title: Paramagnetic NMR probes for characterization of the dynamic conformations and interactions of oligosaccharides.
abstract: Paramagnetism-assisted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques have recently been applied to a wide variety of biomolecular systems, using sophisticated immobilization methods to attach paramagnetic probes, such as spin labels and lanthanide-chelating groups, at specific sites of the target biomolecules. This is also true in the field of carbohydrate NMR spectroscopy. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides is often precluded by peak overlap resulting from the lack of variability of local chemical structures, by the insufficiency of conformational restraints from nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data due to low proton density, and moreover, by the inherently flexible nature of carbohydrate chains. Paramagnetic probes attached to the reducing ends of oligosaccharides cause paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) and/or pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) resolve the peak overlap problem. These spectral perturbations can be sources of long-range atomic distance information, which complements the local conformational information derived from J couplings and NOEs. Furthermore, paramagnetic NMR approaches, in conjunction with computational methods, have opened up possibilities for the description of dynamic conformational ensembles of oligosaccharides in solution. Several applications of paramagnetic NMR techniques are presented to demonstrate their utility for characterizing the conformational dynamics of oligosaccharides and for probing the carbohydrate-recognition modes of proteins. These techniques can be applied to the characterization of transient, non-stoichiometric interactions and will contribute to the visualization of dynamic biomolecular processes involving sugar chains.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan. kkatonmr@ims.ac.jp.|Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tababe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan. kkatonmr@ims.ac.jp.|The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan. kkatonmr@ims.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.|Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tababe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D011506:Proteins; D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: Conformational dynamics; Lanthanide ion; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Oligosaccharide; Paramagnetic effect; Spin label