title: Factors influencing mortality in a captive breeding population of Loggerhead Shrike, Eastern subspecies (Lanius ludovicianus ssp.) in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Loggerhead Shrike, Eastern subspecies (Lanius ludovicianus ssp.) (LOSH) is a predatory songbird native to Eastern North America. It is estimated that there are fewer than 55 breeding pairs of this subspecies in North America. Captive breeding plays a critical role in preventing the extirpation of this subspecies from its Canadian range. Unfortunately, high numbers of unexplained deaths among young birds in the captive breeding population threatened the success of this program. This paper describes fledgling mortality in the captive breeding population, and seeks to identify factors associated with fledgling survival and, ultimately, to identify steps to mitigate fledgling mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the study period (2006-2011) at two breeding sites, 696 LOSH were fledged. Among these, 68 % (n = 474) were released, 10 % (n = 69) were retained in the captive breeding population, and 22 % (n = 155) died. Fledgling survival declined from 99 % in 2006 to 44 % in 2011. The odds of survival were significantly lower for fledglings that were part of a second clutch. As the number of fledglings in a clutch increased, the odds of surviving increased significantly. As the breeding female aged from one to four years of age, there was a marked increase in the odds of a fledgling surviving, which then subsequently declined as females aged further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our analyses, clutch number (first or second), number of fledglings in the brood, and age of breeding females were significant predictors of fledgling survival. Long-term breeding management decisions will have to balance the need to increase the number of individuals and breeding pairs in the wild by releasing large numbers of young, against the need to maintain a genetically viable captive population, until the wild population is large enough to be self-sustaining.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut Region, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. jparmley@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Parmley
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. dpearl@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pearl
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. nvogt@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Nadine A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. yatess@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut Region, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. dgcampbe@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: G Douglas
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, RR#5, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6J2, Canada. jessica@wildlifepreservation.ca.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Preservation Canada, 5420 Highway 6 North, RR#5, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6J2, Canada. tara.imlay@gmail.com.|Biology Department, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada. tara.imlay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Imlay
authors.affiliation: Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1B 5K7, Canada. shollamby@torontozoo.ca.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollamby
authors.affiliation: Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service - Ontario, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada. ken.tuininga@ec.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuininga
authors.affiliation: Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative - Ontario/Nunavut Region, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. ibarker@golden.net.
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Barker
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002170:Canada; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D056727:Endangered Species; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*