title: Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise.
abstract: Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (-21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (-10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise (P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (-1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (-6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased (P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased (P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high (P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (-30 to -45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT (P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI (P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia;
authors.forename: Llion A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Movement to Health Laboratory, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France;
authors.forename: Makii
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muthalib
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; Physiology Department, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, Australia;
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia;
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lichtwark
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; and.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nosaka
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, Australia;
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Coombes
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia jonathan.peake@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peake
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001831:Body Temperature; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007101:Immersion; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055070:Resistance Training; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: blood flow; cryotherapy; muscle oxygenation; recovery