title: Adolescents with gender dysphoria.
abstract: Young people with gender dysphoria are increasingly seen by pediatric endocrinologists. Mental health child specialists assess the adolescent and give advice about psychological or medical treatment. Provided they fulfill eligibility and readiness criteria, adolescents may receive pubertal suspension, consisting of using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogs, later followed by cross-sex hormones (sex steroids of the experienced gender). If they fulfill additional criteria, they may have various types of gender affirming surgery. Current issues involve safety aspects. Although generally considered safe in the short-term, the long-term effects regarding bone health and cardiovascular risks are still unknown. Therefore, vigilance is warranted during and long after completion of the last gender affirming surgeries. The timing of the various treatment steps is also under debate: instead of fixed age limits, the cognitive and emotional maturation, along with the physical development, are now often considered as more relevant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: pt.cohen-kettenis@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Peggy T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Cohen-Kettenis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000728:Androgens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D000068116:Gender Dysphoria / Q000628:therapy*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011613:Psychotherapy; D057829:Gender-Affirming Procedures; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D063106:Transgender Persons; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D016729:Leuprolide
keywords: GnRHa analogs; adolescents; cross-sex hormones; gender dysphoria; gender incongruence