title: Non-intubated anesthesia in thoracic surgery-technical issues.
abstract: Performing awake thoracic surgery (ATS) is technically more challenging than thoracic surgery under general anesthesia (GA), but it can result in a greater benefit for the patient. Local wound infiltration and lidocaine administration in the pleural space can be considered for ATS. More invasive techniques are local wound infiltration with wound catheter insertion, thoracic wall blocks, selective intercostal nerve blockade, thoracic paravertebral blockade and thoracic epidural analgesia, offering the advantage of a catheter placement which can also be continued for postoperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France ; 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: 1 Anaesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Lille, 2 Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000 Lille, France ; 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castillo
keywords: Awake thoracic surgery (ATS); awake video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; serratus anterior plane block; thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA); thoracic paravertebral blockade