title: Motion trajectory information and agency influence motor learning during observational practice.
abstract: Fundamental to performing actions is the acquisition of motor behaviours. We examined if motor learning, through observational practice, occurs by viewing an agent displaying naturalistic or constant velocity, and whether motion trajectory, as opposed to end-state, information is required. We also investigated if observational practice is sensitive to belief regarding the origin of an agent. Participants had to learn a novel movement sequence timing task, which required upper-limb movements to a series of targets within a pre-specified absolute and relative time goal. Experiment 1 showed learning after viewing naturalistic and constant velocity, but not end-state information. For Experiment 2, in addition to learning the movement sequence, participants observed a series of movement stimuli that were either the trained or new sequences and asked to rate their confidence on whether the observed sequence was the same or different to observational practice. The results indicated that agency belief modulates how naturalistic and constant velocity is coded. This indicated that the processes associated with belief are part of an interpretative predictive coding system where the association between belief and observed motion is determined. When motion is constant velocity, or believed to be computer-generated, coding occurs through top-down processes. When motion is naturalistic velocity, and believed to be human-generated, it is most likely coded by gaining access to bottom-up sensorimotor processes in the action-observation network.
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Tom Reilly Building, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. Electronic address: j.w.roberts@2006.ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Tom Reilly Building, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. Electronic address: s.j.bennett@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Tom Reilly Building, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK; Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: d.elliott@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Digby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Tom Reilly Building, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. Electronic address: s.hayes@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Spencer J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D009038:Motion; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Belief; Constant velocity; End-state goals; Naturalistic velocity; Observational practice; Top-down modulation