title: Smoking Cessation among Low-Socioeconomic Status and Disadvantaged Population Groups: A Systematic Review of Research Output.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking cessation research output should move beyond descriptive research of the health problem to testing interventions that can provide causal data and effective evidence-based solutions. This review examined the number and type of published smoking cessation studies conducted in low-socioeconomic status (low-SES) and disadvantaged population groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic database search was conducted for two time periods: 2000-2004 (TP1) and 2008-2012 (TP2). Publications that examined smoking cessation in a low-SES or disadvantaged population were coded by: population of interest; study type (reviews, non-data based publications, data-based publications (descriptive, measurement and intervention research)); and country. Intervention studies were coded in accordance with the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care data collection checklist and use of biochemical verification of self-reported abstinence was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  278 citations were included. Research output (i.e., all study types) had increased from TP1 27% to TP2 73% (χ²=73.13, p<0.001), however, the proportion of data-based research had not significantly increased from TP1 and TP2: descriptive (TP1=23% vs. TP2=33%) or intervention (TP1=77% vs. TP2=67%). The proportion of intervention studies adopting biochemical verification of self-reported abstinence had significantly decreased from TP1 to TP2 with an increased reliance on self-reported abstinence (TP1=12% vs. TP2=36%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current research output is not ideal or optimal to decrease smoking rates. Research institutions, scholars and funding organisations should take heed to review findings when developing future research and policy.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. r.courtney@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. s.naicker@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sundresan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naicker
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. a.shakeshaft@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shakeshaft
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. p.clare@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. k.martire@unsw.edu.au.|School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. k.martire@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kristy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. r.mattick@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Mattick
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design / Q000639:trends; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: homeless persons; indigenous population; intervention; mental disorders; poverty; prisoners; review; smoking cessation; social class; socio-economic factors