title: A mathematical model of pH, based on the total stoichiometric concentration of acids, bases and ampholytes dissolved in water.
abstract: In chemistry and in acid-base physiology, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation plays a pivotal role in studying the behaviour of the buffer solutions. However, it seems that the general function to calculate the valence of acids, bases and ampholytes, N = f(pH), at any pH, has only been provided by Kildeberg. This equation can be applied to strong acids and bases, pluriprotic weak acids, bases and ampholytes, with an arbitrary number of acid strength constants, pKA, including water. By differentiating this function with respect to pH, we obtain the general equation for the buffer value. In addition, by integrating the titration curve, TA, proposed by Kildeberg, and calculating its Legendre transform, we obtain the Gibbs free energy of pH (or pOH)-dependent titratable acid. Starting from the law of electroneutrality and applying suitable simplifications, it is possible to calculate the pH of the buffer solutions by numerical methods, available in software packages such as Excel. The concept of buffer capacity has also been clarified by Urbansky, but, at variance with our approach, not in an organic manner. In fact, for each set of monobasic, dibasic, tribasic acids, etc., various equations are presented which independently fit each individual acid-base category. Consequently, with the increase in acid groups (pKA), the equations become more and more difficult, both in practice and in theory. Some examples are proposed to highlight the boundary that exists between acid-base physiology and the thermodynamic concepts of energy, chemical potential, amount of substance and acid resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Civil and University Hospital , Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine , Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mioni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mioni
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002021:Buffers; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D002021:Buffers; D014867:Water
keywords: Base excess; Gibbs free energy; Gibbs-Duhem relation; excess chemical potential; non-metabolizable base; numerical solver; strong ion difference; titratable acid; titratable acid resistance; valence