title: The economic importance of acaricides in the control of phytophagous mites and an update on recent acaricide mode of action research.
abstract: Acaricides are one of the cornerstones of an efficient control program for phytophagous mites. An analysis of the global acaricide market reveals that spider mites such as Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus citri and Panonychus ulmi are by far the most economically important species, representing more than 80% of the market. Other relevant mite groups are false spider mites (mainly Brevipalpus), rust and gall mites and tarsonemid mites. Acaricides are most frequently used in vegetables and fruits (74% of the market), including grape vines and citrus. However, their use is increasing in major crops where spider mites are becoming more important, such as soybean, cotton and corn. As revealed by a detailed case study of the Japanese market, major shifts in acaricide use are partially driven by resistance development and the commercial availability of compounds with novel mode of action. The importance of the latter cannot be underestimated, although some compounds are successfully used for more than 30 years. A review of recent developments in mode of action research is presented, as such knowledge is important for devising resistance management programs. This includes spirocyclic keto-enols as inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the carbazate bifenazate as a mitochondrial complex III inhibitor, a novel class of complex II inhibitors, and the mite growth inhibitors hexythiazox, clofentezine and etoxazole that interact with chitin synthase I.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: T.B.S.VanLeeuwen@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tirry
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Division, Nippon-soda Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Ohtemach, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8165, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, Research Pest Control, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nauen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wannes
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dermauw
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000191:economics; D004467:Economics; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012106:Research
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides
keywords: Acaricide market; Cyenopyrafen; Cyflumetofen; Economic damage; Pyflubumide; Target-site