title: Adiponectin may be a biomarker of early atherosclerosis of smokers and decreased by nicotine through KATP channel in adipocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasm adiponectin is decreased in smokers. Adiponectin is emerging as a potential key molecular marker in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum adiponectin levels and early atherosclerosis in smokers. Furthermore, the role of the KATP channel in the down-regulation of adiponectin by smoking was preliminarily explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We consecutively enrolled 96 men, including 50 smokers with atherosclerosis and 46 nonsmokers. Serum adiponectin was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - in all participants. Large (C1) and small (C2) artery elasticity indices and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured as evaluation indexes of early atherosclerosis in smokers. Finally, the effect of nicotine via ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels on adiponectin secretion by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was examined in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adiponectin levels of smokers were statistically negatively correlated to IMT (r = -.440; P < 0.001) and positively correlated to C1 (r = 0.448; P < 0.001) as well as C2 (r = 0.426; P = 0.002). In 3-T3-L1 preadipocytes, nicotine treatment significantly decreased adiponectin levels (P = 0.003), whereas the adiponectin level was rescued by the inhibition of KATP channel (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum adiponectin level was an independent predictor of early atherosclerosis in smokers. Nicotine might decrease adiponectin in part through altering KATP channels in adipocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Electronic address: Doctorfan@163.com.
authors.forename: Li Hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Jian Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Ai Qun
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001158:Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004548:Elasticity / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D054086:KATP Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D054086:KATP Channels; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Adiponectin; Arterial elasticity; KATP channel; Smoking