title: Dutch Multidisciplinary Guideline for Invasive Treatment of Pain Syndromes of the Lumbosacral Spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When conservative therapies such as pain medication or exercise therapy fail, invasive treatment may be indicated for patients with lumbosacral spinal pain. The Dutch Society of Anesthesiologists, in collaboration with the Dutch Orthopedic Association and the Dutch Neurosurgical Society, has taken the initiative to develop the guideline "Spinal low back pain," which describes the evidence regarding diagnostics and invasive treatment of the most common spinal low back pain syndromes, that is, facet joint pain, sacroiliac joint pain, coccygodynia, pain originating from the intervertebral disk, and failed back surgery syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the guideline is to determine which invasive treatment intervention is preferred for each included pain syndrome when conservative treatment has failed. Diagnostic studies were evaluated using the EBRO criteria, and studies on therapies were evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. For the evaluation of invasive treatment options, the guideline committee decided that the outcome measures of pain, function, and quality of life were most important.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The definition, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanism, diagnostics, and recommendations for invasive therapy for each of the spinal back pain syndromes are reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The guideline committee concluded that the categorization of low back pain into merely specific or nonspecific gives insufficient insight into the low back pain problem and does not adequately reflect which therapy is effective for the underlying disorder of a pain syndrome. Based on the guideline "Spinal low back pain," facet joint pain, pain of the sacroiliac joint, and disk pain will be part of a planned nationwide cost-effectiveness study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Health Insurance Company VGZ Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Itz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Nedspine Ede and Bergman Clinics Naarden, Ede and Naarden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zeilstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Centre of Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Huygen
mesh_terms: D055111:Failed Back Surgery Syndrome / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D009426:Netherlands; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000592:standards*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: dorsal root; epidural; evidence-based medicine; facet joint; guidelines; low back pain; mechanical; multidisciplinary pain centers; radiofrequency ablation; spinal cord stimulation