title: Determination of patulin in fruit juices using HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD techniques.
abstract: A high performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and a gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MSD) are described for the determination of patulin (PAT) in apple juice. The limits of detection (DL) and quantification (QL) for the HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD method were found to be (DL=0.23μgkg(-1) QL=1.2μgkg(-1)) and (DL=5.8μgkg(-1) and QL=13.8μgkg(-1)), respectively. The recovery factors for HPLC-DAD and GC-MSD were found to be 99.5% (RSD%=0.73) and 41% (RSD%=10.03), respectively. The HPLC-DAD method was used to determine the occurrence of PAT in 90 samples of fruit juices. Results revealed the presence of PAT in 100% of the samples examined. The mean values of PAT in concentrated fruit juices and in the commercial fruit juices collected from the Greek market were found to be 10.54μg PAT kg(-1) and 5.57μg PAT kg(-1) juice, respectively. The most contaminated samples were four concentrated juices ranging from 18.10μg PAT kg(-1) to 36.8μg PAT kg(-1) juice. The daily exposure to patulin for the consumers of all ages in Greece, is ranging from 0.008μg PAT kg(-1) bw to 0.1μg PAT kg(-1) bw if the daily intake of fruit juices is from 0.1 to 0.5kg. With the exception to the most contaminated sample, the daily exposure due to the samples examined, is below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for PAT (0.4μg PAT kg(-1) bw).
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Gr-15784, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moukas
authors.affiliation: Division of Environment, General Chemical State Laboratory, A. Tsoxa 16, 11521 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: gxk-dxy@ath.forthnet.gr.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Gr-15784, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: markaki@chem.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markaki
keywords: Fruit juices; GC-MSD; HPLC-DAD; Patulin; Risk assessment