title: Effects of Baseplates of Orthodontic Appliances with in situ generated Silver Nanoparticles on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Randomized, Double-blind Cross-over Clinical Trial.
abstract: Polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used primarily for baseplates of orthodontic appliances (BOA). The activities of cariogenic bacteria in biofilm on these surfaces may contribute to dental caries, gingival inflammation and periodontal disease. The PMMA incorporated with nanoparticles of silver (NanoAg-I-PMMA) and NanoAg in situ in PMMA (NanoAg-IS-PMMA) have been shown to control the growth of cariogenic bacteria, but clinical trial of anti-cariogenic application of these novel materials in orthodontics has not been evaluated. The main aim of the study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of using NanoAg-IS-PMMA and NanoAg-I-PMMA for construction of new BOA in inhibiting the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacteria.
  
  
  
  Twenty four patients with a median age of 12.6 years (7-15) harboring Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus acidophilus as well as Lactobacillus casei participated in the randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. The experimental BOA, NanoAg-IS-BOA and NanoAg-I-BOA, contained 0.5% w/w NanoAg while the control BOA was standard PMMA. Antibacterial effect of NanoAg-IS-BOA and NanoAg-I-BOA was assessed against test cariogenic bacteria by planktonic and biofilm bacterial cells growth inhibition.
  
  
  
  The average levels of test cariogenic bacteria in saliva decreased about 2 to 70 fold (30.9-98.4%) compared to baseline depending on the microorganism type and test BOA. Biofilm inhibition analysis demonstrated that NanoAg-I-BOA and NanoAg-IS-BOA inhibited the biofilm of all test bacteria by 20.1 to 79.9% compared to BOA. NanoAg-IS-BOA had a strong anti-biofilm effect against S. mutans, S. sobrinus and L. casei. However, NanoAg-I-BOA showed only slight anti-biofilm effects on test bacteria. Most notably, at all period of the clinical trial, NanoAg-IS-BOA showed a higher antibacterial activity than NanoAg-I-BOA.
  
  
  
  Based on the novel data that presented here, the NanoAg-IS-BOA had strong antimicrobial activity in the planktonic phase and subsequent biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacteria.
  
  
  
  Wearing of NanoAg-IS-BOA has the potential to minimize dental plaque formation and caries during orthodontic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Private Practices, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Roghayeh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghorbanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pourakbari
authors.affiliation: Abbas Bahador, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Phone: 0098-21-77326397, Fax: 0098-21-88955810, e-mail: abahador@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahador
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000187:drug effects; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012834:Silver / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003764:Dental Materials; D012834:Silver; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: Cariogenic Bacteria; Nano Silver; Orthodontics; Polymethyl-methacrylate.