title: Toxicity of solid residues resulting from wastewater treatment with nanomaterials.
abstract: Nanomaterials (NMs) are widely recommended for wastewater treatments due to their unique properties. Several studies report the different advantages of nanotechnology in the remediation of wastewaters, but limited research has been directed toward the fate and potential impacts of the solid residues (SRs) produced after the application of such technologies. The present work aimed at investigating the ecotoxicity of SRs resulting from the treatment of three effluents (OOMW, kraft pulp mill, and mining drainage) with two NMs (TiO2 and Fe2O3). The invertebrate Chironomus riparius was selected as test organism and exposed to the residues. The effect on percentage of survival and growth was assessed. Results showed that the SRs from the treatments nano-TiO2(1.0gL(-1))/H2O2(0.5M) and nano-Fe2O3(1.0gL(-1))/H2O2(1.0M) from OOMW and nano-Fe2O3(0.75gL(-1))/H2O2(0.01M) from kraft pulp mill effluent exhibited lethal toxicity to C. riparius. Only the exposure to SRs resulting from the treatment with nano-Fe2O3(0.75gL(-1))/H2O2(0.01M) applied to the kraft pulp mill effluent significantly affected the growth rate based on the head capsule width. In terms of growth rate, based on the body length, it decreased significantly after exposure to the SRs from the treatments nano-TiO2 (1.0gL(-1)) and nano-Fe2O3(0.75gL(-1))/H2O2(0.01M) of kraft paper mill effluent and nano-Fe2O3(1.0gL(-1))/H2O2(1.0M) of OOMW. According to our study the SRs can promote negative effects on C. riparius. However, the effects are dependent on the type of effluent treated as well as on the organic and inorganic compounds attached to the NMs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: v.ines@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rocha-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014025:Titanium; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide
keywords: Adsorbed compounds; Chironomus riparius; Nanoparticles; Sediment toxicity assessment; Sludge; Wastewater treatment