title: Genomic resistance island AGI1 carrying a complex class 1 integron in a multiply antibiotic-resistant ST25 Acinetobacter baumannii isolate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to locate the antibiotic resistance determinants in the multiply antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate D4.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genome was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq and assembled de novo using Velvet. PCR was used to link the relevant contigs and fill the gaps. Sequences were compared with ones in GenBank and annotated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sporadic A. baumannii isolate D4, recovered in Sydney in 2006 from a wound, was multiply antibiotic resistant. D4 is ST25 (Institut Pasteur scheme) and exhibited resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, as well as resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin and tobramycin) and further older antibiotics, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, spectinomycin and trimethoprim. The gyrA gene has a mutation consistent with nalidixic acid resistance. The bla PER conferring cephalosporin resistance, together with the aadB, aadA13/2, aadA2, strAB and sul1 resistance genes, are located within a 29 173 bp complex class 1 integron that includes three copies of intI1, three cassette arrays and two copies of the 3'-conserved segment. This integron is adjacent to the resG gene of an integrative genomic resistance island, AGI1 (Acinetobacter genomic island 1), with a backbone related to that of islands in the SGI1, SGI2 and PGI1 families. AGI1 is located at the 3'-end of the chromosomal trmE (formerly thdF) gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AGI1 represents a new lineage of genomic resistance islands that belongs in the same broad group as members of the SGI1, SGI2 and PGI1 families. Genes conferring resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and sulphonamides are located in a complex class 1 integron within AGI1.
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamidian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ruth.hall@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D023061:Gene Order; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D044404:Genomic Islands; D032023:Integrons; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: A. baumannii; Acinetobacter genomic island 1; antibiotic resistance