title: State all-driver distracted driving laws and high school students'  texting while driving behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Texting while driving is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Texting while driving can significantly increase the risk of road crashes and is associated with other risky driving behaviors. Most states have enacted distracted driving laws to prohibit texting while driving. This study examines effects of different all-driver distracted driving laws on texting while driving among high school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  High school student data were extracted from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Distracted driving law information was collected from the National Conference of State Legislatures. The final sample included 6,168 high school students above the restricted driving age in their states and with access to a vehicle. Logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios of laws on texting while driving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All-driver text messaging bans with primary enforcement were associated with a significant reduction in odds of texting while driving among high school students (odds ratio = 0.703; 95% confidence interval, 0.513-0.964), whereas all-driver phone use bans with primary enforcement did not have a significant association with texting while driving (odds ratio = 0.846; 95% confidence interval, 0.501-1.429).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that all-driver distracted driving laws that specifically target texting while driving as opposed to all types of phone use are effective in reducing the behavior among high school students.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Economics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , Indiana.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , Indiana.
authors.forename: Teresa Maria
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D060145:Text Messaging / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: distracted driving laws; high school students; texting while driving