title: Glutamine Administration After Sublethal Lower Limb Ischemia Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Offers Organ Protection in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of intravenous glutamine (GLN) administration on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in a mice model of hind limb ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury.
  
  
  
  There were 3 IR groups and 1 normal control (NC) group. The NC group did not undergo the IR procedure. Mice in the IR groups underwent 90 minutes of limb ischemia followed by a variable period of reperfusion. Ischemia was performed by applying a 4.5-oz orthodontic rubber band to the left thigh. Mice in one IR group were sacrificed immediately after reperfusion. The other 2 IR groups were injected once with either 0.75 g GLN/kg body weight (G group) or an equal volume of saline (S group) via tail vein before reperfusion. Mice in the S and G groups were subdivided and sacrificed at 4 or 24 hours after reperfusion.
  
  
  
  IR enhanced the inflammatory cytokine gene expressions in muscle. Also, plasma interleukin (IL)-6 levels, blood neutrophil percentage, and the adhesion molecule and chemokine receptors expressed by leukocytes were upregulated after reperfusion. The IR-induced muscle inflammatory mediator gene expressions, blood macrophage percentage, and plasma IL-6 concentration had declined at an early or a late phase of reperfusion when GLN was administered. Histologic findings also found that remote lung injury was attenuated during IR insult.
  
  
  
  A single dose of GLN administration immediately after sublethal lower limb ischemia reduces the inflammatory reaction locally and systemically; this may offer local and distant organ protection in hind limb IR injury.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Juey-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Man-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiu-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan sangling@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Sung-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005973:Glutamine
keywords: adhesion molecule; glutamine; hind limb; inflammatory mediator; ischemia reperfusion injury