title: Marked preservation of the visual and olfactory pathways in ALS patients in a totally locked-in state.
abstract: METHODS
  The present paper examines the brains and spinal cords in 7 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) receiving artificial respirator support in a totally locked-in state (TLS) neuropathologically in order to clarify whether any anatomical structures in the central nervous system are preserved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the visual and olfactory pathways, hypothalamus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, and commissura anterior were remarkably well preserved, whereas the somatosensory, auditory, and gustatory pathways in the brain stem and/or spinal cord showed severe deterioration.
authors.forename: Kiyomitsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oyanagi
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: Tomoyo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Komori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000598624:TARDBP protein, human