title: Internal relationship between symptomatic venous thromboembolism and risk factors: up-regulation of integrin β1, β2 and β3 levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To compare different expression of core proteins among venous thromboembolism (VTE) and those with risk factor groups and analyze the relative risk for VTE after integrating integrin β1, β2 and β3 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1006 subjects were recruited and divided into VTE group, risk factor groups and control (non- risk factor) group. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the expression of integrin β1, β2 and β3. The relative risk for VTE was evaluated with independent, parallel and serial methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of integrin β1 increased markedly in VTE patients, and those with risk factors (acute infection, malignancy, and autoimmune diseases), respectively (P < 0.001 or 0.01). The expression of integrin β1 in trauma/surgery group was not significantly different with control group (P > 0.05). The expression of integrin β2 or β3 significantly increased in VTE group, but that in risk factor groups was not significantly increased (P > 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed the trauma/surgery groups had no significantly increased risk for VTE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VTE group patients have significantly increased expression of integrin β1, β2 and β3, and risk factor groups (acute infection, malignancy and autoimmune disease) have significantly increased expression of integrin β1. The significant increase in integrin β2, β3 expression is a marker differentiating of VTE group patients with other risk factor groups. Trauma/surgery group has no increased expression of integrin β1, β2 and β3 as other risk factors. Thus, that trauma/surgery may be not the "true" risk factor for VTE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qianglin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lemin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnosis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guiyuan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haoming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zugang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dart
keywords: Venous thromboembolism; integrin β1; risk factor; β2 and β3