title: Intervention study for smoking cessation in Spanish college students: pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse intervention aimed at helping college student smokers quit smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind, pragmatic randomized controlled trial which compares a multi-component intervention, tailored specifically to college students, with a brief advice session with a 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at the University of Navarra, Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 255 college student smokers (age range = 18-24 years) were randomized to an intervention group (n = 133) or to a control group (n = 122).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-component intervention based on the Theory of Triadic Influence of Flay was developed. The intervention consisted of a 50-minute motivational interview conducted by a nurse and online self-help material. The follow-up included a reinforcing e-mail and group therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was self-reported abstinence, with biochemical verification at 6 months. The secondary outcomes consisted of the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, self-reported attempts to quit smoking and stage of change at 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the 6-month follow-up, the smoking cessation incidence was 21.1% in the intervention group compared with 6.6% in the control group (difference = 14.5 confidence interval = 6.1-22.8; relative risk = 3.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.62-7.20). The difference in the mean number of cigarettes at 6 months was significantly different (difference = -2.2, confidence interval = -3.6 to -0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multi-component intervention tailored to college students and managed by a nurse is effective in increasing smoking cessation among college students.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nursing and Maternal and Child Health Care, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Miren I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pardavila-Belio
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nursing and Maternal and Child Health Care, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Vivar
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano Marçal
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canga-Armayor
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Care for Adults, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pueyo-Garrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nursing and Maternal and Child Health Care, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Navidad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Canga-Armayor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D034742:Electronic Mail; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013030:Spain; D013334:Students; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: College students; motivational interview; pragmatic randomized controlled trial; smoking cessation; university; young adult