title: Comparative study of the effect of chloro-, dichloro-, bromo-, and dibromoacetic acid on necrotic, apoptotic and morphological changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study).
abstract: In this study, the effect of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed. HAAs studied induced at millimolar concentrations necrotic alterations in PBMCs with the strongest effect noted for MBAA and DBAA. Chloro- and bromoacetic acids also provoked changes in PBMCs morphology because they caused a strong decrease in cell size (particularly DCAA and DBAA) and increase in cell granulation (mainly MBAA and DBAA). All HAAs studied, and DCAA and DBAA in particular (at lower concentrations than those, which caused necrosis) induced apoptotic changes, which was confirmed by analysis of alterations in cell membrane permeability and caspase 8, 9 and 3 activation. Moreover, HAAs examined (mainly dihalogenated acids) strongly increased transmembrane mitochondrial potential and enhanced ROS (mainly hydroxyl radical) formation, which was possibly associated with apoptotic changes provoked by those substances. The results showed that DBAA exhibited the strongest effects on PBMCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland. Electronic address: michalow@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michałowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wróblewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokra
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maćczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143 St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowska
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D020169:Caspases
keywords: Apoptosis; Bromoacetic acids; Cell morphology; Chloroacetic acids; Necrosis; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells