title: Is MR-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound a Feasible Treatment Modality for Desmoid Tumors?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound is a noninvasive treatment modality that uses focused ultrasound waves to thermally ablate tumors within the human body while minimizing side effects to surrounding healthy tissues. This technology is FDA-approved for certain tumors and has potential to be a noninvasive treatment option for extremity soft tissue tumors. Development of treatment modalities that achieve tumor control, decrease morbidity, or both might be of great benefit for patients. We wanted to assess the potential use of this technology in the treatment of extremity desmoid tumors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) Can we use MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound to accurately ablate a predetermined target volume within a human cadaver extremity? (2) Does MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment stop progression and/or cause regression of extremity desmoid tumors?
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulated tumor volumes in four human cadavers, created by using plastic markers, were ablated using a commercially available focused ultrasound system. Accuracy was determined in accordance with the International Organization of Standards location error by measuring the farthest distance between the ablated tissue and the plane corresponding to the target. Between 2012 and 2014, we treated nine patients with desmoid tumors using focused ultrasound ablation. Indications for this were tumor-related symptoms or failure of conventional treatment. Of those, five of them were available for MRI followup at 12 months or longer (mean, 18.2 months; range, 12-23 months). The radiographic and clinical outcomes of five patients who had desmoid tumors treated with focused ultrasound were prospectively recorded. Patients were assessed preoperatively with MRI and followed at routine intervals after treatment with MRI scans and clinical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ablation accuracy for the four cadaver extremities was 5 mm, 3 mm, 8 mm, and 8 mm. Four patients' tumors became smaller after treatment and one patient has slight progression at the time of last followup. The mean decrease in tumor size determined by MRI measurements was 36% (95% confidence interval, 7%-66%). No patient has received additional adjuvant systemic or local treatment. Treatment-related adverse events included first- and second-degree skin burns occurring in four patients, which were managed successfully without further surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary investigation provides some evidence that MR-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound may be a feasible treatment for desmoid tumors. It may also be of use for other soft tissue neoplasms in situations in which there are limited traditional treatment options such as recurrent sarcomas. Further investigation is necessary to better define the indications, efficacy, role, and long-term oncologic outcomes of focused ultrasound treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, therapeutic study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA. ravedian@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Raffi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Avedian
authors.affiliation: Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bitton
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butts-Pauly
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghanouni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D018222:Desmoid Tumors / Q000601:surgery*; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D006801:Humans; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional; D008297:Male; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome