title: Development of a rotary disc voltammetric sensor system for semi-continuous and on-site measurements of Pb(II).
abstract: Atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry are widely used for determination of heavy metals due to their low detection limits. However, they are not applicable to on-site measurements of heavy metals as bulky equipment, and highly skilled laboratory staffs are needed as well. In this study, a novel analytical method using a rotary disc voltammetric (RDV) sensor has been successfully designed, fabricated and characterized for semi-continuous and on-site measurements of trace levels of Pb(II) in non-deoxygenating solutions. The square wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used to improve the sensitivity of the Pb(II) detection level with less than 10nM (2μgL(-1)). The RDV sensor has 24-sensing holes to measure concentrations of Pb(II) semi-continuously at sampling sites. Each sensing hole consists of a silver working electrode, an integrated silver counter, and a quasi-reference electrode, which requires only a small amount of samples (<30μL) for measurement of Pb(II) without disturbing and/or clogging the sensing environment. In addition, the RDV sensor showed a correlation coefficient of 0.998 for the Pb(II) concentration range of 10nM-10μM at the deposition time of 180s and its low detection limit was 6.19nM (1.3μgL(-1)). These results indicated that the advanced monitoring technique using a RDV sensor might provide environmental engineers with a reliable way for semi-continuous and on-site measurements of Pb(II).
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Resource, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Gu
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Siloam Biosciences, 413 Northland Blvd, Cincinnati, OH 45240, USA.
authors.forename: Jungyoup
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Mine Reclamation Corp., Seoul 110-727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soondong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-Gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seoktae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Resource, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: amjang@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Am
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011199:Potentiometry; D012834:Silver; D012996:Solutions; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017895:Manganese Compounds; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010087:Oxides; D011108:Polymers; D012996:Solutions; D007854:Lead; D012834:Silver; C027424:manganese oxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: On-site measurements; Pb(II); Rotary disc voltammetric sensor; Semi-continuous measurements; Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry