title: The role of pragmatics in mediating the relationship between social disadvantage and adolescent behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between social disadvantage, behavior, and communication in childhood is well established. Less is known about how these 3 interact across childhood and specifically whether pragmatic language skills act as a mediator between early social disadvantage and adolescent behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a representative birth cohort initially recruited in England in 1991/1992 and followed through to adolescence and beyond. Of the original 13,992 live births, data were available for 2926 children at 13 years. Univariable analysis was first used to identify sociodemographic and other predictors of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 13 years. The mediational role of the pragmatics scale of the Children's Communication Checklist (CCC) at 9 years was then tested, controlling for age, gender, and IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was evidence of both a direct effect from social disadvantage (path C') to SDQ Total Behavior Score at 13 years (-.205; p < .001) and an indirect effect from social disadvantage to SDQ Total (-.225; p < .001) after adjusting for the CCC pragmatics scale as a mediator. The latter represents a reduction in the magnitude of the unadjusted effect or "total effect" (-.430), demonstrating that the pragmatics scale partially mediates the relationship of early social disadvantage and adolescent behavior (even after controlling for other covariates). The same relationship held for all but the pro-social subscale of the SDQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide evidence to suggest that there maybe a causal relationship between these variables, suggesting that interventions targeting pragmatic skills have the potential to reduce adolescent behavioral symptoms.
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Health and Society, School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; †Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; ‡University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; §University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; ‖University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clegg
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roulstone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D057189:Checklist; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003142:Communication; D003467:Cultural Deprivation; D056348:Emotional Intelligence; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires