title: Three-dimensional virtual surgery models for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimization strategies.
abstract: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially coronary stent implantation, has been shown to be an effective treatment for coronary artery disease. However, in-stent restenosis is one of the longstanding unsolvable problems following PCI. Although stents implanted inside narrowed vessels recover normal flux of blood flows, they instantaneously change the wall shear stress (WSS) distribution on the vessel surface. Improper stent implantation positions bring high possibilities of restenosis as it enlarges the low WSS regions and subsequently stimulates more epithelial cell outgrowth on vessel walls. To optimize the stent position for lowering the risk of restenosis, we successfully established a digital three-dimensional (3-D) model based on a real clinical coronary artery and analysed the optimal stenting strategies by computational simulation. Via microfabrication and 3-D printing technology, the digital model was also converted into in vitro microfluidic models with 3-D micro channels. Simultaneously, physicians placed real stents inside them; i.e., they performed "virtual surgeries". The hydrodynamic experimental results showed that the microfluidic models highly inosculated the simulations. Therefore, our study not only demonstrated that the half-cross stenting strategy could maximally reduce restenosis risks but also indicated that 3-D printing combined with clinical image reconstruction is a promising method for future angiocardiopathy research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.|Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Hujun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Jinghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Xuwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State key laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Zhanghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Silber-Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
authors.forename: Mujun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
authors.forename: Liyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D023903:Coronary Restenosis; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D044085:Microfluidics; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000379:methods*; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects