title: Biogeological Analysis of Desert Varnish Using Portable Raman Spectrometers.
abstract: Desert varnishes are thin, dark mineral coatings found on some rocks in arid or semi-arid environments on Earth. Microorganisms may play an active role in their formation, which takes many hundreds of years. Their mineral matrix may facilitate the preservation of organic matter and is therefore of great relevance to martian exploration. Miniaturized Raman spectrometers (which allow nondestructive analysis of the molecular composition of a specimen) will equip rovers in forthcoming planetary exploration missions. In that context, and for the first time, portable Raman spectrometers operating in the green visible (532 nm as currently baselined for flight) and in the near-infrared (785 nm) were used in this study to investigate the composition (and substrate) of several samples of desert varnish. Rock samples that were suspected (and later confirmed) to be coated with desert varnish were recovered from two sites in the Mojave Desert, USA. The portable spectrometers were operated in flight-representative acquisition modes to identify the key molecular components of the varnish. The results demonstrate that the coatings typically comprise silicate minerals such as quartz, plagioclase feldspars, clays, ferric oxides, and hydroxides and that successful characterization of the samples can be achieved by using flightlike portable spectrometers for both the 532 and 785 nm excitation sources. In the context of searching for spectral signatures and identifying molecules that indicate the presence of extant and/or extinct life, we also report the detection of β-carotene in some of the samples. Analysis complications caused by the presence of rare earth element photoluminescence (which overlaps with and overwhelms the organic Raman signal when a 785 nm laser is employed) are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium .|2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malherbe
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ingley
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Howell
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Geography, University of Leicester , Leicester, UK .
authors.forename: Arnoud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boom
mesh_terms: D005844:Geology; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals