title: Effect of Short-Term Training on Reaching Behavior in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of short-term training on reaching behavior in infants at the onset of reaching. The study was a single-blind, parallel group design, randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty healthy infants were randomly assigned to a social control group (n = 15) or a reaching training group (n = 15). Infants began the study up to 3 days after the onset of reaching and were assessed three times across 2 days: pretraining (before training), posttraining 1 (after 1 session of training), and posttraining 2 (after 3 sessions of training). The reaching training group received 3 sessions of training by a physical therapist while the control group received a similar amount of time sitting in the therapist's lap. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variance, and independent-samples tests with Bonferroni adjustments. Short-term training resulted in increased frequency of object contacts, shorter and smoother reaches, and improved hand positioning. The few short training sessions likely provided opportunities for infants to explore and learn to select movements from their existing movement repertoire. These results demonstrate that adaptive changes in infants' novel behaviors can emerge rapidly, and highlight the need for increased understanding of how to most effectively time early interventions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos , Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Baraldi
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokkoni
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , University of Delaware , Newark.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos , Brazil.
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tudella
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
keywords: infant development; motor skills; physical therapy; training