title: Effects of chymostatin, a chymase inhibitor, on blood pressure, plasma and tissue angiotensin II, renal haemodynamics and renal excretion in two models of hypertension in the rat.
abstract: What is the central question of this study? We examined, in hypertensive rats, whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme-independent enzymes generating angiotensin II in the tissues modulate blood pressure, peripheral circulation and renal function. What is the main finding and its importance? The results suggest that chymostatin-sensitive enzymes diminish vascular tone in renal and extrarenal vascular beds. Chymase or similar chymostatin-sensitive enzymes have a significant role in the synthesis of angiotensin II in different tissues but do not control blood pressure in the short term, similarly in salt-dependent or Goldblatt-type rat hypertension. In salt-dependent hypertension, chymase blockade protected renal outer medullary perfusion, probably by reducing the angiotensin II content in the kidney. Chymase is presumed to be a crucial enzyme of the non-angiotensin-converting enzyme pathway of angiotensin II (Ang II) generation in tissues, a process involved in vascular remodelling and development of hypertension. We examined the role of chymase in hypertension induced by exposure of uninephrectomized rats to high dietary salt intake (UNX HS) and in the Goldblatt renal artery stenosis (two-kidney, one-clip) model. In acute experiments with anaesthetized rats of either model, chymostatin at 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1) or 0.05% DMSO solvent was infused i.v. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, iliac blood flow (a measure of hindlimb perfusion), total renal blood flow and intrarenal regional perfusion (laser-Doppler technique) were measured continuously, along with the glomerular filtration rate and renal excretion. In both models, chymase blockade distinctly decreased plasma and tissue Ang II without lowering mean blood pressure or consistently altering the other functional parameters measured. Unexpectedly, in Goldblatt hypertensive rats the blockade increased the renal and hindlimb vascular resistances by 51 and 33%, respectively (P < 0.05). In UNX HS hypertensive rats, chymase blockade abolished the solvent-induced decrease in outer medullary blood flow. We conclude that chymase or similar chymostatin-sensitive enzyme(s) has a significant role in the synthesis of Ang II in different tissues but does not participate in short-term control of blood pressure in salt-dependent or Goldblatt-type rat hypertension. In the Goldblatt model, chymase appeared to reduce the renal and hindlimb vascular resistances by an unknown mechanism. In salt-dependent hypertension, chymase blockade protected renal outer medullary perfusion, probably by reducing Ang II content in the kidney.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Malwina Monika
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Roszkowska-Chojecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gawryś
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baranowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalisz
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Litwiniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kompanowska-Jezierska
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D053818:Chymases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D065667:Renal Elimination / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D000804:Angiotensin II; C002101:chymostatin; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; D053818:Chymases