title: CSF-1/CSF-1R targeting agents in clinical development for cancer therapy.
abstract: Macrophage infiltration has been identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for several cancer entities. In mouse tumor models macrophages orchestrate various tumor-promoting processes. This observation sparked an interest to therapeutically target these plastic innate immune cells. To date, blockade of colony stimulating factor-1 or its receptor represents the only truly selective approach to manipulate macrophages in cancer patients. Here, we discuss the currently available information on efficacy and safety of various CSF-1/CSF-1R inhibitors in cancer patients and highlight potential combination partners emerging from preclinical studies while considering the differences between mouse and human macrophage biology.
authors.affiliation: Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany. Electronic address: carola.ries@roche.com.
authors.forename: Carola H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.affiliation: Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoves
authors.affiliation: Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cannarile
authors.affiliation: Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rüttinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor