title: Determination of melamine in milk and dairy products by microchip-based high-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry combined with solid-phase extraction.
abstract: This article presents a method for sensitive, fast and quantitative determination of melamine in milk and dairy products using high-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). The solid-phase extraction (SPE) technology was used for purification after the sample was extracted by organic solvents, and followed by the analysis of FAIMS. The measurement parameters and variables that affect the FAIMS detection have been investigated, and optimum conditions have been obtained as follows: the carrier gas flow rate is 1.6 L min(-1), the headspace sampler temperature is 150 °C, the pressure is 1 atm, and the humidity is 2.0 g m(-3). The results showed that the SPE-FAIMS method can detect melamine in samples with a concentration down to 0.1 mg kg(-1). The ion intensity has a linear relationship with melamine concentration in the range from 0.3 mg L(-1) to 25 mg L(-1), with a good linearity of 0.9975. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) are 0.1 mg kg(-1) and 0.3 mg kg(-1) in milk and dairy products, respectively, and the relative standard deviation is less than 8.0%. The results demonstrated that FAIMS has great potential as a powerful tool for food analysis and safety inspection.
authors.affiliation: Su Zhou Wei Mu Intelligent System Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Wei-jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yonghuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Su Zhou Wei Mu Intelligent System Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Ling-feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Yuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Su Zhou Wei Mu Intelligent System Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Su Zhou Wei Mu Intelligent System Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Jikui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: xw224@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaozhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; C011907:melamine
keywords: High-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS); Melamine; Melamine (PubChem CID: 7955); Milk and dairy products; Solid-phase extraction (SPE)