title: Taking Stock of Unrealistic Optimism.
abstract: Researchers have used terms such as unrealistic optimism and optimistic bias to refer to concepts that are similar but not synonymous. Drawing from three decades of research, we critically discuss how researchers define unrealistic optimism and we identify four types that reflect different measurement approaches: unrealistic absolute optimism at the individual and group level and unrealistic comparative optimism at the individual and group level. In addition, we discuss methodological criticisms leveled against research on unrealistic optimism and note that the criticisms are primarily relevant to only one type-the group form of unrealistic comparative optimism. We further clarify how the criticisms are not nearly as problematic even for unrealistic comparative optimism as they might seem. Finally, we note boundary conditions on the different types of unrealistic optimism and reflect on five broad questions that deserve further attention.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shepperd
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute.
authors.forename: William M P
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Erika A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University.
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Weinstein
keywords: Unrealistic optimism; comparative optimism; optimistic bias; risk judgments