title: Stress Distribution in Superior Labral Complex and Rotator Cuff During In Vivo Shoulder Motion: A Finite Element Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the impingement behavior between structures within the glenohumeral joint under simulated abduction-external rotation (ABER) motion using finite element analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography (CT) scanning of 1 shoulder in a volunteer was performed at 0° and 120° of shoulder abduction with external rotation (ABER position), followed by magnetic resonance imaging at 0° of abduction. The CT and magnetic resonance images were then imported into a customized software program to undergo 3-dimensional reconstruction followed by finite element modeling of the bone and soft tissue including the upper part of the rotator cuff and glenohumeral labral complex. Glenohumeral motion from 0° to the ABER position was simulated by CT images in 2 different humeral positions. On the basis of simulated humeral motion with respect to the scapula, we measured the stress value on the biceps-labral complex and upper part of the rotator cuff as a consequence of their structural deformation. In addition, we intended to design 2 types of labra--a normal stable labrum and an unstable posterosuperior labrum--to evaluate the geometric alteration and resulting stress change on the posterosuperior labrum against a compressive force from the humeral head and rotator cuff.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ABER position, the posterosuperior labrum was deformed by the humeral head and interposed posterior part of the rotator cuff. When viewed from the rotator cuff, the posterior part of the rotator cuff came into contact with the posterosuperior labrum as external rotation increased. The measured peak contact stress values were 19.7 MPa and 23.5 MPa for the posterosuperior labrum and the upper rotator cuff, respectively. The stress values for both structures decreased to 5.8 MPa and 18.1 MPa, respectively, in the simulated SLAP model. The root of the long head of the biceps became compressed halfway through the range of motion by the humeral head, especially from the part involving horizontal extension and external rotation, resulting in a high stress of 22.4 MPa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this simulated SLAP model, the posterosuperior labrum was medially displaced by the humeral head and upper rotator cuff in the ABER position, causing a functional loss of the spacer effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In SLAP lesions, the posterosuperior labrum loses its ability to function as a spacer in certain positions (especially ABER) and may decrease the important spacer effect between the humerus and the rotator cuff; this may lead to posterosuperior subluxation of the humeral head or rotator cuff abnormalities and tears during repetitive ABER tasks.
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University, Dongtan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ybw1999@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yon-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University, Dongtan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwang-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University, Dongtan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Pranay K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University, Dongtan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ayyappan Vijayachandran
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed