title: Multi-dimensional TOF-SIMS analysis for effective profiling of disease-related ions from the tissue surface.
abstract: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) emerges as a promising tool to identify the ions (small molecules) indicative of disease states from the surface of patient tissues. In TOF-SIMS analysis, an enhanced ionization of surface molecules is critical to increase the number of detected ions. Several methods have been developed to enhance ionization capability. However, how these methods improve identification of disease-related ions has not been systematically explored. Here, we present a multi-dimensional SIMS (MD-SIMS) that combines conventional TOF-SIMS and metal-assisted SIMS (MetA-SIMS). Using this approach, we analyzed cancer and adjacent normal tissues first by TOF-SIMS and subsequently by MetA-SIMS. In total, TOF- and MetA-SIMS detected 632 and 959 ions, respectively. Among them, 426 were commonly detected by both methods, while 206 and 533 were detected uniquely by TOF- and MetA-SIMS, respectively. Of the 426 commonly detected ions, 250 increased in their intensities by MetA-SIMS, whereas 176 decreased. The integrated analysis of the ions detected by the two methods resulted in an increased number of discriminatory ions leading to an enhanced separation between cancer and normal tissues. Therefore, the results show that MD-SIMS can be a useful approach to provide a comprehensive list of discriminatory ions indicative of disease states.
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Nano and Bio Surface Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [3] Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of interdisciplinary bioscience and bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyobin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byeongsoo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Yoon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sokbom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hark Kyun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Sig
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 1] School of interdisciplinary bioscience and bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea [2] Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea [3] Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daehee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Nano and Bio Surface Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Geol
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010053:Ovary / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals