title: Dietary Carbohydrate Intake Does Not Impact Insulin Resistance or Androgens in Healthy, Eumenorrheic Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet is proposed to contribute to androgen-related reproductive dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the association between dietary macronutrient intake, carbohydrate fraction intake, and overall diet quality on androgens and related hormones, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and insulin, in healthy, regularly menstruating women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study from 2005 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the University at Buffalo, western New York State, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 259 eumenorrheic women without a self-reported history of infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or other endocrine disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 24-hour dietary recall was administered 4 times per menstrual cycle, and hormones were measured 5 to 8 times per cycle for 1 (n = 9) or 2 (n = 250) cycles per woman (n = 509 cycles). Associations between the dietary intake of carbohydrates (starch, sugar, sucrose, and fiber), macronutrients, overall diet quality and hormones (insulin, AMH, and total and free testosterone), as well as the relationship of dietary intake with occurrences of high total testosterone combined with high AMH (fourth quartile of each), ie, the "PCOS-like phenotype," were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant relationships were identified between dietary intake of carbohydrates, percent calories from any macronutrient or overall diet quality (ie, Mediterranean diet score) and relevant hormones (insulin, AMH, and total and free testosterone). Likewise, no significant relationships were identified between dietary factors and the occurrence of a subclinical PCOS-like phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite evidence of a subclinical continuum of a PCOS-related phenotype of elevated androgens and AMH related to sporadic anovulation identified in previous studies, dietary carbohydrate and diet quality do not appear to relate to these subclinical endocrine characteristics in women without overt PCOS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Lindsey A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sjaarda
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Enrique F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Schisterman
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Schliep
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Torie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plowden
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Shvetha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zarek
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Edwina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wactawski-Wende
authors.affiliation: Division of Intramural Population Health Research (L.A.S., E.F.S., K.C.S., T.P., S.M.Z., E.Y., S.L.M.) and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology (T.P., S.M.Z.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (J.W.W.), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.
authors.forename: Sunni L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mumford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates