title: One central oscillatory drive is compatible with experimental motor unit behaviour in essential and Parkinsonian tremor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathological tremors are symptomatic to several neurological disorders that are difficult to differentiate and the way by which central oscillatory networks entrain tremorogenic contractions is unknown. We considered the alternative hypotheses that tremor arises from one oscillator (at the tremor frequency) or, as suggested by recent findings from the superimposition of two separate inputs (at the tremor frequency and twice that frequency).
  
  
  METHODS
  Assuming one central oscillatory network we estimated analytically the relative amplitude of the harmonics of the tremor frequency in the motor neuron output for different temporal behaviors of the oscillator. Next, we analyzed the bias in the relative harmonics amplitude introduced by superimposing oscillations at twice the tremor frequency. These findings were validated using experimental measurements of wrist angular velocity and surface electromyography (EMG) from 22 patients (11 essential tremor, 11 Parkinson's disease). The ensemble motor unit action potential trains identified from the EMG represented the neural drive to the muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analytical results showed that the relative power of the tremor harmonics in the analytical models of the neural drive was determined by the variability and duration of the tremor bursts and the presence of the second oscillator biased this power towards higher values. The experimental findings accurately matched the analytical model assuming one oscillator, indicating a negligible functional role of secondary oscillatory inputs. Furthermore, a significant difference in the relative power of harmonics in the neural drive was found across the patient groups, suggesting a diagnostic value of this measure (classification accuracy: 86%). This diagnostic power decreased substantially when estimated from limb acceleration or the EMG. SIGNFICANCE: The results indicate that the neural drive in pathological tremor is compatible with one central network providing neural oscillations at the tremor frequency. Moreover, the regularity of this neural oscillation varies across tremor pathologies, making the relative amplitude of tremor harmonics a potential biomarker for diagnostic use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany. Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dideriksen
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holobar
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rocon
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001683:Biological Clocks; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009046:Motor Neurons; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D014953:Wrist / Q000503:physiopathology