title: Establishing Normative Reference Values for Handgrip Among Hungarian Youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine age- and sex-related variation in handgrip strength and to determine reference values for the Hungarian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 1,086 Hungary youth (aged 11-18 years old; 654 boys and 432 girls) completed a handgrip strength assessment using a handheld dynamometer. Quantile regression was used to compute separate models for boys and girls and included a linear, cubic, and quadratic term for age to account for nonlinear patterns. These terms were tested for statistical significance using the Wald statistical test with p < .05. Age- and sex-specific centiles were generated and the 50th percentile was used to describe the overall patterns in handgrip strength.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear, cubic, and quadratic terms for age fitted the data well for boys (p < .05), while both linear and quadratic terms for age were statistically significant for girls (p < .05). The 50th percentile values resulted in 21.4 kg, 21.7 kg, 25.0 kg, 30.0 kg, 35.4 kg, 40.0 kg, 42.6 kg, and 42.0 kg for boys aged 11 to 18 years old, respectively. The same percentile resulted in 20.0 kg, 19.5 kg, 19.6 kg, 20.3 kg, 21.6 kg, 23.5 kg, 26.1 kg, and 29.2 kg for girls aged 11 to 18 years old, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle strength as determined by handgrip has distinct age-related patterns in boys and girls. We have accounted for biological age differences and developed norm-referenced values that can be used to interpret handgrip assessment scores obtained from school-aged children in Hungary.
authors.affiliation: a Iowa State University.
authors.forename: Pedro F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Saint-Maurice
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Laurson
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karsai
authors.forename: Mónika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaj
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Csányi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D008297:Male; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D012016:Reference Values; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: field assessment; measurement; muscle strength; norm-referenced scores