title: Bisphenol A and its analogs induce morphological and biochemical alterations in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study).
abstract: Few studies have addressed the cellular effects of bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) on cells, and no study has been conducted to analyze the mechanism of action of bisphenols in blood cells. In this study, the effect of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), BPS and BPAF on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed. It was shown that BPA, BPF and BPAF in particular, decreased cell viability, which was associated with depletion of intracellular ATP level and alterations in PBMCs size and granulation. Bisphenols enhanced ROS (including OH˙) formation, which led to damage to lipids and proteins in PBMCs. The most significant alterations in ROS level were induced by BPF, and particularly BPAF. Moreover, it was shown that BPAF most strongly provoked lipid peroxidation, while BPA and BPS caused the greatest damage to proteins. It may be concluded that BPA and its analogs were capable of inducing oxidative stress and damage in PBMCs in the concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 0.5 μM (0.02-0.1 μg/ml), which may be present in human blood as a result of environmental exposure. Although, most of bisphenols studied decreased cell viability, size and ATP level at higher concentrations, BPAF exhibited its cytotoxic potential at low concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 μM (0.1-1.0 μg/ml) that may correspond to concentrations in humans following occupational exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland. Electronic address: michalow@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michałowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokra
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bąk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013450:Sulfones / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010636:Phenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013450:Sulfones; C543008:bisphenol S; D000098831:Bisphenol S Compounds; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C583074:bisphenol AF; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Bisphenols; Cell viability; Lipid peroxidation; Morphological alterations; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Reactive oxygen species