title: Effects of hydrogen-rich saline on early acute kidney injury in severely burned rats by suppressing oxidative stress induced apoptosis and inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early acute kidney injury (AKI) in severely burned patients predicts a high mortality that is multi-factorial. Hydrogen has been reported to alleviate organ injury via selective quenching of reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the potential protective effects of hydrogen against severe burn-induced early AKI in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Severe burn were induced via immersing the shaved back of rats into a 100°C bath for 15 s. Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Sham, Burn + saline, and Burn + hydrogen-rich saline (HS) groups, and renal function and the apoptotic index were measured. Kidney histopathology and immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and western blotting were performed on the sera or renal tissues of burned rats to explore the underlying effects and mechanisms at varying time points post burn.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal function and tubular apoptosis were improved by HS treatment. In addition, the oxidation-reduction potential and malondialdehyde levels were markedly reduced with HS treatment, whereas endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased. HS also decreased the myeloperoxidase levels and influenced the release of inflammatory mediators in the sera and renal tissues of the burned rats. The regulatory effects of HS included the inhibition of p38, JNK, ERK and NF-κB activation, and an increase in Akt phosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen can attenuate severe burn-induced early AKI; the mechanisms of protection include the inhibition of oxidative stress induced apoptosis and inflammation, which may be mediated by regulation of the MAPKs, Akt and NF-κB signalling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. Cwar@163.com.
authors.forename: Song-Xue
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Binjiang Branch, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1511 Jianghong Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China. 15999135106@163.com.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. youyougangang@126.com.
authors.forename: Chuan-Gang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. 23690479@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yun-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. wxg8157@163.com.
authors.forename: Xin-Gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic, Binjiang Branch, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1511 Jianghong Road, Hangzhou, 31000, Zhejiang, China. 709507270@qq.com.
authors.forename: Xin-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Burn, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. hanchunmao1@163.com.
authors.forename: Chun-Mao
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002056:Burns / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C097278:Lcn2 protein, rat; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D006859:Hydrogen; D003404:Creatinine; D009195:Peroxidase