title: Familial Risk in Low-Income Children With Chronic Illness Exposed to Passive Smoke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study highlights the family characteristics of a child living in a state of triple risk: chronically ill, exposed to passive smoke, and residing in a low-income household.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head Start families were divided into 4 groups based on passive smoke exposure and child chronic illness status. Analyses of covariance controlling for parent education, parent employment, marital status, and residence were conducted to identify group differences in the Family Map risk areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Families of chronically ill, passive smoke-exposed children demonstrated the highest levels of risks across a range of areas including: meeting basic needs, family conflict, parenting stress, and parental depression and anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children living in poverty with a chronic illness who are exposed to smoke are likely to face many challenges in addition to their illness. Healthcare professionals can identify family risks and provide targeted educate and support to potentially reduce risk factors for children.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA tswindle@uams.edu.
authors.forename: Taren M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Swindle
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shapley
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Angie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyzer
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Rajalakshmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cheerla
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Whiteside-Mansell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: child well-being; chronic illness; family risk; passive smoke exposure; poverty