title: A novel mitochondrial genome architecture in thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera): extreme size asymmetry among chromosomes and possible recent control region duplication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multipartite mitochondrial genomes are very rare in animals but have been found previously in two insect orders with highly rearranged genomes, the Phthiraptera (parasitic lice), and the Psocoptera (booklice/barklice).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We provide the first report of a multipartite mitochondrial genome architecture in a third order with highly rearranged genomes: Thysanoptera (thrips). We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of two divergent members of the Scirtothrips dorsalis cryptic species complex. The East Asia 1 species has the single circular chromosome common to animals while the South Asia 1 species has a genome consisting of two circular chromosomes. The fragmented South Asia 1 genome exhibits extreme chromosome size asymmetry with the majority of genes on the large, 14.28 kb, chromosome and only nad6 and trnC on the 0.92 kb mini-circle chromosome. This genome also features paralogous control regions with high similarity suggesting a very recent origin of the nad6 mini-circle chromosome in the South Asia 1 cryptic species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thysanoptera, along with the other minor paraenopteran insect orders should be considered models for rapid mitochondrial genome evolution, including fragmentation. Continued use of these models will facilitate a greater understanding of recombination and other mitochondrial genome evolutionary processes across eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Subtropical Insects Research Unit, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, USA. adickey7@hotmail.com.|Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, USA. adickey7@hotmail.com.|Present Address: Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, USA. adickey7@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dickey
authors.affiliation: Subtropical Insects Research Unit, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, USA. vivekuf@gmail.com.|Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, USA. vivekuf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Subtropical Insects Research Unit, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, USA. Kent.Morgan@ars.usda.gov.|Present Address: J. Kent Morgan Consulting, Fort Pierce, USA. Kent.Morgan@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: J Kent
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, USA. Antonella.Jara@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jara-Cavieres
authors.affiliation: Subtropical Insects Research Unit, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, USA. Robert.Shatters@ars.usda.gov.|US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, USA. Robert.Shatters@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Shatters
authors.affiliation: Subtropical Insects Research Unit, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, USA. Cindy.McKenzie@ars.usda.gov.|US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, USA. Cindy.McKenzie@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Mid-Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, USA. lsosborn@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Lance S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D059646:Genome Size; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D061149:Thysanoptera / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial