title: Management of the Retired Athlete with Osteoarthritis of the Knee.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoarthritis of the knee is a complex interaction of biological, mechanical, and biochemical factors that are further complicated by injury, which accelerates pathological processes within the joint. As a result, athletes, particularly those with a history of knee injury, have an earlier onset and higher prevalence of osteoarthritis that would be expected based on their age. This can present a clinical dilemma to the physician managing the patient who, despite the presence of radiologically confirmed disease, has few symptoms and wishes to maintain an active lifestyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed meta-analyses and systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials about clinical management of knee osteoarthritis with special interest on effect sizes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Numerous management options have undergone the rigor of clinical trials and subsequently have been summarized in meta-analyses and systematic reviews, the results of which offer evidence regarding varying degrees of effect. Based on the available evidence, most summaries and clinical practice guidelines suggest a regimen of patient education, self-management, weight control, and exercise supported by individualized pain management strategies. Other noninvasive or less invasive strategies are available that have varying degrees of effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the evidence supporting many of the clinical management options might be considered modest, those effects are sufficient to permit an active lifestyle and have, given the prevalence of the disease, a public health impact.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Section, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kirkendall
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Section, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Garrett
keywords: knee joint involved; nonsurgical therapy; osteoarthritis diagnosis; sports injury diagnosis