title: Serum vitamin D status is associated with the presence but not the severity of primary open angle glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D is involved in visual health and function. Our objective was to determine whether age-related vitamin D insufficiency was associated with the presence and the severity of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in a case-control study of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty cases diagnosed with moderate-to-severe POAG (mean, 75.1 ± 8.5 years; 42.0% female) and 164 healthy controls (mean, 73.0 ± 7.9 years; 59.8% female) were included. POAG diagnosis was based on classical diagnostic criteria of optic nerve cupping and/or RNFL thinning, measured with optical coherence tomography. Severe POAG was defined as Humphrey visual field mean deviation (MD) worse than -12 dB. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as serum 25OHD ≤ 75 nmol/L. Age, gender, mean arterial pressure, vitamin D supplementation, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were used as potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  POAG cases had lower mean serum 25OHD concentration than controls (42.9 ± 25.7 nmol/L versus 49.4 ± 29.5 nmol/L, P=0.039) and a greater prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (90.7% versus 82.3%, P=0.032). Increased mean serum 25OHD concentrations were associated with lower POAG frequency, even after adjustment for potential confounders (OR=0.89 per 10 nmol/L of 25OHD, P=0.045). Similarly, vitamin D insufficiency was associated with POAG (OR=2.09, P=0.034). Among POAG cases, no 25OHD difference was observed between moderate and severe POAG cases (respectively, 39.2 ± 23.3 nmol/L versus 45.1 ± 26.7 nmol/L, P=0.188); and no between-group difference regarding the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (88.9% versus 94.0%, P=0.313).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased serum 25OHD concentration was associated with POAG. There was no 25OHD difference between moderate and severe POAG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goncalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milea
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gohier
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Ghislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jallet
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leruez
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baskaran
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France; Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. Electronic address: CeAnnweiler@chu-angers.fr.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annweiler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Older adults; Optic neuropathy; Primary open angle glaucoma; Vision; Vitamin D