title: Influence of rheumatoid arthritis-related morning stiffness on productivity at work: results from a survey in 11 European countries.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of morning stiffness on productivity at work and to estimate the work-related economic consequences of morning stiffness among patients with RA-related morning stiffness in 11 European countries. The original sample comprised 1061 RA patients from 11 European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and UK). They had been diagnosed with RA and experience morning stiffness three or more times per week. Data were collected by interviews. Women comprised 77.9 % of the sample, the average age was 50.4 years, and 84.3 % had RA diagnosed for more than 2 years. Overall costs of RA-related morning stiffness was calculated to be 27,712€ per patient per year, varying from 4965€ in Spain to 66,706€ in Norway. On average, 96 % of the overall production losses were attributed to early retirement, with a markedly lower level (77 %) in Italy than in other countries (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients who reported retirement due to morning stiffness and productivity losses due to late work arrivals and working while sick showed considerable variation across the countries represented in the study. Overall, the average annual cost of late arrivals (0.8 % of the total costs) was approximately half of the costs attributed to sick leave (1.7 %) and working while sick (1.5 %). Morning stiffness due to RA causes significant production losses and is a significant cost burden throughout Europe. There seem to be notable differences in the impact of morning stiffness on productivity between European countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. kamatt@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Kalle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.affiliation: Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttgereit
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Primary Health Care Unit, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuominen
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation
keywords: Early retirement; Indirect costs; Morning stiffness; Production loss; Rheumatoid arthritis