title: Evaluation of the Becton Dickinson Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests in Outpatients in Germany during Seven Influenza Seasons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An extensive retrospective study spanning several seasons was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the BD rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) in comparison with the RT-PCR assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,179 respiratory samples were tested in parallel by in-house RT-PCR and the RIDT. During the 2003-2004, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 (n=1671) seasons, the BD Directigen Flu A+B test was used, and during the 2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 (n=508) seasons, the BD Directigen EZ Flu A+B test b was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for the BD Directigen Flu A+B test calculated for types A and B together were 39%, 99%, 98%, and 56%, respectively. For the BD Directigen EZ Flu A+B test, these values were 47%, 100%, 100%, 55%, respectively. The sensitivity of the BD Directigen Flu A+B test did not differ significantly from season to season or between types A (44%) and B (37%). The sensitivity of the BD Directigen EZ Flu A+B test calculated for type A only was 59%, which was considerably higher than the sensitivity of this test for type B (23%). The sensitivity of the RIDT was approximately 40-50% in children and teenagers, but it was only 18.% in adults aged 20 years and older. The specificity of both RIDTs was very high (>99%) during all seasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to their rapid turnaround time, RIDTs can help guide decisions about the clinical management of influenza. Because of the high specificity, a positive result can be interpreted as a true positive, and antiviral therapy as well as appropriate measures to prevent the transmission of influenza can be initiated. The best sensitivity of the RIDT is achieved in children. However, even in this group, the RIDT will only recognize influenza infection in approximately half of the cases, and influenza should still be considered in patients with negative results; negative RIDT results must be confirmed by PCR.
authors.affiliation: Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and the Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology e.V., Stuttgart, Rosenbergstr. 85, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.affiliation: Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and the Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology e.V., Stuttgart, Rosenbergstr. 85, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.affiliation: Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and the Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology e.V., Stuttgart, Rosenbergstr. 85, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terletskaia-Ladwig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D010045:Outpatients; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012015:Reference Standards; D012621:Seasons; D055815:Young Adult