title: A perspective on the developmental toxicity of inhaled nanoparticles.
abstract: This paper aimed to clarify whether maternal inhalation of engineered nanoparticles (NP) may constitute a hazard to pregnancy and fetal development, primarily based on experimental animal studies of NP and air pollution particles. Overall, it is plausible that NP may translocate from the respiratory tract to the placenta and fetus, but also that adverse effects may occur secondarily to maternal inflammatory responses. The limited database describes several organ systems in the offspring to be potentially sensitive to maternal inhalation of particles, but large uncertainties exist about the implications for embryo-fetal development and health later in life. Clearly, the potential for hazard remains to be characterized. Considering the increased production and application of nanomaterials and related consumer products a testing strategy for NP should be established. Due to large gaps in data, significant amounts of groundwork are warranted for a testing strategy to be established on a sound scientific basis.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: ksh@nrcwe.dk.
authors.forename: Karin Sørig
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hougaard
authors.affiliation: University of Tor Vergata, Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campagnolo
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Fondation PremUp, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chavatte-Palmer
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Fondation PremUp, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarrade
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Fondation PremUp, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rousseau-Ralliard
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Fondation PremUp, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valentino
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margriet V D Z
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolterink
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aldert H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Piersma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Bryony L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jitka Stilund
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Slama
authors.affiliation: University of Tor Vergata, Dept. Biomedicine and Prevention, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietroiusti
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Flemming R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D023421:Models, Animal; D053758:Nanoparticles; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D021041:Placental Circulation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Developmental toxicity; Inhalation; Instillation; Nanomaterial; Nanoparticles; Pregnancy; Reproductive toxicity; Ultrafine particles