title: Using segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series data to assess colonoscopy quality outcomes of a web-enhanced implementation toolkit to support evidence-based practices for bowel preparation: a study protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While there is convincing evidence on interventions to improve bowel preparation for patients, the evidence on how to implement these evidence-based practices (EBPs) in outpatient colonoscopy settings is less certain. The Strategies to Improve Colonoscopy (STIC) study compares the effect of two implementation strategies, physician education alone versus physician education plus an implementation toolkit for staff, on adoption of three EBPs (split-dosing of bowel preparation, low-literacy education, teach-back) to improve pre-procedure and intra-procedure quality measures. The implementation toolkit contains a staff education module, website containing tools to support staff in delivering EBPs, tailored patient education materials, and brief consultation with staff to determine how the EBPs can be integrated into the existing workflow. Given adaptations to the implementation plan and intentional flexibility in the delivery of the EBPs, we utilize a pragmatic study to balance external validity with demonstrating effectiveness of the implementation strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants will include all outpatient colonoscopy physicians, staff, and patients from a convenience sample of six endoscopy settings. Aim #1 will explore the relative effect of two strategies to implement patient-level EBPs on adoption and clinical quality outcomes. We will assess the change in level and trends of clinical quality outcomes (i.e., adequacy of bowel preparation, adenoma detection) using segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series data with two groups (intervention and delayed start). Aim #2 will examine the influence of organizational readiness to change on EBP implementation. We use a PRECIS diagram to reflect the extent to which each indicator of the study was pragmatic versus explanatory, revealing a largely pragmatic study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation challenges have already motivated several adaptations to the original plan, reflecting the nature of implementation in real-world healthcare settings. The pragmatic study responds to the evolving needs of its healthcare partners and allows for flexibility in intervention delivery, thereby informing clinical decision-making in real-world settings. The current study will provide information about what works (intervention effectiveness), for whom it works (influence of Medicaid versus other insurance), in which contexts it works (setting characteristics that influence implementation), and how it works best (comparison of implementation strategies).
authors.affiliation: Washington University Brown School of Social Work, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. aramsey@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Alex T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. makij@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.affiliation: Washington University Brown School of Social Work, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. beth.prusaczyk@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prusaczyk
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. yany@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. jeanwang@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. lobbr@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lobb
mesh_terms: D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000193:education*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D065186:Interrupted Time Series Analysis; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012107:Research Design; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors