title: Genotype to phenotype, the molecular and physiological dimensions of resistance in arthropods.
abstract: The recent accumulation of molecular studies on mutations in insects, ticks and mites conferring resistance to insecticides, acaricides and biopesticides is reviewed. Resistance is traditionally classified by physiological and biochemical criteria, such as target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance. However, mutations are discrete molecular changes that differ in their intrinsic frequency, effects on gene dosage and fitness consequences. These attributes in turn impact the population genetics of resistance and resistance management strategies, thus calling for a molecular genetic classification. Mutations in structural genes remain the most abundantly described, mostly in genes coding for target proteins. These provide the most compelling examples of parallel mutations in response to selection. Mutations causing upregulation and downregulation of genes, both in cis (in the gene itself) and in trans (in regulatory processes) remain difficult to characterize precisely. Gene duplications and gene disruption are increasingly reported. Gene disruption appears prevalent in the case of multiple, hetero-oligomeric or redundant targets.
authors.affiliation: INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France. Electronic address: rene.feyereisen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feyereisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: wannes.dermauw@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Wannes
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dermauw
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: T.B.S.VanLeeuwen@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005838:Genotype; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Gene amplification; Gene disruption; Gene duplication; Point mutation; Selection; Transposable element