title: Inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) current by ginsenoside Rd in rat ventricular myocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), one of the most abundant ingredients of Panax ginseng, protects the heart via multiple mechanisms including the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx. We intended to explore the effects of GSRd on L-type Ca(2+) current (I Ca,L) and define the mechanism of the suppression of I Ca,L by GSRd.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perforated-patch recording and whole-cell voltage clamp techniques were applied in isolated rat ventricular myocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) GSRd reduced I Ca,L peak amplitude in a concentration-dependent manner [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 32.4 ± 7.1 μmol/L] and up-shifted the current-voltage (I-V) curve. (2) GSRd (30 μmol/L) significantly changed the steady-state activation curve of I Ca,L (V 0.5: -19.12 ± 0.68 vs. -16.26 ± 0.38 mV; n = 5, p < 0.05) and slowed down the recovery of I Ca,L from inactivation [the time content (ζ) from 91 ms to 136 ms, n = 5, p < 0.01]. (3) A more significant inhibitive effect of GSRd (100 μmol/L) was identified in perforated-patch recording when compared with whole-cell recording [65.7 ± 3.2% (n = 10) vs. 31.4 ± 5.2% (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (4) Pertussis toxin (G i protein inhibitor) completely abolished the I Ca,L inhibition induced by GSRd. There was a significant difference in inhibition potency between the two cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevating agents (isoprenaline and forskolin) prestimulation [55 ± 7.8% (n = 5) vs. 17.2 ± 3.5% (n = 5), p < 0.01]. (5) 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (a nitric oxide scavenger) partly recovered the I Ca,L inhibition induced by GSRd. (6) Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (a protein kinase C activator) and GF109203X (a protein kinase C inhibitor) did not contribute to the inhibition of GSRd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that GSRd could inhibit I Ca,L through pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein (Gi) and a nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: L-type calcium channels; Panax ginseng; ginsenoside Rd; patch-clamp techniques