title: Efficacy of personalized normative feedback as a brief intervention for college student gambling: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Social influences on gambling among adolescents and adults have been well documented and may be particularly evident among college students, who have higher rates of problem and pathological gambling relative to the general population. Personalized normative feedback (PNF) is a brief intervention designed to correct misperceptions regarding the prevalence of problematic behavior by showing individuals engaging in such behaviors that their own behavior is atypical with respect to actual norms. The current randomized controlled trial evaluated a computer-delivered PNF intervention for problem gambling college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a baseline assessment, 252 college student gamblers scoring 2+ on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) were randomly assigned to receive PNF or attention-control feedback. Follow-up assessments were completed 3 and 6 months postintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated significant intervention effects in reducing perceived norms for quantities lost and won, and in reducing actual quantity lost and gambling problems at the 3-month follow-up. All intervention effects except reduced gambling problems remained at the 6-month follow-up. Mediation results indicated that changes in perceived norms at 3 months mediated the intervention effects. Further, the intervention effects were moderated by self-identification with other student gamblers, suggesting that PNF worked better at reducing gambling for those who more strongly identified with other student gamblers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the use of PNF as a stand-alone brief intervention for at-risk gambling students. Extending this approach more broadly may provide an accessible, empirically supported gambling prevention option for universities and related institutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neighbors
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Lindsey M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Dipali V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Rinker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lamar University.
authors.forename: Rubi G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake.
authors.forename: Maigen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agana
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tackett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University.
authors.forename: Dawn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012933:Social Identification; D066262:Social Norms; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult