title: Sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions: a cephalometric analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this paper are to (1) study use of soft tissue analyses advocated by Steiner, Ricketts, Burstone, Sushner and Holdway to develop soft tissue cephalometric norms as baseline data for sagittal lip position in Northeast Chinese adult population, (2) compare the sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions and (3) compare the sagittal lip positions in Northeast Chinese adults with other reported populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects were taken in natural head position. Radiographs were manually traced and five reference lines - Sushner, Steiner, Burstone, Holdway and Ricketts, were used. The linear distance between the tip of the lips and the five reference lines were measured. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21. Descriptive analysis was done for each variable for each subject. Coefficient of variation between lip positions as assessed by reference lines was determined. Post hoc Tukey's test was used for comparison of the mean cephalometric values of three skeletal malocclusions. The level of significance for the analysis was set at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed significant difference in the sagittal lip positions in different skeletal malocclusions. There was variation in consistent reference line in each skeletal malocclusion. The S2 line was the most consistent reference line in skeletal class I and class II group. The B line was the most consistent line in skeletal class III. In skeletal class II group, upper lips were the most protrusive and lower lips were retrusive than in skeletal class I and class III groups. In case of skeletal class III group, upper lips were retrusive and lower lips were more protrusive than in skeletal class I and class II groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sagittal lip positions were found to be associated with the skeletal malocclusion pattern. Northeast Chinese population has protrusive upper and lower lip in comparison to Caucasians. Each skeletal malocclusion group showed different preferable reference lines for analysis of sagittal lip position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, College of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Street no. 522, Hongqi street, Jiamusi, 154004, Republic of China, merinajoshi1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Merina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Li Peng
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Surendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maharjan
authors.forename: Mukunda Raj
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Regmi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000473:pathology; D044466:Asian People; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002680:Chin / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology*; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult