title: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Venom Reinforces Viral Clearance during the Early Stage of Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus through the Up-Regulation of Th1-Specific Immune Responses.
abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a chronic and immunosuppressive viral disease that is responsible for substantial economic losses for the swine industry. Honeybee venom (HBV) is known to possess several beneficial biological properties, particularly, immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effects of HBV on the immune response and viral clearance during the early stage of infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs. HBV was administered via three routes of nasal, neck, and rectal and then the pigs were inoculated with PRRSV intranasally. The CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio and levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-12 were significantly increased in the HBV-administered healthy pigs via nasal and rectal administration. In experimentally PRRSV-challenged pigs with virus, the viral genome load in the serum, lung, bronchial lymph nodes and tonsil was significantly decreased, as was the severity of interstitial pneumonia, in the nasal and rectal administration group. Furthermore, the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) were significantly increased, along with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) with HBV administration. Thus, HBV administration-especially via the nasal or rectal route-could be a suitable strategy for immune enhancement and prevention of PRRSV infection in pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. dvmjina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jin-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. kyli75@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Yun-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea. muzekokomi@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Pung-Mi
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea. confessor@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jong-Woon
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Wissen Co., Ltd., #410 Bio Venture Town, 461-8, Daejeon 305-811, Korea. jkypark@live.co.kr.
authors.forename: Jin-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. ghsuh@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Guk-Hyun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Hwy 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA. skulljung@naver.com.
authors.forename: Bock-Gie
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. bjlee@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bong-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000818:Animals; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001514:Bee Venoms; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors
keywords: honeybee venom (HBV); immune enhancing effect; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); viral clearance effect