title: Resistant starches differentially stimulate Toll-like receptors and attenuate proinflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells by modulation of intestinal epithelial cells.
abstract: METHODS
  Main objectives of this study were (1) to demonstrate direct signaling of starch on human dendritic cells (DCs), (2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and (3) to study whether intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are involved in modulating the starch induced immune activation of DCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two different types of resistant starch, High-maize® 260 (RS2) and Novelose® 330 (RS3) were characterized for their starch content and particle size. Human DCs and reporter cells for TLRs were incubated with starches and analyzed for NF-kB/AP-1 activation. Complex coculture systems were applied to study the cross-talk. High-maize® 260 predominantly binds to TLR2 while Novelose® 330 binds to TLR2 and TLR5. The strong immune-stimulating effects of High-maize® 260 were attenuated by starch-exposed IECs illustrating the regulatory function of IECs. Despite these attenuating effects, DCs kept producing Th1 cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistant starch possesses direct signaling capacity on human DCs in a starch-type-dependent manner. IECs regulate these responses. High-maize® 260 skews toward a more regulatory phenotype in coculture systems of DCs, IEC, and T cells.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bermudez-Brito
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijke M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Faas
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Vos
mesh_terms: D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; C495346:TLR5 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D013213:Starch
keywords: Dendritic cells; Epithelial cells; High-maize® 260; Novelose® 330; Toll-like receptors