title: Waterpipe tobacco smoking: The critical need for cessation treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Waterpipe use has spread globally, and has substantial negative health effects and nicotine dependence potential. A growing literature addresses cessation-related experiences of waterpipe users, but this literature has not been summarized nor is guidance available on developing and testing cessation interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Authors gathered key empirical papers on waterpipe cessation-related topics, including observational studies about users' perceived ability to quit, interest in quitting, quit rates, and cessation trials. Based on this review, recommendations are made to guide the development and rigorous evaluation of waterpipe cessation interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many users want to quit and make quit attempts, but are unsuccessful at doing so on their own; therefore, developing and testing waterpipe cessation interventions should be a priority for global tobacco control efforts. Early efforts have tested waterpipe cessation interventions designed for, or adapted from, cigarette smoking programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waterpipe-specific cessation programs that address unique features of waterpipe smoking (e.g., its cultural significance, social uses, and intermittent use pattern) and characteristics and motivations of users who want to quit are needed. Recommendations are provided to move waterpipe cessation intervention development forward.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 201 Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152-3450, United States; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Tishreen Street, Sheehan, PO Box: 16542, Aleppo, Syria. Electronic address: kdward@memphis.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington York YO10 5DD, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Rutgers School of Public Health, The State University of New Jersey, 683 Hoes Lane West, Room 235, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
authors.forename: Jasjit S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Memphis, 201 Robison Hall, Memphis, TN 38152-3450, United States.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Tishreen Street, Sheehan, PO Box: 16542, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Suite 912, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors.forename: Taghrid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asfar
mesh_terms: D036262:Empirical Research; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014026:Nicotiana
keywords: Cessation; Intervention development; Review; Waterpipe