title: Comparing acute toxicity of gunshot particles, from firing conventional and lead-free ammunition, in pulmonary epithelial cell cultures.
abstract: Numerous studies demonstrated that the use of lead (Pb)-containing ammunition is associated with mainly chronic health problems and also is a burden on the environment and wildlife. Recently, a number of reports showed evidence of undesirable acute health effects related to the use of newly developed Pb-free small-caliber ammunition. In this study, particles from leaded and Pb-free ammunition were collected in liquid collection medium, in a highly controlled chamber, while firing a pistol (9 mm) or a rifle (7.62 × 51 mm). The emitted particles were typically smaller than 4 μm, with the great majority in even smaller size ranges, as shown by gravimetrical analysis and a multistage impactor. Chemical analysis revealed significant differences in content and concentration of several metals in the particles. After administration of the liquids to alveolar and bronchial in vitro cell systems, particles were taken up by the cells; the Pb-free particles displayed higher cytotoxicity (EC50 = 2 μg/cm(2)) than particles from Pb ammunition. High correlation factors (>0.9) were found between cell death and content of copper and zinc. Particles from both Pb-containing and Pb-free ammunition were able to induce oxidative stress and the proinflammatory marker interleukin (IL)-8 in both in vitro systems. These results support previous findings that indicate an association between gunshot emissions and metal fume fever. This study demonstrates the usefulness of combining chemical data with biological in vitro responses in assessing acute toxicological effects from emissions from firing both Pb and Pb-free ammunition.
authors.affiliation: a Division of CBRN Defense and Security , Swedish Defense Research Agency , Umeå , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekstrand-Hammarström
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hägglund
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wingfors
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species