title: Childhood trauma and complex posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older adults: A study of direct effects and social-interpersonal factors as potential mediators.
abstract: Childhood traumatic events may lead to long-lasting psychological effects and contribute to the development of complex posttraumatic sequelae. These might be captured by the diagnostic concept of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) as an alternative to classic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CPTSD comprises a further set of symptoms in addition to those of PTSD, namely, changes in affect, self, and interpersonal relationships. Previous empirical research on CPTSD has focused on middle-aged adults but not on older adults. Moreover, predictor models of CPTSD are still rare. The current study investigated the association between traumatic events in childhood and complex posttraumatic stress symptoms in older adults. The mediation of this association by 2 social-interpersonal factors (social acknowledgment as a survivor and dysfunctional disclosure) was investigated. These 2 factors focus on the perception of acknowledgment by others and either the inability to disclose traumatic experiences or the ability to do so only with negative emotional reactions. A total of 116 older individuals (age range = 59-98 years) who had experienced childhood traumatic events completed standardized self-report questionnaires indexing childhood trauma, complex trauma sequelae, social acknowledgment, and dysfunctional disclosure of trauma. The results showed that traumatic events during childhood were associated with later posttraumatic stress symptoms but with classic rather than complex symptoms. Social acknowledgment and dysfunctional disclosure partially mediated this relationship. These findings suggest that childhood traumatic stress impacts individuals across the life span and may be associated with particular adverse psychopathological consequences.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|b Forensic-Psychiatric Services , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krammer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention and Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kleim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Keti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simmen-Janevska
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
mesh_terms: D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland
keywords: Trauma; complex posttraumatic stress disorder; life span; social-interpersonal factors