title: Quantitative Campylobacter spp., antibiotic resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics in surface and ground water following manure application: Influence of tile drainage control.
abstract: This work investigated chlortetracycline, tylosin, and tetracycline (plus transformation products), and DNA-based quantitative Campylobacter spp. and Campylobacter tetracycline antibiotic resistant genes (tet(O)) in tile drainage, groundwater, and soil before and following a liquid swine manure (LSM) application on clay loam plots under controlled (CD) and free (FD) tile drainage. Chlortetracycline/tetracycline was strongly bound to manure solids while tylosin dominated in the liquid portion of manure. The chlortetracycline transformation product isochlortetracycline was the most persistent analyte in water. Rhodamine WT (RWT) tracer was mixed with manure and monitored in tile and groundwater. RWT and veterinary antibiotic (VA) concentrations were strongly correlated in water which supported the use of RWT as a surrogate tracer. While CD reduced tile discharge and eliminated application-induced VA movement (via tile) to surface water, total VA mass loading to surface water was not affected by CD. At both CD and FD test plots, the biggest 'flush' of VA mass and highest VA concentrations occurred in response to precipitation received 2d after application, which strongly influenced the flow abatement capacity of CD on account of highly elevated water levels in field initiating overflow drainage for CD systems (when water level <0.3m below surface). VA concentrations in tile and groundwater became very low within 10d following application. Both Campylobacter spp. and Campylobacter tet(O) genes were present in groundwater and soil prior to application, and increased thereafter. Unlike the VA compounds, Campylobacter spp. and Campylobacter tet(O) gene loadings in tile drainage were reduced by CD, in relation to FD.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Center, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Topp
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Izhar U H
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, 581 Huron St, Stratford, Ontario N5A 5T8, Canada.
authors.forename: Bonnie R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gottschall
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunohara
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, 960 Carling Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Electronic address: David.Lapen@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lapen
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002167:Campylobacter; D004323:Drainage, Sanitary / Q000379:methods*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D008372:Manure; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Controlled tile drainage; Groundwater; Manure; Pathogen; Quantitative; Tracer; Veterinary antibiotics