title: Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum down-regulates UV-induced MMP-1 expression and up-regulates type I procollagen through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the primary environmental factor that causes human skin aging. UV irradiation induces the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and extracellular matrix degrading enzymes. Among the members of MMP family, MMP-1 is an interstitial collagenase that degrades the collagen triple helix. We investigated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum, well known as useful microorganism, on UV-induced-MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) was pre-stimulated with lipoteichoic acid isolated from L. plantarum followed by UV irradiation. Secreted protein level of MMP-1 was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cell lysates was also examined by western blotting. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) was used to detect the activated transcription factor, AP-1 and NF-κB. The detection of type 1 procollagen was carried with Procollagen type 1 C-peptide (PIP) EIA kit. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by LTA and UV irradiation was examined by Griess reagent assay and fluorescence microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell-wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, isolated from L. plantarum, inhibited MMP-1 expression. Pretreatment with LTA from L. plantarum (pLTA) reduced MMP-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). It also led to the inhibition of DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB). Furthermore, LTA promoted type 1 procollagen synthesis and reduced the generation of ROS induced by UV irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that pLTA inhibits degradation of collagen and promotes its synthesis and that pLTA contributes to a decrease in ROS production. Therefore, pLTA from L. plantarum has potential abilities to prevent and treat skin photo-aging.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Skin Biotechnology Center, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-766, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hea young
authors.initials: Hy
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Institute Pasteur Korea, Sampyeong-dong, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Skin Biotechnology Center, Gyeonggi Biocenter, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-766, Republic of Korea; RNA Inc., #308 College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dkchung@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dae Kyun
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: RNA Inc., #308 College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: giam6009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hangeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Human dermal fibroblasts; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lipoteichoic acid; Matrix metalloproteinases-1; Photo-aging; Reactive oxygen species