title: Neonatal Infant Pain Scale: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), initially developed in Canada, has been previously used but not adequately adapted and validated for use in Brazil.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and clinical validation of the NIPS for use in the Brazilian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument was adapted based on the method outlined by Beaton et al., including the production and combination of translated versions, back-translation, committee review, and pilot testing. The psychometric properties of the adapted instrument, including its validity, reliability, and internal consistency, were tested in a clinical validation study. The sample comprised 60 at-term newborns who were evaluated by six nurses as they experienced vaccination. Psychometric properties were evaluated using Student's t-tests, prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa scores, the Bland-Altman method, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Brazilian version of the NIPS (Escala de Dor no Recém-Nascido [NIPS-Brazil]) demonstrated excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Total NIPS-Brazil scores yielded prevalence-adjusted and bias-adjusted kappa scores of 0.93, whereas the Bland-Altman method revealed interobserver and intraobserver reliability values of 95% and 90%, respectively. The NIPS-Brazil had adequate internal consistency, as evidenced by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.762.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NIPS was successfully adapted for use in Brazil and is now available for use in the assessment of acute pain in at-term newborns in Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: giordanamotta@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Giordana de Cássia Pinheiro da
authors.initials: Gde C
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.affiliation: University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Machado
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schardosim
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Luzia Chollopetz da
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cunha
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002170:Canada; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017283:Neonatal Nursing / Q000379:methods; D009726:Nurses; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014177:Translations
keywords: Pain; neonates; pain assessment; translation; validation studies