title: Smoking-attributable medical expenditures by age, sex, and smoking status estimated using a relative risk approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To accurately assess the benefits of tobacco control interventions and to better inform decision makers, knowledge of medical expenditures by age, gender, and smoking status is essential.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose an approach to distribute smoking-attributable expenditures by age, gender, and cigarette smoking status to reflect the known risks of smoking. We distribute hospitalization days for smoking-attributable diseases according to relative risks of smoking-attributable mortality, and use the method to determine national estimates of smoking-attributable expenditures by age, sex, and cigarette smoking status. Sensitivity analyses explored assumptions of the method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both current and former smokers ages 75 and over have about 12 times the smoking-attributable expenditures of their current and former smoker counterparts 35-54years of age. Within each age group, the expenditures of formers smokers are about 70% lower than current smokers. In sensitivity analysis, these results were not robust to large changes to the relative risks of smoking-attributable mortality which were used in the calculations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex- and age-group-specific smoking expenditures reflect observed disease risk differences between current and former cigarette smokers and indicate that about 70% of current smokers' excess medical care costs is preventable by quitting.
authors.affiliation: HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: Michael.V.Maciosek@HealthPartners.com.
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Maciosek
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Butani
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Terry F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pechacek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
keywords: Health care costs; Health expenditures; Health expenditures/statistics & numerical data; Health services/utilization; Smoking; Smoking/economics; Tobacco