title: Novel uses of fluorescent proteins.
abstract: The field of genetically encoded fluorescent probes is developing rapidly. New chromophore structures were characterized in proteins of green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. A number of red fluorescent sensors, for example, for pH, Ca(2+) and H2O2, were engineered for multiparameter imaging. Progress in development of microscopy hardware and software together with specially designed FPs pushed superresolution fluorescence microscopy towards fast live-cell imaging. Deeper understanding of FPs structure and photophysics led to further development of imaging techniques. In addition to commonly used GFP-like proteins, unrelated types of FPs on the base of flavin-binding domains, bilirubin-binding domains or biliverdin-binding domains were designed. Their distinct biochemical and photophysical properties opened previously unexplored niches of FP uses such as labeling under anaerobic conditions, deep tissue imaging and even patients' blood analysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mishin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Vsevolod V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Belousov
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: Kyril M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Solntsev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Electronic address: kluk@ibch.ru.
authors.forename: Konstantin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lukyanov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008958:Models, Molecular; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011485:Protein Binding; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein