title: Quantifying consumer portion control practices. A cross-sectional study.
abstract: The use of portion control practices has rarely been quantified. The present study aimed to: (1) explore which portion control practices are actually used by the general population and their association with cognitive restraint, demographic background and general health interest (GHI), and (2) examine how the usage of portion control practices predicts the estimated consumption of an energy dense food (i.e. pizza). Twenty-two portion control practices were rated in terms of their frequency of use from 'never' to 'very often' by a representative sample of 1012 consumers from the island of Ireland. Three factors were extracted and named: measurement-strategy scale, eating-strategy scale, and purchasing-strategy scale. The eating-strategy scale score was the highest, while the measurement-strategy scale carried the lowest frequency score. For each strategy scale score, the strongest predictor was GHI, followed by gender. Having higher GHI and being female were independently associated with more frequent portion control. Both the eating-strategy scale score and the purchasing-strategy scale score were negatively associated with pizza portion size consumption estimates. In conclusion, while this study demonstrates that the reported use of portion control practices is low, the findings provide preliminary evidence for their validity. Further studies are needed to explore how portion control practices are used in different kinds of portion size decisions and what their contribution is to the intake of food over an extended period of time.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: MAPP Centre, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lähteenmäki
authors.affiliation: MAPP Centre, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M B E
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, UCD, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gibney
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom. Electronic address: moira.dean@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dean
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010349:Patient Compliance; D064787:Portion Size; D000068356:Self-Control; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Energy intake; Food portion control; Food portion size; Practices; Scale