title: Expression patterns of immune genes in long-term cultured dental stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term culture system is used to prevent the impediment of insufficient cells and is good for low starting materials such as dental pulp or periodontal ligament. In general, although cell viability and functionality are the most common aspects taken into consideration in culturing cells for a long term, they may not truly represent the biological state of the cells. Hence, we explored the behaviour of another important aspect which is the immune properties in long-term cultured cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental pulp stem cells from deciduous (SHED; n = 3) and permanent (DPSCs; n = 3) teeth as well as periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs; n = 3) were cultured under identical culture condition. The immune properties of each cell lines were profiled at passage 2 [P2] and passage 9 [P9] as early and late passages, respectively. This was further validated at the protein level using the Luminex platform.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A major shift of genes was noticed at P9 with SHED being the highest. SHED cultured at P9 displayed many genes representing pathogen recognition (P < 0.001), immune signalling (P < 0.001, pro-inflammatory (P < 0.001), anti-inflammatory (P < 0.001) and immune-related growth and stimulation factor (P < 0.001) as compared to DPSCs and PDLSCs. Surprisingly, SHED also expressed many cytotoxicity genes (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Communally, instabilities of immune genes from our findings suggest that long-term cultured cells may not be feasible for transplantation purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A complete biological characterization covering all major aspects including immune properties should be made as prerequisite criteria prior to the use of long-term cultured stem cells in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: GMP compliant Stem Cells Laboratory, Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex, No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Precinct 10, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia.|Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Pukana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.affiliation: GMP compliant Stem Cells Laboratory, Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex, No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Precinct 10, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia. vijay@hygieiainnovation.com.
authors.forename: Vijayendran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Govindasamy
authors.affiliation: GMP compliant Stem Cells Laboratory, Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex, No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Precinct 10, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia.|Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nareshwaran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gnanasegaran
authors.affiliation: GMP compliant Stem Cells Laboratory, Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex, No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Precinct 10, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia.|Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wijenthiran
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kunasekaran
authors.affiliation: GMP compliant Stem Cells Laboratory, Hygieia Innovation Sdn. Bhd, Federal Territory of Putrajaya, Lot 1G-2G, Lanai Complex, No.2, Persiaran Seri Perdana, Precinct 10, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia.|Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Punitha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasanthan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sabrim@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Sabri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Hayaty Abu
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kasim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Chemokine; Cytokines; Gene expression profile; Growth factors; Immune properties; Regenerative medicine