title: Integrated isolation and quantitative analysis of exosome shuttled proteins and nucleic acids using immunocapture approaches.
abstract: Clinical implementation of exosome based diagnostic and therapeutic applications is still limited by the lack of standardized technologies that integrate efficient isolation of exosomes with comprehensive detection of relevant biomarkers. Conventional methods for exosome isolation based on their physical properties such as size and density (filtration, ultracentrifugation or density gradient), or relying on their differential solubility (chemical precipitation) are established primarily for processing of cell supernatants and later adjusted to complex biological samples such as plasma. Though still representing gold standard in the field, these methods are clearly suboptimal for processing of routine clinical samples and have intrinsic limits that impair their use in biomarker discovery and development of novel diagnostics. Immunoisolation (IA) offers unique advantages for the recovery of exosomes from complex and viscous fluids, in terms of increased efficiency and specificity of exosome capture, integrity and selective origin of isolated vesicles. We have evaluated several commercially available solutions for immunoplate- and immunobead-based affinity isolation and have further optimized protocols to decrease non-specific binding due to exosomes complexity and matrix contaminants. In order to identify best molecular targets for total exosome capture from diverse biological sources, as well as for selective enrichment in populations of interest (e.g. tumor derived exosomes) several exosome displayed proteins and respective antibodies have been evaluated for plate and bead functionalisation. Moreover, we have optimized and directly implemented downstream steps allowing on-line quantification and characterization of bound exosome markers, namely proteins and RNAs. Thus assembled assays enabled rapid overall quantification and validation of specific exosome associated targets in/on plasma exosomes, with multifold increased yield and enrichment ratio over benchmarking technologies. Assays directly coupling selective immobilization of exosomes to a solid phase and their immune- and or molecular profiling through conventional ELISA and PCR analysis, resulted in easy-to-elaborate, quantitative readouts, with high low-end sensitivity and dynamic range, low costs and hands-on time, minimal sample handling and downscaling of a working plasma volumes to as few as 100 μl.
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zarovni
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.affiliation: HansaBioMed OU, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guazzi
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zocco
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lari
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Radano
authors.affiliation: HansaBioMed OU, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Jekatarina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muhhina
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fondelli
authors.affiliation: HansaBioMed OU, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gavrilova
authors.affiliation: Exosomics Siena S.p.A, Siena, Italy. Electronic address: achiesi@exosomics.eu.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiesi
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002458:Cell Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D055354:Exosomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014461:Ultracentrifugation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm
keywords: Biomarkers; Exosomes; Immunoaffinity isolation; Plasma; Quantitative in vitro assays