title: Risk factors for new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM) after liver transplantation by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We electronically searched the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from January 1980 to December 2013 to identify relevant studies reporting risk factors for NODM after liver transplantation. Two authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion and extracted the data. Discrepancies were resolved in consultation with a third reviewer. All statistical analyses were performed with the RevMan5.0 software (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, United Kingdom). Pooled odds ratios (OR) or weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using either a fixed effects or a random effects model, based on the presence (I (2) < 50%) or absence (I (2) > 50%) of significant heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty studies with 4580 patients were included in the meta-analysis, all of which were retrospective. The meta-analysis identified the following significant risk factors: hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OR = 2.68; 95%CI: 1.92-3.72); a family history of diabetes (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.09-2.63, P < 0.00001); male gender (OR = 1.53; 95%CI: 1.24-1.90; P < 0.0001); impaired fasting glucose (IFG; OR = 3.27; 95%CI: 1.84-5.81; P < 0.0001); a family history of diabetes (OR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.09-2.63; P = 0.02); use of tacrolimus (OR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.03-1.76; P = 0.03) and body mass index (BMI)(WMD = 1.19, 95%CI: 0.69-1.68, P < 0.00001). Other factors, such as hepatitis B virus infection and alcoholism, were not found to be associated with the incidence of NODM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that HCV infection, IFG, a family history of diabetes, male gender, tacrolimus and BMI are risk factors for NODM after liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Tian-Fei
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Juan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Jian
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Da-Wei Li, Tian-Fei Lu, Xiang-Wei Hua, Hui-Juan Dai, Xiao-Lan Cui, Jian-Jian Zhang, Qiang Xia, Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Hepatitis C virus; Liver transplantation; Meta-analysis; Risk factor