title: Ebolavirus and Haemorrhagic Syndrome.
abstract: The Ebola virus is a highly virulent, single-stranded ribonucleic acid virus which affects both humans and apes and has fast become one of the world's most feared pathogens. The virus induces acute fever and death, with haemorrhagic syndrome occurring in up to 90% of patients. The known species within the genus Ebolavirus are Bundibugyo, Sudan, Zaïre, Reston and Taï Forest. Although endemic in Africa, Ebola has caused worldwide anxiety due to media hype and concerns about its international spread, including through bioterrorism. The high fatality rate is attributed to unavailability of a standard treatment regimen or vaccine. The disease is frightening since it is characterised by rapid immune suppression and systemic inflammatory response, causing multi-organ and system failure, shock and often death. Currently, disease management is largely supportive, with containment efforts geared towards mitigating the spread of the virus. This review describes the classification, morphology, infective process, natural ecology, transmission, epidemic patterns, diagnosis, clinical features and immunology of Ebola, including management and epidemic containment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fundamentals & Administration, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman;
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Matua
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa;
authors.forename: Dirk M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Van der Wal
authors.affiliation: Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Rozzano C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Locsin
keywords: Disease Management; Ebolavirus; Filoviridae; Hemorrhage; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Pathogenicity Factors; Virulence