title: Development and validation of a brain maturation index using longitudinal neuroanatomical scans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major psychiatric disorders are increasingly being conceptualized as 'neurodevelopmental', because they are associated with aberrant brain maturation. Several studies have hypothesized that a brain maturation index integrating patterns of neuroanatomical measurements may reliably identify individual subjects deviating from a normative neurodevelopmental trajectory. However, while recent studies have shown great promise in developing accurate brain maturation indices using neuroimaging data and multivariate machine learning techniques, this approach has not been validated using a large sample of longitudinal data from children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  T1-weighted scans from 303 healthy subjects aged 4.88 to 18.35years were acquired from the National Institute of Health (NIH) pediatric repository (http://www.pediatricmri.nih.gov). Out of the 303 subjects, 115 subjects were re-scanned after 2years. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm (LASSO) was 'trained' to integrate neuroanatomical changes across chronological age and predict each individual's brain maturity. The resulting brain maturation index was developed using first-visit scans only, and was validated using second-visit scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report a high correlation between the first-visit chronological age and brain maturation index (r=0.82, mean absolute error or MAE=1.69years), and a high correlation between the second-visit chronological age and brain maturation index (r=0.83, MAE=1.71years). The brain maturation index captured neuroanatomical volume changes between the first and second visits with an MAE of 0.27years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The brain maturation index developed in this study accurately predicted individual subjects' brain maturation longitudinally. Due to its strong clinical potentials in identifying individuals with an abnormal brain maturation trajectory, the brain maturation index may allow timely clinical interventions for individuals at risk for psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA. Electronic address: Benson.Irungu@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Benson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Khader M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Sudhakar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Cristian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Giovana B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Zunta-Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male
keywords: Brain maturation index; Longitudinal brain imaging; Machine learning; Neurodevelopmental trajectories; Neuroimaging