title: Sodium in commonly consumed fast foods in New Zealand: a public health opportunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To determine the Na content of commonly consumed fast foods in New Zealand and (ii) to estimate Na intake from savoury fast foods for the New Zealand adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commonly consumed fast foods were identified from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Na values from all savoury fast foods from chain restaurants (n 471) were obtained from nutrition information on company websites, while the twelve most popular fast-food types from independent outlets (n 52) were determined using laboratory analysis. Results were compared with the UK Food Standards Agency 2012 sodium targets. Nutrient analysis was completed to estimate Na intake from savoury fast foods for the New Zealand population using the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults aged 15 years and above.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From chain restaurants, sauces/salad dressings and fried chicken had the highest Na content (per 100 g) and from independent outlets, sausage rolls, battered hotdogs and mince and cheese pies were highest in Na (per 100 g). The majority of fast foods exceeded the UK Food Standards Agency 2012 sodium targets. The mean daily Na intake from savoury fast foods was 283 mg/d for the total adult population and 1229 mg/d for fast-food consumers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking into account the Na content and frequency of consumption, potato dishes, filled rolls, hamburgers and battered fish contributed substantially to Na intake for fast-food consumers in New Zealand. These foods should be targeted for Na reduction reformulation.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Celia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Prentice
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Human Nutrition,University of Otago,PO Box 56, Dunedin,New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rachael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011634:Public Health; D012147:Restaurants; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Fast foods; New Zealand; Nutrition Survey; Salt; Sodium; Takeaway