title: Chemical removal of necrotic periodontal ligament on delayed replanted teeth by sodium hypochlorite: morphological analysis and microhardness indentation test of cementum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) used at different concentrations and working times for removing necrotic periodontal ligament (PDL) from delayed replanted teeth and to observe the effects of NaOCl on surface structure and microhardness of cementum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 88 healthy premolars with a single root extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected and kept dry at room temperature for 1 h. The teeth were divided into 11 groups: group 1 (control): roots were untreated; group 2: necrotic PDL was removed with gauze; groups 3-11: teeth were immersed in NaOCl at different concentrations (1, 2.5 and 5.25%) and for different working times (5, 10 and 15 min). The specimens in each group were inspected separately for cementum integrity and the presence of PDL remnants by histomorphometric analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Another 14 healthy premolars with roots divided into two pieces were selected for Vickers microhardness indentation tests before and after NaOCl treatment. The data were analysed statistically using Wilcoxon signed-rank test of two-related samples (P = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In teeth treated with 1% NaOCl for 15 min or 5.25% NaOCl for 5 min, the cementum remained morphologically intact without cracks, and PDL remnants were absent. In the 1% NaOCl for 15 min group, the microstructure of cementum was arranged more regularly, as observed ×8000 magnification by SEM. Teeth in each of the other groups displayed cementum damage and/or the presence of PDL remnants. Microhardness tests revealed that treatment with 1% NaOCl for 15 min or 5.25% NaOCl for 5 min significantly decreased microhardness of root cementum (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of either 1% NaOCl for 15 min or 5.25% NaOCl for 5 min was effective at removing necrotic PDL from the delayed replanted teeth whilst having a minimal influence on cementum integrity. However, 1% NaOCl for 15 min was less damaging to cementum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y-M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: M-W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: A-P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009336:Necrosis; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014090:Tooth Replantation
chemical_list: D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: cementum; microhardness; periodontal ligament; replanted tooth; scanning electron microscopy; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)