title: Evaluation of cerebral-cardiac syndrome using echocardiography in a canine model of acute traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Previous studies have confirmed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can induce general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which subsequently results in myocardial dysfunction and damage in some patients with acute TBI; this condition is also termed as cerebral-cardiac syndrome. However, most clinicians ignore the detection and treatment of myocardial dysfunction, and instead concentrate only on the serious neural damage that is observed in acute TBI, which is one of the most important fatal factors. Therefore, clarification is urgently needed regarding the relationship between TBI and myocardial dysfunction. In the present study, we evaluated 18 canine models of acute TBI, by using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography and strain rate imaging to accurately evaluate myocardial function and regional microcirculation, including the strain rate of the different myocardial segments, time-amplitude curves, mean ascending slope of the curve, and local myocardial blood flow. Our results suggest that acute TBI often results in cerebral-cardiac syndrome, which rapidly progresses to the serious stage within 3 days. This study is the first to provide comprehensive ultrasonic characteristics of cerebral-cardiac syndrome in an animal model of TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Diagnosis, The 85th Military Hospital Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Diagnosis, The 85th Military Hospital Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weizhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Diagnosis, The 85th Military Hospital Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Special Diagnosis, The 85th Military Hospital Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
keywords: Traumatic brain injury; cerebral-cardiac syndrome; myocardial ischemia; real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography; strain rate imaging