title: Risk factors for depressive symptoms in glaucoma patients: a nationwide case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to investigate the risk factors for depressive symptoms in glaucoma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database in Taiwan, we included 1190 glaucoma patients with subsequent depression diagnoses in the case group and randomly selected 4673 glaucoma patients without depression diagnoses as the control group, matched by age, sex, and time of glaucoma diagnosis. The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI) score was used to compute the burden of comorbidity for each patient. Current use (past 6 months) of topical antiglaucoma medications and systemic medications was identified. Multivariate regression was used to analyze the risk factors for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age for glaucoma patients was 61.88 years. Patients with depressive symptoms had significantly higher ACCI scores (P < .0001). The current use of any topical antiglaucoma medications was not associated with an increased risk for depression. However, higher ACCI scores (P < .0001), cerebrovascular diseases (odds ratio [OR] = 1.324, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.118--1.568), dementia (OR = 2.647, 95 % CI = 2.142-3.270), thyroid diseases (OR = 1.720, 95 % CI = 1.366-2.165), headaches (OR = 1.299, 95 % CI = 1.112-1.518), and current use of systemic β-blockers (OR = 1.782, 95 % CI = 1.538-2.065) and calcium channel blockers (OR = 1.396, 95 % CI, 1.197-1.629) were found to increase the risk of depression in glaucoma patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, a comorbidity burden was a significant risk factor for depression in glaucoma patients, particularly for those currently using systemic β-blockers and calcium channel blockers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Chia
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Judy Yi-Chu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tsing-Hong
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jehn-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chung-May
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: I-Jong
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents