title: Dietary, supplement, and adipose tissue tocopherol levels in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness among African and European Americans: The North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversies remain over the safety and efficacy of vitamin E (i.e., α-tocopherol) supplementation use for the prevention of prostate cancer (CaP); however, associations of different tocopherol forms and CaP aggressiveness have yet to be examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined whether food intake of tocopherols, vitamin E supplement use, and adipose tissue biomarkers of tocopherol were associated with CaP aggressiveness among African-American (AA, n = 1,023) and European-American (EA, n = 1,079) men diagnosed with incident CaP. Dietary tocopherols were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire, supplement use from questionnaire/inventory, and biomarkers from abdominal adipose samples measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated from logistic regression comparing high-aggressive CaP to low/intermediate aggressive CaP, adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intakes of α-and δ-tocopherol were related inversely to CaP aggressiveness among EAs [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartile: α-tocopherol, 0.34 (0.17-0.69), P(trend)  = 0.006; δ-tocopherol, 0.45 (0.21-0.95) P(trend)  = 0.007]. Inverse associations between dietary and supplemental α-tocopherol and CaP aggressiveness were observed among AAs, though these did not reach statistical significance [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartile: dietary α-tocopherol, 0.58 (0.28-1.19), P(trend)  = 0.20; supplemental α-tocopherol, 0.64 (0.31-1.21) P(trend)  = 0.15]. No significant association was observed between adipose tocopherol levels and CaP aggressiveness [OR (95%CI), highest versus lowest quartiles of α-tocopherol for EAs 1.43 (0.66-3.11) and AAs 0.66 (0.27-1.62)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inverse associations observed between dietary sources of tocopherols and CaP aggressiveness suggests a beneficial role of food sources of these tocopherols in CaP aggressiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Samuel O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Antwi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.|Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: L Joseph
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.|Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T H
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Fontham
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeannette T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arab
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009657:North Carolina; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D024505:Tocopherols
keywords: adipose tissue; diet; nutritional biomarkers; prostate cancer; supplement; tocopherols; vitamin E