title: Automatic in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of ⁹⁹Tc from biological samples and hospital residues prior to liquid scintillation counting.
abstract: A new approach exploiting in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) for (99)Tc extraction and preconcentration from biological samples, i.e., urine and saliva, and liquid residues from treated patients is presented. (99)Tc is a beta emitter with a long half-life (2.111 × 10(5) years) and mobility in the different environmental compartments. One of the sources of this radionuclide is through the use of its father (99m)Tc in medical diagnosis. For the first time a critical comparison between extractants and disperser solvents for (99)Tc DLLME is presented, e.g., tributyl phosphate (TBP), trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat®336), triisooctylamine (TiOA), as extractants in apolar solvents such as xylene and dodecane, and disperser solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol. The system was optimized by experimental design, and 22.5% of Aliquat®336 in acetone was selected as extractant and disperser, respectively. Off-line detection was performed using a liquid scintillation counter. The present method has a (99)Tc minimum detectable activity (MDA) of 0.075 Bq with a high extraction/preconcentration frequency (8 h(-1)). Urine, saliva, and hospital residues were satisfactorily analyzed with recoveries of 82-119%. Thus, the proposed system is an automatic powerful tool to monitor the entry of (99)Tc into the environment. Graphical Abstract (99m)Tc is widely used in Nuclear Medicine for diagnosis. Its daugther (99)Tc is automatically monitored in biological samples from treated patients by in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction.
authors.affiliation: Radiopharmacy Service, Son Espases Hospital, Cra. Valldemossa 79, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avivar
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borràs
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerdà
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D006801:Humans; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D012588:Scintillation Counting; D013667:Technetium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D013667:Technetium