title: A Systematic Review of Interventions Addressing Adherence to Anti-Diabetic Medications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes--Components of Interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor adherence to anti-diabetic medications contributes to suboptimal glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A range of interventions have been developed to promote anti-diabetic medication adherence. However, there has been very little focus on the characteristics of these interventions and how effectively they address factors that predict non-adherence. In this systematic review we assessed the characteristics of interventions that aimed to promote adherence to anti-diabetic medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using appropriate search terms in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), PUBmed, and PsychINFO (years 2000-2013), we identified 52 studies which met the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine studies consisted of patient-level interventions, two provider-level interventions, and one consisted of both. Interventions were classified as educational (n = 7), behavioural (n = 3), affective, economic (n = 3) or multifaceted (a combination of the above; n = 40). One study consisted of two interventions. The review found that multifaceted interventions, addressing several non-adherence factors, were comparatively more effective in improving medication adherence and glycaemic target in patients with T2D than single strategies. However, interventions with similar components and those addressing similar non-adherence factors demonstrated mixed results, making it difficult to conclude on effective intervention strategies to promote adherence. Educational strategies have remained the most popular intervention strategy, followed by behavioural, with affective components becoming more common in recent years. Most of the interventions addressed patient-related (n = 35), condition-related (n = 31), and therapy-related (n = 20) factors as defined by the World Health Organization, while fewer addressed health care system (n = 5) and socio-economic-related factors (n = 13).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a noticeable shift in the literature from using single to multifaceted intervention strategies addressing a range of factors impacting adherence to medications. However, research limitations, such as limited use of standardized methods and tools to measure adherence, lack of individually tailored adherence promoting strategies and variability in the interventions developed, reduce the ability to generalize the findings of the studies reviewed. Furthermore, this review highlights the need to develop multifaceted interventions which can be tailored to the individual patient's needs over the duration of their diabetes management.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sapkota
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jo-Anne E
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, St. Vincent Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jerry R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aslani
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055118:Medication Adherence; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents