title: Comparison of anesthesia with a morphine-lidocaine-ketamine infusion or a morphine-lidocaine epidural on time to extubation in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the time to extubation in two commonly used methods of analgesia in dogs undergoing elective pelvic limb orthopedic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five adult, client-owned, healthy dogs aged 4.4 ± 1.6 years and weighing 38.5 ±3.5 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  All dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (5-10 μg kg(-1)) intramuscularly (IM) and anesthesia was induced with propofol (2-6 mg kg(-1)) intravenously (IV). Atipamazole (0.05-0.1 mg kg(-1)) was administered IM after instrumentation. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In one group, morphine (0.1 mg kg(-1)) and lidocaine (2% lidocaine added to a total volume of 0.2 mL kg(-1)) were administered epidurally and a saline placebo constant rate infusion (CRI) was administered IV (group EPI). In the other group (group MLK), morphine (4 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)), lidocaine (50 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)) and ketamine (10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)) were administered as an IV CRI and a saline placebo was administered by epidural injection. Temperature at the discontinuation of isoflurane, temperature at extubation, time to extubation, duration of inhalation anesthesia and duration of surgery were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences between the groups were found in time to extubation, temperature at the end of surgery, temperature at extubation and total surgical time. Total anesthesia time was significantly longer in group EPI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of MLK at the doses reported in this study did not prolong the time to extubation in comparison with a morphine-lidocaine epidural nerve block. The results indicate that concern over prolonging the time to extubation is not a reason to avoid the administration of MLK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wendt-Hornickle
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsey B C
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000662:veterinary; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: MLK; analgesia; constant rate infusion; epidural