title: A comparison of three amperometric phenoloxidase-Sonogel-Carbon based biosensors for determination of polyphenols in beers.
abstract: Three phenoloxidases based biosensors were successfully developed using as electrochemical transducer a new type of electrode recently developed by our group: the "Sonogel-Carbon electrode". The employed enzymes were Trametes versicolor laccase (Lac), Mushroom tyrosinase (Tyr), and Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Immobilization step was accomplished by doping the electrode surface with a mixture of the individual enzyme and Nafion ion exchanger as additive-protective. The biosensor responses, optimized in beer real samples, were evaluated for five individual polyphenols. It was found that the developed biosensors were sensitive to nanomolar concentrations of the tested polyphenols. As example, the limit of detection, sensitivity, and response linear range for caffeic acid for Nafion-Lac/Sonogel-Carbon biosensor were 0.06μmolL(-1), 99.6nAμmol(-1)L, and 0.04-2μmolL(-1), respectively. The stability and reproducibility of the biosensors were evaluated by applying them directly to beer real samples. It has been demonstrated that the Nafion-Lac/Sonogel-Carbon system is the more stable with a relative standard deviation of 3.3% (n=10), maintaining 84% of its stable response for at least three weeks. Estimation of polyphenol index in eight lager beers and a comparison of the results with those obtained by a classical method was carried out.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ElKaoutit
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naranjo-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Departement de Chimie, Equipe de Recherche Electrochimie et Systèmes Interfaciaux. Faculté des Siences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II-93002, Tétouan, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khalid Riffi
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Temsamani
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hernández-Artiga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bellido-Milla
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apdo. 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain. Electronic address: jluis.hidalgo@uca.es.
authors.forename: Jose Luis Hidalgo-Hidalgo de
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cisneros
keywords: Amperometric biosensors; Bioelectrochemical index; Lager beers; Phenoloxidase enzymes; Polyphenols; Sonogel–Carbon electrode