title: A novel injectable porous surface modified bioactive bone cement for vertebroplasty: an in vivo biomechanical and osteogenic study in a rabbit osteoporosis model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel injectable Porous Surface Modified Bioactive Bone Cement (PSMBBC) for vertebroplasty of aiding osteoporotic vertebrae in an osteoporosis model.
  
  
  METHODS
  72 osteoporosis rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: the Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) group, the PSMBBC group and the control group. PMMA and PSMBBC were administrated to osteoporotic vertebrae in vertebroplasty, respectively. The animals were sacrificed at 1w, 4w, 12w after the procedure. Micro-CT analysis, biomechanical tests and histological analysis were performed at each time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 4 to 12 weeks after the implantation of bone cements, the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of the PSMBBC group increased from 28.27 ± 1.69% to 38.43 ± 1.34%. However, the BV/TV of the PMMA group showed no significant difference after the implantation. At 4 weeks, direct contact between the bone and the bone cement was observed in the PSMBBC group. At 12 weeks, it was discovered that new intact bone trabecular was formed in PSMBBC group. Furthermore, the maximum compressive strength values of the PSMBBC group were significantly higher than those of the control group at each time point after implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, this study was the first investigation to evaluate the potential application of PSMBBC for vertebroplasty. RESULTS demonstrated its beneficial effects on the trabecular ingrowth of new bone and bone mineral density increase. With further validation, PSMBBC can become a valuable biomaterial for aiding osteoporotic vertebrae and usable bone cement applied in vertebroplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China ; Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Hongxun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Zixiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Jingyuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Osteoporosis; bioglass; bone cement; vertebroplasty