title: In vivo study for the discrimination of cancerous and normal skin using fibre probe-based Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy has proved its capability as an objective, non-invasive tool for the detection of various melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in a number of studies. Most publications are based on a Raman microspectroscopic ex vivo approach. In this in vivo clinical evaluation, we apply Raman spectroscopy using a fibre-coupled probe that allows access to a multitude of affected body sites. The probe design is optimized for epithelial sensitivity, whereby a large part of the detected signal originates from within the epidermal layer's depth down to the basal membrane where early stages of skin cancer develop. Data analysis was performed on measurements of 104 subjects scheduled for excision of lesions suspected of being malignant melanoma (MM) (n = 36), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (n = 39) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 29). NMSC were discriminated from normal skin with a balanced accuracy of 73% (BCC) and 85% (SCC) using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Discriminating MM and pigmented nevi (PN) resulted in a balanced accuracy of 91%. These results lie within the range of comparable in vivo studies and the accuracies achieved by trained dermatologists using dermoscopy. Discrimination proved to be unsuccessful between cancerous lesions and suspicious lesions that had been histopathologically verified as benign by dermoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin (LMTB), Berlin, Germany.|Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schleusener
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gluszczynska
authors.affiliation: Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin (LMTB), Berlin, Germany.|Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reble
authors.affiliation: Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin (LMTB), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gersonde
authors.affiliation: Laser- und Medizin-Technologie Berlin (LMTB), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helfmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fluhr
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lademann
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Röwert-Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patzelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Martina C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Meinke
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008545:Melanoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009508:Nevus, Pigmented / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055100:Optical Fibers; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; fibre probe; in vivo; optical diagnosis; skin cancer