title: Improving access to adequate pain management in Taiwan.
abstract: There is a global crisis in access to pain management in the world. WHO estimates that 4.65 billion people live in countries where medical opioid consumption is near to zero. For 2010, WHO considered a per capita consumption of 216.7 mg morphine equivalents adequate, while Taiwan had a per capita consumption of 0.05 mg morphine equivalents in 2007. In Asia, the use of opioids is sensitive because of the Opium Wars in the 19th century and for this reason, the focus of controlled substances policies has been on the prevention of diversion and dependence. However, an optimal public health outcome requires that also the beneficial aspects of these substances are acknowledged. Therefore, WHO recommends a policy based on the Principle of Balance: ensuring access for medical and scientific purposes while preventing diversion, harmful use and dependence. Furthermore, international law requires that countries ensure access to opioid analgesics for medical and scientific purposes. There is evidence that opioid analgesics for chronic pain are not associated with a major risk for developing dependence. Barriers for access can be classified in the categories of overly restrictive laws and regulations; insufficient medical training on pain management and problems related to assessment of medical needs; attitudes like an excessive fear for dependence or diversion; and economic and logistical problems. The GOPI project found many examples of such barriers in Asia. Access to opioid medicines in Taiwan can be improved by analysing the national situation and drafting a plan. The WHO policy guidelines Ensuring Balance in National Policies on Controlled Substances can be helpful for achieving this purpose, as well as international guidelines for pain treatment.
authors.affiliation: Willem Scholten Consultancy, Medicines and Controlled Substances, Wielsekade 64, 3411 AD Lopik, The Netherlands. Electronic address: wk.scholten@xs4all.nl.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Scholten
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013624:Taiwan; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Human rights; Medicines access; Opioid analgesics; Pain management; Taiwan