title: Impact of Decentralized Care and the Xpert MTB/RIF Test on Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Initiation in Khayelitsha, South Africa.
abstract: Background.  Globally, case detection and treatment access are poor for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). The Xpert MTB/RIF test has the potential to increase detection and reduce time to treatment (TTT). However, these benefits are dependent on health system capacity to provide treatment. Methods.  We retrospectively assessed the impact of Xpert on treatment initiation and TTT in the context of decentralized RR-TB care in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, using routine programmatic data. Community-based treatment was introduced progressively from 2008. Before 2007, diagnosis relied on phenotypic resistance (culture). During 2007-2008, the line probe assay (LPA) was introduced, followed by Xpert in 2012. Results.  Before decentralization (2003-2006), median TTT was 71 days (interquartile range [IQR], 49-134; n = 158). The LPA introduction during 2007-2008 was associated with reduced median TTT from 76 to 50 days (P < .0001, n = 257). Between January 2009 and June 2013, 938 RR-TB cases were diagnosed (74% human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-infected). Decentralization during 2008-2011 was associated with declining TTT (P < .0001, test for trend), a decline to 28 days in 2011 (IQR, 16-40; n = 173). Xpert was associated with a further reduction to 8 days in 2013 (IQR, 5-25; n = 89; P < .0001). Treatment initiation remained unchanged with Xpert and was lower among HIV-infected (2010-2013); 87.9% (445 of 506) compared with 96.9% (188 of 194) for HIV-uninfected (P < .0001) patients. Conclusions.  Improved case detection and rapid treatment initiation are required to interrupt transmission and reduce mortality. In this setting, decentralization was associated with high treatment initiation and reduced TTT. Xpert implementation significantly enhanced the reduction in TTT and has the potential to reduce transmission.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Johnny F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Odelia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine , University of Cape Town ; National Health Laboratory Service.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Cutsem
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Sizulu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.affiliation: City of Cape Town Health Department, Khayelitsha , South Africa.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
keywords: MDR-TB; RR-TB; Xpert; delay; treatment