title: A multi-level analysis of the impact of neighborhood structural and social factors on adolescent substance use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper examined the effects of neighborhood structural (i.e., economic disadvantage, immigrant concentration, residential stability) and social (e.g., collective efficacy, social network interactions, intolerance of drug use, legal cynicism) factors on the likelihood of any adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses drew upon information from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). Data were obtained from a survey of adult residents of 79 Chicago neighborhoods, two waves of interviews with 1657 to 1664 care-givers and youth aged 8 to 16 years, and information from the 1990 U.S. Census Bureau. Hierarchical Bernoulli regression models estimated the impact of neighborhood factors on substance use controlling for individual-level demographic characteristics and psycho-social risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few neighborhood factors had statistically significant direct effects on adolescent tobacco, alcohol or marijuana use, although youth living in neighborhoods with greater levels of immigrant concentration were less likely to report any drinking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional theorizing and more empirical research are needed to better understand the ways in which contextual influences affect adolescent substance use and delinquency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, 3219 Turlington Hall, PO Box 117330, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, United States. Electronic address: afagan@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Abigail A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska, Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, 218 CPACS, Omaha, NE 68182-0149, United States. Electronic address: EMWright@unomaha.edu.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 455009, Las Vegas, NV 89154, United States. Electronic address: gillian.pinchevsky@unlv.edu.
authors.forename: Gillian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pinchevsky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D017028:Caregivers; D002641:Chicago; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D064424:Tobacco Use; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent substance use; Multi-level analysis; Neighborhood context