title: Oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and apoptosis in developmental toxicity.
abstract: Physiological development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of cellular and molecular processes. Disruption of these key events can generate developmental toxicity in the form of teratogenesis or mortality. The mechanism behind many developmental toxicants remains unknown. While recent work has focused on the unfolded protein response (UPR), oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of disease, few studies have addressed their relationship in developmental toxicity. Redox regulation, UPR, and apoptosis are essential for physiological development and can be disturbed by a variety of endogenous and exogenous toxicants to generate lethality and diverse malformations. This review examines the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress, UPR, and apoptosis in physiological development as well as in developmental toxicity, focusing on studies and advances in vertebrates model systems.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kupsco
authors.affiliation: Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlenk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D064793:Teratogenesis; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
keywords: Apoptosis; Developmental toxicity; ER stress; Oxidative stress; Teratogenesis; Unfolded protein response