title: Subversion of Cell Cycle Regulatory Mechanisms by HIV.
abstract: To establish a productive infection, HIV-1 must counteract cellular innate immune mechanisms and redirect cellular processes toward viral replication. Recent studies have discovered that HIV-1 and other primate immunodeficiency viruses subvert cell cycle regulatory mechanisms to achieve these ends. The viral Vpr and Vpx proteins target cell cycle controls to counter innate immunity. The cell-cycle-related protein Cyclin L2 is also utilized to counter innate immunity. The viral Tat protein utilizes Cyclin T1 to activate proviral transcription, and regulation of Cyclin T1 levels in CD4(+) T cells has important consequences for viral replication and latency. This review will summarize this emerging evidence that primate immunodeficiency viruses subvert cell cycle regulatory mechanisms to enhance replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: arice@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kimata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D056906:Cyclin T / Q000378:metabolism; D016213:Cyclins / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045522:Recombinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C483080:CCNL2 protein, human; D056906:Cyclin T; D016213:Cyclins; D045522:Recombinases; D014157:Transcription Factors; C074286:VPX protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 2; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514912:vpr protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C542319:SLX4 protein, human; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins