title: Suitability of bovine bile compared to urine for detection of free, sulfate and glucuronate boldenone, androstadienedione, cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone, prednisone and dexamethasone by LC-MS/MS.
abstract: The administration of boldenone and androstadienedione to cattle is forbidden in the European Union, while prednisolone is permitted for therapeutic purposes. They are pseudoendogenous substances (endogenously produced under certain circumstances). The commonly used matrices in control analyses are urine or liver. With the aim of improving the residue controls, we previously validated a method for steroid analysis in bile. We now compare urine (a 'classic' matrix) to bile, both collected at the slaughterhouse, to understand whether the detection of steroids in the latter is easier. With the aim of having clearer results, we tested the presence of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone. The results show that bile does not substantially improve the detection of boldenone, or its conjugates, prednisolone and prednisone. Dexamethasone, instead, was found in 10 out of 53 bovine bile samples, but only in one urine sample from the same animals. Bile could constitute a novel matrix for the analysis of residues in food-producing animals, and possibly not only of synthetic corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobile
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: sara.panseri@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panseri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Radmila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pavlovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arioli
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003348:Cortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D011241:Prednisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D005965:Glucuronates; D013431:Sulfates; C006573:1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione; D013739:Testosterone; C013915:boldenone; D003907:Dexamethasone; D011239:Prednisolone; D003348:Cortisone; D011241:Prednisone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Androstadienedione (PubChem CID: 13102100); Bile; Boldenone; Boldenone (PubChem CID: 13308); Cortisol (PubChem CID: 5754); Cortisone (PubChem CID: 222786); Dexamethasone; Dexamethasone (PubChem CID: 5743); Prednisolone; Prednisolone (PubChem CID: 5755); Prednisone (PubChem CID: 5865); Urine