title: Lower pole anatomy and mid-renal-zone classification applied to flexible ureteroscopy: experimental study using human three-dimensional endocasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomy of the inferior pole collecting system and the mid-renal-zone classification in human endocasts applied to flexible ureteroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  170 three-dimensional polyester resin endocasts of the kidney collecting system were obtained from 85 adult cadavers. We divided the endocasts into four groups: A1--kidney midzone (KM), drained by minor calices (mc) that are dependent on the superior or the inferior caliceal groups; A2--KM drained by crossed calices; B1--KM drained by a major caliceal group independent of both the superior and inferior groups; and B2--KM drained by mc entering directly into the renal pelvis. We studied the number of calices, the angle between the lower infundibulum and renal pelvis and the angle between the lower infundibulum and the inferior mc (LIICA). Means were statistically compared using ANOVA and the unpaired T test (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 57 (33.53 %) endocasts of group A1; 23 (13.53 %) of group A2; 59 (34.71 %) of group B1; and 31 (18.23 %) of group B2. The inferior pole was drained by four or more calices in 84 cases (49.41 %), distributed into groups as follows: A1 = 35 cases (41.67 %); A2 = 18 (21.43 %); B1 = 22 (26.19 %); and B2 = 9 (10.71 %). Perpendicular mc were observed in 15 cases (8.82 %). We did not observe statistical differences between the LIICA in the groups studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collector systems with kidney midzone drained by minor calices that are dependent on the superior or on the inferior caliceal groups presented at least two restrictive anatomical features. The mid-renal-zone classification was predictive of anatomical risk factors for lower pole ureteroscopy difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marroig
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. lufavorito@Yahoo.com.br.|, Rua Professor Gabizo, 104/201, Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20271-320, Brazil. lufavorito@Yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Luciano Alves
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Favorito
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.affiliation: Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008954:Models, Biological; D014513:Ureter / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018666:Ureteroscopy
keywords: Endocasts; Flexible ureteroscopy; Kidney anatomy; Lower pole anatomy