title: Nasal endoscopic evaluation and its impact on survival in patients with stage I/II extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic findings of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), nasal type, are heterogeneous, but not fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of nasal endoscopic examination and its implications for treatment of stage I/II ENKTL.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included 60 consecutive patients diagnosed with stage I/II ENKTL, nasal type, from 2000 to 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The endoscopic findings were classified into early (45%) and advanced (55%) lesions. Furthermore, the primary tumor extent assessed by endoscopy was significantly correlated with the radiologic imaging (p < 0.001). The results of univariate analysis showed that the patients with advanced lesions had worse overall survival (p = 0.004) and disease-free survival (p = 0.001) than those with early lesions. In multivariate analysis, advanced lesions on nasal endoscopy was an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.024; hazard ratio 5.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-22.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that nasal endoscopic findings were important prognostic factors in stage I/II ENKTL, nasal type, suggesting that comprehensive endoscopic evaluation of primary tumor should be performed in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Seok
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Duk
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongryul
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hyeh
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Yeol
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hun-Jong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Seog
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054391:Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma; lymphoma; nasal endoscopy; prognosis; radiotherapy