title: The effect of food environments on fruit and vegetable intake as modified by time spent at home: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a growing body of research that investigates how the residential neighbourhood context relates to individual diet. However, previous studies ignore participants' time spent in the residential environment and this may be a problem because time-use studies show that adults' time-use pattern can significantly vary. To better understand the role of exposure duration, we designed a study to examine 'time spent at home' as a moderator to the residential food environment-diet association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  2411 adults aged 25-65.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency of vegetable and fruit intake (VFI) per day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To examine how time spent at home may moderate the relationship between residential food environment and VFI, the full sample was split into three equal subgroups--short, medium and long duration spent at home. We detected significant associations between density of food stores in the residential food environment and VFI for subgroups that spend medium and long durations at home (ie, spending a mean of 8.0 and 12.3 h at home, respectively--not including sleep time), but no associations exist for people who spend the lowest amount of time at home (mean=4.7 h). Also, no associations were detected in analyses using the full sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first to demonstrate that time spent at home may be an important variable to identify hidden population patterns regarding VFI. Time spent at home can impact the association between the residential food environment and individual VFI.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Social and Environmental Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chum
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaivada
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labetski
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Arianne
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0483-8751
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Inthuja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Selvaratnam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pinter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Campo
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D004435:Eating; D004777:Environment; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH