title: Antioxidant activity of apple extract protects against rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.
abstract: Several studies have shown that apple (Malus sp.) has many components able to exert chemopreventive activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of apple extract following medium-term oral carcinogenesis assay induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) by means of histopathological analysis and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as CuZnSOD, MnSOD and catalase. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were distributed into five groups, as follows (n = 6 per group): Group 1 - negative control group (non-treated group); Group 2 - received 4NQO during 8 weeks in drinking water and treated with apple extract by gavage between the 1st and 4th weeks daily (initiation phase); Group 3 - received 4NQO for 8 weeks in drinking water and treated with apple extract by gavage between the 5th and 8th weeks daily (promotion phase); Group 4 - received apple extract by gavage for eight consecutive weeks only; and Group 5 - received 4NQO for 8 weeks in drinking water daily. Histopathological analysis revealed that apple extract protect oral lesions induced by 4NQO at initiation or promotion phase. Higher gene expression of CuZnSOD and MnSOD enzymes were noticed in groups treated with apple extract as well. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the apple extract is able to modulate medium-term oral carcinogenesis assay as a result of antioxidant activity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences .
authors.forename: Flávia Andressa Pidone
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences .
authors.forename: Rogerio Correa
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , Sao Paulo , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Celina Tizuko Fujiyama
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physiology and Pathology , School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP , Sao Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Spolidorio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences .
authors.forename: Luciana Le Sueur
authors.initials: Lle S
authors.lastname: Maluf
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences .|b Department of Pathology , Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP , Sao Paulo , Brazil , and.
authors.forename: Daniel Araki
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002273:Carcinogens; D060766:Drinking Water; D010936:Plant Extracts; D015112:4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide; antioxidant activity; apple extract; oral cancer