title: GC×GC Quantification of Priority and Emerging Nonpolar Halogenated Micropollutants in All Types of Wastewater Matrices: Analysis Methodology, Chemical Occurrence, and Partitioning.
abstract: We report the development and validation of a method to detect and quantify diverse nonpolar halogenated micropollutants in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent, effluent, primary sludge, and secondary sludge matrices (including both the liquid and particle phases) by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to micro- electron capture detector (μECD). The 59 target analytes included toxaphenes, polychlorinated naphthalenes, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and emerging persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. The method is robust for a wide range of nonpolar halogenated micropollutants in all matrices. For most analytes, recoveries fell between 70% and 130% in all matrix types. GC×GC-μECD detections of several target analytes were confirmed qualitatively by further analysis with GC×GC coupled to electron capture negative chemical ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ENCI-TOFMS). We then quantified the concentrations and apparent organic solid-water partition coefficients (Kp) of target micropollutants in samples from a municipal WWTP in Switzerland. Several analyzed pollutants exhibited a high frequency of occurrence in WWTP stream samples, including octachloronaphthalene, PCB-44, PCB-52, PCB-153, PCB-180, several organochlorine pesticides, PBDE-10, PBDE-28, PBDE-116, musk tibetene, and pentachloronitrobenzene. Our results suggest that sorption to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can contribute substantially to the apparent solids-liquid distribution of hydrophobic micropollutants in WWTP streams.
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.|‡EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dimitriou-Christidis
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonvin
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Saer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samanipour
authors.affiliation: ‡EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|§Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollender
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rutler
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westphale
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.affiliation: †Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.|‡EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J Samuel
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Arey
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry; D013557:Switzerland; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical