title: Evaluation of ganciclovir resistance in cytomegalovirus infection of renal transplant recipients in Tehran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major issue in solid organ transplant recipients. Although development of prophylaxis and preemptive procedures have presented significantly improved consequences in CMV infection, increasing incidence of antiviral resistance has raised virologists' concern.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study focused on kidney transplant recipients with high quantities of CMV load after antiviral therapy. We collected 5 mL blood from each of 58 patients. DNA extraction was performed with the use of the QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our population study was 38% female and 62% male. CMV DNA was observed in 50 specimens (86%) with the range of 1.9 × 10(3) to 11 × 10(7) copies/mL serum. All of these patients had received ganciclovir for >3 months. Sequencing showed 18 mutations in 10 patients. Among these, 16 mutations were associated with Ul97 and the rest with Ul54 gene. Forty CMV-positive patients did not show any mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consequences of long-term ganciclovir resistance could not be determined.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Javad Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: nemati203@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nemati
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behzadian
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Einollahi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi Petrudy
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohraby
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taghipour
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motalebi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000235:genetics*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000821:virology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004279:DNA, Viral; D015774:Ganciclovir