title: Diabetic nephropathy in Africa: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and incidence of diabetic nephropathy in Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic narrative review of published literature following the MOOSE Guidelines for Meta-Analysis and Systematic Reviews of Observational Studies. We searched PubMed-MEDLINE for all articles published in English and French languages between January 1994 and July 2014 using a predefined strategy based on the combination of relevant terms and the names of each of the 54 African countries and African sub-regions to capture the largest number of studies, and hand-searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Included studies reported on the prevalence, incidence or determinants of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with diabetes within African countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, we included 32 studies from 16 countries; two being population-based studies and the remaining being clinic-based surveys. Most of the studies (90.6%) were conducted in urban settings. Methods for assessing and classifying CKD varied widely. Measurement of urine protein was the most common method of assessing kidney damage (62.5% of studies). The overall prevalence of CKD varied from 11% to 83.7%. Incident event rates were 94.9% for proteinuria at 10 years of follow-up, 34.7% for end-stage renal disease at 5 years of follow-up and 18.4% for mortality from nephropathy at 20 years of follow-up. Duration of diabetes, blood pressure, advancing age, obesity and glucose control were the common determinants of kidney disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of CKD is important among people with diabetes in Africa. High quality data from large population-based studies with validated measures of kidney function are still needed to better capture the magnitude and characteristics of diabetic nephropathy in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Internal Medicine Unit, Edéa Regional Hospital, PO BOX 100 Edéa, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Jean Jacques N
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Noubiap
authors.affiliation: Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Internal Medicine Unit, Edéa Regional Hospital, PO BOX 100 Edéa, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Jashira
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.affiliation: Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Internal Medicine Unit, Edéa Regional Hospital, PO BOX 100 Edéa, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Andre P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
keywords: Africa; Chronic kidney disease; Diabetes; Diabetes nephropathy; Epidemiology; Incidence; Mortality; Prevalence; Systematic review