title: Female Condoms=Missed Opportunities: Lessons Learned from Promotion-centered Interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The female condom is a barrier contraceptive device that is underutilized despite its effectiveness at preventing both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prior research has highlighted that the underuse of the female condom as a contraceptive option is owing in large part to social stigma, and lacking or incorrect information about the product.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an attempt to better understand the discrepancy between the female condom's documented effectiveness and its general lack of uptake, we conducted a systematic search and qualitatively reviewed 20 published intervention studies that focus on efforts to promote the female condom. The strategies that each intervention used were coded and carefully examined. We obtained information regarding relevant characteristics of the studies, including intervention setting, sampling strategy, participant demographics, and methodology used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the majority of the studies had significant positive findings concerning the female condom, for example, many were effective at demonstrating participant uptake as well as increasing the number of protected sex acts. Additionally, perceived ability to use the device was a significant predictor of female condom use in multiple studies. Finally, the studies tended to include younger women; only 10.0% (n=2) reported having participants with a mean age older than 30), meaning that older women generally have not been well-served by previous efforts to promote the use of the female condom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We offer guidelines for improving female condom uptake and recommendations for future research that seeks to establish and utilize best practice promotional strategies for female condoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Electronic address: Jessica.Maksut@UConn.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maksut
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Eaton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D021841:Safe Sex; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult