title: Perceived ethnic discrimination and cigarette smoking: examining the moderating effects of race/ethnicity and gender in a sample of Black and Latino urban adults.
abstract: Perceived ethnic discrimination has been associated with cigarette smoking in US adults in the majority of studies, but gaps in understanding remain. It is unclear if the association of discrimination to smoking is a function of lifetime or recent exposure to discrimination. Some sociodemographic and mood-related risk factors may confound the relationship of discrimination to smoking. Gender and race/ethnicity differences in this relationship have been understudied. This study examines the relationship of lifetime and recent discrimination to smoking status and frequency, controlling for sociodemographic and mood-related variables and investigating the moderating role of race/ethnicity and gender. Participants included 518 Black and Latino(a) adults from New York, US. Lifetime and past week discrimination were measured with the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire-Community Version. Ecological momentary assessment methods were used to collect data on smoking and mood every 20 min throughout one testing day using an electronic diary. Controlling for sociodemographic and mood-related variables, there was a significant association of recent (past week) discrimination exposure to current smoking. Lifetime discrimination was associated with smoking frequency, but not current smoking status. The association of recent discrimination to smoking status was moderated by race/ethnicity and gender, with positive associations emerging for both Black adults and for men. The association of lifetime discrimination on smoking frequency was not moderated by gender or race/ethnicity. Acute race/ethnicity-related stressors may be associated with the decision to smoke at all on a given day; whereas chronic stigmatization may reduce the barriers to smoking more frequently.
authors.affiliation: St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA, brondole@stjohns.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brondolo
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monge
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agosta
authors.forename: Jonathan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassells
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D063505:Racism; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult