title: Gastrointestinal Tolerance to Daily Canned Chickpea Intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Consumption of pulses is recommended to improve diet quality and decrease the risk of chronic disease. However, their constituent α-galactosides, including raffinose, are commonly thought to contribute to unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a random crossover design, healthy adults (n = 12) received control foods, control foods with 5 g raffinose, and foods with 200 g of canned chickpea (11 g fibre per day), each for three weeks following a 3-day diet rotation. Gastrointestinal symptoms (rating 0 = none to 3 = severe), compliance, and stool frequency were recorded daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No change in daily stool frequency (mean ± SD) was found with chickpea (1.7 ± 0.3) or raffinose (1.7 ± 0.4) compared with control (1.5 ± 0.3). Reported flatulence (mean ± SD) was rated higher with chickpea (1.0 ± 0.2, P < 0.001) and raffinose (0.7 ± 0.2, P < 0.001) compared with control (0.4 ± 0.1). Although bloating was infrequent, ratings were higher with chickpea (0.2 ± 0.1, P < 0.001) and raffinose (0.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.001) compared with control (0.0). No differences were found for diarrhea or abdominal pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As gastrointestinal symptoms were mild for most participants, canned chickpea may be a feasible way of increasing pulse intake and improving overall diet quality.
authors.affiliation: a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: a Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Abdulah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanifi
authors.affiliation: b College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Gordon A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zello
authors.affiliation: c Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D029863:Cicer / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005414:Flatulence / Q000209:etiology; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055951:Functional Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011887:Raffinose / Q000009:adverse effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D011887:Raffinose