title: Serological and molecular diagnostic surveys combined with examining hematological profiles suggests increased levels of infection and hematological response of cattle to babesiosis infections compared to native buffaloes in Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Babesiosis threatens the development of the cattle and buffaloes industries in Egypt and improved control is needed. The main objectives of this study are surveying the presence of bovine babesiosis in distinct selected bovine and buffalo populations in Egypt using novel molecular and previously validated serological methods, while also comparing the occurrence of hematological alterations among Babesia infected cattle and buffalos.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 253 and 81 blood samples from apparently healthy cattle and buffaloes, respectively, were randomly collected from diverse locations in Egypt. All samples were tested for Babesia bovis and B. bigemina infection using blood film examination, competitive ELISA (cELISA) and PCR. Novel semi-nested and nested PCR assays for the detection of B. bovis and B. bigemina respectively, were developed and used to analyze DNA extracted from bovine and buffalo samples. Hematological profiles were studied using a hematological analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood films examination revealed 13.8% and 7.4% Babesia infection rates in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. However, in cattle, the cELISA detected 32.8%, 21.3% and 10.7% infection rates with B. bigemina, B. bovis and mixed infection, respectively. In addition, cELISA identified 22.2%, 22.2% and 6.2% infection rates with B. bigemina, B. bovis and mixed infection, respectively in buffaloes. The semi-nested PCR assay showed that 15% of the tested samples were positive for B. bovis in cattle, but just 3% in buffaloes. Infections with B. bigemina were also found in cattle (32.4%), but not in buffaloes upon nested PCR analysis. Sequencing analysis confirmed the identity of the PCR amplicons and showed that Egyptian genotypes of B. bigemina and B. bovis highly resemble sequences previously deposited in GenBank. Hemograms performed on the sampled animals revealed macrocytic hypochromic anemia associated with reduced platelet counts in infected cattle with babesiosis. In addition, marked increases in total leukocyte and granulocytic counts and decreases in lymphocytic counts were found in infected cattle. In contrast, no such hematological anomalies were found in presumably Babesia-infected buffaloes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent occurrence of babesiosis among apparently healthy bovines in Egypt, suggests the need for appropriately designed prevalence studies in this country. Infected bovine, but not buffalo, populations often present hematological disorders compatible with intravascular hemolysis and thrombocytopenia.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. monasaid3000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mona S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. kandil_om@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Omnia M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Kandil
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. soadnasr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Soad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. shendawy2006@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Seham H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hendawy
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. salwa.habib3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Salwa M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Habeeb
authors.affiliation: Cell biology Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt. dolly.201284@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dalia M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mabrouk
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. marta@vetmed.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Marta G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. ces@vetmed.wsu.edu.|Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA. ces@vetmed.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Suarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001403:Babesia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology*; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000469:parasitology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015800:Protozoan Proteins