title: Macroeconomic landscape of refractive surgery in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines the economic history of refractive surgery and the decline of laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the USA, and the emergence of refractive cataract surgery as an area of growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since it peaked in 2007 at 1.4 million procedures per year, LASIK has declined 50% in the USA, whereas refractive cataract surgery, including presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs), astigmatism-correcting IOLs, and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery, has grown to 350 000 procedures per year, beginning in 2003.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients are price-sensitive and responsive to publicity (good or bad) about refractive surgery and refractive cataract surgery. LASIK's decline has been partially offset by the emergence of refractive cataract surgery. About 11% of all cataract surgery in the USA involves presbyopia-correcting IOLs, astigmatism-correcting IOLs, or a femtosecond laser. From the surgeon's perspective, there are high barriers to entry into the marketplace for refractive surgery and refractive cataract surgery due to the high capital cost of excimer and femtosecond lasers, the high skill level required to deliver spectacular results to demanding patients who pay out of pocket, and the necessity to perform a high volume of surgeries to satisfy both of these requirements. Probably, less than 7% of US cataract surgeons can readily meet all of these requirements.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Corcoran
mesh_terms: D001251:Astigmatism / Q000601:surgery; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D004467:Economics; D006801:Humans; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000379:methods; D053685:Laser Therapy; D007910:Lenses, Intraocular; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000601:surgery; D054140:Refractive Surgical Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States