title: Fabrication of electrospun poly(D,L lactide-co-glycolide)80/20 scaffolds loaded with diclofenac sodium for tissue engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adaptation of nanotechnology into materials science has also advanced tissue engineering research. Tissues are basically composed of nanoscale structures hence making nanofibrous materials closely resemble natural fibers. Adding a drug release function to such material may further advance their use in tissue repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, bioabsorbable poly(D,L lactide-co-glycolide)80/20 (PDLGA80/20) was dissolved in a mixture of acetone/dimethylformamide. Twenty percent of diclofenac sodium was added to the solution. Nanofibers were manufactured using electrospinning. The morphology of the obtained scaffolds was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release of the diclofenac sodium was assessed by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Mouse fibroblasts (MC3T3) were seeded on the scaffolds, and the cell attachment was evaluated with fluorescent microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thickness of electrospun nanomats was about 1 mm. SEM analysis showed that polymeric nanofibers containing drug particles formed very interconnected porous nanostructures. The average diameter of the nanofibers was 500 nm. Drug release was measured by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy. After a high start peak, the release rate decreased considerably during 11 days and lasted about 60 days. During the evaluation of the release kinetics, a material degradation process was observed. MC3T3 cells attached to the diclofenac sodium-loaded scaffold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nanofibrous porous structure made of PDLGA polymer loaded with diclofenac sodium is feasible to develop, and it may help to improve biomaterial properties for controlled tissue repair and regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. lilanikkola@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nikkola
authors.affiliation: AUVA Research Center, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria. tm@crosstec.eu.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany. Elizabeth.Rosado-Balmayor@tum.de.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Balmayor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. Hanna.Jukola@tut.fi.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jukola
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fiber Material Science, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. Ali.Harlin@tut.fi.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harlin
authors.affiliation: AUVA Research Center, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria. office@trauma.lbg.ac.at.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redl
authors.affiliation: AUVA Research Center, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria. vanGriensven@uchir.me.tum.de.|Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany. vanGriensven@uchir.me.tum.de.
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Griensven
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland. nureddin.ashammakhi@tut.fi.|Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. nureddin.ashammakhi@tut.fi.
authors.forename: Nureddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashammakhi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011098:Polyglactin 910 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004008:Diclofenac; D011098:Polyglactin 910