title: Effect of gamma irradiation on the extraction yield, total phenolic content and free radical-scavenging activity of Nigella staiva seed.
abstract: In the present study, the radiation processing of Nigella sativa seed samples was carried out at dose levels of 2, 4, 8, 10, 12 and 16kGy. The extraction yield, total phenolic content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity of both control and irradiated samples extracted in acetone, methanol and water were assessed. The results showed that the extraction yields increased with an increase in radiation dose for all the test solvents. At 16kGy the increases were 3.7%, 4.2%, 5.6% and 9.0% for hexane, acetone, water and methanol extracts, respectively. The phenolic content in the acetone extract was found to be increased from 3.7 for the control sample to 3.8mg/g for the 16kGy radiation-processed sample. No significant change was observed for the phenolic content of the methanolic extract, while the aqueous extract showed a decrease at dose levels of 12 and 16kGy. In the control samples, the DPPH radical-scavenging activity was 79.4%, 79.1% and 92.0% for water, acetone and methanol extracts, respectively, at 5mg/ml concentration. Gamma irradiation enhanced the scavenging activity in acetone and methanol extracts by 10.6% and 5.4%, respectively, at 16kGy. In summary, gamma irradiation increased the extraction yield and total phenolic content, as well as enhancing the free radical-scavenging activity. In addition, the type of solvent used for extraction also affected the impact of irradiation on antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of N. sativa seed.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS Bristol, United Kingdom; Food Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), P.O. Box 446, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. Electronic address: chkfk@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Khanzadi Fatima
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas James
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Food Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), P.O. Box 446, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.lastname: Ihasnullah
keywords: Extraction yield; Free radical-scavenging activity; Gamma irradiation; Nigella sativa; Total phenolic content