title: Multifunctional iron bound lactoferrin and nanomedicinal approaches to enhance its bioactive functions.
abstract: Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein from the transferrin family has been reported to have numerous functions. Even though Lf was first isolated from milk, it is also found in most exocrine secretions and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity reports on lactoferrin identified its significance in host defense against infection and extreme inflammation. Anticarcinogenic reports on lactoferrin make this protein even more valuable. This review is focused on the structural configuration of iron-containing and iron-free forms of lactoferrin obtained from different sources such as goat, camel and bovine. Apart for emphasizing on the specific beneficial properties of lactoferrin from each of these sources, the general antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of lactoferrin are discussed here. Implementation of nanomedicinial strategies that enhance the bioactive function of lactoferrin are also discussed, along with information on lactoferrin in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia. jagat.kanwar@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jagat R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia. k.roy@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kislay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia. yogeshpatel3545@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. szhou@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Shu-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India. manjursu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manju Rawat
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India. deependraiop@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deependra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan. nasir@uvas.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India. sehgalpgi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh 160031, India. alkasehgal@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.affiliation: Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India. rssingh11@lycos.com.
authors.forename: Ram Sarup
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development (CPID), School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. sanjay.garg@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Molecular and Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia. rupinder.kanwar@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rupinder K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kanwar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D007501:Iron; D007781:Lactoferrin
keywords: bovine; camel; cancer; immunity; lactoferrin; nanoparticles