title: Urothelial carcinoma: Recurrence and risk factors.
abstract: Urothelial carcinomas are malignant tumors that arise from the urothelial epithelium and may involve the lower and upper urinary tract. They are characterized by multiple, multifocal recurrences throughout the genitourinary tract. Bladder tumors account for 90-95% of urothelial carcinomas and are the most common malignancies of the urinary tract. Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) are relatively rare, accounting for 5% of urothelial tumors. The incidence of subsequent bladder cancer after surgical treatment for UTUC is approximately 15-50%. In contrast, patients with a primary tumor of the bladder have a low risk (2-6%) the development of UTUC. Identification of prognostic factors and early detection of recurrent disease provide a better strategy for postoperative monitoring, surveillance, and potentially improve patient outcomes. In this review study we discuss the main risk factors for UTUC recurrence after radical cystectomy, and risk factors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Urology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Bogomir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Milojevic
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dzamic
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kajmakovic
authors.forename: Dragica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milenkovic Petronic
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sipetic Grujicic
mesh_terms: D015653:Cystectomy; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery