title: Immunomodulation and signaling mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its components on porcine intestinal epithelial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects and signaling mechanisms of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and its components [surface-layer protein (SLP), DNA, exopolysaccharides, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides] on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) IPEC-J2.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment of IPEC-J2 cells with LGG, SLP, or exopolysaccharides significantly alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and TLR activation at mRNA level. LGG, SLP, and exopolysaccharides also attenuated LPS-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling activations. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides significantly increased the interleukin 12, tumor necrosis factor α, and TLR9 mRNA levels and enhanced NF-κB signaling activation in LPS-stimulated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGG had immunomodulatory effects on LPS-induced porcine IECs by modulating TLR expressions and inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling to decrease inflammatory cytokine expressions. Components of LGG exerted immunomodulatory effects on porcine IECs, especially immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: hfwang@zafu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019936:Probiotics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013552:Swine; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; immunomodulation; mitogen-activated protein kinase; nuclear factor kappa B; porcine intestinal epithelial cells