title: Cultural landscapes of the Araucaria Forests in the northern plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Araucaria Forest is associated with the Atlantic Forest domain and is a typical ecosystem of southern Brazil. The expansion of Araucaria angustifolia had a human influence in southern Brazil, where historically hunter-gatherer communities used the pinhão, araucaria's seed, as a food source. In the north of the state of Santa Catarina, the Araucaria Forest is a mosaic composed of cultivation and pasture inserted between forest fragments, where pinhão and erva-mate are gathered; some local communities denominate these forest ecotopes as caívas. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand how human populations transform, manage and conserve landscapes using the case study of caívas from the Araucaria Forests of southern Brazil, as well as to evaluate the local ecological knowledge and how these contribute to conservation of the Araucaria Forest.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in the northern plateau of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil in local five communities. To assess ethnoecological perceptions the historical use and management of caívas, semi-structured interviews, checklist interviews and guided tours were conducted with family units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total 28 family units participated in the study that had caívas on their properties. During the course of the study two main perceptions of the ecotope caíva were found, there is no consensus to the exact definition; perception of caívas is considered a gradient. In general caívas are considered to have the presence of cattle feeding on native pasture, with denser forest area that is managed, and the presence of specific species. Eleven management practices within caívas were found, firewood collection, cattle grazing, trimming of the herbaceous layer, and erva-mate extraction were the most common. Caívas are perceived and defined through the management practices and native plant resources. All participants stated that there have been many changes to the management practices within caívas and to the caíva itself.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These areas still remain today due to cultural tradition, use and management of plant resources. Through this cultural tradition of maintaining caívas the vegetation of the Araucaria Forest has been conserved associated to the use of the Araucaria Forests native plant resources.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Ecology (PPGECO) and Human Ecology and Ethnobotany Laboratory - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology and Zoology, University Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brasil. anna.j.mello@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna Jacinta
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Machado Mello
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Ecology (PPGECO) and Human Ecology and Ethnobotany Laboratory - Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology and Zoology, University Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, CEP 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brasil. nivaldo.peroni@ufsc.br.|Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology and Zoology, University Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Córrego Grande, Florianópolis, CEP. 88040-900, Santa Catarina, Brasil. nivaldo.peroni@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Nivaldo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peroni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D001938:Brazil; D002417:Cattle; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005190:Family; D065928:Forests; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011156:Population Density; D012424:Rural Population; D014197:Trees / Q000145:classification*; D055815:Young Adult