title: Effect of Display Technology on Perceived Scale of Space.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to evaluate the degree to which display technologies influence the perception of size in an image.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Research suggests that factors such as whether an image is displayed stereoscopically, whether a user's viewpoint is tracked, and the field of view of a given display can affect users' perception of scale in the displayed image.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants directly estimated the size of a gap by matching the distance between their hands to the gap width and judged their ability to pass unimpeded through the gap in one of five common implementations of three display technologies (two head-mounted displays [HMD] and a back-projection screen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both measures of gap width were similar for the two HMD conditions and the back projection with stereo and tracking. For the displays without tracking, stereo and monocular conditions differed from each other, with monocular viewing showing underestimation of size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Display technologies that are capable of stereoscopic display and tracking of the user's viewpoint are beneficial as perceived size does not differ from real-world estimates. Evaluations of different display technologies are necessary as display conditions vary and the availability of different display technologies continues to grow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are important to those using display technologies for research, commercial, and training purposes when it is important for the displayed image to be perceived at an intended scale.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany michael.geuss@tuebingen.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Geuss
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, GermanyUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, UtahMax Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeanine K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stefanucci
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, GermanyUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, UtahMax Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Creem-Regehr
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Betty J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mohler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003867:Depth Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: display evaluation; space perception; virtual environments