title: Using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System to Evaluate Psychosocial Functioning among Children with Craniofacial Anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with craniofacial anomalies are at risk for social exclusion, bullying, and psychological symptoms, all of which are associated with poor developmental and health outcomes. The National Institutes of Health-developed Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments may be useful tools for monitoring psychosocial functioning in clinical settings and for integrating patient and parent perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study included 74 children (50 percent male) with craniofacial anomalies recruited through a multidisciplinary clinic. The authors obtained child self-report and parent-proxy ratings of depression, anxiety, and peer relationship quality using National Institutes of Health Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments. The authors compared sample means to Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments norms and analyzed the reliability of parents' and children's reporting of psychosocial variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All reliability statistics were satisfactory (α values ranging from 0.74 to 0.96) and sample standard deviations were similar to those obtained in a general population, suggesting that Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments are reliable among children with craniofacial anomalies. In general, children and parents did not report unusual levels of psychological distress; however, they did report poorer peer relationship quality relative to normed data, a trend that was particularly pronounced among boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  National Institutes of Health Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments are efficient and accurate tools for monitoring psychosocial adjustment among children with craniofacial anomalies. It may be especially important to monitor social functioning, particularly among boys.
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, Mich. From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and the Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System.
authors.forename: Danielle N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waljee
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buchman
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warschausky
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010379:Peer Group; D011584:Psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014481:United States