title: Medication overuse and chronic migraine: a critical review according to clinical pharmacology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic migraine is often complicated by medication-overuse headache (MOH), a headache due to excessive intake of acute medications. Chronic migraine and MOH are serious and disabling disorders. Since chronic migraine derives from the progression of originally episodic migraine, the fundamental therapeutic strategy is prevention. This narrative review describes how to try to prevent the development of MOH and how to manage it once it has appeared.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed database search (from 1988 to January 2015) and a review of published studies on chronic migraine and MOH were conducted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of progress in migraine treatment, the prevalence of chronic headaches and MOH has not changed in the course of time. Today, a large number of migraine patients have turned to numerous expert physicians and experienced all sorts of prophylactic treatments without decisive benefits. Their condition seems to have crystallized even more as chronic and intractable. This means that to prevent chronification and MOH, we need more effective drugs and better strategies to use them. In particular, we must detect disease biomarkers and predictive factors for drug response that allow for personalized treatment when migraine is still episodic and make analgesic overuse pointless.
authors.affiliation: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Headache and Drug Abuse Research Centre, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine , Via del Pozzo, 71 - 41124 Modena , Italy +39 05 9422 4064 ; +39 05 9422 4069 ; anna.ferrari@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baraldi
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sternieri
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D051271:Headache Disorders, Secondary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: chronic migraine; drug; headache; medication-overuse headache; migraine; prevention; prophylaxis; treatment