title: Implementation Challenges for a Constructivist Physical Education Curriculum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Curriculum fidelity describes the extent to which a curriculum is implemented faithfully as planned. Curriculum fidelity issues may arise when teachers implement the curriculum inconsistently due to differences in philosophy, barriers in the setting, or other local concerns.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study examined challenges that a teacher faced in implementing a constructivist physical education curriculum that had fidelity implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethnographic case study design was employed in the research.
  
  
  METHODS
  One physical education teacher, Daniel, and his students in third, fourth, and fifth grade participated in the study as they were involved in a curriculum intervention in a large urban school district in the U.S. Daniel's school was assigned randomly to experiment group to implement a physical education curriculum based on health/fitness related science.
  
  
  METHODS
  The researchers observed 75 lessons taught by Daniel using non-participant observation techniques and conducted two structured interviews with Daniel and eight interviews with his students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Constant comparison with open and axial coding was used to analyze the observation and interview data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thematic challenges emerged: (a) school contextual constraints that limited the fitness science learning environment in physical education, and (b) Daniel's personal value and preference for a recreational rather than a science-based physical education program. These challenges impacted Daniel's decisions when teaching the curriculum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Xihe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, NC 27412, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Catherine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, NC 27412, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Constructivist; Curriculum implementation; Physical education