title: Reliable change indices and standardized regression-based change score norms for evaluating neuropsychological change in children with epilepsy.
abstract: Reliable change indices (RCIs) and standardized regression-based (SRB) change score norms permit evaluation of meaningful changes in test scores following treatment interventions, like epilepsy surgery, while accounting for test-retest reliability, practice effects, score fluctuations due to error, and relevant clinical and demographic factors. Although these methods are frequently used to assess cognitive change after epilepsy surgery in adults, they have not been widely applied to examine cognitive change in children with epilepsy. The goal of the current study was to develop RCIs and SRB change score norms for use in children with epilepsy. Sixty-three children with epilepsy (age range: 6-16; M=10.19, SD=2.58) underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations at two time points an average of 12 months apart. Practice effect-adjusted RCIs and SRB change score norms were calculated for all cognitive measures in the battery. Practice effects were quite variable across the neuropsychological measures, with the greatest differences observed among older children, particularly on the Children's Memory Scale and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. There was also notable variability in test-retest reliabilities across measures in the battery, with coefficients ranging from 0.14 to 0.92. Reliable change indices and SRB change score norms for use in assessing meaningful cognitive change in children following epilepsy surgery are provided for measures with reliability coefficients above 0.50. This is the first study to provide RCIs and SRB change score norms for a comprehensive neuropsychological battery based on a large sample of children with epilepsy. Tables to aid in evaluating cognitive changes in children who have undergone epilepsy surgery are provided for clinical use. An Excel sheet to perform all relevant calculations is also available to interested clinicians or researchers.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: buschr@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Robyn M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA. Electronic address: tlinewea@butler.edu.
authors.forename: Tara T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lineweaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: fergusl3@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: hautj@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Haut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D038481:Anterior Temporal Lobectomy; D002648:Child; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Children; Epilepsy; Neuropsychology; Reliable change indices; Standardized regression-based change score norms