title: Salvinorin-A Induces Intense Dissociative Effects, Blocking External Sensory Perception and Modulating Interoception and Sense of Body Ownership in Humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvinorin-A is a terpene with agonist properties at the kappa-opioid receptor, the binding site of endogenous dynorphins. Salvinorin-A is found in Salvia divinorum, a psychoactive plant traditionally used by the Mazatec people of Oaxaca, Mexico, for medicinal and spiritual purposes. Previous studies with the plant and salvinorin-A have reported psychedelic-like changes in perception, but also unusual changes in body awareness and detachment from external reality. Here we comprehensively studied the profiles of subjective effects of increasing doses of salvinorin-A in healthy volunteers, with a special emphasis on interoception.
  
  
  METHODS
  A placebo and three increasing doses of vaporized salvinorin-A (0.25, 0.50, and 1mg) were administered to eight healthy volunteers with previous experience in the use of psychedelics. Drug effects were assessed using a battery of questionnaires that included, among others, the Hallucinogen Rating Scale, the Altered States of Consciousness, and a new instrument that evaluates different aspects of body awareness: the Multidimensional Assessment for Interoceptive Awareness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salvinorin-A led to a disconnection from external reality, induced elaborate visions and auditory phenomena, and modified interoception. The lower doses increased somatic sensations, but the highest dose led to a sense of a complete loss of contact with the body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvinorin-A induced intense psychotropic effects characterized by a dose-dependent gating of external audio-visual information and an inverted-U dose-response effect on body awareness. These results suggest a prominent role for the kappa opioid receptor in the regulation of sensory perception, interoception, and the sense of body ownership in humans.
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Ana Elda
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Maqueda
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Addy
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Antonijoan
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puntes
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Jimena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Claramunt
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths).
authors.forename: Roland R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Human Neuropsychopharmacology Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau). Sant Antoni María Claret, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Maqueda and Riba); Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, Puntes, Coimbra, Ballester, Garrido, González, Claramunt, and Riba); Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Valle, Antonijoan, and Riba); Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling and Simulation, IIB Sant Pau. Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (Dr Valle); Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Medical Informatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Dr Addy); Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive at River Road, Baton Rouge, LA (Dr Barker); Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD (Drs Johnson and Griffiths); Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (Dr Griffiths). jriba@santpau.cat.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D065812:Interoception / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D033262:Narration; D010067:Ownership; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012649:Self Concept; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; C090499:salvinorin A
keywords: Body ownership; dissociative effects; dynorphins; human; interoception; kappa opioid receptor; salvia divinorum.; salvinorin-A