title: Hybrid palm-oil/styrene-maleimide nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous dispersion under different conditions.
abstract: Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) was imidized with ammonium hydroxide and palm oil, resulting in an aqueous dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles with diameters 85-180 nm (dispersed) or 20-50 nm (dried). The reaction conditions were optimized for different precursors by evaluating the relative amount ammonium hydroxide and maximizing the incorporated palm oil up to 70 wt.%. The interactions between palm oil and polymer phase have been studied by TEM, IR, Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TGA, [TM] DSC). From Raman spectra, the amount of imide and reacted oil were quantified. Through concurring effects of imidization and coupling of fatty acids, the imidization needs a slight excess of NH3 relatively to maleic anhydride. The oxidative stability highly depends on oxidative crosslinking of free or non-reacted oil. Comparing the imide content from spectroscopic and thermal analysis suggests that a complex rigid imide phase without strong relaxation behavior has formed in combination with oil.
authors.affiliation: Faculty for Environment and Natural Resources, Freiburg Research Institute for Advances Studies, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany .
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samyn
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Nieuwkerke
authors.forename: Gustaaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoukens
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanssens
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vonck
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van den Abbeele
mesh_terms: D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008298:Maleates / Q000737:chemistry*; D008301:Maleimides / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008298:Maleates; D008301:Maleimides; D010938:Plant Oils; D011137:Polystyrenes; C521900:poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride); D014867:Water; C043592:maleimide; D064753:Ammonium Hydroxide; D000073878:Palm Oil
keywords: Aqueous dispersion; imidization; nanoparticles; palm oil; styrene-maleic anhydride