title: Inhibitory effects of harpagoside on TNF-α-induced pro-inflammatory adipokine expression through PPAR-γ activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: Obesity is closely associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and adipose-tissue-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, which contribute to chronic and low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Harpagoside, a major iridoid glycoside present in devil's claw, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory activities by suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages. The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of harpagoside on both tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inflammatory adipokine expression and its underlying signaling pathways in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Harpagoside significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced mRNA synthesis and protein production of the atherogenic adipokines including IL-6, PAI-1, and MCP-1. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism revealed that pretreatment with harpagoside activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. These findings suggest that the clinical application of medicinal plants which contain harpagoside may lead to a partial prevention of obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Jungwon University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Kon
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, College of Science and Engineering, Cheongju University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: parkks@cju.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyoung Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D006027:Glycosides; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011714:Pyrans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C033249:harpagoside
keywords: Adipocyte; Atherosclerosis; Herbal medicine; Iridoid glycoside; Pro-inflammatory adipokine