title: Extraction, characterization and application of malva nut gum in water treatment.
abstract: In view of green developments in water treatment, plant-based flocculants have become the focus due to their safety, degradation and renewable properties. In addition, cost and energy-saving processes are preferable. In this study, malva nut gum (MNG), a new plant-based flocculant, and its composite with Fe in water treatment using single mode mixing are demonstrated. The result presents a simplified extraction of the MNG process. MNG has a high molecular weight of 2.3 × 10⁵ kDa and a high negative charge of -58.7 mV. From the results, it is a strong anionic flocculant. Moreover, it is observed to have a branch-like surface structure. Therefore, it conforms to the surface of particles well and exhibits good performance in water treatment. In water treatment, the Fe-MNG composite treats water at pH 3.01 and requires a low concentration of Fe and MNG of 0.08 and 0.06 mg/L, respectively, when added to the system. It is concluded that for a single-stage flocculation process, physico-chemical properties such as molecular weight, charge of polymer, surface morphology, pH, concentration of cation and concentration of biopolymeric flocculant affect the flocculating performance.
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: norlii@usm.my.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: norlii@usm.my.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norli
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: norlii@usm.my.
authors.forename: Abbas F M
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Alkarkhi
authors.affiliation: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia E-mail: norlii@usm.my.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morad
mesh_terms: D005427:Flocculation; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012116:Resins, Plant; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007501:Iron