title: Age-dependent factors affecting thoracic response: a finite element study focused on Japanese elderly occupants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ultimate goal of this research is to reduce thoracic injuries due to traffic crashes, especially in the elderly. The specific objective is to develop and validate a full-body finite element model under 2 distinct settings that account for factors relevant for thoracic fragility of elderly: one setting representative of an average size male and one representative of an average size Japanese elderly male.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new thorax finite element model was developed from medical images of a 71-year-old average Japanese male elderly size (161cm, 60 kg) postmortem human subject (PMHS). The model was validated at component and assembled levels against original series of published test data obtained from the same elderly specimen. The model was completed with extremities and head of a model previously developed. The rib cage and the thoracic flesh materials were assigned age-dependent properties and the model geometry was scaled up to simulate a 50th percentile male. Thereafter, the model was validated against existing biomechanical data for younger and elderly subjects, including hub-to-thorax impacts and frontal impact sled PMHS test data. Finally, a parametric study was conducted with the new models to understand the effect of size and aging factors on thoracic response and risk of rib fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model behaved in agreement with tabletop test experiments in intact, denuded, and eviscerated tissue conditions. In frontal impact sled conditions, the model showed good 3-dimensional head and spine kinematics, as well as rib cage multipoint deflections. When properties representative of an aging person were simulated, both the rib cage deformation and the predicted number of rib fractures increased. The effects of age factors such as rib cortical thickness, mechanical properties, and failure thresholds on the model responses were consistent with the literature. Aged and thereby softened flesh reduced load transfer between ribs; the coupling of the rib cage was reduced. Aged costal cartilage increased the severity of the diagonal belt loading sustained by the lower loaded rib cage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When age-specific parameters were implemented in a finite element (FE) model of the thorax, the rib cage kinematics and thorax injury risk increased. When the effect of size was isolated, 2 factors, in addition to rib material properties, were found to be important: flesh and costal cartilage properties. These 2 were identified to affect rib cage deformation mechanisms and may potentially increase the risk of rib fractures.
authors.affiliation: a Japan Automobile Research Institute , Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Jacobo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antona-Makoshi
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Fusako
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejima
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dokko
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasuki
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000209:etiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: chest injury; elderly; front impact; safety