title: Autophagy Plays a Cytoprotective Role During Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Damage in Primary Neuronal Cultures.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) induces significant oxidative damage in cells. Recently, it was reported that autophagy could be induced by Cd in neurons. However, little is known about the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during Cd-induced autophagy. In our study, we examined the cross-talk between ROS and autophagy by using N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant) and chloroquine (CQ, a pharmacological inhibitor of autophagy) in a primary rat neuronal cell cultures. We observed accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles and the increased expression of endogenous protein light chain 3 (LC3) in Cd-treated neurons, revealing that Cd induced a high level of autophagy. Moreover, increased levels of ROS were observed in neurons treated with Cd, showing that ROS accumulation was closely associated with neuron's exposure to Cd. Furthermore, we found that autophagy was inhibited by using CQ and/or NAC with further aggravation of mitochondrial damage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and hypoploid apoptotic cell number in Cd-treated neurons. These results proved that autophagy has a cytoprotective role during Cd-induced toxicity in neurons, and it can prevent the oxidative damage. These findings may enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Bijie Pilot Area Research Institute of Bijie University, Bijie, 551700, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruilong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kangbao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianchun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuezhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China. zongpingliu@126.com.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China. zongpingliu@126.com.
authors.forename: Zongping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D001343:Autophagy; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000196:embryology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000737:chemistry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000111:Acetylcysteine; D000975:Antioxidants; D002104:Cadmium; D002738:Chloroquine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C526109:Anxa3 protein, rat
keywords: Autophagy; Cadmium; Cortical neurons; Oxidative damage; Reactive oxygen species