title: Implicit and explicit self-related processing in relation to insight in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-related processing (SRP) has been associated with clinical and cognitive insight. We investigated the relationship between implicit SRP (ISRP) and explicit SRP (ESRP) and insight. We first hypothesised that impaired insight is associated with the extent to which implicit feedback is incorporated in the self-image and subsequently influences behaviour. Second, we hypothesised that impaired insight is related to the way patients handle explicit feedback and use it to guide subsequent behaviour, therefore we expected to find a positive relationship between level of insight and the explicit self-related processing task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four schizophrenia patients and 23 healthy controls participated in the study. Patients were assessed with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight-Expanded and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. ISRP was measured using a working memory two-back priming task. ESRP was measured with an adapted version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task where patients received explicit feedback on their performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive insight, but not clinical insight, was positively associated with ISRP after implicit positive cues. Both clinical and cognitive insight were positively associated with the ability to adjust performance upon receiving explicit feedback, though cognitive insight was more strongly associated with overall task performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Priming with positive cues improved performance on a working memory task in patients with good cognitive insight, but worsened performance in patients with impaired cognitive insight. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the ability to adequately use feedback may be a specific capacity that is related to insight.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychotic Disorders , GGZ Drenthe , Assen , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annerieke E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Gerdina H M
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Pijnenborg
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Meer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012649:Self Concept
keywords: insight; metacognition; schizophrenia; self-related processing