title: Motorcycle helmet use in Calicut, India: User behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study include assessing the motorcycle helmet use pattern in Calicut, India, and analyzing the factors influencing helmet use including motorcyclists' perceptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field observational studies at 15 locations were conducted to determine the helmet use rate among motorcyclists and pillion passengers. A structured questionnaire interview survey was conducted with 709 motorcyclists to evaluate the users' perceptions and opinions regarding the use of motorcycle helmets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a considerable difference in the level of motorcycle helmet use observed between the locations within and outside the city limits, where different levels of helmet law enforcement were exercised. The helmet use was observed at a maximum of 89% within the city and a minimum of 23% in some locations outside the city. The decreasing percentage of helmet use while moving toward the locations outside the city was confirmed statistically through t tests (t = 1.771, df = 13, P < .05). It was found that only 42% of users revealed that helmets are comfortable and 42% expressed that helmets affect hearing ability. It is important to note that 57% of users are of the opinion that there is no need to use a helmet if you drive slowly and carefully. The price of the helmet was not a deterrent for helmet use. In addition, it was observed that only 45% of helmets used by the motorist were standard helmets with an Indian Standards Institute (ISI) mark.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widely varying helmet use pattern observed in the study area may be attributed due to the users' behaviors; that is, using a helmet only when the helmet law is strictly enforced rather than using a helmet as a protective device. Further, some of the problems and beliefs associated with helmet use prevent motorcyclists from using a helmet. Hence, the road safety of motorcyclists can be improved only through addressing the identified measures comprehensively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Calicut , Kerala , India.
authors.forename: Krishnamurthy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karuppanagounder
authors.affiliation: a Department of Civil Engineering , National Institute of Technology Calicut , Calicut , Kerala , India.
authors.forename: Arjun V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Vijayan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D002947:Cities; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D010465:Perception; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Calicut; India; helmet; motorcycle; motorcyclist behavior; perception