title: Transmission and Demographic Dynamics of Coxsackievirus B1.
abstract: The infectious activity of coxsackievirus B1 (CV-B1) in Taiwan was high from 2008 to 2010, following an alarming increase in severe neonate disease in the United States (US). To examine the relationship between CV-B1 strains isolated in Taiwan and those from other parts of the world, we performed a phylodynamic study using VP1 and partial 3Dpol (414 nt) sequences from 22 strains of CV-B1 isolated in Taiwan (1989-2010) and compared them to sequences from strains isolated worldwide. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods. Four genotypes (GI-IV) in the VP1 region of CV-B1 and three genotypes (GA-C) in the 3Dpol region of enterovirus B were identified and had high support values. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the GI and GIII strains in VP1 were geographically distributed in Taiwan (1993-1994) and in India (2007-2009). On the other hand, the GII and GIV strains appear to have a wider spatiotemporal distribution and ladder-like topology A stair-like phylogeny was observed in the VP1 region indicating that the phylogeny of the virus may be affected by different selection pressures in the specified regions. Further, most of the GI and GII strains in the VP1 tree were clustered together in GA in the 3D tree, while the GIV strains diverged into GB and GC. Taken together, these data provide important insights into the population dynamics of CV-B1 and indicate that incongruencies in specific gene regions may contribute to spatiotemporal patterns of epidemicity for this virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tyan
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yao-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Liang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsien
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Bao-Chen
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Tsi-Shu
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chu-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hui-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yong-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, Gambia.
authors.forename: Bintou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanno-Duanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuei-Hsiang
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Motomura
mesh_terms: D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral