title: Antimicrobial susceptibility and oxymino-β-lactam resistance mechanisms in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from different animal sources.
abstract: The impact of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (PMAβs) of animal origin has been a public health concern. In this study, 562 Salmonella enterica and 598 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from different animal species and food products were tested for antimicrobial resistance. Detection of ESBL-, PMAβ-, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-encoding genes and integrons was performed in isolates showing non-wild-type phenotypes. Susceptibility profiles of Salmonella spp. isolates differed according to serotype and origin of the isolates. The occurrence of cefotaxime non-wild-type isolates was higher in pets than in other groups. In nine Salmonella isolates, blaCTX-M (n = 4), blaSHV-12 (n = 1), blaTEM-1 (n = 2) and blaCMY-2 (n = 2) were identified. No PMQR-encoding genes were found. In 47 E. coli isolates, blaCTX-M (n = 15), blaSHV-12 (n = 2), blaCMY-2 (n = 6), blaTEM-type (n = 28) and PMQR-encoding genes qnrB (n = 2), qnrS (n = 1) and aac(6')-Ib-cr (n = 6) were detected. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the presence of blaCMY-2 (n = 2) and blaSHV-12 (n = 1) genes among S. enterica from broilers in Portugal. This study highlights the fact that animals may act as important reservoirs of isolates carrying ESBL-, PMAβ- and PMQR-encoding genes that might be transferred to humans through direct contact or via the food chain.
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Estrada de Benfica, 701, 1549-011, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: lurdes.clemente@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Lurdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Center for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: vera.manageiro@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manageiro
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Center for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: daniela.dias@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones-Dias
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Estrada de Benfica, 701, 1549-011, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: ivone.correia@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Ivone
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Estrada de Benfica, 701, 1549-011, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: patricia.themudo@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Themudo
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Estrada de Benfica, 701, 1549-011, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: teresa.albuquerque@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655, Vairão, Portugal. Electronic address: margarida.geraldes@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geraldes
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655, Vairão, Portugal. Electronic address: filipa.matos@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Filipa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Microbiology and Mycology Laboratory, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655, Vairão, Portugal. Electronic address: claudia.almendra@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almendra
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Center for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: eugenia.ferreira@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Eugénia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Center for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal. Electronic address: manuela.canica@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caniça
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D032023:Integrons; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D011174:Portugal; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; Escherichia coli; PMAβ; PMQR; Salmonella enterica