title: [Obesity: Paradigm of Endothelial Dysfunction in Paediatric Age Groups].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is considered a global epidemic with important public health issues as it is an independent risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Approximately 10% of the worldâÄôs paediatric population has excess weight or obesity and 40% of these will be obese adults. Obesity is characterized by a chronic, low grade, pro-inflammatory process that ultimately results in endothelial dysfunction, the trigger lesion leading to adult cardiovascular disease. This leads to an imbalance in the synthesis of mediators that normally regulate vascular homeostasis, particularly nitric oxide bioavailability, favoring a pro-atherosclerotic status, the hallmark of cardiovascular disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These changes begin early in childhood and anatomopathological studies in children with excess weight or obesity have shown endothelial changes that represent the precursors of the atherosclerotic lesion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelial dysfunction is the earliest manifestation of the atherosclerotic lesion. It is evident in obese children and, as such, it potentially contributes towards cardiovascular disease in the adult.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the clinical impact of these changes rarely manifest themselves in infancy, the presence of related biomarkers as well as vascular morphological changes can, at this early stage, be found and assessed.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica. Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra. Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica. Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra. Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castela
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia. Instituto de Imagem Biomédica e Ciências da Vida (IBILI). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia. Instituto de Imagem Biomédica e Ciências da Vida (IBILI). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seiça
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*