title: 'Are We Not Human?' Stories of Stigma, Disability and HIV from Lusaka, Zambia and Their Implications for Access to Health Services.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Southern Africa holds the promise of shifting the experience of HIV toward that of a manageable chronic condition. However, this potential can only be realized when persons living with HIV are able to access services without barriers, which can include stigma. Our qualitative study explored experiences of persons living with disabilities (PWD) in Lusaka, Zambia who became HIV-positive (PWD/HIV+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted interviews with 32 participants (21 PWD/HIV+ and 11 key informants working in the fields of HIV and/or disability). Inductive thematic analysis of interview transcripts was informed by narrative theory. Participants' accounts highlighted the central role of stigma experienced by PWD/HIV+, with stigmatizing attitudes closely linked to prevailing societal assumptions that PWD are asexual. Seeking diagnostic and treatment services for HIV was perceived as evidence of PWD being sexually active. Participants recounted that for PWD/HIV+, stigma was enacted in a variety of settings, including the queue for health services, their interactions with healthcare providers, and within their communities. Stigmatizing accounts told about PWD/HIV+ were described as having important consequences. Not only did participants recount stories of internalized stigma (with its damaging effects on self-perception), but also that negative experiences resulted in some PWD preferring to "die quietly at home" rather than being subjected to the stigmatizing gaze of others when attempting to access life-preserving ART. Participants recounted how experiences of stigma also affected their willingness to continue ART, their willingness to disclose their HIV status to others, as well as their social relations. However, participants also offered counter-stories, actively resisting stigmatizing accounts and portraying themselves as resilient and resourceful social actors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study highlights a significant barrier to healthcare experienced by PWD/HIV+, with important implications for the future design and equitable delivery of HIV services in Zambia. Stigma importantly affects the abilities of PWD/HIV+ to manage their health conditions.
authors.affiliation: Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy and International Centre for Disability and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: ZAMBART, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and International Centre for Disability and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections; D000069576:Health Equity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057545:Social Stigma; D015024:Zambia