title: Lipochitooligosaccharides modulate plant host immunity to enable endosymbioses.
abstract: Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals to communicate with potential host plants. Upon a compatible match, an intimate relation is established during which the microsymbiont is allowed to enter root (-derived) cells. Plants perceive microbial LCO molecules by specific LysM-domain-containing receptor-like kinases. These do not only activate a common symbiosis signaling pathway that is shared in both symbioses but also modulate innate immune responses. Recent studies revealed that symbiotic LCO receptors are closely related to chitin innate immune receptors, and some of these receptors even function in symbiosis as well as immunity. This raises questions about how plants manage to translate structurally very similar microbial signals into different outputs. Here, we describe the current view on chitin and LCO perception in innate immunity and endosymbiosis and question how LCOs might modulate the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss what it takes to become an endosymbiont.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; email: rene.geurts@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Limpens
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Zeijl
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geurts
mesh_terms: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C023023:lipid-linked oligosaccharides
keywords: LysM-domain-containing receptor kinases; arbuscular mycorrhizae; innate immunity; lipochitooligosaccharide; rhizobium