title: Evaluating the influence of National Research Council levels of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc using organic (Bioplex) minerals on resulting tissue mineral concentrations, metallothionein, and liver antioxidant enzymes in grower-finisher swine diets.
abstract: Graded levels of a trace mineral premix containing an organic (Bioplex) source of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was evaluated with additional treatments containing organic Zn or Fe. Grower-finisher pigs were fed from 25 to 115 kg BW. The number of pigs in the experiment, the breeding/genetics of the pigs, the management, and the average age of the pigs were previously reported. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in 7 replicates. Treatments were 1) basal diet without supplemental Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn; 2) basal diet + 2.5 mg/kg Cu, 50 mg/kg Fe, 1.5 mg/kg Mn, and 40 mg/kg Zn (50% NRC); 3) basal diet + 5 mg/kg Cu, 100 mg/kg Fe, 3 mg/kg Mn, and 80 mg/kg Zn (100% NRC); 4) basal diet + 25 mg Zn/kg; 5) basal diet + 50 mg Zn/kg; and 6) basal diet + 50 mg Fe/kg. Selenium and I were added to all diets at 0.3 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively. Diets were composed of corn-soybean meal, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone with phytase added to enhance mineral availability. Three pigs per pen were bled at 55, 80, and 115 kg BW and plasma was analyzed for microminerals. When the average replicate BW was 115 kg, 3 pigs per pen of an equal gender ratio were killed. The liver, kidney, and heart were removed and analyzed for microminerals. Liver, duodenum, and jejunal metallothionein and the antioxidant enzymes in the liver containing these microminerals were determined. The results demonstrated that plasma minerals were unaffected at the 3 BW intervals. Liver and duodenum metallothionein protein were greater ( < 0.05) as dietary micromineral levels increased but jejunum metallothionein did not change as microminerals increased. The activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected as the levels of the micromineral increased, whereas the activity of Mn SOD increased slightly ( < 0.05) to the 50% NRC treatment level. Liver Zn (relative and total) increased ( < 0.05) as dietary micromineral levels increased and also when Zn was added singly to the diet. Liver, kidney, and heart Cu and Mn concentrations were similar at the various micromineral levels. The activities of liver enzymes containing graded levels of Zn were not affected by dietary microminerals at 115 kg BW. These results indicate that the supplemental levels of Cu, Fe, and Mn were not necessary for grower-finisher pigs and that these innate microminerals in a corn-soybean meal diet were adequate, whereas a need for supplemental Zn was demonstrated.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Gowanlock
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mahan
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jolliff
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry; D009307:National Academy of Sciences, U.S.; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014481:United States; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D007501:Iron; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D015032:Zinc