title: Clustering of Risk Behaviors and their Social Determinants among Primary School Learners in Beijing, China: A Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in developed countries reveal that poor lifestyle choices triggering diseases typically cluster among children. However, there is insufficient evidence on the clustering of risk behaviors among children in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the clustering of risk behaviors and their social determinants among 4 th -and 5 th -grade learners in Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised of 967 learners from six primary schools enrolled migrant and resident learners by two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Prevalence denoted the risk behaviors and their clustering. A log-linear model was used to explore the clustering patterns. Ordinal logistic regression determined the influence of demographic characteristics, school environment, and family context on behavioral clustering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of none, one, two, and three or more risk factors was 61.2%, 20.0%, 10.8%, and 8.1% for infectious diseases and 46.0%, 30.6%, 15.4%, and 8.0% for chronic diseases, respectively. Some behaviors appeared dependent and were more likely to be observed together. The three most influential factors for infectious diseases were school type (odds ratio [OR] =4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.00-6.66), school located in an inner suburb (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.18-0.38), and gender (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.74). Regarding risk behaviors for chronic diseases, clustering was not associated with household registration status and number of appliances, but was significantly associated with school type (OR = 5.36, 95% CI 3.72-7.73), school located in an inner suburb (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.43-0.81), and gender (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.47-0.78). School environment variables were the most significant contributor to the number of risk behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The characteristics of schools enrolling migrants and residents influenced the number of risk behaviors. Therefore, improved school conditions and integrated behavioral interventions are particularly recommended for health promotion.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000068476:Beijing / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data