title: Anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin in the human gingival keratinocyte line NDUSD-1.
abstract: Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and can contribute to the development of other diseases. Inflammation in oral lichen planus is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease that acts through cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells to trigger apoptosis of keratinocytes. However, the specific cause of oral lichen planus remains unknown and no effective medical treatment has yet been established. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment with capacity for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated whether astaxanthin could be used to improve the pathology of oral lichen planus by reducing inflammation. In particular, the anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin on the chronic inflammation caused by lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli O55 in human gingival keratinocytes (NDUSD-1) were evaluated. Following astaxanthin treatment, localization of nuclear factor κB/p65 and the level of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) tended to decrease, and cell proliferation significantly increased in vitro. These results suggest that astaxanthin could be useful for improving chronic inflammation such as that associated with oral lichen planus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mataga
keywords: astaxanthin; chronic inflammation; human gingival keratinocyte; inflammatory cytokine; nuclear factor κB/p65