title: Salivary Flow Rates of Nigerian Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-control Study.
abstract: The study determined the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and changes in salivary flow and the complications of reduced salivary flow among African subjects with CKD compared with the controls.
  
  
  
  One hundred and eighty patients, 90 C KD and 90 controls were recruited, interviewed and examined. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva collection was done with standardized spitting method. Urinalysis and blood creatinine levels were determined and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of each patient was calculated from the blood creatinine using Cockcroft and Gault formula. Statistical analysis was done using STATA 11 software.
  
  
  
  The mean stimulated and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate among CKD subjects were 4.07 ± 1.91 and 2.34 ± 0.99 ml/5 min respectively and is significantly lower than that of the controls which were 8.05 ± 3.95 ml/5 min and 3.82 ± 2.27 ml/5 min for stimulated and unstimulated flow rates. Oral signs of reduced salivary flow were found in 80% of CKD patients. The commonest oral finding was taste abnormalities others are burning sensation, halitosis and difficulty in mastication.
  
  
  
  Patients with CKD had reduced stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Reduced salivary flow was associated with oral lesions in majority (80%) of CKD patients, the commonest finding being taste abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Lecturer and Consultant, Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria Phone: 08035375713, e-mail: phemyhoye12@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Elijah Olufemi
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Oyetola
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Foluso John
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Owotade
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Osun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Gbemisola Adewumi
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Agbelusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olawumi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fatusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abubakar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olufunlola M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Adesina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002054:Burning Mouth Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006209:Halitosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000175:diagnosis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Rest whole saliva (RWS); Stimulated whole saliva (SWS); Abnormal taste sensation.