title: Development of a lateral flow test to detect metabolic resistance in Bemisia tabaci mediated by CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 with broad spectrum catalytic efficiency.
abstract: Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major sucking pest in many agricultural and horticultural cropping systems globally. The frequent use of insecticides of different mode of action classes resulted in populations resisting treatments used to keep numbers under economic damage thresholds. Recently it was shown that resistance to neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid is linked to the over-expression of CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase detoxifying imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides when recombinantly expressed in insect cells. However over-expression of CYP6CM1 is also known to confer cross-resistance to pymetrozine, an insecticide not belonging to the chemical class of neonicotinoids. In addition we were able to demonstrate by LC-MS/MS analysis the metabolisation of pyriproxyfen by recombinantly expressed CYP6CM1. Based on our results CYP6CM1 is one of the most versatile detoxification enzymes yet identified in a pest of agricultural importance, as it detoxifies a diverse range of chemical classes used to control whiteflies. Therefore we developed a field-diagnostic antibody-based lateral flow assay which detects CYP6CM1 protein at levels providing resistance to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. The ELISA based test kit can be used as a diagnostic tool to support resistance management strategies based on the alternation of different modes of action of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, Monheim D-40789, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.nauen@bayer.com.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nauen
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, Monheim D-40789, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, Monheim D-40789, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lueke
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myridakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsakireli
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organisation "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roditakis
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organisation "Demeter", NAGREF, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsagkarakou
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Euripides
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stephanou
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Science Lab, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece. Electronic address: vontas@imbb.forth.gr.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vontas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies; D001681:Biological Assay; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000378:metabolism*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058619:Maltose-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007306:Insecticides; D058619:Maltose-Binding Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D009536:Niacinamide; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C524822:flonicamid
keywords: CYP6CM1; Cytochrome P450; Insecticide resistance; Neonicotinoids; Pyriproxyfen; Whitefly