title: Chitosan hydrogels enriched with polyphenols: Antibacterial activity, cell adhesion and growth and mineralization.
abstract: Injectable hydrogels for bone regeneration consisting of chitosan, sodium beta-glycerophosphate (Na-β-GP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were enriched with the polyphenols phloroglucinol (PG) and gallic acid (GA) and characterized physicochemically and biologically with respect to properties relevant for applications in bone regeneration, namely gelation kinetics, mineralizability, antioxidant properties, antibacterial activity, cytocompatibility and ability to support adhesion and growth of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells. Enrichment with PG and GA had no negative effect on gelation kinetics and mineralizability. PG and GA both enhanced antioxidant activity of unmineralized hydrogels. Mineralization reduced antioxidant activity of hydrogels containing GA. Hydrogels containing GA, PG and without polyphenols reduced colony forming ability of Escherichia coli after 1h, 3h and 6h incubation and slowed E. coli growth in liquid culture for 150min. Hydrogels containing GA were cytotoxic and supported cell growth more poorly than polyphenol-free hydrogels. PG had no negative effect on cell adhesion and growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic. Electronic address: janefox@biolog.cz.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lišková
authors.affiliation: Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium. Electronic address: Timothy.Douglas@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Timothy E L
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: jana.beranova@natur.cuni.cz.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beranová
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. Electronic address: askwarczynska1@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skwarczyńska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Electronic address: mojca.bozic@um.si.
authors.forename: Mojca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Božič
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: sksamalrec@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sangram Keshari
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Samal
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Lodz, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: zofia.modrzejewska@p.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Modrzejewska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Electronic address: selestina.gorgieva@um.si.
authors.forename: Selestina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gorgieva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. Electronic address: vanja.kokol@um.si.
authors.forename: Vanja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kokol
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic. Electronic address: lucy@biomed.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bačáková
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020100:Hydrogels; D008903:Minerals; D059808:Polyphenols; D048271:Chitosan; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Cytocompatibility; Hydrogel; Polyphenol