title: Expressions of mRNA for innate immunity-associated functional molecules in urinary sediment in immunoglobulin A nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that the innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). To explore non-invasive monitoring of disease activity in children with IgAN, we examined whether expressions of mRNA for innate immunity-associated functional molecules: CC ligand chemokine 5 (CCL5), fractalkine/CX3CL1, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in urinary sediment from patients with IgAN correlate with histologic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty consecutive children with IgAN and four children with thin basement membrane disease (serving as a non-inflammatory control) were enrolled in this pilot study. Urinary mRNA expressions of target genes were examined real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of CCL5, fractalkine and RIG-I were significantly increased in IgAN (all P < 0.05). Although no significant correlation was observed between mRNA expressions of these three molecules and clinical parameters, such as levels of urinary protein excretion, degrees of occult blood in urine and serum albumin, the expression of fractalkine was significantly correlated with the histological activity index (P = 0.022) and the chronicity index (P = 0.005). Furthermore, intense glomerular immune activity of fractalkine was observed in biopsy specimens in patients with moderately to severe proliferative IgAN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional expression of fractalkine may be involved in the pathogenesis of childhood IgAN. Although our present findings remain preliminary, measurement of mRNA expression of fractalkine in urinary sediment could be used as a non-invasive method for predicting histologic severity in IgAN in children. Further studies of this issue are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuruga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shojiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsugawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadaatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.|Department of School Health Science, Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; C515538:CX3CL1 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; C452820:RIGI protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases
keywords: childhood IgA nephropathy; fractalkine; innate immunity; non-invasive method; urinary sediment