title: Phosphate Detection through a Cost-Effective Carbon Black Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode Embedded in a Continuous Flow System.
abstract: An automatable flow system for the continuous and long-term monitoring of the phosphate level has been developed using an amperometric detection method based on the use of a miniaturized sensor. This method is based on the monitoring of an electroactive complex obtained by the reaction between phosphate and molybdate that is consequently reduced at the electrode surface. The use of a screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) leads to the quantification of the complex at low potential, because CBNPs are capable of electrocatalitically enhancing the phosphomolybdate complex reduction at +125 mV versus Ag/AgCl without fouling problems. The developed system also incorporates reagents and waste storage and is connected to a portable potentiostat for rapid detection and quantification of phosphate. Main analytical parameters, such as working potential, reagent concentration, type of cell, and flow rate, were evaluated and optimized. This system was characterized by a low detection limit (6 μM). Interference studies were carried out. Good recovery percentages comprised between 89 and 131.5% were achieved in different water sources, highlighting its suitability for field measurements.
authors.affiliation: †Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talarico
authors.affiliation: †Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cinti
authors.affiliation: †Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arduini
authors.affiliation: §Faculté de Sciences et Techniques Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia, B.P. 146, Mohammadia, Morocco.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amine
authors.affiliation: †Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Danila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moscone
authors.affiliation: †Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palleschi
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000191:economics; D004566:Electrodes; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D011327:Printing / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D053260:Soot / Q000032:analysis*; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D053260:Soot