title: Experimental verification of electro-refractive phase modulation in graphene.
abstract: Graphene has been considered as a promising material for opto-electronic devices, because of its tunable and wideband optical properties. In this work, we demonstrate electro-refractive phase modulation in graphene at wavelengths from 1530 to 1570 nm. By integrating a gated graphene layer in a silicon-waveguide based Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the key parameters of a phase modulator like change in effective refractive index, insertion loss and absorption change are extracted. These experimentally obtained values are well reproduced by simulations and design guidelines are provided to make graphene devices competitive to contemporary silicon based phase modulators for on-chip applications.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohsin
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumaier
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schall
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matheisen
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Giesecke
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Abhay A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sagade
authors.affiliation: Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Applied Micro and Optoelectronic (AMO) GmbH, Otto-Blumenthalstr. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurz