title: The Effect of Solar Irradiated Vibrio cholerae on the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines by the JAWS II Dendritic Cell Line In Vitro.
abstract: The use of solar irradiation to sterilize water prior to its consumption has resulted in the reduction of water related illnesses in waterborne disease endemic communities worldwide. Currently, research on solar water disinfection (SODIS) has been directed towards understanding the underlying mechanisms through which solar irradiation inactivates the culturability of microorganisms in water, enhancement of the disinfection process, and the health impact of SODIS water consumption. However, the immunological consequences of SODIS water consumption have not been explored. In this study, we investigated the effect that solar irradiated V. cholerae may have had on the secretion of cytokines and chemokines by the JAWS II dendritic cell line in vitro. The JAWS II dendritic cell line was stimulated with the different strains of V. cholerae that had been: (i) prepared in PBS, (ii) inactivated through a combination of heat and chemical, (iii) solar irradiated, and (iv) non-solar irradiated, in bottled water. As controls, LPS (1 μg/ml) and CTB (1 μg/ml) were used as stimulants. After 48 hours of stimulation the tissue culture media from each treatment was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for the presence of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES, TNF-α, IL-23 and IL-27. Results showed that solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae induced dendritic cells to secrete significant (p<0.05) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in comparison to the unstimulated dendritic cells. Furthermore, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by the dendritic cells in response to solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae was not as high as observed in treatments involving non-solar irradiated cultures of V. cholerae or LPS. Our results suggest that solar irradiated microorganisms are capable of inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This novel finding is key towards understanding the possible immunological consequences of consuming SODIS treated water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Cornelius Cano
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ssemakalu
authors.affiliation: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ubomba-Jaswa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria, 0001, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Keolebogile Shirley
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Motaung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pillay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002771:Cholera / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012993:Solar Energy; D013472:Sunlight; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53