title: Regulation profiles of e-cigarettes in the United States: a critical review with qualitative synthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been steadily increasing in popularity since their introduction to US markets in 2007. Debates surrounding the proper regulatory mechanisms needed to mitigate potential harms associated with their use have focused on youth access, their potential for nicotine addiction, and the renormalization of a smoking culture. The objective of this study was to describe the enacted and planned regulations addressing this novel public health concern in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched LexisNexis Academic under Federal Regulations and Registers, as well as State Administrative Codes and Registers. This same database was also used to find information about planned regulations in secondary sources. The search was restricted to US documents produced between January 1(st), 2004, and July 14(th), 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two planned regulations at the federal level, and 74 enacted and planned regulations in 44 states. We identified six state-based regulation types, including i) access, ii) usage, iii) marketing and advertisement, iv) packaging, v) taxation, and vi) licensure. These were further classified into 10 restriction subtypes: sales, sale to minors, use in indoor public places, use in limited venues, use by minors, licensure, marketing and advertising, packaging, and taxation. Most enacted restrictions aimed primarily to limit youth access, while few regulations enforced comprehensive restrictions on product use and availability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current regulations targeting e-cigarettes in the US are varied in nature and scope. There is greater consensus surrounding youth protection (access by minors and/or use by minors, and/or use in limited venues), with little consensus on multi-level regulations, including comprehensive use bans in public spaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, 3rd floor, Montreal, QC, H3S 1Z1, Canada. marie-claude.tremblay3@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, 3rd floor, Montreal, QC, H3S 1Z1, Canada. pierre.pluye@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pluye
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences Library, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada. genevieve.gore@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, 3rd floor, Montreal, QC, H3S 1Z1, Canada. vera.granikov@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Granikov
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. kristian.filion@mcgill.ca.|Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A2, Canada. kristian.filion@mcgill.ca.|Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. kristian.filion@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Kristian B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Filion
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca.|Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Côte-Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421.1, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States