title: Expression Profiles of TGF-β and TLR Pathways in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia Challenged Osteoblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of certain oral pathogens at implant sites can hinder the osseointegration process. However, it is unclear how and by what microorganisms it happens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated whether the presence of oral pathogens of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia individually, play a role in the failure of bone formation by determining the expression profiles of Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β/Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) and Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) pathways in challenged osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia challenged osteoblasts were determined by WST assay. Changes in osteoblast morphology and inhibition of mineralization were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Von Kossa staining, respectively. Expression of TGF-β and TLR pathway genes on challenged cells were identified by RT profiler array. Both P. gingivalis and P. intermedia challenges resulted in reduced viability and mineralization of osteoblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viability was reduced to 56.8% (P. gingivalis) and 52.75% (P. intermedia) at 1000 multiplicity. Amongst 48 genes examined, expressions of BMPER, SMAD1, IL8 and NFRKB were found to be highly upregulated by both bacterial challenges (Fold Change > 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P. gingivalis and P. intermedia could play a role in implant failure by changing the expression profiles of genes related to bone formation and resorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kubra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Yesim
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Ekinci
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korachi
keywords: Bone Formation; Osseointegration; Receptors Transforming Growth Factor; Receptors, Toll Like