title: Flow sorting of C-genome chromosomes from wild relatives of wheat Aegilops markgrafii, Ae. triuncialis and Ae. cylindrica, and their molecular organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aegilops markgrafii (CC) and its natural hybrids Ae. triuncialis (U(t)U(t)C(t)C(t)) and Ae. cylindrica (D(c)D(c)C(c)C(c)) represent a rich reservoir of useful genes for improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), but the limited information available on their genome structure and the shortage of molecular (cyto-) genetic tools hamper the utilization of the extant genetic diversity. This study provides the complete karyotypes in the three species obtained after fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with repetitive DNA probes, and evaluates the potential of flow cytometric chromosome sorting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The flow karyotypes obtained after the analysis of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained chromosomes were characterized and the chromosome content of the peaks on the flow karyotypes was determined by FISH. Twenty-nine conserved orthologous set (COS) markers covering all seven wheat homoeologous chromosome groups were used for PCR with DNA amplified from flow-sorted chromosomes and genomic DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FISH with repetitive DNA probes revealed that chromosomes 4C, 5C, 7C(t), T6U(t)S.6U(t)L-5C(t)L, 1C(c) and 5D(c) could be sorted with purities ranging from 66 to 91 %, while the remaining chromosomes could be sorted in groups of 2-5. This identified a partial wheat-C-genome homology for group 4 and 5 chromosomes. In addition, 1C chromosomes were homologous with group 1 of wheat; a small segment from group 2 indicated 1C-2C rearrangement. An extensively rearranged structure of chromosome 7C relative to wheat was also detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possibility of purifying Aegilops chromosomes provides an attractive opportunity to investigate the structure and evolution of the Aegilops C genome and to develop molecular tools to facilitate the identification of alien chromatin and support alien introgression breeding in bread wheat.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary and molnar.istvan@agrar.mta.hu.
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Molnár
authors.affiliation: Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vrána
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary and.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.affiliation: Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubaláková
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary and.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cseh
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Brunszvik u. 2, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary and.
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molnár-Láng
authors.affiliation: Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doležel
mesh_terms: D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D018745:Genome, Plant; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007211:Indoles; D059785:Karyotype; D007621:Karyotyping; D008677:Metaphase; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; C007293:DAPI
keywords: Ae. cylindrica; Ae. triuncialis; Aegilops markgrafii; COS; FISH; GISH; Poaceae; Triticum aestivum; conserved orthologous set markers; flow cytometric chromosome sorting; fluorescence in situ hybridization; genomic in situ hybridization; goatgrass; physical mapping; wheat