title: Physicochemical factors and sources of particulate matter at residential urban environment in Kuala Lumpur.
abstract: Long-term measurements (2004-2011) of PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) and trace gases (carbon monoxide [CO], ozone [O₃], nitrogen oxide [NO], oxides of nitrogen [NO(x)], nitrogen dioxide [NO₂], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], methane [CH₄], nonmethane hydrocarbon [NMHC]) have been conducted to study the effect of physicochemical factors on the PM10 concentration. In addition, this study includes source apportionment of PM10 in Kuala Lumpur urban environment. An advanced principal component analysis (PCA) technique coupled with absolute principal component scores (APCS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) has been applied. The average annual concentration of PM10 for 8 yr is 51.3 ± 25.8 μg m⁻³, which exceeds the Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guideline (RMAQG) and international guideline values. Detail analysis shows the dependency of PM10 on the linear changes of the motor vehicles in use and the amount of biomass burning, particularly from Sumatra, Indonesia, during southwesterly monsoon. The main sources of PM10 identified by PCA-APCS-MLR are traffic combustion (28%), ozone coupled with meteorological factors (20%), and wind-blown particles (1%). However, the apportionment procedure left 28.0 μg m⁻³, that is, 51% of PM10 undetermined.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Firoz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohd Talib
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.forename: Liew
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Juneng
authors.forename: Norhaniza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amil
authors.forename: Mohd Shahrul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mohd Nadzir
authors.forename: Hossain Mohammed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Syedul Hoque
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D052638:Particulate Matter