title: Optimizing cell viability in droplet-based cell deposition.
abstract: Biofabrication commonly involves the use of liquid droplets to transport cells to the printed structure. However, the viability of the cells after impact is poorly controlled and understood, hampering applications including cell spraying, inkjet bioprinting, and laser-assisted cell transfer. Here, we present an analytical model describing the cell viability after impact as a function of the cell-surrounding droplet characteristics. The model connects (1) the cell survival as a function of cell membrane elongation, (2) the membrane elongation as a function of the cell-containing droplet size and velocity, and (3) the substrate properties. The model is validated by cell viability measurements in cell spraying, which is a method for biofabrication and used for the treatment of burn wounds. The results allow for rational optimization of any droplet-based cell deposition technology, and we include practical suggestions to improve the cell viability in cell spraying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willem Visser
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sieger
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leijten
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands [2] Department of Reconstructive Medicine, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniël B F
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology &Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karperien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats