title: Application of programmable bio-nano-chip system for the quantitative detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluids.
abstract: There is currently a gap in on-site drug of abuse monitoring. Current detection methods involve invasive sampling of blood and urine specimens, or collection of oral fluid, followed by qualitative screening tests using immunochromatographic cartridges. While remote laboratories then may provide confirmation and quantitative assessment of a presumptive positive, this instrumentation is expensive and decoupled from the initial sampling making the current drug-screening program inefficient and costly. The authors applied a noninvasive oral fluid sampling approach integrated with the in-development chip-based Programmable bio-nano-chip (p-BNC) platform for the detection of drugs of abuse.
  
  
  
  The p-BNC assay methodology was applied for the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol, morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methadone and benzodiazepines, initially using spiked buffered samples and, ultimately, using oral fluid specimen collected from consented volunteers.
  
  
  
  Rapid (∼10min), sensitive detection (∼ng/mL) and quantitation of 12 drugs of abuse was demonstrated on the p-BNC platform. Furthermore, the system provided visibility to time-course of select drug and metabolite profiles in oral fluids; for the drug cocaine, three regions of slope were observed that, when combined with concentration measurements from this and prior impairment studies, information about cocaine-induced impairment may be revealed.
  
  
  
  This chip-based p-BNC detection modality has significant potential to be used in the future by law enforcement officers for roadside drug testing and to serve a variety of other settings, including outpatient and inpatient drug rehabilitation centers, emergency rooms, prisons, schools, and in the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De La Garza
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Glennon W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hohenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sobeyda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Talavera
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Andrenyak
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Department Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University, 433 First Avenue, Room 820, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA. Electronic address: mcdevitt@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McDevitt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Drugs of abuse; Multiplexed; On-site testing; Oral fluid; Programmable bio-nano-chip