title: Cadmium body burden of the Swiss population.
abstract: Urinary cadmium (Cd) excretion was measured within a representative Swiss collective. With a median of 0.23 µg/24 h (n = 1409) and the 95th percentile at 0.81 µg/24 h, no increased health risk for the general non-exposed population was identified. The independent variables Age, BMI and Smoking habit had a significant effect on urinary Cd excretion. No association was found with the region of residence and sex. A subsample comparison between 24-h and spot urines of the same subjects (n = 90) did not reveal an evident concentration difference for both creatinine-adjusted sample types. Dependencies on age and gender were observed for creatinine, which consequently impacts on the creatinine normalisation of urine samples.
authors.affiliation: a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office , Risk Assessment Division , Bern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenny-Burri
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haldimann
authors.forename: Beat J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brüschweiler
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bochud
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burnier
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paccaud
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dudler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001822:Body Burden; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: 24-h urine; Switzerland; creatinine; excretion; urinary cadmium