title: Anti-migraine effect of Areca Catechu L. nut extract in bradykinin-induced plasma protein extravasation and vocalization in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Areca catechu Linn. (Arecaceae) nut is a popular folk remedy for the treatment of migraine in Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of A. catechu L. nut (ANE) treatment on migraine pain in rat models to strengthen its use as an anti-migraine therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bradykinin (0.1 μmol/kg) injection in to left femoral vein of rat produced PPE which was measured with luminescence spectrometer. Vocalizations were produced in rats with 10 μg of bradykinin infusion into common carotid artery. Phonogram was recorded before, during and for 5min after bradykinin injection and sumatriptan was used as a standard anti-migraine drug. In both models, the ANE was orally administered at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, 60 min before bradykinin infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PPE was reduced in both ANE treated groups of rats. The percent fluorescein was significantly increased in positive control group (97.00±1.7%; p<0.0001) compared to negative control (63.87±1.2%). With ANE treatments (250 and 500 mg/kg) PPE was significantly decreased to 88.88±1.4% (p<0.01) and 83.55±0.1% (p<0.0001) compared to positive control group, respectively. On the other hand in the model of vocalization, with 250 and 500 mg/kg ANE treatment, vocalization was significantly reduced to 33.33% and 16.66%, respectively, compared to saline treated rats. The reduction in vocalization is comparable to the reference drug sumatriptan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide the strong evidence for anti-migraine potential of ANE in rat models of migraine. In summary, therapeutic intervention with ANE treatment could be a promising strategy for prevention of migraine.
authors.affiliation: All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society׳s College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune, 411001 Maharashtra, India; Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: bhandaream@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amol M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bhandare
authors.affiliation: All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society׳s College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune, 411001 Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmacology, Padmashree Dr. D Y Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi, Pune, 411044 Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: neerajsv@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Neeraj S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Vyawahare
authors.affiliation: All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society׳s College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune, 411001 Maharashtra, India; School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, 431606 Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: ksagar.ajay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ajay D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D001114:Areca; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001920:Bradykinin; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009754:Nuts; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001798:Blood Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D001920:Bradykinin
keywords: Areca catechu nut extract; Bradykinin; Migraine; Plasma protein extravasation; Vocalization