title: Use of ethyl lactate to extract bioactive compounds from Cytisus scoparius: Comparison of pressurized liquid extraction and medium scale ambient temperature systems.
abstract: An important trend in the extraction of chemical compounds is the application of new environmentally friendly, food grade solvents. Ethyl lactate (ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate), produced by fermentation of carbohydrates, is miscible with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds being a potentially good solvent for bioactive compounds. Despite its relatively wide use as a general solvent, the utilization of ethyl lactate as an extraction solvent has only recently been considered. Here, we evaluate the possible use of ethyl lactate to extract phenolic compounds from wild plants belonging to Cytisus scoparius, and we compare the characteristics of the extracts obtained by Pressurized Solvent Extraction (the total phenolics content, the antioxidant activity and the concentration of the major polyphenols) with those of other extracts obtained with methanol. In order to explore the industrial production of the ethyl lactate Cytisus extract, we also evaluate medium scale ambient temperature setups. The whole plant and the different parts (flowers, branches, and seed pods) were evaluated separately as potential sources of polyphenols. All extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for accurate identification of the major polyphenols. Similar phenolic profiles were obtained when using ethyl lactate or methanol. The main bioactives found in the Cytisus extract were the non-flavonoid phenolic compounds caffeic and protocatechuic acids and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; the flavonoids rutin, kaempferol and quercetin; the flavones chrysin, orientin and apigenin; and the alkaloid lupanine. Regarding the comparison of the extraction systems, although the performance of the PLE was much better than that of the ambient-temperature columns, the energy consumption was also much higher. Ethyl lactate has resulted an efficient extraction solvent for polyphenols from C. scoparius, yielding extracts with high levels of plant phenolics and antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was also tested, showing antibacterial activity against Gram +ve bacteria. Qualitatively similar extracts were obtained either by using PLE or medium-scale-ambient-temperature systems, these last rendering larger volumes of extract with lower energy cost. Good results have been obtained with whole plant extracts; nevertheless, extracts enriched in a particular polyphenol can be obtained from different parts of the plant.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias s/n, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: marta.lores@usc.es.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias s/n, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pájaro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias s/n, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Casas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias s/n, Campus Vida, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Jares
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D029865:Cytisus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000737:chemistry*; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D007773:Lactates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; C015866:ethyl lactate
keywords: Cytisus scoparius; Ethyl lactate; Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; Lupanine; Polyphenols; Pressurized Solvent Extraction