title: Accuracy and precision of integumental linear dimensions in a three-dimensional facial imaging system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recently developed facial scanning method uses three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging with a light-emitting diode. Such scanning enables surface data to be captured in high-resolution color and at relatively fast speeds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of 3D images obtained using the Morpheus 3D® scanner (Morpheus Co., Seoul, Korea).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 30 subjects aged 24-34 years (mean 29.0 ± 2.5 years). To test the correlation between direct and 3D image measurements, 21 landmarks were labeled on the face of each subject. Sixteen direct measurements were obtained twice using digital calipers; the same measurements were then made on two sets of 3D facial images. The mean values of measurements obtained from both methods were compared. To investigate the precision, a comparison was made between two sets of measurements taken with each method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the variables from both methods, five of the 16 possible anthropometric variables were found to be significantly different. However, in 12 of the 16 cases, the mean difference was under 1 mm. The average value of the differences for all variables was 0.75 mm. Precision was high in both methods, with error magnitudes under 0.5 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D scanning images have high levels of precision and fairly good congruence with traditional anthropometry methods, with mean differences of less than 1 mm. 3D surface imaging using the Morpheus 3D® scanner is therefore a clinically acceptable method of recording facial integumental data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Young
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Guk
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Structured light-based scanners; Three-dimensional diagnosis and treatment planning; Three-dimensional scanner