title: Cognitive activity relates to cognitive performance but not to Alzheimer disease biomarkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine whether there was a relationship between lifestyle factors and Alzheimer disease biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated self-reported histories of recent and past cognitive activity, self-reported history of recent physical activity, and objective recent walking activity in 186 clinically normal individuals with mean age of 74 ± 6 years. Using backward elimination general linear models, we tested the hypotheses that greater cognitive or physical activity would be associated with lower Pittsburgh compound B-PET retention, greater (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET metabolism, and larger hippocampal volume, as well as better cognitive performance on neuropsychological testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression demonstrated that history of greater cognitive activity was correlated with greater estimated IQ and education, as well as better neuropsychological testing performance. Self-reported recent physical activity was related to objective exercise monitoring. However, contrary to hypotheses, we did not find evidence of an association of Pittsburgh compound B retention, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, or hippocampal volume with past or current levels of cognitive activity, or with current physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that a history of lifelong cognitive activity may support better cognitive performance by a mechanism that is independent of brain β-amyloid burden, brain glucose metabolism, or hippocampal volume.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gidicsin
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maye
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Locascio
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Lesley C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pepin
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Marlie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philiossaint
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: J Alex
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Alayna P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Younger
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dekhtyar
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Aaron P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Amariglio
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Gad A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Dorene M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rentz
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Trey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hedden
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Reisa A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (C.M.G., J.E.M., L.C.P., M.P., J.A.B., K.A.J.) and Departments of Neurology (J.J.L., A.P.S., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Psychiatry (A.P.Y., A.P.S.), and Radiology (T.H., K.A.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.P.Y., A.P.S., T.H., R.A.S.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment (M.D., R.E.A., G.A.M., D.M.R., R.A.S., K.A.J.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. kajohnson@pet.mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers