title: Differences in the Neuroprotective Effect of Orally Administered Virgin Olive Oil (Olea europaea) Polyphenols Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol in Rats.
abstract: The neuroprotective effect of virgin olive oil (VOO) polyphenols has been related to their antioxidant effect. The main objective was to analyze how tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol contribute to the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of VOO in a model of hypoxia-reoxygenation in rat brain slices. Rats were treated per os (po) (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) with hydroxytyrosol ethyl ether (HTEE), tyrosol ethyl ether (TEE), or 3,4-di-o-methylidene-hydroxytyrosol ethyl ether (MHTEE), used as a negative control for antioxidant effects. Lipid peroxidation was inhibited with HTEE, TEE, and MHTEE (from 5.0 ± 1.5 to 2.6 ± 1.5, 4.5 ± 1.5, and 4.8 ± 1.5 nmol/mg protein, respectively). However, all three compounds had similar neuroprotective effects: from 2.8 ± 0.07 to 1.8 ± 0.02 arbitrary units for HTEE, 1.4 ± 0.09 arbitrary units for TEE, and 1.3 ± 0.2 arbitrary units for MHTEE. All three compounds inhibited 3-nitrotyrosine production (from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 1.2 ± 0.03 nmol/0.1 g tissue for HTEE, 1.0 ± 0.2 nmol/0.1 g tissue for TEE, and 1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/0.1 g tissue for MHTEE), prostaglandin E2 production (from 55.7 ± 2.2 to 46.4 ± 1.9 pg/0.1 g tissue for HTEE, 24.7 ± 1.3 pg/0.1 g tissue for TEE, and 27.6 ± 2.6 pg/0.1 g tissue for MHTEE), whereas only HTEE inhibited IL1β production (from 35.7 ± 1.5 to 21.6 ± 0.8 pg/0.1 g tissue). Pearson correlation coefficients related neuroprotective effect with an antioxidant effect for HTEE (R = 0.72, p < 0.001), and inhibition of nitrosative stress (R = 0.78, 0.67, and 0.66 for HTEE, TEE, and MHTEE, respectively, p < 0.001) and inflammatory mediators (R = 0.72, 0.79, and 0.64 for HTEE, TEE, and MHTEE, respectively, p < 0.001) with all three compounds.
authors.affiliation: †Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: José Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: De La Cruz
authors.affiliation: †Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Moreno
authors.affiliation: †Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: †Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: José Julio
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: §UGC Medicina Fı́sica y Rehabilitación, Hospital Regional Universitario, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Adela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benitez-Guerrero
authors.affiliation: #Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Espartero
authors.affiliation: †Laboratorio de Investigaciones Antitrombóticas e Isquemia Tisular (LIAIT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Correa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D031658:Olea / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D059808:Polyphenols; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: hydroxytyrosol; neuroprotection; oxidative stress; tyrosol; virgin olive oil