title: Modeling dry and wet deposition of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, China using a source-oriented CMAQ model: Part I. Base case model results.
abstract: A source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model driven by the meteorological fields generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was used to study the dry and wet deposition of nitrate (NO3(-)), sulfate (SO4(2-)), and ammonium (NH4(+)) ions in the Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve (JNNR), China from June to August 2010 and to identify the contributions of different emission sectors and source regions that were responsible for the deposition fluxes. The model performance is evaluated in this paper and the source contribution analyses are presented in a companion paper. The results show that WRF is capable of reproducing the observed precipitation rates with a Mean Normalized Gross Error (MNGE) of 8.1%. Predicted wet deposition fluxes of SO4(2-) and NO3(-) at the Long Lake (LL) site (3100 m a.s.l.) during the three-month episode are 2.75 and 0.34 kg S(N) ha(-1), which agree well with the observed wet deposition fluxes of 2.42 and 0.39 kg S(N) ha(-1), respectively. Temporal variations in the weekly deposition fluxes at LL are also well predicted. Wet deposition flux of NH4(+) at LL is over-predicted by approximately a factor of 3 (1.60 kg N ha(-1)vs. 0.56 kg N ha(-1)), likely due to missing alkaline earth cations such as Ca(2+) in the current CMAQ simulations. Predicted wet deposition fluxes are also in general agreement with observations at four Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) sites in western China. Predicted dry deposition fluxes of SO4(2-) (including gas deposition of SO2) and NO3(-) (including gas deposition of HNO3) are 0.12 and 0.12 kg S(N) h a(-1) at LL and 0.07 and 0.08 kg S(N) ha(-1) at Jiuzhaigou Bureau (JB) in JNNR, respectively, which are much lower than the corresponding wet deposition fluxes. Dry deposition flux of NH4(+) (including gas deposition of NH3) is 0.21 kg N ha(-1) at LL, and is also much lower than the predicted wet deposition flux. For both dry and wet deposition fluxes, predictions from the 12-km resolution nested domain are similar to those from the 36-km resolution parent domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China. Electronic address: tangya@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China.
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Jingyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Sri Harsha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kota
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
authors.forename: Huilin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA. Electronic address: qying@civil.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D013431:Sulfates
keywords: Aerosol; Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve; Nitrogen deposition; Precipitation; Protected area; Sulfur deposition