title: Effect of family presence on pain and anxiety during invasive nursing procedures in an emergency department: A randomized controlled experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients generally prefer to have their family present during medical or nursing interventions. Family presence is assumed to reduce anxiety, especially during painful interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study employed a randomized controlled experimental design to determine the effects of family presence on pain and anxiety during invasive nursing procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of patients hospitalized in the observation unit of the internal medicine section in the emergency department of a university hospital. The sample comprised 138 patients assigned into the experimental and control groups by drawing lots. The invasive nursing procedure was carried out in the presence of family members, for members of the experimental group, and without family members, for members of the control group. Thus, the effects of family presence on pain and anxiety during the administration of an invasive nursing procedure to patients were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that members of the experimental and control groups did not differ with respect to the pain and state anxiety scores during the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family presence does not influence the participants' pain and anxiety during an invasive nursing procedure. Thus, the decision regarding family presence during such procedures should be based on patient preference.
authors.affiliation: Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Emergency Medical Department, Istanbul University, İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Yerleşkesi Kocamustafapaşa Cd. No: 53 Cerrahpaşa, 34098 Fatih, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: İşlekdemir
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Faculty, Istanbul University, Demirkapı Cad. Karabal Sk. Bakırköy Ruh ve Sinir Hastalıkları Hastanesi Bahçesi içi, 34740 Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: nurka@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Nurten
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Anxiety; Emergency department; Family; Invasive nursing procedures; Pain