title: Engineered Nanostructures of Haptens Lead to Unexpected Formation of Membrane Nanotubes Connecting Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells.
abstract: A recent finding reports that co-stimulation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcεRI) and the chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) triggered formation of membrane nanotubes among bone-marrow-derived mast cells. The co-stimulation was attained using corresponding ligands: IgE binding antigen and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1 α), respectively. However, this approach failed to trigger formation of nanotubes among rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells due to the lack of CCR1 on the cell surface (Int. Immunol. 2010, 22 (2), 113-128). RBL cells are frequently used as a model for mast cells and are best known for antibody-mediated activation via FcεRI. This work reports the successful formation of membrane nanotubes among RBLs using only one stimulus, a hapten of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) molecules, which are presented as nanostructures with our designed spatial arrangements. This observation underlines the significance of the local presentation of ligands in the context of impacting the cellular signaling cascades. In the case of RBL, certain DNP nanostructures suppress antigen-induced degranulation and facilitate the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton to form nanotubes. These results demonstrate an important scientific concept; engineered nanostructures enable cellular signaling cascades, where current technologies encounter great difficulties. More importantly, nanotechnology offers a new platform to selectively activate and/or inhibit desired cellular signaling cascades.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Jie-Ren
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Shailise S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Ying X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Kang-Hsin
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.|§Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Huan-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.|§Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Fu-Tong
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: ∥Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States.
authors.forename: Ted A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Laurence
authors.affiliation: †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
authors.forename: Gang-Yu
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001491:Basophils / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D021961:Cell Membrane Structures / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006241:Haptens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D006241:Haptens
keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); haptens; mast cells; membrane nanotubes; particle lithography; rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells; scanning electron microscopy (SEM)