title: Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Childhood Body Size in an Urban Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phthalate exposures are hypothesized to increase obesity; however, prior research has been largely cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated associations between prenatal phthalate exposures and body mass index (BMI) at child ages 5 and 7 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine metabolites of six phthalates-di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl-, di-iso-butyl-, di-n-butyl-, butylbenzyl-, and diethyl phthalates-were measured in spot urine samples collected from pregnant African-American and Dominican women during their third trimester, and from their children at ages 3 and 5 years. To reduce multiple comparison issues, we initially used principal component analysis (PCA) to identify major patterns of natural log (ln)-transformed metabolite concentrations. Height and weight were assessed at ages 5 and 7 years, and fat mass and waist circumference at age 7. Linearized generalized estimating equation analyses related maternal component scores to child anthropometric outcomes at ages 5 (n = 326) and 7 (n = 330) years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCA identified a DEHP component and a non-DEHP component. In boys, higher maternal non-DEHP, but not DEHP, component scores were associated with lower BMI z-score (β = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.50, -0.10, n = 156), lower fat percentage (β = -1.62; 95% CI: -2.91, -0.34, n = 142), and smaller waist circumference (β = -2.02; 95% CI: -3.71, -0.32, n = 124). No significant associations with anthropometric outcomes were seen in girls (for BMI z-score, β = 0.07; 95% CI: -0.18, 0.31, n = 181). Interactions between sex and non-DEHP component association with outcomes were statistically significant (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to hypotheses, prenatal non-DEHP phthalate exposures were associated with lower BMI z-score, waist circumference, and fat mass in boys during early childhood.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Maresca MM, Hoepner LA, Hassoun A, Oberfield SE, Mooney SJ, Calafat AM, Ramirez J, Freyer G, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Rundle AG. 2016. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and childhood body size in an urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 124:514-520; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408750.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Maresca
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hoepner
authors.forename: Abeer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassoun
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Oberfield
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
authors.forename: Judyth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Freyer
authors.forename: Frederica P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Whyatt
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rundle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D049628:Body Size; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004293:Dominican Republic / Q000208:ethnology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid