title: Symmetry, not asymmetry, of abdominal muscle morphology is associated with low back pain in cricket fast bowlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although abdominal muscle morphology is symmetrical in the general population, asymmetry has been identified in rotation sports. This asymmetry includes greater thickness of obliquus internus abdominis (OI) on the non-dominant side in cricketers. Cricket fast bowlers commonly experience low back pain (LBP) related to bowling action, and this depends on trunk muscle control. This study aimed to compare abdominal muscle thickness between fast bowlers with and without LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five adolescent provincial league specialist fast bowlers (16 with and 9 without LBP) participated. Static ultrasound images (US) of OI, and obliquus externus (OE) and transversus abdominis (TrA) were captured on the dominant and non-dominant side in supine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total combined thickness of OE, OI and TrA muscles was greater on the non-dominant than dominant side (p=0.02) for fast bowlers without LBP, but symmetrical for those with pain. Total thickness was less on the non-dominant side for bowlers with pain than those without (p=0.03). When individual muscles were compared, only the thickness of OI was less in bowlers with LBP than those without (p=0.02). All abdominal muscles were thicker on the non-dominant side in controls (p<0.001) but symmetrical in LBP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymmetry of abdominal muscle thickness in fast bowlers is explained by the asymmetrical biomechanics of fast bowling. Lesser OI muscle thickness in fast bowlers with LBP suggests modified trunk control in the transverse/frontal plane and may underpin the incidence of lumbar pathology. The implications for rehabilitation following LBP in fast bowlers require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Cricket South Africa, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, South Africa. Electronic address: janineg@cricket.co.za.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, South Africa.
authors.forename: Kerith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Aginsky
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, South Africa; IOC Research Center for Injury Prevention and Protection of the Health of the Athlete, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Derman
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology, South Africa.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hodges
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013177:Sports; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Abdominal muscles; Obliquus internus abdominis; Sports injury; Ultrasound imaging