title: Virtual operating room for team training in surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We proposed to develop a novel virtual reality (VR) team training system. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of creating a VR operating room to simulate a surgical crisis scenario and evaluate the simulator for construct and face validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modified ICE STORM (Integrated Clinical Environment; Systems, Training, Operations, Research, Methods), a VR-based system capable of modeling a variety of health care personnel and environments. ICE STORM was used to simulate a standardized surgical crisis scenario, whereby participants needed to correct 4 elements responsible for loss of laparoscopic visualization. The construct and face validity of the environment were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three participants completed the VR simulation. Attendings completed the simulation in less time than trainees (271 vs 201 seconds, P = .032). Participants felt the training environment was realistic and had a favorable impression of the simulation. All participants felt the workload of the simulation was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creation of a VR-based operating room for team training in surgery is feasible and can afford a realistic team training environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10068, USA. Electronic address: jsa9004@nyp.org.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Abelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10068, USA.
authors.forename: Elliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banfelder
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naides
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10068, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10068, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dakin
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D009518:New York; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Operating room; Surgery; Team training; Virtual reality simulation