title: Adjuvants in micro- to nanoscale: current state and future direction.
abstract: Adjuvants have been used in vaccines for over 70 years to promote long-lived and sterilizing immunity. Since then, various adjuvant systems were developed by combining nanotechnology with natural and/or synthetic immunomodulatory molecules. These systems are biocompatible, immunogenic, and possess higher antigen carrying capacity. This article showcases advancements made in the adjuvant systems formulations, their synthesis routes, and the improvement of these adjuvants have brought in response to combat against ongoing global health threats such as malaria, hepatitis C, universal influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus. This review also highlights the interaction of adjuvants with the delivery of antigens to cells and unfolds mechanism of actions. In addition, this review discusses the physicochemical factors responsible for the efficient interaction of nanoadjuvants with antigen receptors to develop more effective, less reactogenic, and multifunctional systems for the next generation vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Soumen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, VaxDesign Campus, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schanen
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.|College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seal
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D001709:Biotechnology; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D055616:Microtechnology; D036103:Nanotechnology; D014612:Vaccines
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014612:Vaccines