title: Extent of lymphadenectomy to associate with pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic head cancer for better tumor staging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the extent of lymphadenectomy to associate with surgery for pancreatic head cancer.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pancreaticoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy fails to prolong patient survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials (RCTs and NRCTs), meta-analyses, retrospective reviews, consensus conferences and pre- and intraoperative diagnoses of lymph node (LN) metastases were retrieved. Standard and extended lymphadenectomies were reviewed, including their effects on postoperative complications, mortality rate and long-term survival. The minimum total number of LN examined (TNLE) for adequate tumor staging, and the incidence of metastasis to each LN station were also considered. A pros and cons analysis was performed on the removal of each LN station.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven retrospective studies (2514 patients), five prospective NRCTs (545 patients), and five prospective RCTs (586 patients) described different lymphadenectomies, which obtained similar long-term results. Five meta-analyses showed they did not influence long-term survival. However, N status is an important component of tumor staging. The recommended minimum TNLE is 15. The percent incidence of metastasis to each LN station was calculated considering at least 385 and up to 3725 patients. Preoperative imaging and intraoperative exploration frequently fail to identify metastatic nodes. A pros and cons analysis suggests that lymph node status is better established removing the following LN stations: 6, 8a-p, 12a-b-c, 13a-b, 14a-b-c-d, 16b1, 17a-b. Metastasis to 16b1 LNs significantly worsens prognosis. Their removal and frozen section examination, before proceeding with resection, may contraindicate resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A standard lymphadenectomy demands an adequate TNLE and removal of the LN stations metastasizing more frequently, without increasing the surgical risk.
authors.affiliation: University of Padua, Via Crescini, 39, 35126 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: sergio.pedrazzoli@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedrazzoli
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Lymphadenectomy; Pancreatic cancer; Pancreatic surgery; Pancreaticoduodenectomy