title: Role of Experience, Leadership and Individual Protection in the Cath Lab--A Multicenter Questionnaire and Workshop on Radiation Safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Radiation exposure in invasive cardiology remains considerable. We evaluated the acceptance of radiation protective devices and the role of operator experience, team leadership, and technical equipment in radiation safety efforts in the clinical routine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiologists (115 from 27 centers) answered a questionnaire and documented radiation parameters for 10 coronary angiographies (CA), before and 3.1 months after a 90-min. mini-course in radiation-reducing techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mini-course participants achieved significant median decreases in patient dose area products (DAP: from 26.6 to 13.0 Gy × cm(2)), number of radiographic frames (-29%) and runs (-8%), radiographic DAP/frame (-2%), fluoroscopic DAP/s (-39%), and fluoroscopy time (-16%). Multilevel analysis revealed lower DAPs with decreasing body mass index (-1.4 Gy × cm(2) per kg/m(2)), age (-1.2 Gy × cm(2)/decade), female sex (-5.9 Gy × cm(2)), participation of the team leader (-9.4 Gy × cm(2)), the mini-course itself (-16.1 Gy × cm(2)), experience (-0.7 Gy × cm(2)/1000 CAs throughout the interventionalist's professional life), and use of older catheterization systems (-6.6 Gy × cm(2)). Lead protection included apron (100%), glass sheet (95%), lengthwise (94%) and crosswise (69%) undercouch sheet, collar (89%), glasses (28%), cover around the patients' thighs (19%), foot switch shield (7%), gloves (3%), and cap (1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation-protection devices are employed less than optimally in the clinical routine. Cardiologists with a great variety of interventional experience profited from our radiation safety workshop - to an even greater extent if the interventional team leader also participated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation protection devices are employed less than optimally in invasive cardiology. The presented radiation-safety mini-course was highly efficient. Cardiologists at all levels of experience profited from the mini-course - considerably more so if the team leader also took part. Interventional experience was less relevant for radiation reduction. Consequently both fellows and trainers should be encouraged to practice autonomy in radiation safety.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Klinik Fraenkische Schweiz, Ebermannstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuon
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weitmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dörr
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Empen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000592:standards*; D003479:Curriculum; D004493:Education; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000592:standards*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires