title: Health Risk Assessment using in vitro digestion model in assessing bioavailability of heavy metal in rice: A preliminary study.
abstract: Little is known about the bioavailability of heavy metal contamination and its health risks after rice ingestion. This study aimed to determine bioavailability of heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Al, Fe, Zn and Pb) concentrations in cooked rice and human Health Risk Assessment (HRA). The results found Zn was the highest (4.3±0.1 mg/kg), whereas As showed the lowest (0.015±0.001 mg/kg) bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in 22 varieties of cooked rice. For single heavy metal exposure, no potential of non carcinogenic health risks was found, while carcinogenic health risks were found only for As. Combined heavy metal exposures found that total Hazard Quotient (HQtotal) values for adult were higher than the acceptable range (HQTotal<1), whereas total Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCRTotal) values were higher than the acceptable range (LCRTotal values >1×10(-4)) for both adult and children. This study is done to understand that the inclusion of bioavailability heavy metal into HRA produces a more realistic estimation of human heavy metal exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Electronic address: noreenadilaomar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Electronic address: smpraveena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Praveena
authors.affiliation: Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Electronic address: zaharin@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Electronic address: zailina@medic.upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hashim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Bioavailability; Health risks; Heavy metal; Ingestion; Rice