title: Antiviral, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of a BODIPY-Based Photosensitizer.
abstract: Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) employing the BODIPY-based photosensitizer 2,6-diiodo-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-4,4'-difluoro-boradiazaindacene (DIMPy-BODIPY) was explored in an in vitro assay against six species of bacteria (eight total strains), three species of yeast, and three viruses as a complementary approach to their current drug-based or non-existent treatments. Our best results achieved a noteworthy 5-6 log unit reduction in CFU at 0.1 μM for Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-2913), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC-44), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ATCC-2320), a 4-5 log unit reduction for Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC-19606 (0.25 μM), multidrug resistant A. baumannii ATCC-1605 (0.1 μM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-97 (0.5 μM), and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC-2146 (1 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction for Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 (ATCC-700084). A 5 log unit reduction in CFU was observed for Candida albicans ATCC-90028 (1 μM) and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC-64538 (0.5 μM), and a 3 log unit reduction was noted for Candida glabrata ATCC-15545 (1 μM). Infectivity was reduced by 6 log units in dengue 1 (0.1 μM), by 5 log units (0.5 μM) in vesicular stomatitis virus, and by 2 log units (5 μM) in human adenovirus-5. Overall, the results demonstrate that DIMPy-BODIPY exhibits antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal photodynamic inactivation at nanomolar concentrations and short illumination times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. blcarpen@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. xsitu@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Xingci
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Situ
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA. fscholl@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scholle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. Juergen.Bartelmess@iit.it.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartelmess
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. wwweare@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Walter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Weare
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. Reza_Ghiladi@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Reza A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ghiladi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C095489:4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001896:Boron Compounds; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: antibacterial; antifungal; antiviral; photobiocidal; photodynamic therapy; singlet oxygen