title: Dual effects of a mixture of grape pomace (Campbell Early) and Omija fruit ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and the antioxidant defense system in diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of a combination of grape pomace (Vitis labrusca, Campbell Early) and Omija fruit (Schizandra chinensis, Baillon) ethanol extracts on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system in diet-induced obese mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed high-fat diet (control group, CON) or high-fat diet added 0.5% grape pomace extract (GPE), 0.05% Omija fruit extract (OFE) or 0.5% GPE plus 0.05% OFE (GPE+OFE) for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to the GPE- or OFE-supplemented groups, the GPE+OFE group showed significantly lower body weight and white adipose tissue weights than the CON group. Moreover, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol and increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratio (HTR) compared to the control diet. The hepatic triglyceride level was significantly lower in the GPE+OFE and GPE groups by increasing β-oxidation and decreasing lipogenic enzyme compared to the CON group. Furthermore, GPE+OFE supplementation significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities with a simultaneous decrease in liver H2O2 content compared to the control diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together our results suggest that supplementation with the GPE+OFE mixture may be more effective in improving adiposity, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice than those with GPE and OFE alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea. ; Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Un Ju
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Food R&D, CJ Cheiljedang Corp., Seoul 152-051, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Food R&D, CJ Cheiljedang Corp., Seoul 152-051, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea. ; Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Bok
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Gun
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea. ; Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Grape pomace; Omija fruit; antioxidant enzyme; high-fat diet; lipid-regulating enzyme