title: The Role of HMGB1 in Cardiovascular Biology: Danger Signals.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence shows that dysregulated immune response contributes to several types of CVDs such as atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Vascular intimal impairment and low-density lipoprotein oxidation trigger a complex network of innate immune responses and sterile inflammation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear DNA-binding protein, was recently discovered to function as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP) that initiates the innate immune responses. These findings lead to the understanding that HMGB1 plays a critical role in the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this review, we highlight the role of extracellular HMGB1 as a proinflammatory mediator as well as a DAMP in coronary artery disease, cerebral artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and PH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A key focus for future researches on HMGB1 location, structure, modification, and signaling will reveal HMGB1's multiple functions and discover a targeted therapy that can eliminate HMGB1-mediated inflammation without interfering with adaptive immune responses.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|3 Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: 1 The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, China .|2 Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Alex F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C585491:HMGB1 protein, human