title: Neighborhood as a predictor of non-aggressive, but not aggressive, antisocial behaviors in adulthood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior meta-analytic work has highlighted important etiological distinctions between aggressive (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) dimensions of antisocial behavior. Among these is the finding that RB is influenced by the environment more than is AGG. Relatively little research, however, has sought to identify the specific environmental experiences that contribute to this effect. The current study sought to do just this.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined whether unrelated adults residing in the same neighborhood (n = 1915 participants in 501 neighborhoods) were more similar in their AGG and RB than would be expected by chance. Analyses focused on simple multi-level models, with the participant as the lower-level unit and the neighborhood as the upper-level unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed little to no evidence of neighborhood-level variance in AGG. By contrast, 11+% of the variance in RB could be predicted from participant neighborhood, results that persisted even when considering the possibility of genetic relatedness across participants and neighborhood selection effects. Moreover, 17% of this neighborhood-level variance in RB was accounted for by neighborhood structural characteristics and social processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings bolster prior suggestions that broader contextual experiences, like the structural and social characteristics of one's neighborhood, contribute in a meaningful way to RB in particular. Our results also tentatively imply that this association may be environmental in origin. Future work should seek to develop additional, stronger designs capable of more clearly leveraging genetic un-relatedness to improve causal inferences regarding the environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Michigan State University,East Lansing,MI,USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Michigan State University,East Lansing,MI,USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Klump
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,Michigan State University,East Lansing,MI,USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kashy
authors.affiliation: School of Social Service Administration,University of Chicago,Chicago,IL,USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gorman-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology,The Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA,USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Neiderhiser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggression; antisocial behavior; environment; neighborhood; rule-breaking