title: Simulation of cardiac emergencies with real patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation training with manikin simulators for medical emergencies is increasingly used in medical training. The assessment of a manikin, in particular history and examination, is very different to that of a real patient. We sought to combine aspects of traditional simulation training with the assessment of real hospital in-patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-patients who had recently experienced a cardiac emergency were asked to recall their symptoms as if they were still present. Medical students assessed these patients in the role of foundation year-1 (FY1) doctors, supervised by core medical trainee (CMT) doctors, and were encouraged to formulate a differential diagnosis and initial management plan. The students filled in a questionnaire prior to, immediately after and 1 week after each simulation session. This included a self-assessment of confidence in managing cardiac emergencies, as well as knowledge-based questions on aspects of assessment and management of cardiac emergencies. We sought to combine aspects of traditional simulation training with the assessment of real hospital in-patients
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confidence in managing cardiac emergencies was initially low, but significantly increased after one simulation training session (p < 0.001). This increase was sustained on re-assessment 1 week after the training session (p < 0.001). In addition to the increase in confidence, a significant and sustained increase in knowledge score was also observed (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulation training with real patients led to an immediate and sustained increase in self-assessed confidence. There was also an increase in medical knowledge of the assessment and management of cardiac emergencies. This simulation technique is inexpensive, easily reproducible and can be used to complement learning from traditional simulation training with manikins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Howell
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sakitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paranehewa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weerackody
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy; D012649:Self Concept; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000628:therapy