title: Intravaginal practices and lactobacilli colonization among women in Accra, Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravaginal practices may affect the colonization of vaginal flora and lead to vaginal infections due to the potential effects on the vaginal environment. This study investigated the vaginal practices and their possible effects on vaginal lactobacilli flora colonization in women in Accra.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, descriptive single-site study was carried out on 141 women assessing medical care at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Accra. Study-relevant information on participants was obtained by means of questionnaire. Vaginal swab samples were collected and processed for laboratory analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the participants (141/141, 100.0 %) indicated they performed intravaginal practices using various methods. Almost half (46.1 %) of these women were between the ages of 25-34 years and 65.0 % were married. Internal douching (82.3 %; p > 0.05) was the commonest practice reported. Other practices such as insertion and wiping with hands and objects, as well as use of locally prepared concoctions and certain commercial products were also reported. The reason most commonly given was for hygienic purpose (83.0 %); a few (10.6 %) did it for sexual satisfaction, while others indicated vaginal tightness (5.7 %) and wound healing (0.7 %) as reasons for their practice. No Lactobacillus sp. was detected in as many as 78.7 % of the sample. Association tests by the Pearson correlation analysis showed strong significant negative correlation (r = -0.954, p < 0.05) between use of traditional herbs/concoction and vaginal lactobacilli colonization; and douching being the least negatively (r = -0.601, p > 0.05) correlated practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal practices were common among the women studied. A more elaborate prospective, case-control study into intravaginal practices and their impact on the health of women in Ghana should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. nanaaba2012@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francisca Nana-Aba
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. nntrebi@chs.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Nicholas Israel
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Nii-Trebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. vifredobeng@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Billal Obeng
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Musah
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. rhasmah@chs.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Richard Harry
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Asmah
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000328:Adult; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*; D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044364:Vaginal Douching / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014622:Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies