title: Cross-cultural adaptation of the Schizophrenia Caregiver Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Caregiver Global Impression (CaGI) Scales in 11 languages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Schizophrenia Caregiver Questionnaire (SCQ) was developed to provide a comprehensive view of caregivers' subjective experiences of the impacts of caring for someone with schizophrenia. The Caregiver Global Impression (CaGI) scales were designed to assess their perception of the severity of the schizophrenia symptoms, of change in schizophrenia symptoms and in the experience of caring since the beginning of the study. The objectives of the study were to translate the SCQ and CaGI scales in 11 languages [French (Canada, France), English (Canada, UK, Australia), German (Germany), Italian (Italy), Spanish (Spain), Dutch (the Netherlands), Finnish (Finland), and Swedish (Sweden)], to present evidence that the translations capture the concepts of the original questionnaires and are well understood by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in each target country.
  
  
  METHODS
  The different language versions were developed using a standard or adjusted linguistic validation process fully complying with the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) recommended procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviews were conducted with 55 caregivers of patients with schizophrenia from 10 countries representing the 11 different languages. Participants ranged in age from 28 to 84 years and had 5 to 16 years of education. Women represented 69.1 % (38/55) of the sample. Fourteen out of the 32 items of the SCQ generated difficulties which were mostly of semantic origin (13 items). The translation of the CaGI scales did not raise any major difficulty. Only five out of the 55 caregivers had difficulty understanding the meaning of the translations of "degree" in the expressions "degree of change in experience of caring" and "degree of change in symptoms".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Translations of the SCQ and CaGI scales into 11 languages adequately captured the concepts in the original English versions of the questionnaires, thereby demonstrating the conceptual, semantic, and cultural equivalence of each translation.
authors.affiliation: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research for Neuroscience & Metabolism, Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK. diana.rofail@roche.com.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rofail
authors.affiliation: Mapi Research Trust, Lyon, France. cacquadro@mapigroup.com.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Acquadro
authors.affiliation: Language Services, Mapi, Lyon, France. cizquierdo@mapigroup.com.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: HEOR & Strategic Market Access, Mapi, 27 rue de la Villette, 69003, Lyon, France. aregnault@mapigroup.com.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Regnault
authors.affiliation: Department Head, Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. z67@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zarit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult