title: Micromorphology and development of the epicuticular structure on the epidermal cell of ginseng leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A leaf cuticle has different structures and functions as a barrier to water loss and as protection from various environmental stressors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leaves of Panax ginseng were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the characteristics and development of the epicuticular structure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Along the epidermal wall surface, the uniformly protuberant fine structure was on the adaxial surface of the cuticle. This epicuticular structure was highly wrinkled and radially extended to the marginal region of epidermal cells. The cuticle at the protuberant positions maintained the same thickness. The density of the wall matrix under the structures was also similar to that of the other wall region. By contrast, none of this structure was distributed on the abaxial surface, except in the region of the stoma. During the early developmental phase of the epicuticular structure, small vesicles appeared on wall-cuticle interface in the peripheral wall of epidermal cells. Some electron-opaque vesicles adjacent to the cuticle were fused and formed the cuticle layer, whereas electron-translucent vesicles contacted each other and progressively increased in size within the epidermal wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outwardly projected cuticle and epidermal cell wall (i.e., an epicuticular wrinkle) acts as a major barrier to block out sunlight in ginseng leaves. The small vesicles in the peripheral region of epidermal cells may suppress the cuticle and parts of epidermal wall, push it upward, and consequently contribute to the formation of the epicuticular structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kyounghwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea ; Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Soo
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Panax ginseng; cuticle; epicuticular wax; epicuticular wrinkle; epidermal cell