title: T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) development and regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 production.
abstract: Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of extracellular parasites and are responsible for asthma and many other allergic inflammatory diseases. Although many immune cell types within the myeloid lineage compartment including basophils, eosinophils and mast cells are capable of producing at least one of these cytokines, the production of these "type 2 immune response-related" cytokines by lymphoid lineages, CD4 T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in particular, are the central events during type 2 immune responses. In this review, I will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th2 cells. The similarities and differences in the differentiation of Th2 cells, IL-4-producing T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and ILC2s as well as their relationships will also be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: jfzhu@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Jinfang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000166:cytology; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000276:immunology*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000166:cytology; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000378:metabolism; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494749:GATA3 protein, human; C578095:IL13 protein, human; C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D051880:Receptors, Notch; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D015847:Interleukin-4
keywords: GATA3; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-4; Type 2 T helper cells (Th2); Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2)