title: Tamarind Seed (Tamarindus indica) Extract Ameliorates Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis via Regulating the Mediators of Cartilage/Bone Degeneration, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.
abstract: Medicinal plants are employed in the treatment of human ailments from time immemorial. Several studies have validated the use of medicinal plant products in arthritis treatment. Arthritis is a joint disorder affecting subchondral bone and cartilage. Degradation of cartilage is principally mediated by enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hyaluronidases (HAase), aggrecanases and exoglycosidases. These enzymes act upon collagen, hyaluronan and aggrecan of cartilage respectively, which would in turn activate bone deteriorating enzymes like cathepsins and tartrate resistant acid phosphatases (TRAP). Besides, the incessant action of reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory mediators is reported to cause further damage by immunological activation. The present study demonstrated the anti-arthritic efficacy of tamarind seed extract (TSE). TSE exhibited cartilage and bone protecting nature by inhibiting the elevated activities of MMPs, HAase, exoglycosidases, cathepsins and TRAP. It also mitigated the augmented levels of inflammatory mediators like interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-23 and cyclooxygenase-2. Further, TSE administration alleviated increased levels of ROS and hydroperoxides and sustained the endogenous antioxidant homeostasis by balancing altered levels of endogenous antioxidant markers. Overall, TSE was observed as a potent agent abrogating arthritis-mediated cartilage/bone degradation, inflammation and associated stress in vivo demanding further attention.
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Mahalingam S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.affiliation: 1] DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg- R3E3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mahadevappa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemshekhar
authors.affiliation: 1] DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India [2] Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Santhosh
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Kabburahalli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunitha
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Ram M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thushara
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Somanathapura K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: NaveenKumar
authors.affiliation: Applied Nutrition Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore-570 011, India.
authors.forename: Shivanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naveen
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572 103, India.
authors.forename: Sannaningaiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devaraja
authors.affiliation: DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006; India.
authors.forename: Kanchugarakoppal S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Rangappa
authors.affiliation: DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India.
authors.forename: Kempaiah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kemparaju
authors.affiliation: 1] DOS in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-570 006, India [2] Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572 103, India.
authors.forename: Kesturu S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Girish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D029861:Tamarindus / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts