title: Cellular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Action in Melanoma.
abstract: Most melanomas occur on the skin, but a small percentage of these life-threatening cancers affect other parts of the body, such as the eye and mucous membranes, including the mouth. Given that most melanomas are caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, close attention has been paid to the impact of oxidative stress on these tumors. The possibility that key epigenetic enzymes cannot act on a DNA altered by oxidative stress has opened new perspectives. Therefore, much attention has been paid to the alteration of DNA methylation by oxidative stress. We review the current evidence about (i) the role of oxidative stress in melanoma initiation and progression; (ii) the mechanisms by which ROS influence the DNA methylation pattern of transformed melanocytes; (iii) the transformative potential of oxidative stress-induced changes in global and/or local gene methylation and expression; (iv) the employment of this epimutation as a biomarker for melanoma diagnosis, prognosis, and drug resistance evaluation; (v) the impact of this new knowledge in clinical practice for melanoma treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venza
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beninati
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe Valerio
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: De Gaetano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Venza
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species