title: The condom: A turbulent history.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The literature concerning the history of condoms is replete with errors. The paper Youssef published in 1993 is in our opinion the best. We update and expand the information.
  
  
  METHODS
  To mention only established facts, we accessed primary sources, which are identified in the article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The origin of the term 'condom' remains an enigma. Plausible hypotheses are that it is derived from either (i) the Latin 'condĕre' (to sheathe) or the corresponding noun 'condus' (receptacle); or (ii) the Venetian variant 'gondon' of the Italian word 'guantone' (glove). The earliest identified mention of a similar barrier method is in the legend of Minos and Pasiphae written (in the 2nd century AD) by Antoninus Liberalis. A penile sheath, made from animal gallbladder, was advocated in the 10th century by the Persian physician Al-Akhawayni. The earliest surviving condoms made of animal membranes date back to between 1642 and 1646. Such 'skin' condoms became increasingly popular for prevention of venereal disease, but as early as the 18th century their value as contraceptives was appreciated. Rubber condoms were available from 1855; since 1930, they are made of latex. We mention, in parallel, the most striking changes over time in sexual mores and behaviours, and illustrate these by referring to colourful figures such as, among others, Boswell, Mrs Philips, Casanova, Marguerite Gourdan, and Richard Carlile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Papers related to this topic often contain errors, which we identify. Condoms over time evolved from animal gut receptacles to reliable contraceptives protecting also against certain sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.
authors.affiliation: a * Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Jacques
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Amy
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiteit Gent , Ghent , Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017280:Condoms / Q000266:history*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000266:history*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans
keywords: Condom; Contraception; Female condom; History of contraception; Sexually transmitted infections