title: Damage control laparotomy and delayed pancreatoduodenectomy for complex combined pancreatoduodenal and venous injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This single-centre study evaluated the efficacy of damage control surgery and delayed pancreatoduodenectomy and reconstruction in patients who had combined severe pancreatic head and visceral venous injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively recorded data of patients who underwent an initial damage control laparotomy and a subsequent pancreatoduodenectomy for severe pancreatic injuries were evaluated to assess optimal operative sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 20-year study period, 312 patients were treated for pancreatic injuries of whom 14 underwent a pancreatoduodenectomy. Six (five men, one woman, median age 20, range 16-39 years) of the 14 patients were in extremis with exsanguinating venous bleeding and non-reconstructable AAST grade 5 pancreatoduodenal injuries and underwent a damage control laparotomy followed by delayed pancreatoduodenectomy and reconstruction when stable. During the initial DCS, the blood loss compared to the subsequent laparotomy and definitive procedure was 5456 ml, range 2318-7665 vs 1250 ml, range 850-3600 ml (p < 0.01). The mean total fluid administered in the operating room was 11,150 ml, range 8450-13,320 vs 6850 ml, range 3350-9020 ml (p < 0.01). The mean operating room time was 113 min, range 90-140 vs 335 min, range 260-395 min (p < 0.01). During the second laparotomy five patients had a pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy and one a standard Whipple resection. Four of the six patients survived. Two patients died in hospital, one of MOF and coagulopathy and the other of intra-abdominal sepsis and multi-organ failure. Median duration of intensive care was 6 days, (range 1-20 days) and median duration of hospital stay was 29 days, (range 1-94 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Damage control laparotomy and delayed secondary pancreatoduodenectomy is a live-saving procedure in the small cohort of patients who have dire pancreatic and vascular injuries. When used appropriately, the staged resection and reconstruction allows survival in a previously unsalvageable group of patients who have severe physiological derangement.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Gastroenterology, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. jej.krige@uct.ac.za.|HPB Surgical Unit, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. jej.krige@uct.ac.za.|Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. jej.krige@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Krige
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.|Trauma Centre, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Navsaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.|Trauma Centre, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nicol
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001810:Blood Volume; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013019:South Africa; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014680:Veins / Q000293:injuries*
keywords: Damage control laparotomy; Pancreatoduodenectomy; Trauma