title: Influence of dietary intake of fish oil, magnesium, and zinc on metabolic parameters among individuals tested for diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the significance and degree of correlation between the intake of fish oil, magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) and metabolic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation coefficients among nutrient intake and physical and laboratory parameters were determined using Spearman's rho (ρ) test or a multiple regression model among Japanese individuals (male:female, 37:66; median age, 55 y) who completed a semiquantitative food questionnaire and underwent testing for diabetes. Individuals with diabetes were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spearman's test revealed several weak but significant correlations between intake of fish oil including ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and various metabolic parameters. The test showed that Zn intake in women significantly correlated with reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GPT), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Multivariate analysis revealed that intake of fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and Zn was significantly associated with increased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; fish oil versus HDL-C, P = 0.0438; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0055-0.3724; EPA versus HDL-C, P = 0.0439; 95% CI, 0.0053-0.3724; Zn versus HDL-C, P = 0.0041; 95% CI, 0.0890-0.4609). Multivariate analysis revealed that ω-3 PUFAs were associated with decreased serum ALT levels (P = 0.0240; 95% CI, -5.000 to -0.0367) and that Zn correlated with SBP (P = 0.0239; 95% CI, -0.5149 to -0.0377) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of fish oil, Mg, and Zn was associated with some metabolic parameters. Abundant intake of fish oil including ω-3 PUFAs and Zn can exert antiarteriosclerotic effects through increasing serum levels of HDL-C. ω-3 PUFAs can reduce liver inflammation and Zn can reduce SBP in women.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisayo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan. Electronic address: Yoshinao@hac.mie-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.affiliation: Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan; Yokkaichi-Hazu Medical Center, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Yokkaichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumida
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Docosahexaenoic; Eicosapentaenoic; Insulin resistance; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Renal function