title: Three-dimensional micro/nanoscale architectures: fabrication and applications.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) functional solids with programmable hierarchical micro/nanoarchitectures are critical for several fundamental applications, including structural composites, microfluidics, photonics, and tissue engineering. Due to the broad range of application possibilities, a large amount of effort has been devoted to the in-depth exploration of various top-down and bottom-up strategies to construct these complex multi-dimensional structures. In this review, we introduce and discuss selected examples of fabrication techniques which have successfully developed large area, novel 3D functional architectures with exquisite control over their morphology at the nano/subnanolevel. Emphasis is placed on the nanofabrication techniques, their salient features as well as advantages. A summary of the emerging application possibilities of such structures, especially in biomedicine, energy, and device construction, is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China. xuquan@cup.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yunzu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Chenbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Theruvakkattil Sreenivasan
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sreeprased
authors.forename: Ang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Hangzhou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Neng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li