title: Polycationic Macrocyclic Scaffolds as Potential Non-Viral Vectors of DNA: A Multidisciplinary Study.
abstract: The potential of lipoplexes constituted by the DNA pEGFP-C3 (encoding green fluorescent protein), polycationic calixarene-based macrocyclic vector (CxCL) with a lipidic matrix (herein named TMAC4), and zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as nontoxic DNA vectors has been analyzed from both biophysical and biochemical perspectives. For that purpose, several experimental methods, such as zeta potential (PALS methodology), agarose gel electrophoresis, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electronic cryo-microscopy (cryo-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays have been used. The electrochemical study shows that TMAC4 has 100% of its nominal charge available, whereas pDNA presents an effective negative charge that is only 10% that of its nominal one. PALS studies indicate the presence of three populations of nanoaggregates in TMAC4/DOPE lipid mixtures, with sizes of approximately 100, 17, and 6 nm, compatible with liposomes, oblate micelles, and spherical micelles, respectively, the first two also being detected by cryo-TEM. However, in the presence of pDNA, this mixture is organized in Lα multilamellar structures at all compositions. In fact, cryo-TEM micrographs show two types of multilamellar aggregation patterns: cluster-type at low and moderate CxCL molar fractions in the TMAC4/DOPE lipid mixture (α = 0.2 and 0.5), and fingerprint-type (FP), which are only present at low CxCL molar fraction (α = 0.2). This structural scenario has also been observed in SAXS diffractograms, including the coexistence of two different phases when DOPE dominates in the mixture. AFM experiments at α = 0.2 provide evidence that pDNA makes the lipid bilayer more deformable, thus promoting a potential enhancement in the capability of penetrating the cells. In fact, the best transfection perfomances of these TMAC4/DOPE-pDNA lipoplexes have been obtained at low CxCL molar fractions (α = 0.2) and a moderate-to-high effective charge ratio (ρeff = 20). Presumably, the coexistence of two lamellar phases is responsible for the better TE performance at low α.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barrán-Berdón
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yélamos
authors.affiliation: ⊥Departamento de Química Física, Centro de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Río
authors.affiliation: §Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Òscar
authors.initials: Ò
authors.lastname: Domènech
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aicart
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Junquera
mesh_terms: D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002470:Cell Survival; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D047250:Calixarenes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D011073:Polyamines; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; C020888:1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
keywords: AFM; SAXS; calixarene-based vector; cryo-TEM; effective charge ratios; effective charges; macrocyclic gene vector; multilamellar structures; transfection efficiency; zeta potential