title: Drive-field Frequency Dependent MPI Performance of Single-Core Magnetite Nanoparticle Tracers.
abstract: The drive-field frequency of Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) systems plays an important role for system design, safety requirements and tracer selection. Because the commonly utilized MPI drive-field frequency of 25 kHz might be increased in future system generations to avoid peripheral nerve stimulation, a performance evaluation of tracers at higher frequencies is desirable. We have studied single-core magnetite nanoparticles that were optimized for MPI applications, utilizing Magnetic Particle Spectrometers (MPS) with drive-field frequencies in the range from 1 kHz up to 100 kHz. The particles have core diameters of 25 nm and a hydrodynamic size of 77 nm. Measurements in the frequency range above 5 kHz were carried out with a newly designed MPS system. In addition, to exclude possible particle interaction, samples of different concentrations were characterized and compared.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120 USA ; LodeSpin Labs, Seattle, WA 98145-2632 USA.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Khandhar
authors.affiliation: LodeSpin Labs, Seattle, WA 98145-2632 USA.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: LodeSpin Labs, Seattle, WA 98145-2632 USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wawrzik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2120 USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Fundamental Electrical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ludwig
keywords: Magnetic particle imaging; magnetic particle spectroscopy; magnetic particles; tracer performance