title: In vitro visualization of human endodontic structures using different endoscope systems.
abstract: Different endoscope optics for the visualization of interradicular structures were evaluated as a diagnostic tool. A sample of 20 extracted human lower molar teeth was used. Only teeth with fully formed apices were included. All samples were evaluated with three different endoscopic procedures: pulp endoscopy (PE), canal entrance endoscopy (CEE) and root canal endoscopy (RCE). All pulp chambers could be observed using PE (100%), however, only 41 of 60 (68.3%) canals were observed. With CEE, all entrances could be observed, and the middle third of the canals could be visualized in 85% of the canals. The semiflexible endoscope for RCE allowed successful observation of 91.6% of the middle third of the canals. The application of the endoscope may be useful in the identification of root canals even under difficult visual work field conditions. The combined use of a set of various optics might enable the operator to enhance the quality of non-surgical endodontic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Engelke
authors.affiliation: CIMOFIR Research Center, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leiva
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany ; CIMOFIR Research Center, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beltrán
keywords: Endodontic visualization; endoscopy; root canal