title: Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation by Ginsenoside Rg3 in RAW264.7 Cells via RANKL, JNK and p38 MAPK Pathways Through a Modulation of Cathepsin K: An In Silico and In Vitro Study.
abstract: Various studies have demonstrated that overexpression of cathepsin K (Cat-K) causes excessive bone loss, which ultimately leads to a variety of bone diseases including osteoporosis. Therefore, inhibition of Cat-K signifies a potential therapeutic target in osteoporosis treatment. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most promising compound of Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) with numerous biological activities. Thus, in recent study the inhibitory effect of Rg3 isolated from P. ginseng was investigated in order to impede the osteoclast activity by an in silico approach followed by in vitro study validation using RAW264.7 cells through the investigation of different biological activity prediction such as absorption distribution metabolism and excretion (ADMET) properties against Cat-K protein. The docking results of our study showed that Rg3 is a non-toxic compound and may act as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, the molecular interaction of Rg3 with the active residues of Cat-K markedly describes its inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis. Findings of the present study exhibited that Rg3 significantly reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, pit formation (actin rings), and TRAP-positive multinucleated cells development in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, Rg3 dose-dependently reduced the mRNA expression levels of osteoclast-specific markers such as RANK, TRAP, and Cat-K induced by RANKL through the down regulation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. In conclusion, in silico docking study and in vitro validation together suggested that Rg3 inhibits osteoclastogenesis and reduces bone resorption through the inhibition of Cat-K. Therefore, Rg3 might be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and proper bone formation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Muhammad Hanif
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sungeun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Shakina Yesmin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Simu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Mohamed Antar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Natarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sathishkumar
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Zuly Elizabeth
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Jiménez Pérez
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggido, 449-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Deok-Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: RANKL; bone resorption; ginsenosides; osteoclast; p38 MAPK/ERK, NF-kB, RAW264.7 cells