title: Sources of variability in livestock water quality over 5 years in the Northern Great Plains.
abstract: Concentrated dissolved minerals in naturally occurring water accessible to livestock grazing semiarid landscapes can negatively influence animal productivity and well-being. Twelve indicators of water quality (Ca, Cl, Fe, F, Mg, Mn, Na, nitrate N, pH, SO4, total dissolved solids [TDS], and temperature) were measured at 45 livestock water sites over 5 yr from 2009 through 2013 at the 22,257-ha USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory (Miles City, MT) to estimate variation. Water was sampled from 4 sources: 1) flowing surface water, 2) groundwater, 3) reservoirs, and 4) springs. The sampled area was classified by 3 cardinal compass bearings (locations): 1) north, 2) southeast, and 3) southwest of the Yellowstone River. Samples were collected twice yearly in 2 seasons, May (wet) and September (dry). Year, location, source, and season and their interactions were analyzed as a 5 × 3 × 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A location × year interaction (P < 0.04) was found for Mg, Na, SO4, and TDS. The southwest location had the greatest concentrations in 2012 of Na, SO4, and TDS. A source × year interaction (P < 0.02) was found for Ca, Fe, F, Mg, Mn, Na, SO4, TDS, and temperature. Iron, Mg, and Mn had the greatest concentrations in flowing surface water in 2012. Greater and then lower precipitation in 2011 followed by below-average precipitation in 2012 was associated with elevated mineral concentrations in sources in the southwest location and flowing surface water sources demonstrating sources of water quality variability within time and space at the study site. Average concentrations of Ca, Cl, Mg, and nitrate N and pH levels across sources and locations did not exceed the upper maximum intake level for beef cattle. In contrast, concentrations of F, Fe, Na, SO4, and TDS at times exceeded the upper maximum level for beef cattle, indicating these minerals may negatively impact range beef cattle performance.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Muscha
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mulliniks
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rinella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D058751:Livestock; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D009009:Montana; D060985:Natural Springs / Q000737:chemistry; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014867:Water