title: Tribulus terrestris ameliorates metronidazole-induced spermatogenic inhibition and testicular oxidative stress in the laboratory mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of the fruit extract of Tribulus terrestris (TT) on the metronidazole (MTZ)-induced alterations in spermatogenesis, sperm count, testicular functions, and oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult Swiss strain mice were divided into six groups. Animals of Groups I and II served as untreated and vehicle-treated controls, while that of Groups III and IV were administered with MTZ (500 mg/kg BW/day) and TT (200 mg/kg BW/day) alone for 28 days, respectively. Low (100 mg/kg BW/day) and high (200 mg/kg BW/day) doses of TT along with MTZ (500 mg/kg BW/day) were administered for 28 days in the mice of Groups V and VI, respectively. Twenty four hours after the last treatment, all the animals were euthanized to study the histological changes in the testis and sperm count in the epididymis. Testicular functional markers, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, were also assessed in the mice of all the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metronidazole caused marked alterations in the testicular weight, spermatogenesis, activities of antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and the level of LPO. The epididymal sperm count also declined significantly in MTZ-treated group. These changes were partially restored following co-administration of 500 mg/kg BW/day of MTZ and 100 mg/kg BW/day of TT. However, in the mice co-administered with 500 mg/kg BW/day of MTZ and 200 mg/kg BW/day of TT, the changes reverted back completely, similar to that of the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fruit extract of TT ameliorates the MTZ-induced alterations in the testis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mrinalini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013076:Sperm Count; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D032444:Tribulus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D008795:Metronidazole
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Tribulus terrestris; free radicals; metronidazole; testis