title: Flow mediated dilation with photoplethysmography as a substitute for ultrasonic imaging.
abstract: Flow mediated dilation (FMD) is a non-invasive method for endothelial function assessment providing an index extracted from ultrasonic B-mode images. Although utilized in the research community, the difficulty of its application and high cost of ultrasonic devices prevent it from being widely used in clinical settings. In this study we show that substituting the ultrasonic device with more easily handled and low cost photoplethysmography and electrocardiography is possible. We introduce new indices based on the photoplethysmogram (PPG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) and show that they are correlated with the ultrasound-based FMD Index. To this end, a conventional ultrasound FMD test was carried out whereas PPG and ECG were simultaneously recorded from 20 healthy volunteers (13 M, 7 F) in the age range of 23-32 years. Our results show a significant correlation between our proposed index and ultrasound FMD when using the ECG in conjunction with the PPG (R = 0.77, p < 0.000 01). Using the PPG alone produces a lower correlation (R = 0.72, p < 0.0001). Compared to conventional FMD, the proposed method is low cost and does not require any special operator skills. Hence it may be easily utilized as a screening tool in locations deprived of high-end ultrasound imaging devices.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Lab., School of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mashayekhi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zahedi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Movahedian Attar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharifi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017156:Photoplethysmography / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult