title: Optimized protocols for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with thoracic metallic implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a valuable tool in congenital heart disease; however patients frequently have metal devices in the chest from the treatment of their disease that complicate imaging. Methods are needed to improve imaging around metal implants near the heart. Basic sequence parameter manipulations have the potential to minimize artifact while limiting effects on image resolution and quality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to design cine and static cardiac imaging sequences to minimize metal artifact while maintaining image quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using systematic variation of standard imaging parameters on a fluid-filled phantom containing commonly used metal cardiac devices, we developed optimized sequences for steady-state free precession (SSFP), gradient recalled echo (GRE) cine imaging, and turbo spin-echo (TSE) black-blood imaging. We imaged 17 consecutive patients undergoing routine cardiac MR with 25 metal implants of various origins using both standard and optimized imaging protocols for a given slice position. We rated images for quality and metal artifact size by measuring metal artifact in two orthogonal planes within the image.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All metal artifacts were reduced with optimized imaging. The average metal artifact reduction for the optimized SSFP cine was 1.5+/-1.8 mm, and for the optimized GRE cine the reduction was 4.6+/-4.5 mm (P < 0.05). Quality ratings favored the optimized GRE cine. Similarly, the average metal artifact reduction for the optimized TSE images was 1.6+/-1.7 mm (P < 0.05), and quality ratings favored the optimized TSE imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging sequences tailored to minimize metal artifact are easily created by modifying basic sequence parameters, and images are superior to standard imaging sequences in both quality and artifact size. Specifically, for optimized cine imaging a GRE sequence should be used with settings that favor short echo time, i.e. flow compensation off, weak asymmetrical echo and a relatively high receiver bandwidth. For static black-blood imaging, a TSE sequence should be used with fat saturation turned off and high receiver bandwidth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, W3-200, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA, lolivier@childrensnational.org.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: Russell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Kendall E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Kanishka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratnayaka
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000473:pathology*; D016477:Artifacts; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008670:Metals