title: The gait and energy efficiency of stance control knee-ankle-foot orthoses: A literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of knee-ankle-foot orthoses with drop locked knee joints produces some limitations for walking in subjects with quadriceps muscle weakness. The development of stance control orthoses can potentially improve their functionality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to compare the evidence of the effect of stance control orthoses to knee-ankle-foot orthoses with drop locked knee joints in improving kinematic variables and energy efficiency of walking by subjects with quadriceps muscle weakness caused by different pathologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on selected keywords and their composition, a search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. In total, 18 articles were finally chosen for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study demonstrated that this type of orthosis can improve the walking parameters of subjects with quadriceps muscle weakness and spinal cord injury patients when compared to a locked knee-ankle-foot orthosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence to show that stance control orthosis designs improve the gait kinematics but not energetic of knee-ankle-foot orthosis users. Development of new designs of stance control orthoses to provide a more normal pattern of walking is still required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stance control orthoses are a new generation of orthotic intervention that could potentially be significant in assisting to improve the gait kinematics by knee-ankle-foot orthosis users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafiaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahramizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran M.Arazpour@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mokhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arazpour
authors.affiliation: Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samadian
authors.affiliation: IHSCR, Faculty of Health & Social Care, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hutchins
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Farzam
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farahmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mardani
mesh_terms: D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Stance control knee joint; energy consumption; gait analysis; knee–ankle–foot orthoses