title: Maternal and neonatal hair and breast milk in the assessment of perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse.
abstract: Perinatal exposure to one or more drugs of abuse can affect the neonate temporarily or permanently. In addition to meconium, the evaluation of perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse has been achieved by testing biological matrices coming from the newborn (neonatal hair) and from the pregnant or nursing mother (maternal hair and breast milk). These matrices have the advantage of noninvasive collection and account for a sizable time window of active and passive exposure. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to determine minute amounts of drugs of abuse and metabolites in these matrices. The present manuscript reviews the newest analytical methods developed to detect drugs of abuse as well as ethanol biomarkers in maternal and neonatal hair and breast milk.
authors.affiliation: 1Unitat de Recerca Infància i Entorn (URIE), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.|2Red de Salud Materno-Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Programa RETICS, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Joya
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacifici
authors.affiliation: 1Unitat de Recerca Infància i Entorn (URIE), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.|2Red de Salud Materno-Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Programa RETICS, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salat-Batlle
authors.affiliation: 1Unitat de Recerca Infància i Entorn (URIE), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.|2Red de Salud Materno-Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Programa RETICS, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|4Departament de Pediatria, Ginecologia i Obstetricia i Medicina Preventiva, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterrra, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: García-Algar
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pichini
mesh_terms: D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000431:Ethanol; D009538:Nicotine