title: Biomarkers of Coronary Artery Disease Differ Between Asians and Caucasians in the General Population.
abstract: Coronary artery disease (CAD) markers have not been thoroughly investigated among Asians. The incidence of CAD, however, is rising rapidly in Asia. In this review, we systematically discuss publications that compare CAD biomarkers between Asians and Caucasians in the general population. A PubMed search yielded 5,570 hits, containing 59 articles describing 47 unique cohorts that directly compare Asians with Caucasians. Ten biomarkers were taken into account for this review: total cholesterol; triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; C-reactive protein; glucose; insulin; glycated hemoglobin; fibrinogen; and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Triglycerides were 1.13-fold higher in South Asians than in Caucasians, and insulin levels were 1.33-fold higher. In Japanese and Chinese subjects, lower C-reactive protein levels were reported: 0.52 and 0.36-fold, respectively. Ethnicity-specific prognostic measures of CAD biomarkers were rarely reported. CAD biomarker levels differ between Asians and Caucasians and among Asian ethnic groups in population-based cohorts. The ethnicity-specific prognostic value of CAD biomarkers is yet to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: c.m.gijsberts@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Crystel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gijsberts
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hester M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: den Ruijter
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Folkert W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Asselbergs
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, National University Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mark Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Surgery, National University Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dominique P V
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Kleijn
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Imo E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Hoefer
mesh_terms: D001211:Asia, Western / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology*; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein