title: Krokodile Injectors in Ukraine: Fueling the HIV Epidemic?
abstract: This study was designed to assess the characteristics of krokodile injectors, a recent phenomenon in Ukraine, and HIV-related risk factors among people who inject drugs (PWID). In three Ukraine cities, Odessa, Donetsk and Nikolayev, 550 PWID were recruited between December 2012 and October 2013 using modified targeted sampling methods. The sample averaged 31 years of age and they had been injecting for over 12 years. Overall, 39 % tested positive for HIV, including 45 % of krokodile injectors. In the past 30 days, 25 % reported injecting krokodile. Those who injected krokodile injected more frequently (p < 0.001) and they injected more often with others (p = 0.005). Despite knowing their HIV status to be positive, krokodile users did not reduce their injection frequency, indeed, they injected as much as 85 % (p = 0.016) more frequently than those who did not know their HIV status or thought they were negative. This behavior was not seen in non-krokodile using PWID. Although only a small sample of knowledgeable HIV positive krokodile users was available (N = 12), this suggests that krokodile users may disregard their HIV status more so than nonkrokodile users. In spite of widespread knowledge of its harmful physical consequences, a growing number of PWID are turning to injecting krokodile in Ukraine. Given the recency of krokodile use the country, the associated higher frequency of injecting, a propensity to inject more often with others, and what could be a unique level of disregard of HIV among krokodile users, HIV incidence could increase in future years.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA. Robert.Booth@UCHSC.edu.|Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Project Safe 1557 Ogden Street, Denver, CO, 80218, USA. Robert.Booth@UCHSC.edu.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.affiliation: Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kiev, 01001, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lisovska
authors.affiliation: Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kiev, 01001, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dvoryak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002947:Cities; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; C000599494:desomorphine; D003061:Codeine
keywords: Krokodile; People who inject drugs; Ukraine