title: The enhanced removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product precursors using integrated permanganate oxidation and powdered activated carbon adsorption pretreatment.
abstract: Pilot-scale tests were performed to reduce the formation of a range of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-, N-DBPs), by removing or transforming their precursors, with an integrated permanganate oxidation and powdered activated carbon adsorption (PM-PAC) treatment process before conventional water treatment processes (coagulation-sedimentation-filtration, abbreviated as CPs). Compared with the CPs, PM-PAC significantly enhanced the removal of DOC, DON, NH3(+)-N, and algae from 52.9%, 31.6%, 71.3%, and 83.6% to 69.5%, 61.3%, 92.5%, and 97.5%, respectively. PM pre-oxidation alone and PAC pre-adsorption alone did not substantially reduce the formation of dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, N-nitrosodimethylamine and dichloroacetamide. However, the PM-PAC integrated process significantly reduced the formation of both C-DBPs and N-DBPs by 60-90% for six C-DBPs and 64-93% for six N-DBPs, because PM oxidation chemically altered the molecular structures of nitrogenous organic compounds and increased the adsorption capacity of the DBP precursors, thus highlighting a synergistic effect of PM and PAC. PM-PAC integrated process is a promising drinking water technology for the reduction of a broad spectrum of C-DBPs and N-DBPs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Research & Service Center for Environmental Industry, Yancheng 224051, China. Electronic address: 1world1water@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Dechang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. Electronic address: gaonaiyun@126.com.
authors.forename: Naiyun
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Templeton
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C048856:permanganic acid; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs); Integrated process; Nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs); Permanganate; Powdered activated carbon