title: Nanoneurotherapeutics approach intended for direct nose to brain delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain disorders remain the world's leading cause of disability, and account for more hospitalizations and prolonged care than almost all other diseases combined. The majority of drugs, proteins and peptides do not readily permeate into brain due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus impeding treatment of these conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Attention has turned to developing novel and effective delivery systems to provide good bioavailability in the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intranasal administration is a non-invasive method of drug delivery that may bypass the BBB, allowing therapeutic substances direct access to the brain. However, intranasal administration produces quite low drug concentrations in the brain due limited nasal mucosal permeability and the harsh nasal cavity environment. Pre-clinical studies using encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticulate systems improved the nose to brain targeting and bioavailability in brain. However, the toxic effects of nanoparticles on brain function are unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review highlights the understanding of several brain diseases and the important pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The review discusses the role of nanotherapeutics in treating brain disorders via nose to brain delivery, the mechanisms of drug absorption across nasal mucosa to the brain, strategies to overcome the blood brain barrier, nanoformulation strategies for enhanced brain targeting via nasal route and neurotoxicity issues of nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU) , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia .
authors.forename: Shadab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Md
authors.affiliation: b College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and.|c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Gulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Sanjula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baboota
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Blood brain barrier; brain disorders; nanotechnology; neurodegenerative disorders; nose to brain targeting; toxicity study