title: Continuous Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (C-IONM) Technique with the Automatic Periodic Stimulating (APS) Accessory for Conventional and Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery.
abstract: One of the most important trends in intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) in thyroid surgery is currently the real-time monitoring of the vagus nerve (VN) in order to prevent recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) iatrogenic damages. Notably, continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (C-IONM) seems to be superior to intermitted intraoperative neural monitoring (I-IONM) because it enhances standardization by permanent vagus nerve (VN) stimulation, and it provides entire and constant RLN function monitoring as the surgeon dissects and removes the thyroid gland. It also has to be highlighted that the surgical maneuvers for the automatic periodic stimulating (APS) placement must be accurate and standardized in order to avoid a potential iatrogenic morbidity on the VN function. We recommend the experienced surgeon be very careful in each step, with cautious dissection. With this review article we provide a comprehensive analyses of C-IONM technique with the APS accessory for conventional and endoscopic thyroid surgery.
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianlorenzo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dionigi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Feng-Yu
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Division of Thyroid Surgery, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chei-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Division of Thyroid Surgery, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiaoli
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare Carlo
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, Centre for Biosystems and Genomic Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lianos
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leotta
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavazza
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frattini
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Annoni
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rausei
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery and Robotic Surgery Center, KUMC Thyroid Center Korea University, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon Yub
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*