title: A longitudinal twin study of borderline and antisocial personality disorder traits in early to middle adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) share genetic and environmental risk factors. Little is known about the temporal stability of these etiological factors in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  DSM-IV criteria for ASPD and BPD were assessed using structured interviews in 2282 Norwegian twins in early adulthood and again approximately 10 years later. Longitudinal biometric models were used to analyze the number of endorsed criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean criterion count for ASPD and BPD decreased 40% and 28%, respectively, from early to middle adulthood. Rank-order stability was 0.58 for ASPD and 0.45 for BPD. The best-fitting longitudinal twin model included only genetic and individual-specific environmental factors. Genetic effects, both those shared by ASPD and BPD, and those specific to each disorder remained completely stable. The unique environmental effects, however, changed substantially, with a correlation across time of 0.19 for the shared effects, and 0.39 and 0.15, respectively, for those specific to ASPD and BPD. Genetic effects accounted for 71% and 72% of the stability over time for ASPD and BPD, respectively. The genetic and environmental correlations between ASPD and BPD were 0.73, and 0.43, respectively, at both time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ASPD and BPD traits were moderately stable from early to middle adulthood, mostly due to genetic risk factors which did not change over the 10-year assessment period. Environmental risk factors were mostly transient, and appear to be the main source of phenotypic change. Genetic liability factors were, to a large extent, shared by ASPD and BPD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Czajkowski
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ystrøm
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ørstavik
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Aggen
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tambs
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Røysamb
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health,Norwegian Institute of Public Health,Oslo,Norway.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,Richmond,VA,USA.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D001699:Biometry; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antisocial personality disorder; borderline personality disorder; genetics; longitudinal studies