title: Inhibitory input to the direction-selective ganglion cell is saturated at low contrast.
abstract: Direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) respond selectively to motion toward a "preferred" direction, but much less to motion toward the opposite "null" direction. Directional signals in the DSGC depend on GABAergic inhibition and are observed over a wide range of speeds, which precludes motion detection based on a fixed temporal correlation. A voltage-clamp analysis, using narrow bar stimuli similar in width to the receptive field center, demonstrated that inhibition to DSGCs saturates rapidly above a threshold contrast. However, for wide bar stimuli that activate both the center and surround, inhibition depends more linearly on contrast. Excitation for both wide and narrow bars was also more linear. We propose that positive feedback, likely within the starburst amacrine cell or its network, produces steep saturation of inhibition at relatively low contrast. This mechanism renders GABA release essentially contrast and speed invariant, which enhances directional signals for small objects and thereby increases the signal-to-noise ratio for direction-selective signals in the spike train over a wide range of stimulus conditions. The steep saturation of inhibition confers to a neuron immunity to noise in its spike train, because when inhibition is strong no spikes are initiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and misha@retina.anatomy.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Mikhail Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lipin
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: W Rowland
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000200:Action Potentials; D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D009038:Motion; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011817:Rabbits; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine
keywords: Schmitt trigger; ideal observer; neural computation; noise immunity; retinal circuitry