title: TiF4 improves microtensile bond strength to dentin when using an adhesive system regardless of primer/bond application timing and method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the bond strength of a two-step conventional adhesive system to dentin pretreated with 2.5 % titanium tetrafluoride (TiF(4)) according to application timing (before or after acid conditioning) and primer/adhesive application method (active or passive).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentin surfaces were randomly treated with different adhesive procedures (n = 6): etching with phosphoric acid (PA) + primer/adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2/3M ESPE) actively applied; PA + primer/adhesive passively applied; TiF(4) before PA + primer/adhesive actively applied; TiF(4) before PA + primer/adhesive passively applied; TiF(4) after PA + primer/adhesive actively applied; and TiF(4) after PA + primer/adhesive passively applied. A composite block was built onto the tooth, which was sectioned into sticks (adhesive area of approximately 1 mm(2)). Microtensile bond strength tests and the failure mode were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between TiF(4) application timing and primer/adhesive application method (p = 0.184). The use of TiF(4), before or after PA significantly increased bond strength values (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in bond strength values when using TiF4 before or after PA. The primer/adhesive application method had no influence on bond strength, regardless of whether TiF(4) was used (p = 0.906). Failure mode was predominantly adhesive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of TiF(4) promoted higher immediate bond strength to dentin. The conventional adhesive system may be applied either actively or passively, regardless of TiF(4) application timing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with TiF(4) increased bond strength in a conventional two-step adhesive system to dentin, regardless of the primer/adhesive application method and the timing of dentin pretreatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. julianatranquilin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliana Bomfigli
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Tranquilin
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. enricobridi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Enrico Coser
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Bridi
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. flbamaral@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Flávia Lucisano Botelho
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. biagomes@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fabiana Mantovani Gomes
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. cecilia.turssi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cecilia Pedroso
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Turssi
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, Campinas, 13045-755, São Paulo, Brazil. rbasting@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Roberta Tarkany
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Basting
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C554641:Adper single bond 2; D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides; C032240:titanium tetrafluoride
keywords: Hybrid layer; Microtensile bond strength; Titanium tetrafluoride; Two-step conventional adhesive system