title: Advantages and Risks of Husbandry and Housing Changes to Improve Animal Wellbeing in a Breeding Colony of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
abstract: Between 1975 and 2014, housing conditions for laboratory-housed marmosets changed dramatically after the introduction of new guidelines designed to improve their care and wellbeing. According to these guidelines, our facility provided marmosets with outside enclosures, switched to deep litter as bedding material, and discontinued the use of disinfectant agents in animal enclosures. However, both deep litter and access to outside enclosures hypothetically increase the risk of potential exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. We evaluated whether these housing and husbandry modifications constituted an increased veterinary risk for laboratory-housed common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). After the animals had been exposed to these new housing conditions for 2.5 y, we examined their intestinal bacterial flora and feces, the deep litter, and insects present in the housing. In addition, we assessed the marmosets' general health and the effect of outdoor housing on, for example, vitamin D levels. Although numerous bacterial strains--from nonpathogenic to potentially pathogenic--were cultured, we noted no increase in illness, mortality, or breeding problems related to this environmental microflora. Housing laboratory marmosets in large enriched cages, with both indoor and outdoor enclosures, providing them with deep litter, and eliminating the use of disinfectants present an increased veterinary risk. However, after evaluating all of the collected data, we estimate that the veterinary risk of the new housing conditions is minimal to none in terms of clinical disease, disease outbreaks, abnormal behavior, and negative effects on reproduction.
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. bakker@bprc.nl.
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Boudewijn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ouwerling
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Heidt
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivanela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kondova
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Langermans
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001947:Breeding; D002144:Callithrix / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D012098:Reproduction