title: The potential regulatory role of vitamin D in the bioenergetics of inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The extraskeletal health benefits of vitamin D still need scientific endorsement. Obesity and related chronic diseases are pathogenically linked by inflammation, which carries a considerable energetic cost. Recent techniques for the determination of the bioenergetic demand of inflammation, offer an avenue to cement the regulatory role of vitamin D in this process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear vitamin D receptors may be translocated into mitochondria of certain cell types, opening up a pathway for direct action on cellular bioenergetics. Classical M1 (inflammatory)/M2(anti-inflammatory) phenotypes can vary with the clinical context. M2 macrophages do not always depend on oxidative metabolism/fatty acid oxidation. Newer methodologies offer real-time bioenergetic measurements that can be used as an index of metabolic health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D may prove to be a therapeutic agent for inflammation of chronic disease and understanding its role in cellular bioenergetics may offer a diagnostic/prognostic indicator of its action.
authors.affiliation: aSchool of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease bSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Calton
authors.forename: Kevin N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D004032:Diet; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D