title: The influence of zinc(II) on thioredoxin/glutathione disulfide exchange: QM/MM studies to explore how zinc(II) accelerates exchange in higher dielectric environments.
abstract: QM/MM studies were performed to explore the energetics of exchange reactions of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and the active site of thioredoxin [Cys32-Gly33-Pro34-Cys35] with and without zinc(II), in vacuum and solvated models. The activation energy for exchange, in the absence of zinc, is 29.7 kcal mol(-1) for the solvated model. This is 3.3 kcal mol(-1) higher than the activation energy for exchange in the gas phase, due to ground state stabilization of the active site Cys-32 thiolate in a polar environment. In the presence of zinc, the activation energy for exchange is 4.9 kcal mol(-1) lower than in the absence of zinc (solvated models). The decrease in activation energy is attributed to stabilization of the charge-separated transition state, which has a 4-centered, cyclic arrangement of Zn-S-S-S with an estimated dipole moment of 4.2 D. A difference of 4.9 kcal mol(-1) in activation energy would translate to an increase in rate by a factor of about 4000 for zinc-assisted thiol-disulfide exchange. The calculations are consistent with previously reported experimental results, which indicate that metal-thiolate, disulfide exchange rates increase as a function of solvent dielectric. This trend is opposite to that observed for the influence of the dielectric environment on the rate of thiol-disulfide exchange in the absence of metal. The results suggest a dynamic role for zinc in thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, involving accessible cysteine sites on proteins, which may contribute to redox regulation and mechanistic pathways during oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. mbruce@maine.edu abruce@maine.edu.
authors.forename: Roby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurian
authors.forename: Mitchell R M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: Alice E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: François G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Amar
mesh_terms: D020134:Catalytic Domain; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013879:Thioredoxins; D015032:Zinc; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide