title: Microfracture in Football (Soccer) Players: A Case Series of Professional Athletes and Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little information is available on the results of microfracture in competitive football (soccer) players. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this technique to restore joint function to a level that allows return to this popular high-impact sport.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article provides an overview of the basic science and the current published scientific evidence for articular cartilage repair using the microfracture technique in elite football (soccer) athletes. In addition, the senior author documents his results in a case series of professional football (soccer) players treated with microfracture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one professional male soccer players underwent microfracture for knee articular cartilage defects. Nineteen players had isolated cartilage injuries, and 2 players had simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Average age of the player was 27 years (range, 18-32 years). Twelve players (57%) had single defects, and 9 (43%) had multiple defects. All players complied with the postoperative rehabilitation program. Twenty players (95%) returned to professional soccer the season following microfracture surgery and continued to play for an average of 5 years (range, 1-13 years). Years of continued play inversely correlated with player age at the time of microfracture (r = -0.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articular cartilage repair with the microfracture technique followed by appropriate rehabilitation provides restoration of knee joint function in professional football (soccer) players with a high rate of return to football (soccer) and continued participation under the significant demands of professional football (soccer). Thorough understanding of the technical aspects, rehabilitation, and literature can help to optimize the results of microfracture in the athletic population.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mithoefer
authors.affiliation: Steadman Clinic, Vail, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Steadman
keywords: athletics; cartilage; football; injury; microfracture; repair; soccer; sport