title: Imaging Glaucomatous Damage Across the Temporal Raphe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To image and analyze anatomical differences at the temporal raphe between normal and glaucomatous eyes using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and to relate these differences to visual field measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine glaucomatous eyes of 9 patients (age 54-78 years, mean deviation of visual field [MD] -5.03 to -0.20 dB) and 10 normal eyes of 10 controls (age 54-81, MD -1.13 to +1.39 dB) were enrolled. All the participants were imaged in a region that was centered approximately 9° temporal to the fovea. The size of imaging region was at least 10° vertically by 4° horizontally. The raphe gap, defined as the distance between the superior and inferior retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) bundles, was measured. A bundle index was computed to quantify the relative reflectivity and density of the nerve fiber bundles. We also measured thickness of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and RNFL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The raphe gap was larger in glaucomatous eyes than control eyes. Specifically, eight glaucomatous eyes with local averaged field loss no worse than -3.5 dB had larger raphe gaps than all control eyes. The bundle index, GCC thickness, and RNFL thickness were on average reduced in glaucomatous eyes, with the first two showing statistically significant differences between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Structural changes in the temporal raphe were observed and quantified even when local functional loss was mild. These techniques open the possibility of using the raphe as a site for glaucoma research and clinical assessment.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gast
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Victor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Malinovsky
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000503:physiopathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields