title: Factors affecting costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Swedish control program for salmonella includes restrictions and on-farm control measures when salmonella is detected in a herd. Required control measures are subsidised by the government. This provides an opportunity to study costs for on-farm salmonella control. The aim of this study was to describe the costs for on-farm salmonella control in Swedish cattle herds and to investigate the effects of herd factors on these costs in dairy herds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 15 years studied there had been a total of 124 restriction periods in 118 cattle herds; 89 dairy herds, 28 specialised fattening herds and three suckler herds. The average costs per herd for on-farm salmonella control was 4.60 million SEK with a median of 1.06 million SEK corresponding to approximately 490 000 and 110 000 EUR. The range was 0.01 to 41 million SEK corresponding to 1080 EUR to 4.44 million EUR per farm. The costs cover measures required in herd-specific control plans, generally measures improving herd hygiene. A mixed linear model was used to investigate associations between herd factors and costs for on-farm salmonella control in dairy herds. Herd size and length of the restriction period were both significantly associated with costs for on-farm control of salmonella with larger herds and longer periods of restrictions leading to higher costs. Serotype detected and administrative changes in the Swedish Board of Agriculture aiming at reducing costs were not associated with costs for on-farm salmonella control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On-farm control of salmonella in Swedish cattle herds incurred high costs but the costs also varied largely between herds. Larger herds and longer restriction periods increased the costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds. This causes concern for future costs for the Swedish salmonella control program as herd sizes are increasing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden. estelle.agren@sva.se.|Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. estelle.agren@sva.se.
authors.forename: Estelle C C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ågren
authors.affiliation: Department for Rural Development, Swedish Board of Agriculture, SE-55182, Jönköping, Sweden. janne.johansson@jordbruksverket.se.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden. jenny.frossling@sva.se.|Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, SE-532 23, Skara, Sweden. jenny.frossling@sva.se.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frössling
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden. helene.wahlstrom@sva.se.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. ulf.emanuelson@slu.se.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Emanuelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. susanna.sternberg-lewerin@slu.se.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sternberg-Lewerin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000191:economics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013548:Sweden