title: From "directed differentiation" to "neuronal induction": modeling neuropsychiatric disease.
abstract: Aberrant behavior and function of neurons are believed to be the primary causes of most neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders. Human postmortem samples have limited availability and, while they provide clues to the state of the brain after a prolonged illness, they offer limited insight into the factors contributing to disease onset. Conversely, animal models cannot recapitulate the polygenic origins of neuropsychiatric disease. Novel methods, such as somatic cell reprogramming, deliver nearly limitless numbers of pathogenic human neurons for the study of the mechanism of neuropsychiatric disease initiation and progression. First, this article reviews the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology and introduces two major methods, "directed differentiation" and "neuronal induction," by which it is now possible to generate neurons for modeling neuropsychiatric disease. Second, it discusses the recent applications, and the limitations, of these technologies to in vitro studies of psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Seok-Man
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brennand
keywords: directed differentiation; hiPSC; iNeuron; modeling neuropsychiatric disease; neuronal induction