title: CAR-modified T-cell therapy for cancer: an updated review.
abstract: The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. These genetically modified receptors contain an antigen-binding moiety, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular costimulatory domain resulting in T-cell activation subsequent to antigen binding. Optimal tumor removal through CAR-modified T cells requires suitable target antigen selection, co-stimulatory signaling domain, and the ability of CAR T cells to traffic, persist, and retain antitumor function after adoptive transfer. There are several elements which can improve antitumor function of CAR T cells, including signaling, conditioning chemotherapy and irradiation, tumor burden of the disease, T-cell phenotype, and supplementary cytokine usage. This review outlines four generations of CAR. The pre-clinical and clinical studies showed that this technique has a great potential for treatment of solid and hematological malignancies. The main purpose of the current review is to focus on the pre-clinical and clinical developments of CAR-based immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haji-Fatahaliha
authors.affiliation: b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: d Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Asiye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbarian
authors.affiliation: a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Sanam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadreddini
authors.affiliation: e Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jadidi-Niaragh
authors.affiliation: a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefi
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins
keywords: T cells; cancer; chimeric antigen receptor; clinical studies; immunotherapy