title: A Novel Bubble-Mixture Method to Improve Dynamic Images in Carbon Dioxide Angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a novel method of preparing carbon dioxide (CO2) for contrast enhancement.
  
  
  METHODS
  CO2 angiography can often produce poor image enhancement, especially in dependent vessels due to buoyancy of the gas. A new technique for premixing the CO2 gas with the patient's blood and dispersing it into the bubble mixture before injection was developed. Comparative dynamic images showed bubble-mixed CO2 angiography had less fragmentation, more even distribution, and more sustainability than the same volume of pure CO2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alteration of CO2 gas toward a semiliquid form demonstrates an easy and reproducible concept to improve the dynamic image quality of traditional CO2 angiography.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Te-I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shing-Kuan
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shoei-Shen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan aaronihuiwu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: I-Hui
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: carbon dioxide; catheterization; digital subtraction angiography; endovascular techniques; peripheral angiography; renal insufficiency