title: TMEM196 acts as a novel functional tumour suppressor inactivated by DNA methylation and is a potential prognostic biomarker in lung cancer.
abstract: Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressors contributes to the development and progression of lung cancer. We recently found that TMEM196 was hypermethylated in lung cancer. This study aimed to clarify its epigenetic regulation, possible roles and clinical significance. TMEM196 methylation correlated with loss of protein expression in chemical-induced rat lung pathologic lesions and human lung cancer tissues and cell lines. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored TMEM196 expression. Moreover, TMEM196 hypermethylation was detected in 61.2% of primary lung tumours and found to be associated with poor differentiation and pathological stage of lung cancer. Functional studies showed that ectopic re-expression of TMEM196 in lung cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenicity, cell motility and tumour formation. However, TMEM196 knockdown increased cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These effects were associated with upregulation of p21 and Bax, and downregulation of cyclin D1, c-myc, CD44 and β-catenin. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that TMEM196 downregulation was significantly associated with shortened survival in lung cancer patients. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with TMEM196 expression had a better overall survival. Our results revealed for the first time that TMEM196 acts as a novel functional tumour suppressor inactivated by DNA methylation and is an independent prognostic factor of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wen-bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hong-qiang
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yong-hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Chuanshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jin-yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000737:chemistry; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C000608290:TMEM196 protein, human; C000608291:TMEM196 protein, rat; D001374:Azacitidine
keywords: DNA methylation; TMEM196; lung cancer; prognosis; tumour suppressor