title: Antioxidant and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities of galacturonyl hydroxamic acid.
abstract: The self-prepared pectin hydroxamic acid has been reported to have antioxidant activities [Yang, S. S., Cheng, K. D., Lin, Y. S., Liu, Y. W., & Hou, W. C. (2004). Pectin hydroxamic acids exhibit antioxidant activities in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 4270-4273]. In this study, the galacturonic acid (GalA), the monomer unit of the pectin polymer, was esterified with acidic methanol (1N HCl) at 4°C with gentle stirring for 5days to get galacturonic acid methyl ester which was further reacted with alkaline hydroxylamine to get galacturonyl hydroxamic acid (GalA-NHOH). The GalA-NHOH was used to test the antioxidant and antiradical activities in the comparison with GalA. The scavenging activities of GalA-NHOH against DPPH radicals (half-inhibition concentration, IC50, was 82μM), hydroxyl radicals detected by electron spin resonance (IC50 was 0.227nM in the comparison with Trolox of 0.433μM), superoxide radicals (IC50 was 830μM) were determined. The protection activities of GalA-NHOH against hydroxyl radicals-mediated calf thymus DNA damages, linoleic acid peroxidation and peroxynitrite-mediated dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidations were also investigated. It was found that the GalA-NHOH exhibited dose-dependently antioxidant activity and few or none was found in GalA. The GalA-NHOH was used to evaluate the suppressed activity of nitric oxide (NO) productions of RAW264.7 cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100ng/ml) as inducers. It was found that GalA-NHOH (0.02-0.1mg/ml) could dose-dependently suppress the NO productions (expressed as nitrite concentrations) in RAW264.7 cells without significant cytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuh-Hwa
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shyr-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan. Electronic address: wchou@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hou
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Electron spin resonance (ESR); Galacturonylhydroxamic acid (GalA–NHOH); Nitric oxide; RAW264.7 cells