title: Early-Life State-of-Residence Characteristics and Later Life Hypertension, Diabetes, and Ischemic Heart Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined how state characteristics in early life are associated with individual chronic disease later in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed early-life state of residence using the first 3 digits of social security numbers from blue- and white-collar workers from a US manufacturing company. Longitudinal data were available from 1997 to 2012, with 305 936 person-years of observation. Disease was assessed using medical claims. We modeled associations using pooled logistic regression with inverse probability of censoring weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found small but statistically significant associations between early-state-of-residence characteristics and later life hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease. The most consistent associations were with income inequality, percentage non-White, and education. These associations were similar after statistically controlling for individual socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and current state characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characteristics of the state in which an individual lives early in life are associated with prevalence of chronic disease later in life, with a strength of association equivalent to genetic associations found for these same health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rehkopf
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modrek
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mokyr Horner
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Sadie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.affiliation: At the time of the study, David H. Rehkopf, Sepideh Modrek, Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, Benjamin Goldstein, and Mark R. Cullen were with the Division of General Medical Disciplines, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Ellen A. Eisen and Sadie Costello are with the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley. Linda F. Cantley and Martin D. Slade are with the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology