title: Identification of the replication region in pBCNF5603, a bacteriocin-encoding plasmid, in the enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strain F5603.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most recent studies of Clostridium perfringens plasmids have focused on toxin-encoding or antibiotic resistance plasmids. To cause intestinal disease, a toxigenic strain must grow in the intestines to levels allowing for sufficient toxin production and this in vivo growth often involves overcoming the normal intestinal microbial population. For this purpose, bacteriocin production might be important.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, as the first step in the genetic analysis of a co-existing plasmid with an enterotoxin gene (cpe)-encoding plasmid, the bacteriocin gene-encoding plasmid, pBCNF5603, was completely sequenced. This plasmid has some homology with two previously sequenced C. perfringens plasmids, namely, pCP13 carrying a cpb2 gene and pIP404 carrying a bcn gene. Using recombinant plasmids, the rep gene homologous to the PCP63 gene on pCP13 appeared to be functional. Comparative genomics indicated that the identified rep gene homologs were found on two additional toxin plasmids, pCP-OS1 and pCP-TS1. While functional analysis using recombinant plasmids indicated that pBCNF5603 and pCP13 are likely to be incompatible, the plasmid replication and partitioning region of pBCNF5603 alone was insufficient for stable maintenance of this plasmid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that pBCNF5603 evolved from recombination events between C. perfringens plasmids and inter-species mobile genetic element(s). In addition, the bcn-encoding plasmid, pBCNF5603, is likely to be included in the Inc family, which includes pCP13 and two variant iota-encoding plasmids. Furthermore, the bcn gene on pBCNF5603 could contribute to gastrointestinal disease induced by enterotoxigenic C. perfringens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. kazupitts@jtw.zaq.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. sychildren@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Soshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seike
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. takagishi.103@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Teruhisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. s093021@stu.bunri-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okui
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan. masataka@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. mtakehara@ph.bunri-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho 180, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan. nagahama@ph.bunri-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagahama
mesh_terms: D003086:Bacteriocin Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000235:genetics*; D004261:DNA Replication; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins