title: Diagnostic yield of hair and urine toxicology testing in potential child abuse cases.
abstract: Detection of drugs in a child may be the first objective finding that can be reported in cases of suspected child abuse. Hair and urine toxicology testing, when performed as part of the initial clinical evaluation for suspected child abuse or maltreatment, may serve to facilitate the identification of at-risk children. Furthermore, significant environmental exposure to a drug (considered by law to constitute child abuse in some states) may be identified by toxicology testing of unwashed hair specimens. In order to determine the clinical utility of hair and urine toxicology testing in this population we performed a retrospective chart review on all children for whom hair toxicology testing was ordered at our academic medical center between January 2004 and April 2014. The medical records of 616 children aged 0-17.5 years were reviewed for injury history, previous medication and illicit drug use by caregiver(s), urine drug screen result (if performed), hair toxicology result, medication list, and outcome of any child abuse evaluation. Hair toxicology testing was positive for at least one compound in 106 cases (17.2%), with unexplained drugs in 82 cases (13.3%). Of these, there were 48 cases in which multiple compounds (including combination of parent drugs and/or metabolites within the same drug class) were identified in the sample of one patient. The compounds most frequently identified in the hair of our study population included cocaine, benzoylecgonine, native (unmetabolized) tetrahydrocannabinol, and methamphetamine. There were 68 instances in which a parent drug was identified in the hair without any of its potential metabolites, suggesting environmental exposure. Among the 82 cases in which hair toxicology testing was positive for unexplained drugs, a change in clinical outcome was noted in 71 cases (86.5%). Urine drug screens (UDS) were performed in 457 of the 616 reviewed cases. Of these, over 95% of positive UDS results could be explained by iatrogenic drug administration. There were no cases in which a urine drug screen alone altered the outcome of a case. In summary, hair toxicology testing proved clinically useful in the evaluation of a child for suspected abuse; in contrast, urine drug testing showed low clinical yield.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Electronic address: mkrasows@healthcare.uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Krasowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D009294:Narcotics
keywords: Amphetamines; Benzodiazepines; Cannabis; Child abuse; Cocaine; Opioid analgesics