title: The Association between Family Structure and Adolescent Smoking among Multicultural Students in Hawaii.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine whether the prevalence of smoking was associated with family structure among multicultural adolescents and whether there was gender disparity on the association.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from a sample of 7thgraders in Hawaii who completed in-class questionnaires in 2004. The final sample included 821 multicultural students from different family structures. Descriptive analyses, Chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed to examine the prevalence of smoking and the association between family structure and smoking prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This sample contained students who lived in intact (61.7%), single-parent (16.5%), step-parent (15.6%), and no-parent (6.2%) families. The overall prevalence of ever/lifetime smoking was 24.0%, and was not significantly different between genders in each family structure (p>0.05). Compared with living in intact families, living in single-parent, step-parent, or no-parent families was significantly associated with higher odds of ever/lifetime smoking among all students (p<0.05) and living in single-parent and stepparent families was significantly associated with higher odds of ever/lifetime smoking among females (p<0.05) and among males (p<0.05) respectively, after adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that family structure is a risk factor for smoking among multicultural students. Anti-smoking programs should consider this factor.
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 313 N. Figueroa St, Rm 127, Los Angeles, CA 90012, USA.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, 675 W Foothill Blvd, Suite 310, Claremont, CA 91711-3475, USA.
authors.forename: Paula H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Health Sciences, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, 412 Waldo Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Kari-Lyn
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 313 N. Figueroa St, Rm 127, Los Angeles, CA 90012, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.affiliation: School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, 675 W Foothill Blvd, Suite 310, Claremont, CA 91711-3475, USA.
authors.forename: C Anderson
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
keywords: Hawaii; adolescent; family structure; multicultural; smoking