title: Bladder and gastric metastases from lung adenocarcinoma harboring codon 13 KRAS mutation: a case report with unusual clinical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastric and bladder metastases are rare in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the differential diagnosis with primary tumors requires an in-depth examination. KRAS gene mutations are the main oncogenic driver of lung adenocarcinoma in Caucasian patients, occurring in 25%-30% of cases, but their prognostic and predictive role is complex and not fully clarified. KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinoma are considered negatively predictive for epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy as well as for adjuvant chemotherapy. In this report, the authors describe a case of lung adenocarcinoma harboring a codon 13 KRAS mutation detected in all the biopsies performed in unusual metastatic sites during an atypical disease course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recently, a different prognostic significance of various KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinoma has been suggested. Further studies on rare biomolecular alterations to identify subgroups of patients with different prognostic/predictive characteristics are needed.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cancer Center, "Giovanni Paolo II," Bari - Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galetta
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misino
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Ceglie
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Logroscino
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Maria Iole
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Natalicchio
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003062:Codon; D003558:Cystoscopy; D018450:Disease Progression; D000077143:Docetaxel; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D005773:Gastroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D000068437:Pemetrexed / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016879:Salvage Therapy; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D043823:Taxoids; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D000077143:Docetaxel; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D002945:Cisplatin