title: Post-translational modifications of hormone-responsive transcription factors: the next level of regulation.
abstract: Plants exhibit a high level of developmental plasticity and growth is responsive to multiple developmental and environmental cues. Hormones are small endogenous signalling molecules which are fundamental to this phenotypic plasticity. Post-translational modifications of proteins are a central feature of the signal transduction pathways that regulate gene transcription in response to hormones. Modifications that affect the function of transcriptional regulators may also serve as a mechanism to incorporate multiple signals, mediate cross-talk, and modulate specific responses. This review discusses recent research that suggests hormone-responsive transcription factors are subject to multiple modifications which imply an additional level of regulation conferred by enzymes that mediate specific modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and S-nitrosylation. These modifications can affect protein stability, sub-cellular localization, interactions with co-repressors and activators, and DNA binding. The focus here is on direct cross-talk involving transcription factors downstream of auxin, brassinosteroid, and gibberellin signalling. However, many of the concepts discussed are more broadly relevant to questions of how plants can modify their growth by regulating subsets of genes in response to multiple cues.
authors.affiliation: Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK tinehill@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-5818
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D060406:Brassinosteroids / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060406:Brassinosteroids; D005875:Gibberellins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Auxin signalling; DELLA; brassinosteroid signalling; gibberellin; hormone cross-talk; post-translational modifications; transcription factors; transcriptional output.