title: Molecular biomarkers in gastric cancer.
abstract: Gastric cancer (GC) represents a serious health problem on a global scale. Despite some recent advances in the field, the prognosis in metastatic GC remains poor. Even in localized disease the adjunctive therapies improve overall survival (OS) by only approximately 10%. A better understanding of molecular biology, which would lead to improved treatment options, is needed and is the basis for this review. Many potential biomarkers of prognostic significance have been identified, including ALDH, SHH, Sox9, HER2, EGFR, VEGF, Hippo/YAP, and MET. However, inhibition of only HER2 protein has led to a modest survival benefit. A new approach to GC treatment, which is a disease influenced by inflammation, is the exploitation of the immune system to fight disease. Two interesting targets/prognostic markers that bear further investigation in GC are PD1 and PDL, particularly given their success in the treatment of other inflammation/immune-associated malignancies.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elimova
authors.forename: Roopma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Jeannelyn S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Estrella
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Badgwell
authors.forename: Prajnan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matamoros
authors.forename: Shumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jaffer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ajani
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D000090683:Hippo Signaling Pathway; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011379:Prognosis; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; C509239:SHH protein, human; C527932:SOX9 protein, human; C088374:YAP1 protein, human; C510223:ALDH1A1 protein, human; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human