title: Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Cyanidins in Black Raspberry as Candidates for Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Murine Macrophages.
abstract: The extracts produced by multisolvent extraction and subfractionation with preparative liquid chromatography of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) cultivated in Gochang, South Korea, were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects. The metabolomic profiling and analysis by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OLPS-DA) suggested that cyanidin, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R) were key components for the anti-inflammatory responses in the most active fraction BF3-1, where they were present at 0.44, 1.26, and 0.56 μg/mg of BF3-1, respectively. Both BF3-1 and mixture of these cyanidins at the same ratio reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced protein level of iNOS expression and suppressed mRNA and protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β through inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and STAT3 in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Overall, the results suggested that co-administration of cyanidin, C3G, and C3R is more effective than that of cyanidin alone and that the coexistence of these anthocyanin components in black raspberry plays a vital role in regulating LPS-induced inflammation even at submicromolar concentrations, making it possible to explain the health beneficial activity of its extracts.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seulgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sugyeong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Woo
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: ‡College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Kyoon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: †Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, South Korea.
authors.forename: Joong-Hyuck
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Auh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D056910:Republic of Korea; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; C017154:cyanidin
keywords: black raspberry; cyanidin; cyanidin-3-glucoside; cyanidin-3-rutinoside; metabolomic profiling