title: Design and characterization of a new peptide vector for short interfering RNA delivery.
abstract: RNA interference holds tremendous potential as one of the most powerful therapeutic strategies. However, the properties of short interfering RNA (siRNA), such as hydrophilicity, negative charge, and instability in serum have limited its applications; therefore, significant efforts have been undertaken to improve its cellular uptake. Cell penetrating peptides have been utilized to deliver various biologically active molecules, such as proteins, liposomes, nanoparticles, peptide nucleic acids, and recently small interfering RNAs. Here, we introduce a new cell penetrating peptide GL1(Ac-GLWRAWLWKAFLASNWRRLLRLLR-NH2) to improve the intracellular uptake of siRNA. This peptide consists of four tryptophan residues that facilitated its binding with the cell membrane, five arginine residues and one lysine residue which are positively charged at physiological pH, which induced the formation of peptide-siRNA complexes and enhanced the affinity of the peptide and cell membrane. Moreover, GL1 adopted helical secondary structure due to the altered distribution of polar and nonpolar residues in the sequence. In this study, we investigated the effect of peptide/siRNA molar ratio on the particle size, surface charge, secondary structure, and uptake efficiency. The results showed that GL1 formed stable complexes with siRNA mainly through electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction, and the complexes displayed a spherical shape with the size of ~100 nm and positive surface charge. Utilizing the techniques of fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, the intracellular localization of Cy3-labeled GAPDH siRNA was visualized and the cellular uptake was quantified. It is worth noting that in the serum free environment, compared to Lipofectamine 2000, GL1 achieved higher cellular uptake of siRNA (~95%); in the presence of serum, GL1 retained the same level of siRNA cellular uptake (~84%) as Lipofectamine 2000. In addition, the viability of cells treated by GL1 in all studied molar ratios was >85%, which was significantly higher than that treated by Lipofectamine 2000 (~70%). Taken together, the peptide GL1 demonstrated promise as a siRNA delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. b46chen@uwaterloo.ca.|Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. b46chen@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Baoling
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. sinderellaxw@gmail.com.|Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. sinderellaxw@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. ran.pan@uwaterloo.ca.|Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. ran.pan@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. p4chen@uwaterloo.ca.|Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. p4chen@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D003412:Cricetulus; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010316:Particle Size; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002232:Carbocyanines; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C089187:cyanine dye 3