title: Flavor, relative palatability and components of cow's milk hydrolysed formulas and amino acid-based formula.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both extensively hydrolysed formulas (eHF) and amino acid-based formula (AAFs) have been demonstrated effective for the treatment of CMA. However, in clinical practice, parents complain that hydrolysates are rejected by children due to their bad taste. Flavor of hydrolysed formulas has been poorly investigated although it affects the acceptance of milk over all the other attributes. The aim of the present study was to understand the factors underlying the unpleasant flavor of hydrolysed 25 formulas and amino acid-based formula.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty trained panelists performed a randomized-double-blind test with different milks. The smell, texture, taste and aftertaste of each formula were evaluated on a scale ranging from -2 (worst) to 2 (best).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Formulas showed significant difference, as compared to cow's milk, in smell, texture, taste and aftertaste. Overall, whey eHFs were judged of better palatability than casein eHF and the AAFs (p < 0.05). Whey eHF showed significant differences among them for sensory attributes, especially for taste and aftertaste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that a broad range of flavor exists among the hydrolysed formulas. Further studies, adequately designed to investigate the relationship between milks' flavor and nutrient profile of hydrolysed formulas are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, II University of Naples, via De Crecchio 4, 80138, Napoli, Italy. michele.miraglia@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miraglia Del Giudice
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital-University of Milan, Via A di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy. dauria.e@email.it.
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: D'Auria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Policlinico Borgo, Roma, Verona, Italy. perodiego@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital-University of Milan, Via A di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy. samuele.palazzo@fastwebnet.it.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital-University of Milan, Via A di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy. giovanni.radaelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radaelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Policlinico Borgo, Roma, Verona, Italy. pasquale.comberiati@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comberiati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, II University of Naples, via De Crecchio 4, 80138, Napoli, Italy. galdofrancesca@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, II University of Naples, via De Crecchio 4, 80138, Napoli, Italy. nunziamaiello@libero.it.
authors.forename: Nunzia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital-University of Milan, Via A di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy. enrica.riva@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riva
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000032:analysis*; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates