title: Epidemiological dynamics of norovirus GII.4 variant New Orleans 2009.
abstract: Norovirus (NoV) is one of the major causes of diarrhoeal disease with epidemic, outbreak and sporadic patterns in humans of all ages worldwide. NoVs of genotype GII.4 cause nearly 80-90 % of all NoV infections in humans. Periodically, some GII.4 strains become predominant, generating major pandemic variants. Retrospective analysis of the GII.4 NoV strains detected in Italy between 2007 and 2013 indicated that the pandemic variant New Orleans 2009 emerged in Italy in the late 2009, became predominant in 2010-2011 and continued to circulate in a sporadic fashion until April 2013. Upon phylogenetic analysis based on the small diagnostic regions A and C, the late New Orleans 2009 NoVs circulating during 2011-2013 appeared to be genetically different from the early New Orleans 2009 strains that circulated in 2010. For a selection of strains, a 3.2 kb genome portion at the 3' end was sequenced. In the partial ORF1 and in the full-length ORF2 and ORF3, the 2011-2013 New Orleans NoVs comprised at least three distinct genetic subclusters. By comparison with sequences retrieved from the databases, these subclusters were also found to circulate globally, suggesting that the local circulation reflected repeated introductions of different strains, rather than local selection of novel viruses. Phylogenetic subclustering did not correlate with changes in residues located in predicted putative capsid epitopes, although several changes affected the P2 domain in epitopes A, C, D and E.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Medici
authors.affiliation: Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tummolo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile G. D'Alessandro, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona De
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grazia
authors.affiliation: Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calderaro
authors.affiliation: Unità di Microbiologia e Virologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Flora De
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conto
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Terio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia Umana, Sezione di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chironna
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile G. D'Alessandro, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonura
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile G. D'Alessandro, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pucci
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
authors.forename: Kristián
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bányai
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martella
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile G. D'Alessandro, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni Maurizio
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Giammanco
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D055820:New Orleans / Q000453:epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins