title: Sexual dimorphism of human vallate papillae: an in vivo study of normative morphology.
abstract: The perimeters of vallate papillae (VP) house approximately half of the taste buds on the human tongue. However, little information exists regarding perimeter measurements of VP. Likewise, great diversity exists among reports of the number of VP and diameter of VP, in general. The research presents an analysis of the perimeters, counts, and diameters of VP in vivo. Endoscopic examination was performed on 79 individuals (40 females, 39 males) between 18 and 26 years of age. A total of 583 VP were counted, 565 of which were able to be measured. Data revealed a statistically significant difference between male and female VP count (t(75.6) = 4.5; p = 0.00003). Females had, on average, 2.22 more VP than males. Males were found to have larger mean VP diameter per person and mean VP perimeter per person than females (t(58.9) = -2.4; p = 0.021 and t(59.3) = -2.4; p = 0.019, respectively). The report demonstrates that VP are sexually dimorphic at the gross anatomical level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia, United States. mzdilla@westliberty.edu.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zdilla
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hunt