title: The effect of interventions aimed at improving participation outcomes for children with disabilities: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enhancement of participation has been described as the ultimate outcome for health and educational interventions. The goal of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise studies that aimed to improve the participation outcomes of children with disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine databases that index literature from the fields of health, psychology, and education were searched to retrieve information on research conducted with children with disabilities aged between 5 years and 18 years. Articles were included if the author(s) reported that participation was an intended outcome of the intervention. The articles included were limited to those reporting high-level primary research, as defined by Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council evidence hierarchy guidelines. No restrictions were placed on the type of intervention being investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven randomized controlled or pseudo-randomized studies were included. Only three of these studies identified participation as a primary outcome. Both individualized and group-based approaches to enhancing participation outcomes appeared to be effective. Studies of interventions with a primary focus on body function or activity level outcomes did not demonstrate an effect on participation outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few intervention studies have focused on participation as a primary outcome measure. Approaches using individually tailored education and mentoring programmes were found to enhance participation outcomes, while exercise programmes, where participation was a secondary outcome, generally demonstrated little effect.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Brooke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adair
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullenhag
authors.affiliation: Autism Centre of Excellence, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Deb
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keen
authors.affiliation: CHILD, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granlund
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imms
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D058992:Social Participation