title: Risk-based Strategy to Determine Testing Requirement for the Removal of Residual Process Reagents as Process-related Impurities in Bioprocesses.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to recommend a risk-based strategy for determining clearance testing requirements of the process reagents used in manufacturing biopharmaceutical products. The strategy takes account of four risk factors. Firstly, the process reagents are classified into two categories according to their safety profile and history of use: generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and potential safety concern (PSC) reagents. The clearance testing of GRAS reagents can be eliminated because of their safe use historically and process capability to remove these reagents. An estimated safety margin (Se) value, a ratio of the exposure limit to the estimated maximum reagent amount, is then used to evaluate the necessity for testing the PSC reagents at an early development stage. The Se value is calculated from two risk factors, the starting PSC reagent amount per maximum product dose (Me), and the exposure limit (Le). A worst-case scenario is assumed to estimate the Me value, that is common. The PSC reagent of interest is co-purified with the product and no clearance occurs throughout the entire purification process. No clearance testing is required for this PSC reagent if its Se value is ≥1; otherwise clearance testing is needed. Finally, the point of the process reagent introduction to the process is also considered in determining the necessity of the clearance testing for process reagents. How to use the measured safety margin as a criterion for determining PSC reagent testing at process characterization, process validation, and commercial production stages are also described.
  
  
  
  A large number of process reagents are used in the biopharmaceutical manufacturing to control the process performance. Clearance testing for all of the process reagents will be an enormous analytical task. In this article, a risk-based strategy is described to eliminate unnecessary clearance testing for majority of the process reagents using four risk factors. The risk factors included in the strategy are (i) safety profile of the reagents, (ii) the starting amount of the process reagents used in the manufacturing process, (iii) the maximum dose of the product, and (iv) the point of introduction of the process reagents in the process. The implementation of the risk-based strategy can eliminate clearance testing for approximately 90% of the process reagents used in the manufacturing processes. This science-based strategy allows us to ensure patient safety and meet regulatory agency expectations throughout the product development life cycle.
authors.affiliation: Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA; and jqiu@amgen.com araghani@amgen.com.
authors.forename: Jinshu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA; and.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA USA; and jqiu@amgen.com araghani@amgen.com.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raghani
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D007202:Indicators and Reagents
keywords: Clearance testing strategy; GRAS reagents; PSC reagents; Process reagents; Process-related impurity; Safety margin