title: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A review of genetic damage investigations.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful, non-invasive diagnostic medical imaging technique widely used to acquire detailed information about anatomy and function of different organs in the body, in both health and disease. It utilizes electromagnetic fields of three different frequency bands: static magnetic field (SMF), time-varying gradient magnetic fields (GMF) in the kHz range and pulsed radiofrequency fields (RF) in the MHz range. There have been some investigations examining the extent of genetic damage following exposure of bacterial and human cells to all three frequency bands of electromagnetic fields, as used during MRI: the rationale for these studies is the well documented evidence of positive correlation between significantly increased genetic damage and carcinogenesis. Overall, the published data were not sufficiently informative and useful because of the small sample size, inappropriate comparison of experimental groups, etc. Besides, when an increased damage was observed in MRI-exposed cells, the fate of such lesions was not further explored from multiple 'down-stream' events. This review provides: (i) information on the basic principles used in MRI technology, (ii) detailed experimental protocols, results and critical comments on the genetic damage investigations thus far conducted using MRI equipment and, (iii) a discussion on several gaps in knowledge in the current scientific literature on MRI. Comprehensive, international, multi-centered collaborative studies, using a common and widely used MRI exposure protocol (cardiac or brain scan) incorporating several genetic/epigenetic damage end-points as well as epidemiological investigations, in large number of individuals/patients are warranted to reduce and perhaps, eliminate uncertainties raised in genetic damage investigations in cells exposed in vitro and in vivo to MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States.
authors.lastname: Vijayalaxmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: Mahsa.Fatahi@ovgu.de.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fatahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE) Site, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Speck
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000528:radiation effects; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004247:DNA
keywords: Genetic damage; Magnetic resonance imaging; Radiofrequency fields; Static magnetic fields; Time-varying gradient magnetic fields