title: Comparison of efficacy of various root canal irrigation systems in removal of smear layer generated at apical third: An SEM study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of different irrigation systems comparing irrigation with syringe and needle (Dispo Van), Max-I-Probe needle (Dentsply Maillefer), EndoActivator (Dentsply Maillefer), and EndoVac (Sybron Endo) in removing the smear layer generated at apical third.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instrumentation was done in 40 extracted premolars using different irrigation regimes (Group 1, saline and syringe; Group 2, Max-I-Probe needles with NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); Group 3, irrigant activation with EndoActivator using needlesNaOCl and EDTA; and Group 4, irrigation with EndoVac using needles NaOCl and EDTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The percentage of debris was seen with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann-Whitney test for significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean score ± standard deviation for the conventional group was 2.8 ± 0.42 with median value of 3.00 (2-3). The results for the Max-I-Probe needle group were 2.3 ± 0.48 with median value of 2.00 (2-3) The mean debris score for EndoActivator group were 0.8 ± 0.42 with median value of 1 (0-1). The mean debris score for EndoVac group were 0.4 ± 0.52 with median value of 1 (0-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EndoVac and EndoActivator performed much better than other available systems in removing the smear layer from apical third. So they should be incorporated as a regular part of the irrigation regime.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Varun Raj
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahuguna
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Studies And Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manan
keywords: Endoactivator; Max-I-Probe needles; endovac; smear layer