title: Epidemiological evidence that indoor air pollution from cooking with solid fuels accelerates skin aging in Chinese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, we showed that outdoor air pollution exposure from traffic and industry is associated with an increased risk of skin aging in Caucasian women. In China, indoor air pollution exposure caused by the use of solid fuels like coal is a major health problem and might also increase the risk of skin aging in Chinese women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As cooking with solid fuels is a major source of indoor air pollution exposure in China, we aimed to test if cooking with solid fuels is associated with more pronounced skin aging in Chinese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted two cross-sectional studies in China to assess the association between cooking with solid fuels and signs of skin aging. In Pingding (in northern China) we assessed N=405 and in Taizhou (in southern China) N=857 women between 30 and 90 years of age. Skin aging was evaluated by the SCINEXA score. Indoor air pollution exposure, sun exposure, smoking and other confounders were assessed by questionnaires. Associations were then tested by linear and logistic regression analyses adjusted for further confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis showed that cooking with solid fuels was significantly associated with a 5-8% more severe wrinkle appearance on face and an 74% increased risk of having fine wrinkles on back of hands in both studies combined, independent of age and other influences on skin aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present studies thus corroborate our previous finding that air pollution is associated with skin aging and extend it by showing that indoor air pollution might be another risk factor for skin aging.
authors.affiliation: IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China; China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Miaozhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vierkötter
authors.affiliation: IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany; Swiss Tropical Institute of Public Health, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schikowski
authors.affiliation: IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hüls
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China; China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Anan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: The Estee Lauder Companies Inc, Melville, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: The Estee Lauder Companies Inc, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Binwei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive & Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Aiguo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jingze
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China; China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: jean.krutmann@iuf.duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krutmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive & Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: lizw@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhiwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China; China Medical City Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, China; Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: wangsijia@picb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Sijia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China; D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D015595:Skin Aging
chemical_list: D005579:Fossil Fuels
keywords: Chinese population; Cooking with solid fuels; Indoor air pollution exposure; Skin aging