title: Urea and protein carbamylation in ESRD: surrogate markers or partners in crime?
abstract: Protein carbamylation may result from chronic exposure to elevated levels of urea in patients with chronic kidney disease. Carbamylation could cause conformational changes in proteins resulting in alterations in binding sites and disturbances in cellular functions. Elevated levels of carbamylated protein have been shown to be associated with increased risk of death from cardiac causes in patients with end-stage renal disease. The precise mechanism by which carbamylated proteins mediate toxicity in uremia needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Manuel T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramezani
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Raj
mesh_terms: D000069059:Atorvastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000069059:Atorvastatin