title: Knockout of the alanine racemase gene in Aeromonas hydrophila HBNUAh01 results in cell wall damage and enhanced membrane permeability.
abstract: This study focused on the alanine racemase gene (alr-2), which is involved in the synthesis of d-alanine that forms the backbone of the cell wall. A stable alr-2 knockout mutant of Aeromonas hydrophila HBNUAh01 was constructed. When the mutant was supplemented with d-alanine, growth was unaffected; deprivation of d-alanine caused the growth arrest of the starved mutant cells, but not cell lysis. No alanine racemase activity was detected in the culture of the mutant. Additionally, a membrane permeability assay showed increasing damage to the cell wall during d-alanine starvation. No such damage was observed in the wild type during culture. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed deficiencies of the cell envelope and perforation of the cell wall. Leakage of UV-absorbing substances from the mutants was also observed. Thus, the partial viability of the mutants and their independence of d-alanine for growth indicated that inactivation of alr-2 does not impose an auxotrophic requirement for d-alanine.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
authors.forename: Jiansong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China baohua519@126.com.
authors.forename: Baohua
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D000411:Alanine Racemase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000235:genetics; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D000411:Alanine Racemase; D000409:Alanine
keywords: DAPI/PI dual staining; Peptidoglycan; leakage; recombination