title: Expression Pattern and Localization Dynamics of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor RIC8 during Mouse Oogenesis.
abstract: Targeting of G proteins to the cell cortex and their activation is one of the triggers of both asymmetric and symmetric cell division. Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8 (RIC8), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, activates a certain subgroup of G protein α-subunits in a receptor independent manner. RIC8 controls the asymmetric cell division in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, and symmetric cell division in cultured mammalian cells, where it regulates the mitotic spindle orientation. Although intensely studied in mitosis, the function of RIC8 in mammalian meiosis has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that the expression and subcellular localization of RIC8 changes profoundly during mouse oogenesis. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that RIC8 expression is dependent on oocyte growth and cell cycle phase. During oocyte growth, RIC8 is abundantly present in cytoplasm of oocytes at primordial, primary and secondary preantral follicle stages. Later, upon oocyte maturation RIC8 also populates the germinal vesicle, its localization becomes cell cycle dependent, and it associates with chromatin and the meiotic spindle. After fertilization, RIC8 protein converges to the pronuclei and is also detectable at high levels in the nucleolus precursor bodies of both maternal and paternal pronucleus. During first cleavage of zygote RIC8 localizes in the mitotic spindle and cell cortex of forming blastomeres. In addition, we demonstrate that RIC8 co-localizes with its interaction partners Gαi1/2:GDP and LGN in meiotic/mitotic spindle, cell cortex and polar bodies of maturing oocytes and zygotes. Downregulation of Ric8 by siRNA leads to interferred translocation of Gαi1/2 to cortical region of maturing oocytes and reduction of its levels. RIC8 is also expressed at high level in female reproductive organs e.g. oviduct. Therefore we suggest a regulatory function for RIC8 in mammalian gametogenesis and fertility.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Merly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saare
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Sirje
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lulla
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Tambet
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tõnissoo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Riho
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Keiu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kask
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruisu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Alar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karis
authors.affiliation: Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salumets
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia; Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tiigi 61b, 50410, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Margus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pooga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009865:Oocytes / Q000254:growth & development; D009866:Oogenesis
chemical_list: D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C485884:Ric8a protein, mouse