title: Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compute the life expectancy of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on validated prognostic models from 2 cohorts, to compare mortality and life expectancy of persons with TBI with those of the U.S. general population, and to investigate trends toward improved survival over the last 2 decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postdischarge from rehabilitation units and long-term follow-up at regional centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts of long-term survivors of TBI (N=12,481): the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) cohort comprised 7365 persons who were admitted to a TBIMS facility with moderate to severe TBI and were assessed at ≥1 years postinjury, and the California Department of Developmental Services (CDDS) cohort comprised 5116 persons who sustained a TBI and received long-term services from the CDDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life expectancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimates of age-, sex-, and disability-specific life expectancy of persons with TBI derived from the CDDS and TBIMS were similar. The estimates of age- and sex-specific life expectancy were lower than those of the U.S. general population. Mortality rates of persons with TBI were higher than those of the U.S. general population. Mortality rates did not improve and the standardized mortality ratio increased over the study period from 1988 to 2010.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life expectancy of persons with TBI is lower than that of the general population and depends on age, sex, and severity of disability. When compared, the survival outcomes in the TBIMS and CDDS cohorts are remarkably similar. Because there have been no marked trends in the last 20 years, the life expectancies presented in this article may remain valid in the future.
authors.affiliation: Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, CA. Electronic address: Brooks@LifeExpectancy.org.
authors.forename: Jordan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shavelle
authors.affiliation: Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
authors.forename: Flora M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Craig Hospital, Englewood, CO; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Denver, CO.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Harrison-Felix
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain injuries; Life Expectancy; Mortality trends; Prognosis; Rehabilitation; Survival