title: Whey peptide-based enteral diet attenuated elastase-induced emphysema with increase in short chain fatty acids in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic inflammation is present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A whey peptide-based enteral diet reduce inflammation in patients with COPD, but its effect on COPD development has not been determined. On the other hand, it is known that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced by micro-flora in the gut, attenuates bronchial asthma in mice model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice with elastase-induced emphysema were fed with 1 of 3 diets (control diet, whey peptide-based enteral diet, or standard enteral diet) to determine the effects of whey peptide-based enteral diet on emphysema and on cecal SCFAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The whey peptide-based enteral diet group exhibited fewer emphysematous changes; significantly lower total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); and significantly higher cecal SCFA levels than either the control or standard enteral diet groups. The total cell count was inversely correlated with total cecal SCFA levels in these three diet groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The whey peptide-based enteral diet attenuates elastase-induced emphysema through the suppression of inflammation in the lung. This may be related to the increase in cecal SCFA.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. ktomoda@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomoda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. k-kubo@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs., R&D Div., Meiji Co. Ltd., 540 Naruda, , 250-0862, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan. kazuo.dairiki@meiji.com.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dairiki
authors.affiliation: Food Science Research Labs., R&D Div., Meiji Co. Ltd., 540 Naruda, , 250-0862, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan. TAKETO_YAMAJI@MEIJI-MILK.COM.
authors.forename: Taketo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. jama@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, 4-2-2 Umami-naka, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun,, 635-0832, Nara, Japan. y.nishii@kio.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishii
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. atsu-n@namamed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsuhiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. noriy@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. khamada@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, , 634-8521, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. kimura@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002432:Cecum; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000633:toxicity; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008894:Milk Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase