title: Recurrent stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale: An observational prospective study of percutaneous closure of PFO versus non-closure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Observational studies favor percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) over medical therapy to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke, whereas randomized clinical trials have not shown significant differences. This study aims to compare long-term outcomes of PFO closure versus non-closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with PFO and stroke considered for PFO closure were invited to a long-term clinical follow-up. Of the 314 patients, 151 (48%) were accepted for closure and 163 (52%) were not accepted (mean age 50 vs. 58 years). The cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality, stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) for closure vs. non-closure under a mean follow-up time of five years was 10.6% (16 events) vs. 12.9% (21 events), p=0.53. Six patients, 3.7% vs. 3.6%, died in each group, but no deaths were associated with PFO closure, recurrent stroke or TIA. The incidence of recurrent stroke or TIA for closure vs. non-closure was 6.6% (10 events) vs. 9.2% (15 events), p=0.63. The respective event rates for stroke were 3.9% (6 events) vs. 5.5% (9 events), p=0.50 and for TIA, 2.6% (4 events) vs. 3.7% (6 events), p=0.59.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PFO closure was associated with a low risk of recurrent events; however, compared to the non-closure group, no significant differences could be demonstrated. Careful patient selection can avoid under- as well as over-treatment of PFO patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Adults With Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden. Electronic address: naqibullah.mirzada@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Naqibullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mirzada
authors.affiliation: Center for Adults With Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ladenvall
authors.affiliation: Center for Adults With Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Olof
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.affiliation: Center for Adults With Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Center for Adults With Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dellborg
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018579:Patient Selection; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013995:Time
keywords: Cryptogenic stroke; PFO closure; Patent foramen ovale (PFO)