title: Breakfast skipping and breakfast type are associated with daily nutrient intakes and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging evidence shows that eating breakfast and breakfast types may be associated with health outcomes and dietary intakes in various populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between breakfast types in Korean adults with their daily nutrient intakes and health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 11,801 20- to 64-year-old adults (age 42.9 ± 11.8 yrs [mean ± standard error of the mean]; male 41.1%, female 58.9%) in 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data were divided into 5 groups based on breakfast types in a 24-hr dietary recall: rice with 3 or more side dishes (Rice3+, 35.3%), rice with 0-2 side dishes (Rice0-2, 34.73%), noodles (1.56%), bread and cereal (6.56%), and breakfast skipping (21.63%). Daily nutrient intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome were compared among five groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with Korean Recommended Nutrient Intake levels, the breakfast-skipping group showed the lowest intake level in most nutrients, whereas the Rice3+ group showed the highest. Fat intake was higher in the bread and noodle groups than in the other groups. When compared with the Rice3+ group, the odds ratios for the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome were increased in the breakfast skipping, Rice0-2, and noodle groups after controlling for confounding variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rice-based breakfast group showed better nutritional status and health outcomes when eating with 3 or more side dishes. Nutrition education is needed to emphasize both the potential advantage of the rice-based, traditional Korean diet in terms of nutritional content and the importance of food diversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Shingu College, Gyunggi 462-743, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoonna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Interior Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Oriental Culture and Design Center, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Seokhwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Interior Design, Graduate School of Techno Design, Oriental Culture and Design Center, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Breakfast type; Korean adults; metabolic syndrome; nutrient intakes; variety