title: Survey of multidrug resistance integrative mobilizable elements SGI1 and PGI1 in Proteus mirabilis in humans and dogs in France, 2010-13.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize MDR genomic islands related to Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) and Proteus genomic island 1 (PGI1) in Proteus mirabilis from human and animal sources in France in light of the previously reported cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 52 and 46 P. mirabilis clinical strains from human and animal sources, respectively, were studied for the period 2010-13. MDR was assessed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR detection of SGI1 and PGI1 and PCR mapping of the MDR regions. The diversity of the SGI1/PGI1-positive P. mirabilis strains was assessed by PFGE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve P. mirabilis strains (5 humans and 7 dogs) were found to harbour an MDR island related to SGI1 or PGI1. Among them, several SGI1 variants were identified in diverse P. mirabilis genetic backgrounds. The variant SGI1-V, which harbours the ESBL bla VEB-6 gene, was found in closely genetically related human and dog P. mirabilis strains. The recently described PGI1 element was also identified in human and dog strains. Finally, one strain harboured a novel SGI genomic island closely related to SGI1 and SGI2 without an insertion of the MDR region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports for the first time, to our knowledge, SGI1-positive and PGI1-positive P. mirabilis strains from dogs in France. The genetic diversity of the strains suggests several independent horizontal acquisitions of these MDR elements. The potential transmission of SGI1/PGI1-positive P. mirabilis strains between animals and humans is of public health concern, notably with regard to the spread of ESBL and carbapenemase genes, i.e. bla VEB-6 and bla NDM-1.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, F- 69364 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Eliette
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, F- 69364 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haenni
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France CHU de Tours, Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, F37044 Tours, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mereghetti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Dijon, Plateau technique de Biologie, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon cedex, France.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siebor
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Dijon, Plateau technique de Biologie, BP 37013, F-21070 Dijon cedex, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuwirth
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, F- 69364 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cloeckaert
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 Tours, France benoit.doublet@tours.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Doublet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005602:France; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D044404:Genomic Islands; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058889:Molecular Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial