title: White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei That Have Received Gracilaria tenuistipitata Extract Show Early Recovery of Immune Parameters after Ammonia Stressing.
abstract: White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater (35‰) containing Gracilaria tenuistipitata extract (GTE) at 0 (control), 400, and 600 mg/L for 3 h were exposed to 5 mg/L ammonia-N (ammonia as nitrogen), and immune parameters including hyaline cells (HCs), granular cells (GCs, including semi-granular cells), total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO) activity, respiratory bursts (RBs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lysozyme activity, and hemolymph protein level were examined 24~120 h post-stress. The immune parameters of shrimp immersed in 600 mg/L GTE returned to original values earlier, at 96~120 h post-stress, whereas in control shrimp they did not. In another experiment, shrimp were immersed in seawater containing GTE at 0 and 600 mg/L for 3 h and examined for transcript levels of immune-related genes at 24 h post-stress. Transcript levels of lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP), peroxinectin (PX), cytMnSOD, mtMnSOD, and HSP70 were up-regulated at 24 h post-stress in GTE receiving shrimp. We concluded that white shrimp immersed in seawater containing GTE exhibited a capability for maintaining homeostasis by regulating cellular and humoral immunity against ammonia stress as evidenced by up-regulated gene expression and earlier recovery of immune parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. fivedollarboy555@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. jcchen@mail.ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jiann-Chu
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. d91330003@mail.ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yong-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. d92330006@ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Su-Tuen
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan. m96330013@ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chien-Lun
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000276:immunology*; D012623:Seawater; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Gracilaria tenuistipitata extract; Litopenaeus vannamei; ammonia stress; gene expressions; immune parameters