title: Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Haskap Cultivars is Polyphenols-Dependent.
abstract: Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries have long been used for their health promoting properties against chronic conditions. The current study investigated the effect of Canadian haskap berry extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines using a human monocytic cell line THP-1 derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Methanol extracts of haskap from different growing locations in Canada were prepared and characterized for their total phenolic profile using colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Human THP-1 monocytes were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 10⁵/well) and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 μg/mL) for 48 h to induce macrophage differentiation. After 48 h, the differentiated macrophages were washed with Hank's buffer and treated with various concentrations of test compounds for 4 h, followed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation (18 h). Borealis cultivar showed the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and anthocyanin content (p < 0.05). A negative correlation existed between the polyphenol concentration of the extracts and pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Borealis exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory effects to COX inhibitory drug, diclofenac. The results showed that haskap berry polyphenols has the potential to act as an effective inflammation inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. vrupasinghe@dal.ca.
authors.forename: H P Vasantha
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rupasinghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. mboehm@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Mannfred M A
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. Satvir.sekhon@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Satvir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekhon-Loodu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada. induparmar@Dal.Ca.
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Bob.bors@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bors
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. andrew.jamieson@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Jamieson
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031239:Lonicera / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: cytokines; functional food; haskap; inflammation; macrophages; polyphenols