title: Solar Radiation Determines Site Occupancy of Coexisting Tropical and Temperate Deer Species Introduced to New Zealand Forests.
abstract: Assemblages of introduced taxa provide an opportunity to understand how abiotic and biotic factors shape habitat use by coexisting species. We tested hypotheses about habitat selection by two deer species recently introduced to New Zealand's temperate rainforests. We hypothesised that, due to different thermoregulatory abilities, rusa deer (Cervus timorensis; a tropical species) would prefer warmer locations in winter than red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus; a temperate species). Since adult male rusa deer are aggressive in winter (the rut), we also hypothesised that rusa deer and red deer would not use the same winter locations. Finally, we hypothesised that in summer both species would prefer locations with fertile soils that supported more plant species preferred as food. We used a 250 × 250 m grid of 25 remote cameras to collect images in a 100-ha montane study area over two winters and summers. Plant composition, solar radiation, and soil fertility were also determined for each camera location. Multiseason occupancy models revealed that direct solar radiation was the best predictor of occupancy and detection probabilities for rusa deer in winter. Multistate, multiseason occupancy models provided strong evidence that the detection probability of adult male rusa deer was greater in winter and when other rusa deer were present at a location. Red deer mostly vacated the study area in winter. For the one season that had sufficient camera images of both species (summer 2011) to allow two-species occupancy models to be fitted, the detection probability of rusa deer also increased with solar radiation. Detection probability also varied with plant composition for both deer species. We conclude that habitat use by coexisting tropical and temperate deer species in New Zealand likely depends on the interplay between the thermoregulatory and behavioural traits of the deer and the abiotic and biotic features of the habitat.
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.affiliation: Independent Researcher, Galatea, Murupara, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Roy K J
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Affeld
authors.affiliation: Proteus Wildlife Research Consultants, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Darryl I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer; D065928:Forests; D009520:New Zealand; D013045:Species Specificity; D013472:Sunlight; D014329:Tropical Climate