title: Developmental programming of type 2 diabetes: early nutrition and epigenetic mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The environment experienced during critical windows of development can 'programme' long-term health and risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes in the offspring. The purpose of this review is to discuss potential epigenetic mechanisms involved in the developmental programming of type 2 diabetes by early nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal and more recently paternal nutrition have been shown to play key roles in metabolic programming of the offspring. Although the exact mechanisms are still not clear, epigenetic processes have emerged as playing a plausible role. Epigenetic dysregulation is associated with several components that contribute to type 2 diabetes risk, including altered feeding behaviour, insulin secretion and insulin action. It may also contribute to transgenerational risk transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epigenetic processes may represent a central underlying mechanism of developmental programming of type 2 diabetes. During embryonic and foetal development, extensive epigenetic remodelling takes place not only in somatic but also in primordial germ cells. Therefore, concerns have been raised that epigenetic dysregulation induced by a suboptimal early environment could programme altered phenotypes not only in the first generation but also in the subsequent ones. Characterizing these altered epigenetic marks has great implications for identifying individuals at an increased disease risk as well as potentially leading to novel preventive and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: aUniversity of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, UK bDepartment of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo and Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ozanne
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004032:Diet; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status