title: Renal biomarkers for the prediction of cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Renal biomarkers might be valuable in predicting CVD. Investigation of these biomarkers may uncover some of the poorly understood mechanisms that link renal and CVD as well as aid in the modification of disease and serve as a useful tool in diagnosing early disease and monitoring therapeutic responses. In this review we discuss the clinical utility of emerging and known renal biomarkers in predicting CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to adopting a biomarker into routine clinical practice, evidence-based laboratory medicine requires optimal technical and analytical performance, which is a prerequisite to have confidence in the result. Furthermore, an ideal biomarker should have evidence of its utility in predicting clinical, therapeutic and other health outcomes as well as proving its organizational impact and cost-effectiveness. The renal biomarkers that have been associated with CVD include cystatin C as a better marker of glomerular filtration than creatinine, albuminuria, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, a marker of acute kidney injury, fibroblast growth factor-23 and parathyroid hormone. Only urine albumin has been adopted into routine clinical practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all the renal biomarkers, only albumin is clearly associated with CVD. The other biomarkers are earlier in clinical development and the evidence base for their clinical utility needs to be expanded substantially before they can be adopted into routine practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic Medicine/Chemical Pathology, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK.
authors.forename: Supriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Adie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viljoen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers