title: Generating Electricity during Walking with a Lower Limb-Driven Energy Harvester: Targeting a Minimum User Effort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Much research in the field of energy harvesting has sought to develop devices capable of generating electricity during daily activities with minimum user effort. No previous study has considered the metabolic cost of carrying the harvester when determining the energetic effects it has on the user. When considering device carrying costs, no energy harvester to date has demonstrated the ability to generate a substantial amount of electricity (> 5W) while maintaining a user effort at the same level or lower than conventional power generation methods (e.g. hand crank generator).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a lower limb-driven energy harvester that is able to generate approximately 9W of electricity. To quantify the performance of the harvester, we introduced a new performance measure, total cost of harvesting (TCOH), which evaluates a harvester's overall efficiency in generating electricity including the device carrying cost. The new harvester captured the motion from both lower limbs and operated in the generative braking mode to assist the knee flexor muscles in slowing the lower limbs. From a testing on 10 participants under different walking conditions, the harvester achieved an average TCOH of 6.1, which is comparable to the estimated TCOH for a conventional power generation method of 6.2. When generating 5.2W of electricity, the TCOH of the lower limb-driven energy harvester (4.0) is lower than that of conventional power generation methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrated that the lower limb-driven energy harvester is an energetically effective option for generating electricity during daily activities.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepertycky
authors.affiliation: Bio-Mechatronics and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Qingguo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004560:Electricity; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*