title: A review of biodegradable polymeric systems for oral insulin delivery.
abstract: Currently, repeated routine subcutaneous injections of insulin are the standard treatment for insulin-dependent diabetic patients. However, patients' poor compliance for injections often fails to achieve the stable concentration of blood glucose. As a protein drug, the oral bioavailability of insulin is low due to many physiological reasons. Several carriers, such as macromolecules and liposomes have been used to deliver drugs in vivo. In this review article, the gastrointestinal barriers of oral insulin administration are described. Strategies for increasing the bioavailability of oral insulin, such absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, enteric coatings are also introduced. The potential absorption mechanisms of insulin-loaded nanoparticles across the intestinal epithelium, including intestinal lymphatic route, transcellular route and paracellular route are discussed in this review. Natural polymers, such as chitosan and its derivates, alginate derivatives, γ-PGA-based materials and starch-based nanoparticles have been exploited for oral insulin delivery; synthetic polymers, such as PLGA, PLA, PCL and PEA have also been developed for oral administration of insulin. This review focuses on recent advances in using biodegradable natural and synthetic polymers for oral insulin delivery along with their future prospects.
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University , Nanchang , China and.
authors.forename: Yue Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University , Nanchang , China and.
authors.forename: Xiang Yuan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: b China National Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd ., Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University , Nanchang , China and.
authors.forename: Zi Ling
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University , Nanchang , China and.
authors.forename: Yan Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: a School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University , Nanchang , China and.
authors.forename: Yu Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001682:Biological Availability; D048271:Chitosan; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004337:Drug Carriers; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007328:Insulin; D011108:Polymers; C511775:poly(gamma-glutamic acid); D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Bioavailability; biodegradable; insulin; oral delivery; polymer