title: The Impact of Blood Rheology on Drug Transport in Stented Arteries: Steady Simulations.
abstract: METHODS
  It is important to ensure that blood flow is modelled accurately in numerical studies of arteries featuring drug-eluting stents due to the significant proportion of drug transport from the stent into the arterial wall which is flow-mediated. Modelling blood is complicated, however, by variations in blood rheological behaviour between individuals, blood's complex near-wall behaviour, and the large number of rheological models which have been proposed. In this study, a series of steady-state computational fluid dynamics analyses were performed in which the traditional Newtonian model was compared against a range of non-Newtonian models. The impact of these rheological models was elucidated through comparisons of haemodynamic flow details and drug transport behaviour at various blood flow rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recirculation lengths were found to reduce by as much as 24% with the inclusion of a non-Newtonian rheological model. Another model possessing the viscosity and density of blood plasma was also implemented to account for near-wall red blood cell losses and yielded recirculation length increases of up to 59%. However, the deviation from the average drug concentration in the tissue obtained with the Newtonian model was observed to be less than 5% in all cases except one. Despite the small sensitivity to the effects of viscosity variations, the spatial distribution of drug matter in the tissue was found to be significantly affected by rheological model selection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may be used to guide blood rheological model selection in future numerical studies. The clinical significance of these results is that they convey that the magnitude of drug uptake in stent-based drug delivery is relatively insensitive to individual variations in blood rheology. Furthermore, the finding that flow separation regions formed downstream of the stent struts diminish drug uptake may be of interest to device designers.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Pujith R S
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Vijayaratnam
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Caroline C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reizes
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Tracie J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: Harvard-MIT Biomedical Engineering Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elazer R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Edelman
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001158:Arteries; D003198:Computer Simulation; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D006439:Hemodynamics; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010599:Pharmacokinetics