title: Assessment of learning, memory and attention in developmental neurotoxicity regulatory studies: Introduction.
abstract: There are a variety of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, that alter neurobehavior following developmental exposure and guidelines for the conduct of studies to detect such effects by statute in the United States and Europe. Guidelines for Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing (DNT) studies issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under prevailing law and European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommendations to member countries provide that such studies include a series of neurobehavioral and neuropathological assessments. Among these are assessment of cognitive function, specifically learning and memory. After reviewing 69 DNT studies submitted to the EPA, tests of learning and memory were noted to have detected the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAELs) less frequently than behavioral tests of locomotor activity and acoustic/auditory startle, but slightly more than for the developmental Functional Observational Battery (devFOB; which is less extensive than the full FOB), but the reasons for the lower LOAEL detection rate for learning and memory assessment could not be determined. A major concern identified in the review, however, was the adequacy of the methods employed in these studies rather than on the importance of learning and memory to the proper assessment of brain function. Accordingly, a symposium was conducted to consider how the guidelines for tests of learning and memory might be improved. Four laboratories with established histories investigating the effects of chemical exposures during development on learning, memory, and attention, were invited to review the topic and offer recommendations, both theoretical and practical, on approaches to improve the assessment of these vital CNS functions. Reviewers were asked to recommend methods that are grounded in functional importance to CNS integrity, well-validated, reliable, and amenable to the context of regulatory studies as well as to basic research on the underlying processes they measure. This Introduction sets the stage for the reviews by providing the background and regulatory context for improved tests for learning and memory in DNT and other regulatory studies, such as single- or multi-generational studies where similar methods are incorporated.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW (8623P), Washington, DC 20460, United States. Electronic address: makris.susan@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Makris
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States. Electronic address: Charles.vorhees@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Vorhees
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins
keywords: Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing; Environmental Protection Agency; Learning and memory testing; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Regulatory studies