title: Clinical Spanish norms of the Stroop test for traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia.
abstract: The Stroop Color-Word Test is a useful tool to evaluate executive attention and speed of processing. Recent studies have provided norms for different populations of healthy individuals to avoid misinterpretation of scores due to demographic and cultural differences. In addition, clinical norms may improve the assessment of cognitive dysfunction severity and its clinical course. Spanish normative data are provided for 158 closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 149 first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SCH) patients. A group of 285 Spanish healthy individuals (HC) was also considered for comparison purposes. Differences between groups were found in all Stroop scores with HC outperforming both clinical groups (p .3 in all cases). TBI patients scored lower than SCH patients in word-reading (p < .001 and d = .6), and color-naming conditions (p < .001 and d = .4), but not in the color-word condition (p = .34 and d = .03). However, SCH patients exhibited a higher interference effect as compared to TBI (p < .002 and d = .5). Three sets of norms stratified by age and education (HC), and by education (TBI and SCH) are presented for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario La Paz (Spain).
authors.forename: Genny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lubrini
authors.affiliation: Universidad Complutense (Spain).
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Periañez
authors.affiliation: UNED (Spain).
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rios-Lago
authors.affiliation: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Spain).
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viejo-Sobera
authors.affiliation: CIBERSAM,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (Spain).
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayesa-Arriola
authors.affiliation: Red Menni de Servicios de Atención al Daño Cerebral (Spain).
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Cubillo
authors.affiliation: CIBERSAM,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (Spain).
authors.forename: Benedicto
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crespo-Facorro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Ruber Internacional,Madrid (Spain).
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Linera
authors.affiliation: Universidad de las Islas Baleares (Spain).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adrover-Roig
authors.affiliation: CIBERSAM,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (Spain).
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D057190:Stroop Test / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attention; clinical norms; interference control; schizophrenia; traumatic brain injury