title: Segregation of chromosome arms in growing and non-growing Escherichia coli cells.
abstract: In slow-growing Escherichia coli cells the chromosome is organized with its left (L) and right (R) arms lying separated in opposite halves of the nucleoid and with the origin (O) in-between, giving the pattern L-O-R. During replication one of the arms has to pass the other to obtain the same organization in the daughter cells: L-O-R L-O-R. To determine the movement of arms during segregation six strains were constructed carrying three colored loci: the left and right arms were labeled with red and cyan fluorescent-proteins, respectively, on loci symmetrically positioned at different distances from the central origin, which was labeled with green-fluorescent protein. In non-replicating cells with the predominant spot pattern L-O-R, initiation of replication first resulted in a L-O-O-R pattern, soon changing to O-L-R-O. After replication of the arms the predominant spot patterns were, L-O-R L-O-R, O-R-L R-O-L or O-L-R L-O-R indicating that one or both arms passed an origin and the other arm. To study the driving force for these movements cell growth was inhibited with rifampicin allowing run-off DNA synthesis. Similar spot patterns were obtained in growing and non-growing cells, indicating that the movement of arms is not a growth-sustained process, but may result from DNA synthesis itself. The distances between loci on different arms (LR-distances) and between duplicated loci (LL- or RR-distances) as a function of their distance from the origin, indicate that in slow-growing cells DNA is organized according to the so-called sausage model and not according to the doughnut model.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Conrad L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Woldringh
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Flemming G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Norbert O E
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Vischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atlung
keywords: DNA segregation; Escherichia coli; chromosome arms (replichores); nucleoid; ordering pattern; rifampicin-treatment; run-off DNA synthesis