title: End User Comparison of Anatomically Matched 3-Dimensional Printed and Virtual Haptic Temporal Bone Simulation: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simulation has assumed a prominent role in education. It is important to explore the effectiveness of different modalities. In this article, we directly compare surgical resident impression of 2 distinct temporal bone simulations (physical and haptic).
  
  
  METHODS
  Research Ethics Board-approved prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A haptic voxel-based virtual model (VM) and a physical 3-dimensional printed temporal bone model (PBM) were developed. Participants rated each construct on a number of parameters and performed a direct comparison of the simulations using a survey instrument that employed a 7-point Likert scale and rank lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten otolaryngology residents dissected anatomically identical, matched physical and virtual models. Data for both simulations originated from 10 unique cadaveric micro-computed tomography images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects rated the PBM drill quality as being more similar to cadaveric temporal bone than the VM (cortical bone mean: 5.5 vs 3.2, P = .011; trabecular bone mean: 5.2 vs 2.8, P = .004) and with better air cell system representation (mean: 5.4 vs 4.5, P = .003). Subjects strongly agreed that both simulations are effective educational tools, but they rated the PBM higher (mean: 6.7 vs 5.4, P = .019). Notably, subjects agreed that both modalities should be integrated into training, but they were more favorably inclined toward the PBM (mean: 7.0 vs 5.5, P = .002). In direct comparison, the PBM was the preferred simulation in 7 of 9 educational domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appraisal of a PBM and a VM found both to have perceived educational benefit. However, the PBM was considered to have more realistic physical properties and was considered the preferred training instrument.
authors.affiliation: Neurotologic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Jordan Brent
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hochman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kraut
authors.affiliation: Surgical Hearing Implant Program, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada jpisa@hsc.mb.ca.
authors.forename: Justyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Learning and Simulation Facility, Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unger
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013664:Teaching Materials; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: 3-dimensional; bone; education; haptic; reality; surgery; temporal; training; virtual