title: Physical Examination of the Wrist: Useful Provocative Maneuvers.
abstract: Chronic wrist pain resulting from partial interosseous ligament injury remains a diagnostic dilemma for many hand and orthopedic surgeons. Overuse of costly diagnostic studies including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scans, and bone scans can be further frustrating to the clinician because of their inconsistent specificity and reliability in these cases. Physical diagnosis is an effective (and underused) means of establishing a working diagnosis of partial ligament injury to the wrist. Carefully performed provocative maneuvers can be used by the clinician to reproduce the precise character of a patient's problem, reliably establish a working diagnosis, and initiate a plan of treatment. Using precise physical examination techniques, the examiner introduces energy into the wrist in a manner that puts load on specific support ligaments of the carpus, leading to an accurate diagnosis. This article provides a broad spectrum of physical diagnostic tools to help the surgeon develop a working diagnosis of partial wrist ligament injuries in the face of chronic wrist pain and normal x-rays.
authors.affiliation: Indiana Hand to Shoulder Center, Indianapolis, IN. Electronic address: wbk@hand.md.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kleinman
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Carpus (wrist); anatomy; ligament injuries; physical examination; provocative maneuvers