title: Zinc Chloride and Lead Acetate-Induced Passive Avoidance Memory Retention Deficits Reversed by Nicotine and Bucladesine in Mice.
abstract: It is very important to investigate the neurotoxic effects of metals on learning and memory processes. In this study, we tried to investigate the effects and time course properties of oral administration of zinc chloride (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg, for 2 weeks), lead acetate (250, 750, 1,500, and 2,500 ppm for 4, 6 and 8 weeks), and their possible mechanisms on a model of memory function. For this matter, we examined the intra-peritoneal injections of nicotine (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/kg) and bucladesine (50, 100, 300, and 600 nM/mouse) for 4 days alone and in combination with mentioned metals in the step-through passive avoidance task. Control animals received saline, drinking water, saline, and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)/deionized water (1:9), respectively. At the end of each part of studies, animals were trained for 1 day in step-through task. The avoidance memory retention alterations were evaluated 24 and 48 h later in singular and combinational studies. Zinc chloride (75 mg/kg) oral gavage for 2 weeks decreased latency times compared to control animals. Also, lead acetate (750 ppm oral administrations for 8 weeks) caused significant lead blood levels and induced avoidance memory retention impairments. Four-days intra-peritoneal injection of nicotine (1 mg/kg) increased latency time compared to control animals. Finally, findings of this research showed that treatment with intra-peritoneal injections of nicotine (1 mg/kg) and/or bucladesine (600 nM/mouse) reversed zinc chloride- and lead acetate-induced avoidance memory retention impairments. Taken together, these results showed the probable role of cholinergic system and protein kinase A pathways in zinc chloride- and lead acetate-induced avoidance memory alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.|Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Kaveh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolmajid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Borna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Payandemehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemzaei
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.|Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolhossein
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zandkarimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran. msharifzadeh@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifzadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D017967:Zinc Compounds; D003994:Bucladesine; D009538:Nicotine; C016837:zinc chloride; C008261:lead acetate
keywords: Avoidance memory; Bucladesine; Lead acetate; Nicotine; Zinc chloride