title: Toxicity of oral cadmium intake: Impact on gut immunity.
abstract: Gastrointestinal tract is one of the main targets of cadmium (Cd), an important food and drinking water contaminant. In the present study, the effect of subchronic (30 days) oral (in water) intake of 5ppm and 50ppm of cadmium on immune responses in the gut was examined in rats. Cadmium consumption resulted in reduction of bacteria corresponding to Lactobacillus strain, tissue damage and intestinal inflammation [increases in high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1 molecules), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-17) content]. Draining (mesenteric) lymph node (MLN) stress response was observed [elevation of MLN glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT) mRNA levels] and stimulation of both adaptive [cellularity, proliferation, proinflammatory (IFN-γ and IL-17) MLN cell cytokine responses] as well as innate immune activity (increases in numbers of NK and CD68(+) cells, oxidative activities, IL-1β). In contrast to proinflammatory milieu in MLN, decreased or unchanged antiinflammatory IL-10 response was observed. Stimulation of immune activities of MLN cells have, most probably, resulted from sensing of cadmium-induced tissue injury, but also from bacterial antigens that breached compromised intestinal barrier. These effects of cadmium should be taken into account when assessing dietary cadmium as health risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ninkov
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popov Aleksandrov
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demenesku
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mirkov
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mileusnic
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ilijana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grigorov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Military Medical Academy, 17 Crnotravska, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zolotarevski
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 444a Vojvode Stepe, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolinacki
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kataranovski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 3 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ilija
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brceski
authors.affiliation: Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: milena@ibiss.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kataranovski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Intestinal (duodenum) inflammation; Mesenteric lymph nodes immune priming; Oral cadmium intake; Rats