title: Load to failure of different titanium abutments for an internal hexagon implant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several aftermarket abutments are available for a commonly used internal hexagonal connection implant. However, their load to failure performance is unknown when compared with the manufacturer's abutment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to conduct a load to failure comparison of 5 different titanium abutments (manufacturer's and aftermarket) for cement-retained restorations used on an implant with an internal hexagon connection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five implants (Tapered Screw-Vent, 4.1×11.5 mm; Zimmer Dental) were individually secured in a loading apparatus, and 3 abutment specimens of each of the 5 different titanium abutments (Atlantis, AstraTech TiDesign, Legacy Straight Contoured, Inclusive Custom, and Zimmer PSA) (n=15 total) were loaded at a 30-degree angle until fracture of the implant abutment complex. Data for load to fracture were compared with analysis of variance and a Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were noted between the fracture loads of some abutment pairs; Atlantis-AstraTech TiDesign, Atlantis-Legacy Straight Contoured, AstraTech TiDesign-Legacy Straight Contoured, Inclusive Custom-AstraTech TiDesign, and Inclusive Custom-Legacy Straight Contoured (P<.05). The highest overall resistance to fracture was achieved by the Legacy Straight Contoured Abutment, which was significantly greater than all other aftermarket abutments (P<.05). Tested abutments fractured at an average of 649.17 N. The Zimmer PSA abutment was the only abutment that showed no fracture of any of the components before implant failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When comparing manufacturer's versus aftermarket brands, the manufacturer's abutment (Zimmer PSA) was the only abutment without fracture of any of the components. Aftermarket brands experienced screw fractures, which could result in further clinical prosthetic complications. The clinical implications of these findings need further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio. Electronic address: yilmaz.16@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Louai G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Salaita
authors.affiliation: Research Scientist, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, College of Engineering, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Seidt
authors.affiliation: Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Clelland
authors.affiliation: Professor, Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McGlumphy
mesh_terms: D003442:Crowns; D000044:Dental Abutments; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium