title: Carriers of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N Lineages Reached Australia around 50,000 Years Ago following a Northern Asian Route.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The modern human colonization of Eurasia and Australia is mostly explained by a single-out-of-Africa exit following a southern coastal route throughout Arabia and India. However, dispersal across the Levant would better explain the introgression with Neanderthals, and more than one exit would fit better with the different ancient genomic components discovered in indigenous Australians and in ancient Europeans. The existence of an additional Northern route used by modern humans to reach Australia was previously deduced from the phylogeography of mtDNA macrohaplogroup N. Here, we present new mtDNA data and new multidisciplinary information that add more support to this northern route.
  
  
  METHODS
  MtDNA hypervariable segments and haplogroup diagnostic coding positions were analyzed in 2,278 Saudi Arabs, from which 1,725 are new samples. Besides, we used 623 published mtDNA genomes belonging to macrohaplogroup N, but not R, to build updated phylogenetic trees to calculate their coalescence ages, and more than 70,000 partial mtDNA sequences were screened to establish their respective geographic ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Saudi mtDNA profile confirms the absence of autochthonous mtDNA lineages in Arabia with coalescence ages deep enough to support population continuity in the region since the out-of-Africa episode. In contrast to Australia, where N(xR) haplogroups are found in high frequency and with deep coalescence ages, there are not autochthonous N(xR) lineages in India nor N(xR) branches with coalescence ages as deep as those found in Australia. These patterns are at odds with the supposition that Australian colonizers harboring N(xR) lineages used a route involving India as a stage. The most ancient N(xR) lineages in Eurasia are found in China, and inconsistently with the coastal route, N(xR) haplogroups with the southernmost geographical range have all more recent radiations than the Australians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from a single migration event via a southern route, phylogeny and phylogeography of N(xR) lineages support that people carrying mtDNA N lineages could have reach Australia following a northern route through Asia. Data from other disciplines also support this scenario.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fregel
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larruga
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khaled K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Abu-Amero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006579:Heterozygote; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial