title: Genotoxic and hematological parameters in Colossoma macropomum (Pisces, Serrasalmidae) as biomarkers for environmental impact assessment in a protected area in northeastern Brazil.
abstract: Genotoxic and hematological parameters in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a native freshwater fish, were used as biomarkers to assess exposure to environmental stressors within the Maracanã Protected Area of Maranhão State, Brazil. Fish were sampled at two sites-Serena Lagoon (control) and Ambude River-on four occasions (dry and rainy season), and biometric data (length and weight) recorded and blood collected from all fish for analysis. Erythrocyte indices-mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration-were calculated. Blood samples were stained with Giemsa and acridine orange, and microscopically examined for micronuclei and morphological nuclear abnormalities. Micronuclei were observed in fish from both sites, although the frequency was significantly higher in fish from the Ambude River and morphological nuclear abnormalities were only observed in fish from the Ambude River. More morphological nuclear abnormalities and a larger number of micronuclei were observed in erythrocytes stained with acridine orange compared with those stained with Giemsa. On average, erythrocyte indices were lower in fish from the Ambude River than from the Serena Lagoon. The results confirm that genotoxic and hematological parameters in C. macropomum can be used as indicators of environmental health and could be valuable tools for monitoring environmental conditions within protected areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil. raimundafortes@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Raimunda Nonata
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Fortes Carvalho Neta
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program of Aquatic Resources and Fishery (PPGRAP/UEMA), State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Batista
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pinheiro Sousa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inaldo Carvalho
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: de Macêdo Sobrinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Ecological and Environmental, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yarbrough Horton
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zafira
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: da Silva de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biology, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lígia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tchaicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary, State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Campus Paulo VI, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alana Lislea
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: de Sousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001938:Brazil; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005399:Fishes / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Acridine orange; Erythrocyte; Freshwater fish; Giemsa; Micronucleus test; Nuclear abnormalities; Tambaqui