title: Nomenclature proposal to describe vocal fold motion impairment.
abstract: The terms used to describe vocal fold motion impairment are confusing and not standardized. This results in a failure to communicate accurately and to major limitations of interpreting research studies involving vocal fold impairment. We propose standard nomenclature for reporting vocal fold impairment. Overarching terms of vocal fold immobility and hypomobility are rigorously defined. This includes assessment techniques and inclusion and exclusion criteria for determining vocal fold immobility and hypomobility. In addition, criteria for use of the following terms have been outlined in detail: vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold paresis, vocal fold immobility/hypomobility associated with mechanical impairment of the crico-arytenoid joint and vocal fold immobility/hypomobility related to laryngeal malignant disease. This represents the first rigorously defined vocal fold motion impairment nomenclature system. This provides detailed definitions to the terms vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold paresis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Voice Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Clark A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mau
authors.affiliation: Department of ORL-Head and Neck Surgery, Louvain University Hospital of Mont-Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remacle
authors.affiliation: Department of Voice, Speech and Hearing Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Abteilung Hals-, Nasen- u Ohrenkrankheiten, Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Eckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Voice Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: VyVy N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: First Department of ORL-HNS of University of Athens, Hippocrateion General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hantzakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. f.g.dikkers@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Frederik G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Dikkers
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D012015:Reference Standards; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D064706:Vocal Cord Dysfunction / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Nomenclature; Vocal fold motion; Vocal fold paralysis; Vocal fold paresis