title: Genetic Variants in Caveolin-1 and RhoA/ROCK1 Are Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk in a Chinese Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The RhoA/ROCK pathway and Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) participate in the process of tumorigenesis in numerous types of cancer. Up-regulation of RhoA/ROCK and Cav-1 expression is considered to be associated with the development and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We investigated the association between genetic variations of RhoA/ROCK and Cav-1 and the risk of ccRCC in the Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2004 and March 2014, a total of 1,248 clear cell renal cell carcinoma cases and 1,440 cancer-free controls were enrolled in this hospital-based case-control study. Nine SNPs in RhoA/ROCK and Cav-1 were genotyped using the TaqMan assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two SNPs (Cav-1 rs1049334 and ROCK1 rs35996865) were significantly associated with the increasing risk of ccRCC (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001 respectively). The analysis of combined risk alleles revealed that patients with 2-4 risk alleles showed a more remarkable growth of ccRCC risk than the patients with 0-1 risk alleles(OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.31-2.11, P < 0.001). Younger subjects (P = 0.001, OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.30-2.57), higher weight subjects (P = 0.001, OR = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.25-2.47), female subjects (P = 0.007, OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.17-2.62), nonsmokers (P < 0.001, OR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.26-2.23), drinkers (P = 0.025, OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.07-2.85), subjects with hypertension (P = 0.025, OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.07-2.85) and diabetes (P = 0.026, OR = 4.31, 95% CI = 1.19-15.62) showed a stronger association between the combined risk alleles and the risk of ccRCC by using the stratification analysis. Furthermore, we observed higher Cav-1 mRNA levels in the presence of the rs1049334 A allele in normal renal tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the two SNPs (Cav-1 rs1049334 and ROCK1 rs35996865) and genotypes with a combination of 2-4 risk alleles were associated with the risk of ccRCC. The functional SNP rs1049334 may affect the risk of ccRCC by altering the expression of Cav-1 and the relevance between the risk effects and the functional impact of this polymorphism needs further validation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ruizhe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Zhengkai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Yongsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Xiaheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jinliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Gong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors.forename: Changjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C495540:CAV1 protein, human; D051242:Caveolin 1; C066737:RHOA protein, human; C515851:ROCK1 protein, human; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein