title: Implications of scaled δ15N fractionation for community predator-prey body mass ratio estimates in size-structured food webs.
abstract: Nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ(15) N) may be used to estimate community-level relationships between trophic level (TL) and body size in size-structured food webs and hence the mean predator to prey body mass ratio (PPMR). In turn, PPMR is used to estimate mean food chain length, trophic transfer efficiency and rates of change in abundance with body mass (usually reported as slopes of size spectra) and to calibrate and validate food web models. When estimating TL, researchers had assumed that fractionation of δ(15) N (Δδ(15) N) did not change with TL. However, a recent meta-analysis indicated that this assumption was not as well supported by data as the assumption that Δδ(15) N scales negatively with the δ(15) N of prey. We collated existing fish community δ(15) N-body size data for the Northeast Atlantic and tropical Western Arabian Sea with new data from the Northeast Pacific. These data were used to estimate TL-body mass relationships and PPMR under constant and scaled Δδ(15) N assumptions, and to assess how the scaled Δδ(15) N assumption affects our understanding of the structure of these food webs. Adoption of the scaled Δδ(15) N approach markedly reduces the previously reported differences in TL at body mass among fish communities from different regions. With scaled Δδ(15) N, TL-body mass relationships became more positive and PPMR fell. Results implied that realized prey size in these size-structured fish communities are less variable than previously assumed and food chains potentially longer. The adoption of generic PPMR estimates for calibration and validation of size-based fish community models is better supported than hitherto assumed, but predicted slopes of community size spectra are more sensitive to a given change or error in realized PPMR when PPMR is small.
authors.affiliation: Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington, Box 355640, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan C P
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reum
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK.|School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hunsicker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D020387:Food Chain; D008954:Models, Biological; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes
keywords: body mass; food web; predator-prey; size spectra; transfer efficiency; trophic level