title: Pitfalls and Limitations of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Urinary Bladder Cancer.
abstract: Adequately selecting a therapeutic approach for bladder cancer depends on accurate grading and staging. Substantial inaccuracy of clinical staging with bimanual examination, cystoscopy, and transurethral resection of bladder tumor has facilitated the increasing utility of magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate bladder cancer. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. The high tissue contrast between cancers and surrounding tissues on DWI is derived from the difference of water molecules motion. DWI is potentially a useful tool for the detection, characterization, and staging of bladder cancers; it can also monitor posttreatment response and provide information on predicting tumor biophysical behaviors. Despite advancements in DWI techniques and the use of quantitative analysis to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient values, there are some inherent limitations in DWI interpretation related to relatively poor spatial resolution, lack of cancer specificity, and lack of standardized image acquisition protocols and data analysis procedures that restrict the application of DWI and reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient values. In addition, inadequate bladder distension, artifacts, thinness of bladder wall, cancerous mimickers of normal bladder wall and benign lesions, and variations in the manifestation of bladder cancer may interfere with diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. Recognition of these pitfalls and limitations can minimize their impact on image interpretation, and carefully applying the analyzed results and combining with pathologic grading and staging to clinical practice can contribute to the selection of an adequate treatment method to improve patient care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital; No. 2, Yuh-Der Rd, Taichung 40447, Taiwan (R.O.C.); School of Medicine, China Medical University; No.91, Syueshih Rd, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
authors.forename: Wei-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University; No.1, Yida Rd, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine; No. 164, Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. Electronic address: jeonhc@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Jeon-Hor
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Apparent diffusion coefficient; Bladder cancer; Diagnosis; Diffusion-weighted imaging