title: Evolution and Current Role of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Football (Soccer) Player.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) continues to technically evolve, but how the technical innovations affect the ability to participate in high-impact sports such as football is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical studies describing athletes treated with first-, second-, or third-generation ACI techniques were reviewed. The technical developments of ACI were evaluated, and the results in athletes and specifically football (soccer) players were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Football players reported 72% good to excellent results with significant overall improvement of knee function and activity scores. Return to football was 83% in competitive players but lower in recreational players. Eighty percent of players returned to the same competitive level after ACI, and 87% to 100% maintained their ability to play sports at 5 years postoperatively. Return to sport was better for younger, competitive players with shorter intervals between injury and ACI. New developments of the surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation were able to reduce the limitations associated with first-generation ACI including invasiveness, graft hypertrophy, and particularly long postoperative rehabilitation. This allowed for faster return to sports like football without compromising the ability for continued competition over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articular cartilage repair in football players often allows for successful return to this high-impact sport with excellent durability. The continued evolution of this technique has improved initial shortcomings with important implications for both the professional and recreational athlete.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mithoefer
authors.affiliation: Gothenburg Medical Center, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel B F
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: Santa Monica Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bert R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Mandelbaum
keywords: articular cartilage < tissue; autologous chondrocyte < grafts; cartilage repair < repair; knee < joint involved; sports injury < diagnosis