title: A comprehensive evaluation of catalase-like activity of different classes of redox-active therapeutics.
abstract: Because of the increased insight into the biological role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under physiological and pathological conditions and the role it presumably plays in the action of natural and synthetic redox-active drugs, there is a need to accurately define the type and magnitude of reactions that may occur with this intriguing and key species of redoxome. Historically, and frequently incorrectly, the impact of catalase-like activity has been assigned to play a major role in the action of many redox-active drugs, mostly SOD mimics and peroxynitrite scavengers, and in particular MnTBAP(3-) and Mn salen derivatives. The advantage of one redox-active compound over another has often been assigned to the differences in catalase-like activity. Our studies provide substantial evidence that Mn(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins couple with H2O2 in actions other than catalase-related. Herein we have assessed the catalase-like activities of different classes of compounds: Mn porphyrins (MnPs), Fe porphyrins (FePs), Mn(III) salen (EUK-8), and Mn(II) cyclic polyamines (SOD-active M40403 and SOD-inactive M40404). Nitroxide (tempol), nitrone (NXY-059), ebselen, and MnCl2, which have not been reported as catalase mimics, were used as negative controls, while catalase enzyme was a positive control. The dismutation of H2O2 to O2 and H2O was followed via measuring oxygen evolved with a Clark oxygen electrode at 25°C. The catalase enzyme was found to have kcat(H2O2)=1.5×10(6)M(-1) s(-1). The yield of dismutation, i.e., the maximal amount of O2 evolved, was assessed also. The magnitude of the yield reflects an interplay between the kcat(H2O2) and the stability of compounds toward H2O2-driven oxidative degradation, and is thus an accurate measure of the efficacy of a catalyst. The kcat(H2O2) values for 12 cationic Mn(III) N-substituted (alkyl and alkoxyalkyl) pyridylporphyrin-based SOD mimics and Mn(III) N,N'-dialkylimidazolium porphyrin, MnTDE-2-ImP(5+), ranged from 23 to 88M(-1) s(-1). The analogous Fe(III) N-alkylpyridylporphyrins showed ~10-fold higher activity than the corresponding MnPs, but the values of kcat(H2O2) are still ~4 orders of magnitude lower than that of the enzyme. While the kcat(H2O2) values for Fe ethyl and n-octyl analogs were 803.5 and 368.4M(-1) s(-1), respectively, the FePs are more prone to H2O2-driven oxidative degradation, therefore allowing for similar yields in H2O2 dismutation as analogous MnPs. The kcat(H2O2) values are dependent on the electron deficiency of the metal site as it controls the peroxide binding in the first step of the dismutation process. SOD-like activities depend on electron deficiency of the metal site also, as it controls the first step of O2(●-) dismutation. In turn, the kcat(O2(●-)) parallels the kcat(H2O2). Therefore, the electron-rich anionic non-SOD mimic MnTBAP(3-) has essentially very low catalase-like activity, kcat(H2O2)=5.8M(-1) s(-1). The catalase-like activities of Mn(III) and Fe(III) porphyrins are at most, 0.0004 and 0.05% of the enzyme activity, respectively. The kcat(H2O2) values of 8.2 and 6.5M(-1) s(-1) were determined for electron-rich Mn(II) cyclic polyamine-based compounds, M40403 and M40404, respectively. The EUK-8, with modest SOD-like activity, has only slightly higher kcat(H2O2)=13.5M(-1) s(-1). The biological relevance of kcat(H2O2) of MnTE-2-PyP(5+), MnTDE-2-ImP(5+), MnTBAP(3-), FeTE-2-PyP(5+), M40403, M40404, and Mn salen was evaluated in wild-type and peroxidase/catalase-deficient E. coli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Artak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tovmasyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Departamento de Quimica, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarissa G C
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weitner
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carballal
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Departamento de Quimica, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Romulo S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander Universitat, Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lieb
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghazaryan
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander Universitat, Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ivanovic-Burmazovic
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Sueta
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julio S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reboucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Pharmaceutical Research Shared Resource, PK/PD Core Laboratory, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spasojevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Ludmil
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benov
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Electronic address: ibatinic@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Batinic-Haberle
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000737:chemistry; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D011166:Porphyrins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase