title: A Study of Dielectric Properties of Proteinuria between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz.
abstract: This paper investigates the dielectric properties of urine in normal subjects and subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at microwave frequency of between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz. The measurements were conducted using an open-ended coaxial probe at room temperature (25°C), at 30°C and at human body temperature (37°C). There were statistically significant differences in the dielectric properties of the CKD subjects compared to those of the normal subjects. Statistically significant differences in dielectric properties were observed across the temperatures for normal subjects and CKD subjects. Pearson correlation test showed the significant correlation between proteinuria and dielectric properties. The experimental data closely matched the single-pole Debye model. The relaxation dispersion and relaxation time increased with the proteinuria level, while decreasing with the temperature. As for static conductivity, it increased with proteinuria level and temperature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Peck Shen
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hua Nong
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Teng Aik
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chew Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kwan Hong
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Damansara Specialist Hospital, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yip Boon
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000652:urine*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014508:Urea