title: Quantification of Changes in Morphology, Mechanotransduction, and Gene Expression in Bovine Articular Chondrocytes in Response to 2-Dimensional Culture Indicates the Existence of a Novel Phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) offers a potential solution for cartilage repair but is currently hindered by loss of the chondrocyte differentiated phenotype. To further our understanding of the mechanism of dedifferentiation, changes in the phenotype in relation to mechanotransduction were recorded in response to monolayer culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine cartilage explants were excised and chondrocytes cultured for 9 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 (P3) days. Changes in morphology and regulatory volume increase (RVI; a mechanotransduction response) were determined by the expression of key genes by RT-PCR and confocal microscopy, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A loss of a differentiated phenotype was observed in P1 with a reduction in sphericity and an overall increase in cell volume from 474.7 ± 32.1 µm(3) to 725.2 ± 35.6 µm(3). Furthermore, the effect of 2-dimensional (2-D) culture-induced dedifferentiation on mechanotransduction was investigated, whereby RVI and Gd(3+)-sensitive REV5901-induced calcium rise were only observed in 2-D cultured chondrocytes. A significant up-regulation of types I and II collagens and Sox9 was observed in P1 chondrocytes and no further significant change in type I collagen but a return to baseline levels of type II collagen and Sox9 upon further culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicated the presence of an intermediate, mesodifferentiated phenotype and highlight the importance of mechanotransduction as a marker of the chondrocytic cell type.
authors.affiliation: University of Westminster, London, UK ; University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Ala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qusous
authors.affiliation: University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK.
authors.forename: Mark J P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
keywords: REV5901; calcium; collagen; dedifferentiation; phenotype; regulatory volume increase