title: Increased NOD1, but not NOD2, activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue from patients with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein, as cytoplasmic receptor of the innate immune response, plays an important role in adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Our objective was to examine adipose tissue (AT) NOD in nascent metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients and to investigate its association with MetS features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four MetS subjects and 31 controls were recruited. Fasting blood was collected, and abdominal subcutaneous AT was obtained by biopsy for NOD1/NOD2 expression and activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MetS subjects showed significantly increased expression for NOD1 on adipose depots as compared to controls. In addition to increased expression of downstream signaling mediators RIPK2 and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, there was remarkably higher release of monocyte chemotactic protein1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in MetS versus controls following priming of the isolated adipocytes with NOD1 ligand iE-DAP. With regard to NOD2, the differences between the two groups were not significant in either basal state or after activation. Increased NOD1 positively correlated with waist circumference. NOD1 was also correlated with HbA1c and HOMA-IR. NOD1 positively correlated with serum levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of the innate immune pathway via NOD1 may be partially responsible for the increased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in MetS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yin-Si
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Fang-Ping
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053474:Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C506253:RIPK2 protein, human; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2