title: Ecological impacts of long-term application of biosolids to a radiata pine plantation.
abstract: Assessment of the ecological impact of applying biosolids is important for determining both the risks and benefits. This study investigated the impact on soil physical, chemical and biological properties, tree nutrition and growth of long-term biosolids applications to a radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantation growing on a Sandy Raw Soil in New Zealand. Biosolids were applied to the trial site every 3 years from tree age 6 to 19 years at three application rates: 0 (Control), 300 (Standard) and 600 (High) kg nitrogen (N) ha(-1), equivalent to 0, 3 and 6 Mg ha(-1) of dry biosolids, respectively. Tree nutrition status and growth have been monitored annually. Soil samples were collected 13 years after the first biosolids application to assess the soil properties and functioning. Both the Standard and High biosolids treatments significantly increased soil (0-50 cm depth) total carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P), Olsen P and cation exchange capacity (CEC), reduced soil pH, but had no significant effects on soil (0-20 cm depth) physical properties including bulk density, total porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. The High biosolids treatment also increased concentrations of soil total cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) at 25-50 cm depth, but these concentrations were still considered very low for a soil. Ecotoxicological assessment showed no significant adverse effects of biosolids application on either the reproduction of springtails (Folsomia candida) or substrate utilisation ability of the soil microbial community, indicating no negative ecological impact of bisolids-derived heavy metals or triclosan. This study demonstrated that repeated application of biosolids to a plantation forest on a poor sandy soil could significantly improve soil fertility, tree nutrition and pine productivity. However, the long-term fate of biosolids-derived N, P and litter-retained heavy metals needs to be further monitored in the receiving environment.
authors.affiliation: Scion, Private Bag 29237, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: jianming.xue@scionresearch.com.
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand. Electronic address: mark.kimberley@scionresearch.com.
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Kimberley
authors.affiliation: Landcare, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Electronic address: rossc@landcareresearch.co.nz.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand. Electronic address: gerty.gielen@scionresearch.com.
authors.forename: Gerty
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Electronic address: louis.tremblay@cawthron.org.nz.
authors.forename: Louis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand. Electronic address: olivier.champeau@cawthron.org.nz.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Champeau
authors.affiliation: ESR, P O Box 50-348, Porirua, New Zealand. Electronic address: jacqui.horswell@esr.cri.nz.
authors.forename: Jacqui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horswell
authors.affiliation: Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China. Electronic address: hailong@zafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D028223:Pinus / Q000254:growth & development*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Biosolids application; Ecotoxicological assessment; Soil properties; Tree growth; Tree nutrition