title: Yakammaoto inhibits enterovirus 71 infection by reducing viral attachment, internalization, replication, and translation.
abstract: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause central nervous system infections with mortality and neurologic sequelae. At present, there is no effective therapeutic modality for EV71 infection. The infection is more common in families with poor socioeconomic status. Therefore, finding a readily available, cost-effective therapeutic modality would be very helpful to these socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Yakammaoto is a cheap and readily available traditional prescription that is proven to have antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4). CVB4 and EV71 are enteroviruses. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of hot water extract of yakammaoto against EV71. The results of plaque reduction assay and flow cytometry demonstrated that yakammaoto dose dependently inhibited EV71 infection. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR results showed that yakammaoto reduced viral replication. Western blotting analysis showed that yakammaoto can inhibit viral protein production. Thus, our results suggest that yakammaoto should be considered to manage EV71 infection in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Chih
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lien-Chai
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University of Technology, Ping-Tung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Den-En
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: cjs@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jung-San
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053585:Virus Attachment; D053586:Virus Internalization; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D015678:Viral Structural Proteins; C000591854:yakammaoto
keywords: Antiviral; Enterovirus 71; She-Gan-Ma-Huang-Tang; Ye-Gan-Ma-Huang-Tang