title: Genetic loci for serum magnesium among African-Americans and gene-environment interaction at MUC1 and TRPM6 in European-Americans: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low serum magnesium levels have been associated with multiple chronic diseases. The regulation of serum magnesium homeostasis is not well understood. A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of European ancestry (EA) populations identified nine loci for serum magnesium. No such study has been conducted in African-Americans, nor has there been an evaluation of the interaction of magnesium-associated SNPs with environmental factors. The goals of this study were to identify genetic loci associated with serum magnesium in an African-American (AA) population using both genome-wide and candidate region interrogation approaches and to evaluate gene-environment interaction for the magnesium-associated variants in both EA and AA populations. We conducted a GWAS of serum magnesium in 2737 AA participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and interrogated the regions of the nine published candidate loci in these results. Literature search identified the influence of progesterone on MUC1 expression and insulin on TRPM6 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GWAS approach in African-American participants identified a locus near MUC1 as genome-wide significant (rs2974937, beta=-0.013, p=6.1x10(-9)). The candidate region interrogation approach identified two of the nine loci previously discovered in EA populations as containing SNPs that were significantly associated in African-American participants (SHROOM3 and TRPM6). The index variants at these three loci together explained 2.8 % of the variance in serum magnesium concentration in ARIC African-American participants. On the test of gene-environment interaction in ARIC EA participants, the index variant at MUC1 had 2.5 times stronger association in postmenopausal women with progestin use (beta=-0.028, p=7.3x10(-5)) than in those without any hormone use (beta=-0.011, p=7.0x10(-8), p for interaction 0.03). At TRPM6, the index variant had 1.6 times stronger association in those with lower fasting insulin levels (<80 pmol/L: beta=-0.013, p=1.6x10(-7); ≥80 pmol/L: beta=-0.008, p=1.8x10(-2), p for interaction 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified three loci that explained 2.8% of the variance in serum magnesium concentration in ARIC African-American participants. Following-up on functional studies of gene expression identified gene-environment interactions between progestin use and MUC1 and between insulin and TRPM6 on serum magnesium concentration in ARIC European-American participants. These results extend our understanding of the metabolism of serum magnesium.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. atin1@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tin
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. Anna.koettgen@uniklinik-freiburg.de.|University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Anna.koettgen@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Köttgen
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA. folso001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. maruthur@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Nisa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maruthur
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. salman.tajuddin@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Salman M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tajuddin
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. nallsm@mail.nih.govv.
authors.forename: Mike A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nalls
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. EvansM@grc.nia.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Michele K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. zondermana@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
authors.affiliation: University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. cfriedrich@umc.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA. Eric.Boerwinkle@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coresh
authors.affiliation: University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA. wkao@jhsph.edu.
authors.forename: Wen Hong Linda
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012306:Risk; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D018396:Mucin-1; D011372:Progestins; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C459082:TRPM6 protein, human; D008274:Magnesium