title: Brazilian pediatric reference data for quantitative ultrasound of phalanges according to gender, age, height and weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish normative data for phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures in Brazilian students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was composed of 6870 students (3688 females and 3182 males), aged 6 to 17 years. The bone status parameter, Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound (AD-SoS) was assessed by QUS of the phalanges using DBM Sonic BP (IGEA, Carpi, Italy) equipment. Skin color was obtained by self-evaluation. The LMS method was used to derive smoothed percentiles reference charts for AD-SoS according to sex, age, height and weight and to generate the L, M, and S parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls showed higher AD-SoS values than boys in the age groups 7-16 (p<0.001). There were no differences on AD-SoS Z-scores according to skin color. In both sexes, the obese group showed lower values of AD-SoS Z-scores compared with subjects classified as thin or normal weight. Age (r2 = 0.48) and height (r2 = 0.35) were independent predictors of AD-SoS in females and males, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AD-SoS values in Brazilian children and adolescents were influenced by sex, age and weight status, but not by skin color. Our normative data could be used for monitoring AD-SoS in children or adolescents aged 6-17 years.
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ezequiel Moreira
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Education-Assis Gurgacz Faculty, Cascavel-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Regis
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Education-Center for Biological Sciences and Health-Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís-MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wellington Roberto Gomes
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson Marques
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Education-Assis Gurgacz Faculty, Cascavel-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Everton Paulo
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Keila Donassolo
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Augusto Rodrigues
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Medaets
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nélio Neves
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Veiga-Junior
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adrielle Caroline Lace de Moraes
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tathyane
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krahenbühl
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics-FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leticia Esposito
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Sewaybricker
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics-FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio de Azevedo
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Barros-Filho
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics-FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre Moreno
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.affiliation: Growth and Development Lab-Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED)-School of Medical Sciences (FCM)-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics-FCM-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerra-Júnior
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D014463:Ultrasonography