title: An evaluation of antifungal agents for the treatment of fungal contamination in indoor air environments.
abstract: Fungal contamination in indoor environments has been associated with adverse health effects for the inhabitants. Remediation of fungal contamination requires removal of the fungi present and modifying the indoor environment to become less favourable to growth.  This may include treatment of indoor environments with an antifungal agent to prevent future growth. However there are limited published data or advice on chemical agents suitable for indoor fungal remediation. The aim of this study was to assess the relative efficacies of five commercially available cleaning agents with published or anecdotal use for indoor fungal remediation. The five agents included two common multi-purpose industrial disinfectants (Cavicide® and Virkon®), 70% ethanol, vinegar (4.0%-4.2% acetic acid), and a plant-derived compound (tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil) tested in both a liquid and vapour form. Tea tree oil has recently generated interest for its antimicrobial efficacy in clinical settings, but has not been widely employed for fungal remediation. Each antifungal agent was assessed for fungal growth inhibition using a disc diffusion method against a representative species from two common fungal genera, (Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum), which were isolated from air samples and are commonly found in indoor air. Tea tree oil demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of both fungi, applied in either a liquid or vapour form. Cavicide® and Virkon® demonstrated similar, although less, growth inhibition of both genera. Vinegar (4.0%-4.2% acetic acid) was found to only inhibit the growth of P. chrysogenum, while 70% ethanol was found to have no inhibitory effect on the growth of either fungi. There was a notable inhibition in sporulation, distinct from growth inhibition after exposure to tea tree oil, Virkon®, Cavicide® and vinegar. Results demonstrate that common cleaning and antifungal agents differ in their capacity to inhibit the growth of fungal genera found in the indoor air environment. The results indicate that tea tree oil was the most effective antifungal agent tested, and may have industrial application for the remediation of fungal contamination in residential and occupational buildings.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. Sentha.Rogawansamy@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Senthaamarai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogawansamy
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. sharyn.gaskin@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sharyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaskin
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. michael.taylor@flinders.edu.au.|Health and Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia. michael.taylor@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Discipline of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. dino.pisaniello@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pisaniello
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004202:Disinfectants; D000431:Ethanol; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010408:Penicillium chrysogenum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020947:Tea Tree Oil
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D000431:Ethanol; D020947:Tea Tree Oil; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Airborne fungi; indoor air quality (IAQ); inhibition zone; tea tree oil; vinegar