title: Prevalence of Inadequate Hydration Among US Children and Disparities by Gender and Race/Ethnicity: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the hydration status of US children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 4134 participants aged 6 to 19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2012. We calculated mean urine osmolality and the proportion with inadequate hydration (urine osmolality > 800 mOsm/kg). We calculated multivariable regression models to estimate the associations between demographic factors, beverage intake, and hydration status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of inadequate hydration was 54.5%. Significantly higher urine osmolality was observed among boys (+92.0 mOsm/kg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 69.5, 114.6), non-Hispanic Blacks (+67.6 mOsm/kg; 95% CI = 31.5, 103.6), and younger children (+28.5 mOsm/kg; 95% CI = 8.1, 48.9) compared with girls, Whites, and older children, respectively. Boys (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.49, 2.07) and non-Hispanic Blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.74) were also at significantly higher risk for inadequate hydration. An 8-fluid-ounce daily increase in water intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of inadequate hydration (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research should explore drivers of gender and racial/ethnic disparities and solutions for improving hydration status.
authors.affiliation: Erica L. Kenney, Michael W. Long, Angie L. Cradock, and Steven L. Gortmaker are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Erica L. Kenney, Michael W. Long, Angie L. Cradock, and Steven L. Gortmaker are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Erica L. Kenney, Michael W. Long, Angie L. Cradock, and Steven L. Gortmaker are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Angie L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cradock
authors.affiliation: Erica L. Kenney, Michael W. Long, Angie L. Cradock, and Steven L. Gortmaker are with the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gortmaker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003681:Dehydration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult