title: Non-operative management of blunt hepatic trauma: Does angioembolization have a major impact?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A paradigm shift toward non-operative management (NOM) of blunt hepatic trauma has occurred. With advances in percutaneous interventions, even severe liver injuries are being managed non-operatively. However, although overall mortality is decreased with NOM, liver-related morbidity remains high. This study was undertaken to explore the morbidity and mortality of blunt hepatic trauma in the era of angioembolization (AE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort of trauma patients with blunt hepatic injury who were assessed at our centre between 1999 and 2011 were identified. Logistic regression was undertaken to identify factors increasing the likelihood of operative management (OM) and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 396 patients with a mean ISS of 33 (± 14). Sixty-two (18%) patients had severe liver injuries (≥ AAST grade IV). OM occurred in 109 (27%) patients. Logistic regression revealed high ISS (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.10), and lower systolic blood pressure on arrival (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.99) to be associated with OM. The overall mortality was 17%. Older patients (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.03-1.07), those with high ISS (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.08-1.14) and those requiring OM (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.47-5.69) were more likely to die. Liver-related morbidities occurred in equal frequency in the OM (23%) and AE (29%) groups (p = 0.32). Only 3% of those with NOM experienced morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients with blunt hepatic trauma can be successfully managed non-operatively. Morbidity associated with NOM was low. Patients requiring AE had morbidity similar to OM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, kab433@mail.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bertens
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Alejandro
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*