title: Ancient DNA analysis of the oldest canid species from the Siberian Arctic and genetic contribution to the domestic dog.
abstract: Modern Arctic Siberia provides a wealth of resources for archaeological, geological, and paleontological research to investigate the population dynamics of faunal communities from the Pleistocene, particularly as the faunal material coming from permafrost has proven suitable for genetic studies. In order to examine the history of the Canid species in the Siberian Arctic, we carried out genetic analysis of fourteen canid remains from various sites, including the well-documented Upper Paleolithic Yana RHS and Early Holocene Zhokhov Island sites. Estimated age of samples range from as recent as 1,700 years before present (YBP) to at least 360,000 YBP for the remains of the extinct wolf, Canis cf. variabilis. In order to examine the genetic affinities of ancient Siberian canids species to the domestic dog and modern wolves, we obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and compared them to published ancient and modern canid sequences. The older canid specimens illustrate affinities with pre-domestic dog/wolf lineages while others appear in the major phylogenetic clades of domestic dogs. Our results suggest a European origin of domestic dog may not be conclusive and illustrates an emerging complexity of genetic contribution of regional wolf breeds to the modern Canis gene pool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America; Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: Esther J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: D Andrew
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Merriwether
authors.affiliation: Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexei K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kasparov
authors.affiliation: Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nikolskiy
authors.affiliation: Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Marina V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sotnikova
authors.affiliation: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena Yu
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Pavlova
authors.affiliation: Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Pitulko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D046028:Canidae / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs / Q000235:genetics; D005580:Fossils; D010802:Phylogeny; D012800:Siberia
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial