title: The influence of exercise and dehydration on the urine concentrations of salbutamol after inhaled administration of 1600 µg salbutamol as a single dose in relation to doping analysis.
abstract: The present study investigated the influence of exercise and dehydration on the urine concentrations of salbutamol after inhalation of that maximal permitted (1600 µg) on the 2015 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Thirteen healthy males participated in the study. Urine concentrations of salbutamol were measured during three conditions: exercise (EX), exercise+dehydration (EXD), and rest (R). Exercise consisted of 75 min cycling at 60% of VO2max and a 20-km time-trial. Fluid intake was 2300, 270, and 1100 mL during EX, EXD, and R, respectively. Urine samples of salbutamol were collected 0-24 h after drug administration. Adjustment of urine concentrations of salbutamol to a specific gravity (USG) of 1.020 g/mL was compared with no adjustment. The 2015 WADA decision limit (1200 ng/mL) for salbutamol was exceeded in 23, 31, and 10% of the urine samples during EX, EXD, and R, respectively, when unadjusted for USG. When adjusted for USG, the corresponding percentages fell to 21, 15, and 8%. During EXD, mean urine concentrations of salbutamol exceeded (1325±599 ng/mL) the decision limit 4 h after administration when unadjusted for USG. Serum salbutamol Cmax was lower (P<0.01) for R(3.0±0.7 ng/mL) than EX(3.8±0.8 ng/mL) and EXD(3.6±0.8 ng/mL). AUC was lower for R (14.1±2.8 ng/mL·∙h) than EX (16.9±2.9 ng/mL·∙h)(P<0.01) and EXD (16.1±3.2 ng/mL·∙h)(P<0.05). In conclusion, exercise and dehydration affect urine concentrations of salbutamol and increase the risk of Adverse Analytical Findings in samples collected after inhalation of that maximal permitted (1600 µg) for salbutamol. This should be taken into account when evaluating doping cases of salbutamol. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christoffer Bjerre
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Haase
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|IOC Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rzeppa
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hemmersbach
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|IOC Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hostrup
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003681:Dehydration / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D015444:Exercise; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012146:Rest; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D003404:Creatinine; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: WADA; beta2-adrenoceptor agonists; doping; pharmacology; urine specific gravity