title: Tyrosinase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Flavonoid Characterization of Viola odorata L. (Sweet Violet).
abstract: Inhibitory potential of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Viola odorata L. (VO) was investigated against tyrosinase (TYR) and cholinesterases by microplate assays. The antioxidant activity was tested using six in vitro assays. Only the ethanol extract inhibited TYR (80.23 ± 0.87% at 100 µg mL-1), whereas none of them were able to inhibit cholinesterases. The extracts were more able to scavenge NO radical (31.98 ± 0.53-56.68 ± 1.10%) than other radicals tested, and displayed low to moderate activity in the rest of the assays. HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of VO contained a substantial amount of vitexin (18.81 ± 0.047 mg g-1extract), while the ethanol extract also possessed rutin (1.31 ± 0.013 mg g-1extract) and vitexin (4.65 ± 0.103 mg g-1extract). Furthermore, three flavonoids (rutin, isovitexin, and kaempferol-6-glucoside) were isolated from the ethanol extract. This is the first report on TYR inhibitory activity of VO as well as presence of vitexin and isovitexin in this species. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilkay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erdogan Orhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Sezer
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Senol
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aslan Erdem
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: I Irem
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Tatli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.|Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Center of Phytotherapy Education, Research and Practice, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kartal
authors.affiliation: Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alp
keywords: HPLC; Viola odorata; antioxidant activity; cholinesterase; flavonoid; tyrosinase