title: Depression and serum interleukin-6 levels in patients on dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a common psychiatric problem in patients undergoing dialysis. Several studies have been performed to validate the association between depression and inflammation in haemodialysis patients. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines are increased in chronic renal failure patients, as in depression. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of depression in the patients on dialysis (on hemodialysis /HD/ and on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis /CAPD/), and a relationship between depression and the presence of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  88 patients (52 on HD and 36 on CAPD) were enrolled in this study. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The BDI is a 21-item self-report instrument, and the elevated symptoms of depression were defined as a BDI score ≥16. HD patients were treated with high-flux polysulphone biocompatible dialyzers and CAPD patients were treated with usual dwell time (4-6 hours during the day and 8-10 hours at night). The presence of an inflammatory state was assesded by determinations of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression (BDI ≥16) was present in 28.4% of dialysis patients, 35% of patients on hemodialysis (HD) and 18.1% of patients on continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The BDI score was significantly lower in CAPD patients comparing to HD patients, as well as the levels of albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 serum levels were similar in patients with depression and patients without depression in the whole group, as in HD patients. In CAPD patients without depression IL-6 levels were significantly lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression was higher in HD comparing to CAPD patients. Although IL-6 level was higher in HD compared to CAPD patients, the relationship between depression and presence of inflammation parametars were observed in CAPD, but not in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Split, 21000 Split, Croatia, buglesic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Boran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uglešić
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ljutić
authors.forename: Davor
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lasić
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jeličić
authors.forename: Vitomir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Višić
authors.forename: Trpimir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glavina
authors.forename: Željko
authors.initials: Ž
authors.lastname: Šundov
authors.forename: Željko
authors.initials: Ž
authors.lastname: Puljiz
authors.forename: Marija Žuljan
authors.initials: MŽ
authors.lastname: Cvitanović
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010531:Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6