title: Genetic Characterization of H1N1 and H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Ontario Pigs in 2012.
abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize H1N1 and H1N2 influenza A virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in Ontario (Canada) in 2012. Six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. In five H1N1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (A(H1N1)pdm09). One H1N2 isolate had hemagglutinin (HA), polymerase A (PA) and non-structural (NS) genes closely related to A(H1N1)pdm09, and neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), polymerase B1 (PB1), polymerase B2 (PB2), and nucleoprotein (NP) genes originating from a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus (tr H3N2). The HA gene of five Ontario H1 isolates exhibited high identity of 99% with the human A(H1N1)pdm09 [A/Mexico/InDRE4487/09] from Mexico, while one Ontario H1N1 isolate had only 96.9% identity with this Mexican virus. Each of the five Ontario H1N1 viruses had between one and four amino acid (aa) changes within five antigenic sites, while one Ontario H1N2 virus had two aa changes within two antigenic sites. Such aa changes in antigenic sites could have an effect on antibody recognition and ultimately have implications for immunization practices. According to aa sequence analysis of the M2 protein, Ontario H1N1 and H1N2 viruses can be expected to offer resistance to adamantane derivatives, but not to neuraminidase inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grgić
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Friendship
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Susy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Zvonimir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Poljak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D057221:Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics; D009864:Ontario; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D009439:Neuraminidase