title: A novel solid-state fractionation of naphthenic acid fraction components from oil sands process-affected water.
abstract: Various sorbent materials were evaluated for the fractionation of naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs) from oil sand process-affected water (OSPW). The solid phase materials include activated carbon (AC), cellulose, iron oxides (magnetite and goethite), polyaniline (PANI) and three types of biochar derived from biomass (BC-1; rice husks, BC-2; acacia low temperature and BC-3; acacia high temperature). NAFCs were semi-quantified using electrospray ionization high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and the metals were assessed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average removal efficacy of NAFCs by AC was 95%. The removal efficacy decreased in the following order: AC, BC-1>BC-2, BC-3, goethite>PANI>cellulose, magnetite. The removal of metals did not follow a clear trend; however, there was notable leaching of potassium by AC and biochar samples. The bound NAFCs by AC were desorbed efficiently with methanol. Methanol regeneration and recycling of AC revealed 88% removal on the fourth cycle; a 4.4% decrease from the first cycle. This fractionation method represents a rapid, cost-effective, efficient, and green strategy for NAFCs from OSPW, as compared with conventional solvent extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada. Electronic address: lee.wilson@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Lee D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Jaimin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada.
authors.forename: Kerry M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Peru
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecosystems Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Headley
mesh_terms: D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C046170:naphthenic acid
keywords: Activated carbon; Fractionation; Mass spectrometry; Naphthenic acids; Sorption