Hi-BPM and RHYTHM whereas RPE was significantly higher in CONTROL condition (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hi-BPM and RHYTHM music allowed a faster reaching of the aerobic training zone compared to CONTROL conditions. Nevertheless, after 75% MHR, extra-rhythmical qualities are necessary to maintain or to increase the working HR levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Motor and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy - giombini@uniroma4.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DI Cagno
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iuliano
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fiorilli
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.forename: Arrigo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giombini
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Menotti
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsopani
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calcagno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation