title: The impact of nutrition labeling on menus: a naturalistic cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of a calorie label intervention on cafeteria menus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exit surveys were conducted in a university cafeteria. Participants were surveyed at baseline and one week after calorie labels were displayed. We assessed changes in noticing and use of nutrition information, the calorie content of food purchased, and estimated calorie consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention was associated with significant increases in noticing nutrition information (92.5% vs 39.6%; p < .001), and the use of nutrition information to guide food purchases (28.9% vs 8.8%; p < .001). The calorie content of foods purchased decreased after calorie labels were posted (B = -88.69, p = .013), as did the estimated amount of calories consumed (B = -95.20, p = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that displaying calorie amounts on menus can help reduce excess energy intake.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. dhammond@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;
authors.forename: Heather G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lillico
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanderlee
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada;
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D012147:Restaurants; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires