title: Influencing Trust for Human-Automation Collaborative Scheduling of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the impact of priming on operator trust and system performance when supervising a decentralized network of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles (UVs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Advances in autonomy have enabled a future vision of single-operator control of multiple heterogeneous UVs. Real-time scheduling for multiple UVs in uncertain environments requires the computational ability of optimization algorithms combined with the judgment and adaptability of human supervisors. Because of system and environmental uncertainty, appropriate operator trust will be instrumental to maintain high system performance and prevent cognitive overload.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups of operators experienced different levels of trust priming prior to conducting simulated missions in an existing, multiple-UV simulation environment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who play computer and video games frequently were found to have a higher propensity to overtrust automation. By priming gamers to lower their initial trust to a more appropriate level, system performance was improved by 10% as compared to gamers who were primed to have higher trust in the automation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Priming was successful at adjusting the operator's initial and dynamic trust in the automated scheduling algorithm, which had a substantial impact on system performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have important implications for personnel selection and training for futuristic multi-UV systems under human supervision. Although gamers may bring valuable skills, they may also be potentially prone to automation bias. Priming during training and regular priming throughout missions may be one potential method for overcoming this propensity to overtrust automation.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge aclare@alum.mit.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
authors.forename: Nelson P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Repenning
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gaming; human supervisory control; mixed-initiative planning; priming; unmanned vehicles