title: Non-motor signs in Parkinson's disease: a review.
abstract: During the past decade the view of Parkinson's disease (PD) as a motor disorder has changed significantly and currently it is recognized as a multisystem process with diverse non-motor signs (NMS). In addition to been extremely common, these NMS play a major role in undermining functionality and quality of life. On the other hand, NMS are under recognized by physicians and neglected by patients. Here, we review the most common NMS in PD, including cognitive, psychiatric, sleep, metabolic, and sensory disturbances, discuss the current knowledge from biological, epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic standpoints, highlighting the need for early recognition and management.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Renato P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Distúrbios do Movimento, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.affiliation: Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silveira-Moriyama
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Distúrbios do Movimento, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helio A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Teive
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology