title: Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 administration decreases inflammatory cytokines in a diet-induced obese mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a chronic disease associated with an inflammatory process in which cytokines play an important role. Probiotic microorganisms have been associated with modulation of the host immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 on the cytokine response in a model of mice under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice received a conventional balanced diet or an HFD. The test groups received milk, milk fermented by L. casei (FM), or L. casei as suspension in the drinking water. Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine producer cells were evaluated in the small intestine and liver; the cytokine levels in the intestinal fluids were also evaluated. The percentages of immune cells as macrophages (F4/80), NKT, CD4+, CD8+ populations were determined in the liver. Adipocytes were also isolated and cultured to evaluate cytokines and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 produced by them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of probiotic L. casei CRL 431 exerted an anti-inflammatory response in mice fed an HFD, evidenced mainly by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Probiotic administration also was associated with fewer immune-infiltrating cells in the liver of mice that received the HFD and decreased secretion of MCP-1 by the adipocytes. This last observation could be associated with less macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissues, which is characteristic in the obese host and contributes to maintaining the inflammatory response in this organ. The results obtained show an anti-inflammatory effect of L. casei CRL 431 when it is administered as a supplement of the HFD in a mouse model.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ivanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Novotny Núñez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maldonado Galdeano
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Moreno de LeBlanc
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina; Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina. Electronic address: perdigon@cerela.org.a.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perdigón
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005285:Fermentation; D007249:Inflammation / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008820:Mice, Obese; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Adipocytes; Cytokines; Diet-induced obesity; Liver; Probiotic; Small intestine