title: End stage renal disease as a modifier of the periodontal microbiome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence supports high prevalence of periodontitis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Several renal factors have been proposed as possible modifiers of periodontitis pathogenesis in this population. In this cross sectional study, we investigated whether distinct microbial profiles in renal patients could explain high periodontitis prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the subgingival microbiome in 14 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and 13 control individuals with chronic periodontitis with similar demographic and clinical parameters. Medical, demographic and periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from the deepest pocket in two different quadrants and characterized via 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 874 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTU) across samples. Renal and control groups did not differ in the individual proportions of periodontitis-associated taxa. However, in principal coordinate plots of distance among samples based on OTU prevalence, some renal patients clustered apart from controls, with the microbial communities of these outlier subjects showing less diversity. Univariate correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between dialysis vintage and community diversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the study limitations, dialysis vintage was associated with a less diverse periodontal microbial community in ESRD suggesting the need for further research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. michel.furtado@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Michel V Furtado
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. bhong@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Bo-Young
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. plfava@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. shezak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shiza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA. burleson@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Burleson
authors.affiliation: Bay State Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA. georgefaresmd@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fares
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA. wilner.samson@chshartford.org.
authors.forename: Wilner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Genetics and Technologies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. linda.strausbaugh@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Strausbaugh
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. pdiaz@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Patricia I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030-1710, USA. Ioannidou@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Effie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ioannidou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010519:Periodontium / Q000382:microbiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S