title: Human neutrophil antigen profiles in Banjar, Bugis, Champa, Jawa and Kelantan Malays in Peninsular Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human neutrophil antigens (HNA) are polymorphic and immunogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal alloimmune neutropenia, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia. The characterisation of HNA at a population level is important for predicting the risk of alloimmunisation associated with blood transfusion and gestation and for anthropological studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples from 192 healthy, unrelated Malays were collected and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (HNA-1, -3, -4) and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (HNA-5). The group comprised 30 Banjar, 37 Bugis, 51 Champa, 39 Jawa and 35 Kelantan Malays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common HNA alleles in the Malays studied were HNA-1a (0.641-0.765), -3a (0.676-0.867), -4a (0.943-1.000) and -5a (0.529-0.910). According to principal coordinate plots constructed using HNA allele frequencies, the Malay sub-ethnic groups are closely related and grouped together with other Asian populations. The risks of TRALI or neonatal neutropenia were not increased for subjects with HNA-1, -3 and -4 loci even for donor and recipient or pairs from different Malay sub-ethnic groups. Nonetheless, our estimates showed significantly higher risks of HNA alloimmunisation during pregnancy and transfusion between Malays and other genetically differentiated populations such as Africans and Europeans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports HNA allele and genotype frequencies for the five Malay sub-ethnic groups living in Peninsular Malaysia for the first time. These Malay sub-ethnic groups show closer genetic relationships with other Asian populations than with Europeans and Africans. The distributions of HNA alleles in other lineages of people living in Malaysia (e.g. Chinese, Indian and Orang Asli) would be an interesting subject for future study.
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Manaf
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hanis Z A
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: NurWaliyuddin
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sundararajulu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panneerchelvam
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zainuddin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zafarina
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.|Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Norazmi
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Unit, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hisham A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Edinur
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D000483:Alleles; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D007519:Isoantigens / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011247:Pregnancy; D012306:Risk; D065227:Transfusion Reaction
chemical_list: D007518:Isoantibodies; D007519:Isoantigens