title: Seeing the world through rose-colored glasses: People who are happy and satisfied with life preferentially attend to positive stimuli.
abstract: Given the many benefits conferred by trait happiness and life satisfaction, a primary goal is to determine how these traits relate to underlying cognitive processes. For example, visual attention acts as a gateway to awareness, raising the question of whether happy and satisfied people attend to (and therefore see) the world differently. Previous work suggests that biases in selective attention are associated with both trait negativity and with positive affect states, but to our knowledge, no previous work has explored whether trait-happy individuals attend to the world differently. Here, we employed eye tracking as a continuous measure of sustained overt attention during passive viewing of displays containing positive and neutral photographs to determine whether selective attention to positive scenes is associated with measures of trait happiness and life satisfaction. Both trait measures were significantly correlated with selective attention for positive (vs. neutral) scenes, and this general pattern was robust across several types of positive stimuli (achievement, social, and primary reward), and not because of positive or negative state affect. Such effects were especially prominent during the later phases of sustained viewing. This suggests that people who are happy and satisfied with life may literally see the world in a more positive light, as if through rose-colored glasses. Future work should investigate the causal relationship between such attention biases and one's happiness and life satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raila
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yale University.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011287:Prejudice; D055815:Young Adult