title: Biomarkers of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance: Past, present and future.
abstract: Insulin resistance in insulin target tissues including liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is an early step in the progression towards type 2 diabetes. Accurate diagnostic parameters reflective of insulin resistance are essential. Longstanding tests for fasting blood glucose and HbA1c are useful and although the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp remains a "gold standard" for accurately determining insulin resistance, it cannot be implemented on a routine basis. The study of adipokines, and more recently myokines and hepatokines, as potential biomarkers for insulin sensitivity is now an attractive and relatively straightforward approach. This review discusses potential biomarkers including adiponectin, RBP4, chemerin, A-FABP, FGF21, fetuin-A, myostatin, IL-6, and irisin, all of which may play significant roles in determining insulin sensitivity. We also review potential future directions of new biological markers for measuring insulin resistance, including metabolomics and gut microbiome. Collectively, these approaches will provide clinicians with the tools for more accurate, and perhaps personalized, diagnosis of insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul , South Korea and.
authors.forename: Se Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Cheol-Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sweeney
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D055432:Metabolomics; D064307:Microbiota
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Adipokine; biomarker; hepatokine; insulin resistance; metabolomics; microbiota; myokine