title: Long-term structural changes after mTBI and their relation to post-concussion symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate sustained structural changes in the long-term (>1 year) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and their relationship to ongoing post-concussion syndrome (PCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Morphological and structural connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired from 16 participants with mTBI and nine participants without previous head injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with mTBI had less prefrontal grey matter and lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the anterior corona radiata and internal capsule. Furthermore, PCS severity was associated with less parietal lobe grey matter and lower FA in the corpus callosum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence for both white and grey matter damage in participants with mTBI over 1 year after injury. Furthermore, these structural changes are greater in those that report more PCS symptoms, suggesting a neurophysiological basis for these persistent symptoms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.
authors.forename: Philip J A
authors.initials: PJA
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: b Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC , São Paulo , Brazil , and.|c NIF/LIM44, Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Joao Ricardo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: c NIF/LIM44, Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Surrey , Guildford , UK.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterr
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging; cortical thickness; diffusion tensor imaging; mild traumatic brain injury; persistent post-concussion syndrome