title: Polymer-Free Drug-Eluting Stents: An Overview of Coating Strategies and Comparison with Polymer-Coated Drug-Eluting Stents.
abstract: Clinical evaluations have proven the efficacy of drug-elution stents (DES) in reduction of in-stent restenosis rates as compared to drug-free bare metal stents (BMS). Typically, DES are metal stents that are covered with a polymer film loaded with anti-inflammatory or antiproliferative drugs that are released in a sustained manner. However, although favorable effects of the released drugs have been observed, the polymer coating as such has been associated with several adverse clinical effects, such as late stent thrombosis. Elimination of the polymeric carrier of DES may therefore potentially lead to safer DES. Several technologies have been developed to design polymer-free DES, such as the use of microporous stents and inorganic coatings that can be drug loaded. Several drugs, including sirolimus, tacrolimus, paclitaxel, and probucol have been used in the design of carrier-free stents. Due to the function of the polymeric coating to control the release kinetics of a drug, polymer-free stents are expected to have a faster drug elution rate, which may affect the therapeutic efficacy. However, several polymer-free stents have shown similar efficacy and safety as the first-generation DES, although the superiority of polymer-free DES has not been established in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Weiluan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom C J
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Habraken
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Hennink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robbert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D006801:Humans; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; D017239:Paclitaxel; D020123:Sirolimus