title: Health economic modeling to assess short-term costs of maternal overweight, gestational diabetes, and related macrosomia - a pilot evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the interest in the impact of overweight and obesity on public health, little is known about the social and economic impact of being born large for gestational age or macrosomic. Both conditions are related to maternal obesity and/or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and associated with increased morbidity for mother and child in the perinatal period. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, pre- pregnancy maternal obesity and/or excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy are associated with intermittent periods of fetal exposure to hyperglycemia and subsequent hyperinsulinemia, leading to increased birth weight (e.g., macrosomia), body adiposity, and glycogen storage in the liver. Macrosomia is associated with an increased risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Provide insight in the short-term health-economic impact of maternal overweight, GDM, and related macrosomia. To this end, a health economic framework was designed. This pilot study also aims to encourage further health technology assessments, based on country- and population-specific data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimation of the direct health-economic burden of maternal overweight, GDM and related macrosomia indicates that associated healthcare expenditures are substantial. The calculation of a budget impact of GDM, based on a conservative approach of our model, using USA costing data, indicates an annual cost of more than $1,8 billion without taking into account long-term consequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although overweight and obesity are a recognized concern worldwide, less attention has been given to the health economic consequences of these conditions in women of child-bearing age and their offspring. The presented outcomes underline the need for preventive management strategies and public health interventions on life style, diet and physical activity. Also, the predisposition in people of Asian ethnicity to develop diabetes emphasizes the urgent need to collect more country-specific data on the incidence of macrosomic births and health outcomes. In addition, it would be of interest to further explore the long-term health economic consequences of macrosomia and related risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lenoir-Wijnkoop
authors.affiliation: Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition Biopolis, Singapore.
authors.forename: Eline M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: van der Beek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands ; Nutricia Research, Utrecht Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garssen
authors.affiliation: Ars Accessus Medica, Amsterdam Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark J C
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nuijten
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition INTA, University of Chile Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ricardo D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Uauy
keywords: burden; gestational diabetes mellitus; health economics; macrosomia; maternal overweight; public health