title: Evolutionary signals of symbiotic persistence in the legume-rhizobia mutualism.
abstract: Understanding the origins and evolutionary trajectories of symbiotic partnerships remains a major challenge. Why are some symbioses lost over evolutionary time whereas others become crucial for survival? Here, we use a quantitative trait reconstruction method to characterize different evolutionary stages in the ancient symbiosis between legumes (Fabaceae) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, asking how labile is symbiosis across different host clades. We find that more than half of the 1,195 extant nodulating legumes analyzed have a high likelihood (>95%) of being in a state of high symbiotic persistence, meaning that they show a continued capacity to form the symbiosis over evolutionary time, even though the partnership has remained facultative and is not obligate. To explore patterns associated with the likelihood of loss and retention of the N2-fixing symbiosis, we tested for correlations between symbiotic persistence and legume distribution, climate, soil and trait data. We found a strong latitudinal effect and demonstrated that low mean annual temperatures are associated with high symbiotic persistence in legumes. Although no significant correlations between soil variables and symbiotic persistence were found, nitrogen and phosphorus leaf contents were positively correlated with legumes in a state of high symbiotic persistence. This pattern suggests that highly demanding nutrient lifestyles are associated with more stable partnerships, potentially because they "lock" the hosts into symbiotic dependency. Quantitative reconstruction methods are emerging as a powerful comparative tool to study broad patterns of symbiont loss and retention across diverse partnerships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Gijsbert D A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-2562
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Johannes H C
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; toby.kiers@vu.nl.
authors.forename: E Toby
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kiers
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D005843:Geography; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000235:genetics*; D013559:Symbiosis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: cooperation; deep history; persistence; reconstruction; symbiosis