title: Inflammatory and repair pathways induced in human bronchoalveolar lavage cells with ozone inhalation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of ambient levels of ozone causes airway inflammation and epithelial injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine the responses of airway cells to ozone-induced oxidative injury, 19 subjects (7 with asthma) were exposed to clean air (0ppb), medium (100ppb), and high (200ppb) ambient levels of ozone for 4h on three separate occasions in a climate-controlled chamber followed by bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 24h later. BAL cell mRNA expression was examined using Affymetrix GeneChip Microarray. The role of a differentially expressed gene (DEG) in epithelial injury was evaluated in an in vitro model of injury [16HBE14o- cell line scratch assay].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ozone exposure caused a dose-dependent up-regulation of several biologic pathways involved in inflammation and repair including chemokine and cytokine secretion, activity, and receptor binding; metalloproteinase and endopeptidase activity; adhesion, locomotion, and migration; and cell growth and tumorigenesis regulation. Asthmatic subjects had 1.7- to 3.8-fold higher expression of many DEGs suggestive of increased proinflammatory and matrix degradation and remodeling signals. The most highly up-regulated gene was osteopontin, the protein level of which in BAL fluid increased in a dose-dependent manner after ozone exposure. Asthmatic subjects had a disproportionate increase in non-polymerized osteopontin with increasing exposure to ozone. Treatment with polymeric, but not monomeric, osteopontin enhanced the migration of epithelial cells and wound closure in an α9β1 integrin-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression profiling of BAL cells after ozone exposure reveals potential regulatory genes and pathways activated by oxidative stress. One DEG, osteopontin, promotes epithelial wound healing in an in vitro model of injury.
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.affiliation: Human Exposure Laboratory, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hofer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tenney
authors.affiliation: Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stiner
authors.affiliation: Human Exposure Laboratory, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Balmes
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.
authors.forename: Agnès C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Paquet
authors.affiliation: San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Human Exposure Laboratory, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arjomandi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000389:Air Conditioning; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010126:Ozone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D053495:Osteopontin; D010126:Ozone