title: Neuroimaging distinction between neurological and psychiatric disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear to what extent the traditional distinction between neurological and psychiatric disorders reflects biological differences.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine neuroimaging evidence for the distinction between neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis on voxel-based morphometry studies reporting decreased grey matter in 14 neurological and 10 psychiatric disorders, and compared the regional and network-level alterations for these two classes of disease. In addition, we estimated neuroanatomical heterogeneity within and between the two classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal ganglia, insula, sensorimotor and temporal cortex showed greater impairment in neurological disorders; whereas cingulate, medial frontal, superior frontal and occipital cortex showed greater impairment in psychiatric disorders. The two classes of disorders affected distinct functional networks. Similarity within classes was higher than between classes; furthermore, similarity within class was higher for neurological than psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a neuroimaging perspective, neurological and psychiatric disorders represent two distinct classes of disorders.
authors.affiliation: Nicolas A. Crossley, MRCPsych, PhD, Jessica Scott, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; Ian Ellison-Wright, MRCPsych, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Salisbury; Andrea Mechelli, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicolas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Nicolas A. Crossley, MRCPsych, PhD, Jessica Scott, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; Ian Ellison-Wright, MRCPsych, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Salisbury; Andrea Mechelli, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Nicolas A. Crossley, MRCPsych, PhD, Jessica Scott, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; Ian Ellison-Wright, MRCPsych, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Salisbury; Andrea Mechelli, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ellison-Wright
authors.affiliation: Nicolas A. Crossley, MRCPsych, PhD, Jessica Scott, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London; Ian Ellison-Wright, MRCPsych, Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Salisbury; Andrea Mechelli, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK a.mechelli@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mechelli
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*