title: Monounsaturated and Saturated, but Not n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decrease Cartilage Destruction under Inflammatory Conditions: A Preliminary Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with obesity in which altered fatty acid levels have been observed. We investigated whether the most common fatty acids in synovial fluid influence cartilage deterioration in OA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Chondrocytes or cartilage explants were cultured with linoleic (n-6 polyunsaturated), oleic (monounsaturated), or palmitic (saturated) acid. After preculture, media were renewed and inflammation was simulated in half of the samples by addition of 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) with or without the fatty acids. Effects on lipid uptake (Oil-Red-O), cell toxicity (lactate dehydrogenase), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) release and gene expression for prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), and MMP13, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 were determined on chondrocytes in monolayer. Effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release were evaluated on cartilage explants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the fatty acids were cytotoxic and all were taken up by the cells, resulting in a higher amount of intracellular lipid in chondrocytes. Linoleic acid increased PGE2 production in the presence of TNFα. Oleic acid and palmitic acid inhibited MMP1 gene expression in chondrocytes stimulated with TNFα. In cartilage explants, GAG release was also inhibited by oleic acid and palmitic acid, and oleic acid decreased PTGS2 gene expression in stimulated chondrocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linoleic acid has a pro-inflammatory effect on cartilage whereas oleic acid and palmitic acid seem to inhibit cartilage destruction. These results indicate that altered fatty acid levels may influence loss of cartilage structure in OA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Bastiaansen-Jenniskens
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siawash
authors.affiliation: University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C H A
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van de Lest
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A N
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kloppenburg
authors.affiliation: TNO, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zuurmond
authors.affiliation: Janssen, The Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson&Johnson, Fort Washington, PA, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stojanovic-Susulic
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands ; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ersamus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J V M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Van Osch
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clockaerts
keywords: cartilage; chondrocyte; fatty acids