title: Assessing Nutritional Quality and Adherence to the Gluten-free Diet in Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known regarding nutritional adequacy of the gluten free diet (GFD) in children and adolescents with celiac disease (CD). The study aim was to examine macro- and micronutrient intake in children with CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in children and adolescents (4-18 years of age) with CD (n = 32) and healthy controls (n = 32). Macro- and micronutrient intake, and glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) intake was assessed using validated measures. Diet quality was assessed using the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (HEI-C) and the Alberta Nutrition Guidelines. Values are shown as mean ± SE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age (10.4 ± 0.7 years vs 8.7 ± 0.7 years; P = 0.06), weight-for-age z score (P = 0.27), and height-for-age z score (P = 0.23) were not different between groups. CD children consumed more fibre (15.9 ± 1.2 g per day(CD) vs 10.8 ± 0.8 g per day (controls); P < 0.001), had higher GI (CD: 54 ± 2 vs 48 ± 1; P < 0.01) and GL (CD: 118 ± 8 vs 93 ± 7; P = 0.02), and lower folate (146.7 ± 15.3 (CD) vs 245.4 ± 21.8 µg per day (controls); P < 0.001) than controls. No differences in HEI-C scores (≤ and > 80) were observed between groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CD had high intakes of fibre, GI, and GL and lower intakes of folate. This has implications for dietary counselling in this population.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Abeer S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alzaben
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.|c Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.|c Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shirton
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.|c Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Tarah M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.|c Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Rabin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Persad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.|b Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mager
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002170:Canada; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D000067940:Glycemic Load; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D018977:Micronutrients