title: Metabolomic quality control of commercial Asian ginseng, and cultivated and wild American ginseng using (1)H NMR and multi-step PCA.
abstract: Ginseng, mainly Asian ginseng and American ginseng, is the most widely consumed herbal product in the world . However, the existing quality control method is not adequate: adulteration is often seen in the market. In this study, 31 batches of ginseng from Chinese stores were analyzed using (1)H NMR metabolite profiles together with multi-step principal component analysis. The most abundant metabolites, sugars, were excluded from the NMR spectra after the first principal component analysis, in order to reveal differences contributed by less abundant metabolites. For the first time, robust, distinctive and representative differences of Asian ginseng from American ginseng were found and the key metabolites responsible were identified as sucrose, glucose, arginine, choline, and 2-oxoglutarate and malate. Differences between wild and cultivated ginseng were identified as ginsenosides. A substitute cultivated American ginseng was noticed. These results demonstrated that the combination of (1)H NMR and PCA is effective in quality control of ginseng.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: huiying.zhao@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghebrezadik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hylands
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D004340:Drug Contamination; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000032:analysis*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008293:Malates / Q000737:chemistry; D055432:Metabolomics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011786:Quality Control; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids; D008293:Malates; D013395:Sucrose; C030298:malic acid; D001120:Arginine; D005947:Glucose; D002794:Choline
keywords: (1)H NMR; Metabolite profiling; Panax ginseng; Panax quinquefolius; Principal component analysis; Quality control