title: Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: rubella 2008-2012.
abstract: Since the introduction of universal rubella vaccination in 1989, the incidence of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Australia has declined significantly. Worldwide, there has been a focus on elimination, with the region of the Americas declaring rubella elimination in 2011. This study aims to review Australian rubella epidemiology for the 2008-2012 period, in the context of historical and international trends.
  
  
  
  Notification, hospitalisation and mortality data were sourced from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, the National Hospital Morbidity Database and the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Data analysis focused on 2008-2012 for notifications and 2008-2011 for hospitalisations and deaths. ABS population data were used to calculate rates.
  
  
  
  The average annual rubella notification rate in Australia from 2008-2012 was 0.18 per 100,000 and the average annual hospitalisation rate was 0.03 per 100,000 from 2008-2011. One case of CRS was notified in 2012 and 1 hospitalisation with a principal diagnosis of CRS was recorded in 2008. The median age of rubella notifications was 29 years and 37% of notifications were for infections acquired overseas.
  
  
  
  Rubella continues to be well controlled in Australia and CRS is rare. The low incidence and increasing proportion of imported cases and other evidence suggest that elimination has been achieved; however, for formal verification of rubella elimination the expansion of genotypic surveillance will be required. Ongoing rubella control needs to focus on improved surveillance, maintenance of high levels of vaccine coverage, vaccination of at-risk populations in Australia, and regional and global efforts towards rubella elimination.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales and Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales and The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Protection, Department of Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: Nicolee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060740:Disease Eradication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012412:Rubella virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine