title: The amino acid composition of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala), fresh and after culinary and technological processing.
abstract: The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the level of amino acids and the quality of protein in fresh and cooked leaves of kale and in two types of frozen product prepared for consumption after 12-months storage at -20°C. Kale blanched before freezing (the traditional method) was cooked after refrigerated storage, while that cooked before freezing (the modified method) was defrosted and heated in a microwave oven. Both fresh and processed leaves of kale were a good source of amino acids. In all the samples, glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid were the dominant, while lysine and leucine were the limiting amino acids. Cooked leaves contained 78% of the total amino acid content found in fresh leaves, while the traditional and modified frozen products contained 76% and 78%, respectively. The proportion of essential amino acids in total amino acids was 44% and 43%, respectively for fresh and cooked leaves and 46% for the frozen products. The lowest EAA index was found for the traditional frozen product (99); it was higher for the remaining samples, which were broadly similar to each other (105-106).
authors.affiliation: Department of Raw Materials and Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, Agricultural University of Krakow, 122 Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland. Electronic address: rrlisiew@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lisiewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Raw Materials and Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, Agricultural University of Krakow, 122 Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kmiecik
authors.affiliation: Department of Raw Materials and Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, Agricultural University of Krakow, 122 Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korus
keywords: Amino acids; Cooked; Fresh; Frozen; Kale; Prepared for consumption