title: Metabolic responses of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaves to mycorrhization as revealed by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy metabolite profiling.
abstract: The root system of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic interfaces with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are important for nutrient cycling and ecosystem sustainability. The elucidation of the undergoing changes in plants' metabolism during symbiosis is essential for understanding nutrient acquisition and for alleviation of soil stresses caused by environmental cues. Within this context, we have undertaken the task of recording the fluctuation of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaf metabolome in response to AMF inoculation. The development of an advanced metabolomics/bioinformatics protocol employing mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H NMR analyzers combined with the in-house-built metabolite library for willow (http://willowmetabolib.
  
  
  METHODS
  mcgill.ca/index.html) are key components of the research. Analyses revealed that AMF inoculation of willow causes up-regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, among others, those of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and the chlorophyll and porphyrin pathways, which have well-established roles in plant physiology and are related to resistance against environmental stresses. The recorded fluctuation in the willow leaf metabolism is very likely to provide AMF-inoculated willows with a significant advantage compared to non-inoculated ones when they are exposed to stresses such as, high levels of soil pollutants. The discovered biomarkers of willow response to AMF inoculation and corresponding pathways could be exploited in biomarker-assisted selection of willow cultivars with superior phytoremediation capacity or genetic engineering programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Aliferis
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chamoun
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Suha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jabaji
keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; metabolomics; plant selection; plant stress responses; plant-fungal interactions