title: Pentosan Polysulfate: a Novel Glycosaminoglycan-Like Molecule for Effective Treatment of Alphavirus-Induced Cartilage Destruction and Inflammatory Disease.
abstract: Arthritogenic alphaviruses such as Ross River virus (RRV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) cause large-scale epidemics of severe musculoskeletal disease and have been progressively expanding their global distribution. Since its introduction in July 2014, CHIKV now circulates in the United States. The hallmark of alphavirus disease is crippling pain and inflammation of the joints, a similar immunopathology to rheumatoid arthritis. The use of glycans as novel therapeutics is an area of research that has increased in recent years. Here, we describe the promising therapeutic potential of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-like molecule pentosan polysulfate (PPS) to alleviate virus-induced arthritis. Mouse models of RRV and CHIKV disease were used to characterize the extent of cartilage damage in infection and investigate the potential of PPS to treat disease. This was assessed using histological analysis, real-time PCR, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Alphaviral infection resulted in cartilage destruction, the severity of which was alleviated by PPS therapy during RRV and CHIKV clinical disease. The reduction in cartilage damage corresponded with a significant reduction in immune infiltrates. Using multiplex bead arrays, PPS treatment was found to have significantly increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and reduced proinflammatory cytokines, typically correlated with disease severity. Furthermore, we reveal that the severe RRV-induced joint pathology, including thinning of articular cartilage and loss of proteoglycans in the cartilage matrix, was diminished with treatment. PPS is a promising new therapy for alphavirus-induced arthritis, acting to preserve the cartilage matrix, which is damaged during alphavirus infection. Overall, the data demonstrate the potential of glycotherapeutics as a new class of treatment for infectious arthritis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The hallmark of alphavirus disease is crippling pain and joint arthritis, which often has an extended duration. In the past year, CHIKV has expanded into the Americas, with approximately 1 million cases reported to date, whereas RRV continues to circulate in the South Pacific. Currently, there is no licensed specific treatment for alphavirus disease, and the increasing spread of infection highlights an urgent need for therapeutic intervention strategies. Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) is a glycan derivative that is orally bioavailable, has few toxic side effects, and is currently licensed under the name Elmiron for the treatment of cystitis in the United States. Our findings show that RRV infection damages the articular cartilage, including a loss of proteoglycans within the joint. Furthermore, treatment with PPS reduced the severity of both RRV- and CHIKV-induced musculoskeletal disease, including a reduction in inflammation and joint swelling, suggesting that PPS is a promising candidate for drug repurposing for the treatment of alphavirus-induced arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia l.herrero@griffith.edu.au s.mahalingam@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lara J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-9828
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Suan-Sin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Kuo-Ching
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Weiqiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Forwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bucala
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia l.herrero@griffith.edu.au s.mahalingam@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahalingam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D010426:Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester