title: Lower limb kinematics of male and female soccer players during a self-selected cutting maneuver: Effects of prolonged activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the recent emphasis on injury prevention, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates remain high. This study aimed to ascertain the effects of prolonged activity on lower limb kinematics during a self-selected cutting maneuver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angular kinematics were recorded during an agility test performed until the completion time was greater than the mean plus one SD of baseline trials. Cut type was identified and the hip and knee angles at 33 ms post heel strike were determined. A linear mixed effects model assessed the effects of cut type, gender, and activity status on the hip and knee angles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males performed sidestep cuts more frequently than females. Females increased the incidence of sidestep cuts after prolonged activity. At the hip, a gender-cut type interaction existed for the transverse (p=0.001) and sagittal (p=0.11) planes. Females showed more internal rotation during sidestep and more external rotation and less flexion during crossover cuts. For the frontal plane, a gender-activity status interaction (p = 0.032) was due to no change within females but greater hip adduction during prolonged activity within males. With prolonged activity, both genders displayed less hip (p=0.29) and knee (p=0.009) flexion and more knee (p=0.001) adduction. Females displayed less hip and knee flexion than men (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sidestep may be more risky than crossover cuts. Both genders place themselves in at-risk postures with prolonged activity due to less hip and knee flexion.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dude
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Munkley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: Frank H Netter, MD, School of Medicine, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feinn
authors.affiliation: Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dione
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States; Motion Analysis Laboratory, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States; Physical Therapy Department, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mount Carmel Ave, Hamden, CT, United States. Electronic address: juan.garbalosa@quinnipiac.edu.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garbalosa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACL; Cutting; Kinematics; Knee