title: Early Improvement As a Predictor of Later Response to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia: A Diagnostic Test Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  How long clinicians should wait before considering an antipsychotic ineffective and changing treatment in schizophrenia is an unresolved clinical question. Guidelines differ substantially in this regard. The authors conducted a diagnostic test meta-analysis using mostly individual patient data to assess whether lack of improvement at week 2 predicts later nonresponse.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search included EMBASE, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and reference lists of relevant articles, supplemented by requests to authors of all relevant studies. The main outcome was prediction of nonresponse, defined as <50% reduction in total score on either the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (corresponding to at least much improved) from baseline to endpoint (4-12 weeks), by <20% PANSS or BPRS improvement (corresponding to less than minimally improved) at week 2. Secondary outcomes were absent cross-sectional symptomatic remission and <20% PANSS or BPRS reduction at endpoint. Potential moderator variables were examined by meta-regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 34 studies (N=9,460) a <20% PANSS or BPRS reduction at week 2 predicted nonresponse at endpoint with a specificity of 86% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 90%. Using data for observed cases (specificity=86%, PPV=85%) or lack of remission (specificity=77%, PPV=88%) yielded similar results. Conversely, using the definition of <20% reduction at endpoint yielded worse results (specificity=70%, PPV=55%). The test specificity was significantly moderated by a trial duration of <6 weeks, higher baseline illness severity, and shorter illness duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients not even minimally improved by week 2 of antipsychotic treatment are unlikely to respond later and may benefit from a treatment change.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Myrto T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leucht
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariska M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Leeflang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ion-George
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Anghelescu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Young-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Benedicto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crespo-Facorro
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Helio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elkis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatta
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giegling
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ching-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pelayo-Terán
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rujescu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Benno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Schimmelmann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serretti
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dr. Kurt Fontheim's Hospital for Mental Health, Liebenburg, Germany; Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea; the Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital-IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental), Madrid; the Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; the Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo; the Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; Hofstra North Shore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hempstead, N.Y.; the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, N.Y.; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; and the Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leucht
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057915:Drug Substitution; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents