title: Perceived influence, decision-making and access to information in family services as factors of parental empowerment: a cross-sectional study of parents with young children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parental empowerment is known to increase parents' resources and to reduce stress, and therefore to improve family well-being. Professionals working in family services (child health clinics, school health care, day care, preschool and primary school) encounter families in various everyday settings and can significantly support parental empowerment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed (i) to identify associations between parental empowerment and demographic and family service characteristics (i.e. parents' participation and perceived influence, decision-making and access to information) and (ii) to identify predictors of maternal and paternal empowerment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study design was cross-sectional. Participants were mothers (n = 571) and fathers (n = 384) of children aged 0-9 who were selected by stratified random sampling in 2009. Associations were analysed by t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sufficient perceived influence and joint decision-making by family and professionals on family service appointments emerged as significant variables of increased parental empowerment. Access to adequate information about municipal services was also associated with high empowerment. These family service characteristics were associated with parents' sense that they were able to manage in everyday life and had influence on specific service situations and family services in general. Mothers with a child aged under 3 or a child in home care or primary school, and fathers with a lower education feel less empowered in family services than other parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about the factors associated with parental empowerment can contribute to further reinforce parental empowerment, help identify parents who need special attention and contribute to the development of family services.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, Finnish Post Graduate School in Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Maaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vuorenmaa
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halme
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Perälä
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaunonen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Åstedt-Kurki
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D011209:Power, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: child day care centres; child health services; empowerment; family; parents; primary school; school health services