title: Long-Term Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): An Approach to Management of Worsening Symptoms, Loss of Efficacy, and Augmentation.
abstract: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common, frequently chronic, sensorimotor neurological disorder characterized by nocturnal leg dysesthesias and an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually resulting in sleep disturbance. Dopaminergic agonists, alpha-2-delta calcium-channel ligands, and opioids have all demonstrated efficacy to relieve symptoms of RLS and improve sleep. However, long-term treatment with dopamine agonists (the most commonly prescribed agents) is often characterized by worsening symptoms and loss of efficacy. A more worrisome complication of dopaminergic agents is augmentation, an iatrogenic worsening of RLS symptoms that can produce progressively more severe symptoms resulting in around-the-clock restlessness and near sleeplessness. Recent research has yielded consensus regarding a precise definition of augmentation and has contributed to improved knowledge regarding strategies for preventing this complication. When RLS symptoms worsen during the course of treatment, the clinician must consider the myriad of environmental, medical, pharmacologic, and psychiatric factors that can exacerbate RLS. In the absence of fully developed, evidence-based guidelines there remains uncertainty regarding the optimal management strategy if augmentation develops. However, we discuss several key principles based on the available published data and the authors' clinical experience. We also explore the recent increasing interest in alternative initial treatment strategies that avoid dopamine agonists and their associated complications altogether.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. semackie@partners.org.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jwwinkelman@partners.org.|Harvard Medical School, 1 Bowdoin Square, 9th floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. jwwinkelman@partners.org.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Winkelman
mesh_terms: D015259:Dopamine Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015259:Dopamine Agents