title: In vitro growth-inhibitory effect of Brazilian plants extracts against Paenibacillus larvae and toxicity in bees.
abstract: American foulbrood (AFB) is a serious worldwide spreading disease in bees caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Plants extracts are known to decrease or inhibit the growth of these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Calendula. officinalis, Cariniana domestica, and Nasturtium officinale extracts against the P. larvae and to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts in bees. In vitro activity against P. larvae of the extracts was evaluated by micro dilution method and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. The concentrations used in the toxicity test were established based on the MIC values and by the spraying application method. The P. larvae was susceptible to the evaluated crude extract of C. officinalis and N. officinale. To C. domestica, only the ethyl acetate (EtAc) fraction and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions had activity against P. larvae. Toxicity analysis in bees showed no toxicity for N. officinale crude extract and for C. domestica BuOH fraction during 15 days of treatment, however, some deaths of bees occurred during the first three days of treatment with C. officinalis and C. domestica EtAc fraction. The results with these species were firstly described and showed that N. officinale crude extract and C. domestica BuOH fraction both presented not toxic effects in the concentration tested by the spraying application method, and can be a useful alternative for treatment or prevention of AFB.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Thiele F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: de Brum
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Aline A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Camilla F S
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Robson B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Letícia T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Natalia J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mossmann
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Janovik
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Roberta S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jesus
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vaucher
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Roberto C V
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: Margareth L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Athayde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects*; D020838:Calendula / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D031381:Lecythidaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D031223:Nasturtium / Q000737:chemistry*; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts