title: C-Reactive protein and insulin growth factor 1 serum levels during the menstrual cycle in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate C-reactive protein, insulin growth factor 1 and lipid levels during the follicular and luteal phases in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (N = 40) and healthy controls (C; N = 43) were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles. C-Reactive protein, insulin growth factor 1 and lipid levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes exhibited higher C-reactive protein levels than the C group during the follicular (P < 0.0001) and luteal phases (P < 0.01). The elevation of C-reactive protein levels was more pronounced in overweight adolescents with Type 1 diabetes than in adolescents in the C group. More adolescents with Type 1 diabetes were classified as having an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (C-reactive protein > 3 mg/l) in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (37.5% and 17.5%, respectively); half of the overweight adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in the luteal phase reached this level. BMI was the only significant factor affecting follicular and luteal phase C-reactive protein levels in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Lower insulin growth factor 1 levels were observed during both phases of the menstrual cycle in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes compared with controls. An elevation in insulin growth factor 1 levels in the luteal phase relative to the follicular phase was observed in controls, but not in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Luteal insulin growth factor 1 and C-reactive protein exhibited an inverse correlation (r = -0.4, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes have higher C-reactive protein levels and lower insulin growth factor 1 levels relative to controls, especially during the luteal phase. Type 1 diabetes diminishes the natural elevation in insulin growth factor 1 levels observed during the luteal phase in controls. Excess weight exacerbates the subclinical inflammatory state observed during both phases of the menstrual cycle in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Codner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Cytogenetics Laboratory, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hospital Sótero del Rio, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iñiguez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cassorla
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Nutrition Department, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perez-Bravo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005498:Follicular Phase / Q000097:blood*; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000032:analysis*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008183:Luteal Phase / Q000097:blood*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D012306:Risk; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; D008055:Lipids; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D002097:C-Reactive Protein