title: The enduring effects of psychodynamic treatments vis-à-vis alternative treatments: A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis.
abstract: Although evidence suggests that the benefits of psychodynamic treatments are sustained over time, presently it is unclear whether these sustained benefits are superior to non-psychodynamic treatments. Additionally, the extant literature comparing the sustained benefits of psychodynamic treatments compared to alternative treatments is limited with methodological shortcomings. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a rigorous test of the growth of the benefits of psychodynamic treatments relative to alternative treatments across distinct domains of change (i.e., all outcome measures, targeted outcome measures, non-targeted outcome measures, and personality outcome measures). To do so, the study employed strict inclusion criteria to identify randomized clinical trials that directly compared at least one bona fide psychodynamic treatment and one bona fide non-psychodynamic treatment. Hierarchical linear modeling (Raudenbush, Bryk, Cheong, Congdon, & du Toit, 2011) was used to longitudinally model the impact of psychodynamic treatments compared to non-psychodynamic treatments at post-treatment and to compare the growth (i.e., slope) of effects beyond treatment completion. Findings from the present meta-analysis indicated that psychodynamic treatments and non-psychodynamic treatments were equally efficacious at post-treatment and at follow-up for combined outcomes (k=20), targeted outcomes (k=19), non-targeted outcomes (k=17), and personality outcomes (k=6). Clinical implications, directions for future research, and limitations are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States. Electronic address: kivlighan@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: D Martin
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kivlighan
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Simon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Maleeha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, United States.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Noah E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Yulish
authors.affiliation: Universtiy of Illinois, United States.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flückiger
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway.
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Wampold
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064889:Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Comparative trials; Efficacy; Follow up; Meta-analysis; Psychodynamic