title: Headache and psychological disorders in children and adolescents: a cross-generational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Headache and psychopathology (especially anxiety and mood disorders) are comorbid across the life span. The present study is a clinical contribution in the direction of studying the familial recurrence of headache, and the interplay of headache and psychopathology in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical sample is composed by 130 headache patients (53 boys and 77 girls, age range 8-18), while the control group is composed by 87 healthy subjects from the general population (39 boys and 48 girls, age range 8-18). A structured interview according to International Classification for Headache Disorders-II criteria has been administered to the clinical group; the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Self Administrated Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents (SAFA) have been used in order to assess psychopathology in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrence of headache in family members is confirmed by the present study, albeit limited to paternal side, χ2 (4, N.=130)=10.47, P=0.033. Results also showed that scores obtained by the clinical sample in CBCL and SAFA are generally higher than scores obtained by the control group, but without differences between headache sub-types. Finally, internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depression) in children correlate with mothers' point of view, r≥0.23, P<0.05, outlining a specific attunement between headache patients and their mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Headache runs in families, with high level of psychological disorders. Mothers are particularly attuned with the psychological needs of their headache children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - federica.galli1@unimi.it.|Headache Science Center and Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, &quot;C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology&quot; Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy - federica.galli1@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caputi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallucci
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Termine
authors.affiliation: Headache Science Center and Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, &quot;C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology&quot; Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiappedi
authors.affiliation: Headache Science Center and Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, &quot;C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology&quot; Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.|Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Balottin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005192:Family Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012008:Recurrence