title: Breakpoint mapping by whole genome sequencing identifies PTH2R gene disruption in a patient with midline craniosynostosis and a de novo balanced chromosomal rearrangement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Craniosynostosis (CRS) is a premature closure of calvarial sutures caused by gene mutation or environmental factors or interaction between the two. Only a small proportion of non-syndromic CRS (NSC) patients have a known genetic cause, and thus, it would be meaningful to search for a causative gene disruption for the development NSC. We applied a whole genome sequencing approach on a 15-month-old boy with sagittal and metopic synostosis to identify a gene responsible for the development of the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conventional chromosome study revealed a complex paracentric inversion involving 2q14.3 and 2q34. Array comparative genomic hybridisation did not show any copy number variation. Multicolour banding analysis was carried out and the breakpoints were refined to 2q14 and 2q34. An intronic break of the PTH2R gene was detected by whole genome sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis confirmed disruption of PTH2R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report PTH2R as a gene that is disrupted in NSC. The disruption of the PTH2R gene may cause uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, which in turn results in premature closure of sutures. This addition of PTH2R to the list of genes associated with NSC expands our understanding of the development of NSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Juwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Hong-Hee
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoonjung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Rak
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Nae
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044183:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D044183:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 2
keywords: Chromosomal; Clinical genetics; Developmental