title: Evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (C8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria vector control relies principally on the use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids. Because of the increasing occurrence of insecticide resistance in target vector populations, the development of new insecticides, particularly those with novel modes of action, is particularly important, especially in terms of managing insecticide resistance. The C8910 formulation is a patented mixture of compounds comprising straight-chain octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic saturated fatty acids. This compound has demonstrated toxic and repellent effects against several arthropod species. The aims of this study were to measure the insecticidal effects of C8910 against an insecticide susceptible (FANG) and a pyrethroid resistant (FUMOZ-R) laboratory strain of An. funestus as well as against wild-caught An. funestus material from Zambia (ZamF), and to investigate the repellent effects of two formulations of C8910 against these strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Toxicity against adult females was assessed using a range of concentrations based on the CDC bottle bioassay method and repellence of three different C8910 formulations was assessed using standard choice-chamber bioassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C8910 proved equally toxic to adult females of the FUMOZ-R and FANG laboratory strains, as well as to adult females of the wild-caught (ZamF) sample. None of the C8910 formulations tested gave any conclusive indication of repellence against any of the strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C8910 is equally effective as an adulticide against pyrethroid resistant and insecticide susceptible An. funestus. However, the formulations tested did not show any consistent repellence against laboratory reared and wild-caught female samples of this species. Nevertheless, C8910 shows potential as an adulticide that can be used for malaria vector control, particularly in those instances where insecticide resistance management is required.
authors.affiliation: Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. michaels@nicd.ac.za.|Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical & Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. michaels@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Shuneo@nicd.ac.za.|Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical & Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. Shuneo@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Shüné V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. oliverw@nicd.ac.za.|Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical & Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. oliverw@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Oliver R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. maureenc@nicd.ac.za.|Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical & Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. maureenc@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.affiliation: Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. basilb@nicd.ac.za.|Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical & Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. basilb@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Basil D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Brooke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D008297:Male; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins