title: Quantification of circulating steroids in individual zebrafish using stacking to achieve nanomolar detection limits with capillary electrophoresis and UV-visible absorbance detection.
abstract: Capillary electrophoresis and UV-visible absorbance detection are used with sample stacking to achieve detection limits ranging from 0.2 to 2 ng/mL (0.8 to 6 nM) for steroids. Stacking is accomplished using negatively charged cyclodextrin steroid-carrier molecules at a discrete pH interface between the reconstituted sample and the separation electrolyte. Steroids are then separated in under 5 min using capillary electrophoresis that incorporates secondary equilibria via sodium dodecyl sulfate and cyclodextrin. The effectiveness of the method for measurements of multiple steroids in limited sample volumes is demonstrated in individual female fish with total circulating blood volumes of 5 μL or less. Steroid recoveries from plasma following a sample processing method developed with commercial extraction cartridges range from 81 to 109 % for 17α,20β-dihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, estrone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinyl estradiol. When applied to reproductively active female zebrafish, changes were detected in the levels of circulating steroids as a result of exposure to different solvents and 17β-estradiol.
authors.affiliation: C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Nyakubaya
authors.forename: Brandon C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Durney
authors.forename: Marriah C G
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ellington
authors.forename: Amber D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kantes
authors.forename: Paige A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Shaylyn E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Jennifer Ripley
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stueckle
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000097:blood*; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods*; D013256:Steroids / Q000097:blood*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D013256:Steroids