title: Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells.
abstract: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are natural mycotoxins that frequently present in food and feed and pose risks to human health. There are few data in the literature regarding the impairment of them in the intestine. Therefore, the present study investigated their cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells, especially the differentiated ones that resemble mature small intestinal enterocytes. Both undifferentiated (UC) and differentiated (DC) cells were treated with AFB1 and AFM1 at various concentrations for up to 72 h. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage were determined. Data showed that AFB1 and AFM1 significantly inhibited UC and DC cell growth, increased LDH and caused genetic damage in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In comparison, AFB1 was found to be more toxic than AFM1 on both UC and DC. All these cytotoxic outcomes might be associated with intracellular ROS generation, leading to membrane damage and DNA strand break. Additionally, DC was found to be more sensitive to aflatoxins, which might be due to the alteration of enzymes during cell differentiation. The present study provided the first in vitro evidence of DNA damage of DC induced by AFB1 and AFM1.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100027, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China. Electronic address: jiaqiwang@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000633:toxicity*; D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005506:Food Contamination; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016607:Aflatoxin M1; D016604:Aflatoxin B1
keywords: Aflatoxin B1; Aflatoxin M1; Caco-2; Cytotoxicity; DNA damage; Differentiated