title: Vehicular Traffic-Related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants, known human lung carcinogens, and potent mammary carcinogens in laboratory animals. However, the association between PAHs and breast cancer in women is unclear. Vehicular traffic is a major ambient source of PAH exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study aim was to evaluate the association between residential exposure to vehicular traffic and breast cancer incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residential histories of 1,508 participants with breast cancer (case participants) and 1,556 particpants with no breast cancer (control participants) were assessed in a population-based investigation conducted in 1996-1997. Traffic exposure estimates of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as a proxy for traffic-related PAHs, for the years 1960-1995 were reconstructed using a model previously shown to generate estimates consistent with measured soil PAHs, PAH-DNA adducts, and CO readings. Associations between vehicular traffic exposure estimates and breast cancer incidence were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds ratio (95% CI) was modestly elevated by 1.44 (0.78, 2.68) for the association between breast cancer and long-term 1960-1990 vehicular traffic estimates in the top 5%, compared with below the median. The association with recent 1995 traffic exposure was elevated by 1.14 (0.80, 1.64) for the top 5%, compared with below the median, which was stronger among women with low fruit/vegetable intake [1.46 (0.89, 2.40)], but not among those with high fruit/vegetable intake [0.92 (0.53, 1.60)]. Among the subset of women with information regarding traffic exposure and tumor hormone receptor subtype, the traffic-breast cancer association was higher for those with estrogen/progesterone-negative tumors [1.67 (0.91, 3.05) relative to control participants], but lower among all other tumor subtypes [0.80 (0.50, 1.27) compared with control participants].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our population-based study, we observed positive associations between vehicular traffic-related B[a]P exposure and breast cancer incidence among women with comparatively high long-term traffic B[a]P exposures, although effect estimates were imprecise.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mordukhovich I, Beyea J, Herring AH, Hatch M, Stellman SD, Teitelbaum SL, Richardson DB, Millikan RC, Engel LS, Shantakumar S, Steck SE, Neugut AI, Rossner P Jr., Santella RM, Gammon MD. 2016. Vehicular traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and breast cancer incidence: the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). Environ Health Perspect 124:30-38; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307736.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mordukhovich
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beyea
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stellman
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Millikan
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Sumitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shantakumar
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.forename: Alfred I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Neugut
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossner
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Santella
authors.forename: Marilie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gammon
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D018736:DNA Adducts; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; C095911:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-DNA adduct