title: A case of sudden death after ultrasound-guided percutaneous alcohol injection of a paraganglioma mis-diagnosed as a peri-renal cyst.
abstract: Paragangliomas are cromaffin tumors arising from the neural crest cells of parasympathetic or sympathetic ganglia. They are known to be rare causes of sudden death. Here we present the autopsy findings, as well as microscopical and immunohistochemistry study, of a 48-years-old woman who died suddenly after a percutaneous alcohol injection of a peri-renal cyst previously diagnosed as a common complex cyst. She manifested a multiorgan failure, with acute heart failure, systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction with hypoxia, metabolic acidosis (pH 6.974). It was therefore enacted resuscitation that was ineffective. The autopsy pointed out, close to the upper right renal pole, a cyst characterized by very friable walls and septa, with a thickness of approximately 0.5cm and containing about 75cm(3) of hemoserous fluid. Microscopically, through immunohistochemical examinations, the cyst showed the presence of chromaffin cells, containing enzymes involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, in particular noradrenalin. So, the cause of the death was ascertained in an multi-organ failure caused by a massive release of catecholamines (noradrenaline) from the cyst, identified post-mortem (on the basis of histologic and immunohistochemical examinations) in a noradrenalin-secreting paraganglioma, that remained silent until the cyst ablation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Insubria University, via Guicciardini 9bis, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andrello
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Insubria University, via Guicciardini 9bis, 21100 Varese, Italy. Electronic address: sd.visona@studenti.uninsubria.it.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Visonà
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, Insubria University, via Guicciardini 9bis, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osculati
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003560:Cysts / Q000175:diagnosis; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000209:etiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010235:Paraganglioma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: Immunohistochemistry; Paraganglioma; Sudden death