title: Validation of diet and urinary excretion derived estimates of sodium excretion against 24-h urine excretion in a worksite sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate diet and urinary excretion derived estimates of sodium intake against those derived from 24-h urine collections in an Irish manufacturing workplace sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have compared daily sodium (Na) excretion from PABA validated 24-h urine collections with estimated daily sodium excretion derived from the following methods: a standard Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), a modified 24-h dietary recall method, arithmetic extrapolations from morning and evening spot urine samples, predicted sodium excretion from morning and evening spot urine samples using Tanaka's, Kawasaki's and the INTERSALT formula. All were assessed using mean differences (SD), Bland-Altman plots, correlation coefficients and ROC Area under the Curve (AUC) for a cut off of ≥100 mmol of Na/day. The Food Choice at Work study recruited 802 participants aged 18-64 years, 50 of whom formed the validation sample. The mean measured 24-h urinary sodium (gold standard) was 138 mmol/day (8.1 g salt). At the group level, mean differences were small for both dietary methods and for the arithmetic extrapolations from morning urine samples. The Tanaka, Kawasaki and INTERSALT methods provided biased estimates of 24-h urinary sodium. R(2) values for all methods ranged from 0.1 to 0.48 and AUC findings from 0.57 to 0.76.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither dietary nor spot urine sample methods provide adequate validity in the estimation of 24-h urinary sodium at the individual level. However, group mean errors from dietary methods are small and random and compare favourably with those from spot urine samples in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: c.kelly@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: f.geaney@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Geaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: t.fitzgerald@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: g.browne@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland. Electronic address: i.perry@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013995:Time; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People; D017132:Workplace; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
keywords: 24-h dietary recall; 24-h urine collection; Dietary sodium; Spot urine; Urinary sodium