title: Glycosyl glycerides from hydroponic Panax ginseng inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the aerial parts of hydroponic Panax ginseng are reported to contain higher contents of total ginsenosides than those of roots, the isolation and identification of active metabolites from the aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng have not been carried out so far.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aerial parts of hydroponic P. ginseng were applied on repeated silica gel and octadecylsilane columns to yield four glycosyl glycerides (Compounds 1-4), which were identified based on nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for inhibition activity on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glycosyl glycerides were identified to be (2S)-1-O-7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-linolenoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (3), and 2(S)-1-O-linoleoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (4). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition activity on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 63.8 ± 6.4μM and 59.4 ± 6.8μM, respectively] without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 100μM, whereas Compounds 3 and 4 showed good inhibition effect (IC50: 7.7 ± 0.6μM and 8.0 ± 0.9μM, respectively) without cytotoxicity at concentrations < 20μM. All isolated compounds showed reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in LPS-induced macrophage cells with strong inhibition of mRNA activity observed for Compounds 3 and 4.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Byeong-Ju
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hae
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Nam-In
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Geum-Soog
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Chungbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: RAW264.7 cells; glycosyl glyceride; hydroponic Panax ginseng; nitro oxide