title: Children's snack consumption: role of parents, peers and child snack-purchasing behaviour. Results from the INPACT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parents and peers are both likely to influence children's dietary behaviour. However, their actual influence may depend on the age and life stage of the individual child. Therefore, this study examined the influence of parents (home snack availability and consumption rules) and peers on 11-year-old children's snack consumption, and whether these associations were mediated by children's snack-purchasing behaviour. It was hypothesized that children are more likely to buy unhealthy snacks if these are not always available at home, if restrictive rules apply to their consumption and if a child is sensitive to peer influence. It was also assumed that children who buy snacks out of their pocket money would consume more snacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were taken from 1203 parent-child dyads who completed a questionnaire in the INPACT study (IVO Physical Activity Child cohorT). Multivariable regression models were used to (i) analyze associations between children's consumption and parents' and peers' influence and (ii) determine whether these associations were mediated by children's snack-purchasing behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the parental factors, home availability of snacks was associated with higher snack consumption (B = 1.03, P < 0.05). Parental factors and children's snack-purchasing behaviour were not associated. Children who were sensitive to peer influence consumed more snacks (B = 3ċ07, P < 0.01) and bought more snacks out of their pocket money (odds ratio 3.27, P < 0.0.01). Children's snack-purchasing behaviour explained part (8.6%) of the association between peer influence and children's snack consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As these findings indicate that both parents and peers influence children's snack consumption, health promotion may benefit from targeting the broader social environment.
authors.affiliation: 1 IVO Addiction Research Institute, DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands vanansem@ivo.nl.
authors.forename: Wilke J C
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: van Ansem
authors.affiliation: 1 IVO Addiction Research Institute, DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carola T M
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Schrijvers
authors.affiliation: 1 IVO Addiction Research Institute, DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.affiliation: 1 IVO Addiction Research Institute, DM Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands 3 Department of Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dike
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Mheen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D062410:Snacks; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors