title: Estimates of Average Glandular Dose with Auto-modes of X-ray Exposures in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this research was to examine the average glandular dose (AGD) of radiation among different breast compositions of glandular and adipose tissue with auto-modes of exposure factor selection in digital breast tomosynthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study was carried out in the National Cancer Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between February 2012 and February 2013 using a tomosynthesis digital mammography X-ray machine. The entrance surface air kerma and the half-value layer were determined using a 100H thermoluminescent dosimeter on 50% glandular and 50% adipose tissue (50/50) and 20% glandular and 80% adipose tissue (20/80) commercially available breast phantoms (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Inc., Norfolk, Virginia, USA) with auto-time, auto-filter and auto-kilovolt modes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lowest AGD for the 20/80 phantom with auto-time was 2.28 milliGray (mGy) for two dimension (2D) and 2.48 mGy for three dimensional (3D) images. The lowest AGD for the 50/50 phantom with auto-time was 0.97 mGy for 2D and 1.0 mGy for 3D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AGD values for both phantoms were lower against a high kilovolt peak and the use of auto-filter mode was more practical for quick acquisition while limiting the probability of operator error.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging & Radiotherapy Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Izdihar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging & Radiotherapy Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
authors.forename: Kanaga K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chelliah
authors.affiliation: KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nawal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mustafa
keywords: Breast; Mammography; Radiation Dosage; Thermoluminescent Dosimetry