title: Microscopic Characterization of Brevundimonas diminuta in the Hydrated State.
abstract: Brevundimonas diminuta is the organism most commonly used for challenge testing of sterilizing-grade filter membranes. ASTM F838-05 and PDA Technical Report 26 rely on B. diminuta ATCC #19146 for standard challenge tests used to designate sterilizing-grade filter performance. Despite the importance and widespread use of B. diminuta in filter testing and validation, information about this microorganism in its native hydrated state is limited. In this work, we measure, for the first time, the mechanical property of modulus for B. diminuta cultured in saline lactose broth (as described in ASTM F838-05) via wet atomic force microscopy. For comparison, we also imaged B. diminuta by the traditional method of electron microscopy after capture on a filter and chemical fixation. The modulus of hydrated B. diminuta cells was ∼193 mPa. To put this result into context, a simple model for pore penetration that correlates the role of the Young's modulus of hydrated cells to the penetration of sterilizing-grade filters is proposed. The model confirms the industry experience that pore size is an essential parameter in preventing the penetration of B. diminuta into sterilizing-grade filters.
  
  
  
  The small microorganism Brevundimonas diminuta is used to characterize the performance of sterilizing-grade filter membranes used in the manufacturing of sterile drug products. Little is known about the size, shape, or elasticity of living bacterial cells, as it is easier to characterize bacteria after chemical fixation in a dry state. In this work, we use atomic force microscopy to determine the size, shape, and deformability of this important microorganism while it is alive and fully hydrated. Additionally, we compare the physical and mechanical properties of B. diminuta measured in wet and dry states. This information can be used to advance our understanding of how filter membranes remove these organisms from fluid streams.
authors.affiliation: W.L. Gore and Associates, Elkton, MD; and.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harp
authors.affiliation: W.L. Gore and Associates, Elkton, MD; and.
authors.forename: Seok-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: W.L. Gore and Associates, Elkton, MD; and.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: W.L. Gore and Associates, Elkton, MD; and.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
authors.forename: Chandran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabanyagam
authors.affiliation: W.L. Gore and Associates, Elkton, MD; and sross@wlgore.com.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D042063:Caulobacteraceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005374:Filtration; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D013242:Sterilization
keywords: ASTM F838; B. diminuta; PDA TR 26; Sterile filtration