title: The Effect of Chemoradiotherapy with SRC Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, PP2 and Temozolomide on Malignant Glioma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and temozolomide (TMZ) on malignant glioma cells using clonogenic assays and in vivo brain tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of PP2 on radiosensitivity of U251 and T98G cells was investigated using clonogenic assays. The expression of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by Western blotting and an accumulation of γH2AX foci 6 hours after radiotherapy was measured after PP2 treatment. The effect of PP2 on migration, invasion, and vasculogenic mimicry formation (VMF) of U251 cells was evaluated. In an orthotopical brain tumor model with U251 cells, PP2 was injected intraperitoneally with or without oral TMZ before, during and after whole brain radiotherapy. Bioluminescence images were taken to visualize in vivo tumors and immunohistochemical staining of VEGF, CD31, EphA2, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1a was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PP2 increased radiosensitivity of U251 and T98G cells without decreasing survival of normal human astrocytes. Chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ resulted in increased accumulation of γH2AX foci. PP2 induced overexpression of E-cadherin and suppression of MMP2, VEGF, and EphA2. PP2 also compromised invasion, migration, and VMF of U251 cells. In brain tumors, chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ decreased tumor volume best, but not statistically significantly compared with chemoradiotherapy with TMZ. The expression of VEGF and CD31 was suppressed in PP2-treated tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PP2 enhances radiosensitivity of malignant glioma cells and suppresses invasion and migration of U251 cells. Chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ resulted in non-significant tumor volume decrease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Keun-Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eui Kyu
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Chie
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong-Gyun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Il Han
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Paek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: In Ah
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077204:Temozolomide; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D003606:Dacarbazine; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D000077204:Temozolomide
keywords: Glioblastoma; PP2; Radiotherapy; SRC tyrosine kinase inhibitor; Temozolomide