title: Toward Simultaneous Real-Time Fluoroscopic and Nuclear Imaging in the Intervention Room.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the technical feasibility of hybrid simultaneous fluoroscopic and nuclear imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  An x-ray tube, an x-ray detector, and a gamma camera were positioned in one line, enabling imaging of the same field of view. Since a straightforward combination of these elements would block the lines of view, a gamma camera setup was developed to be able to view around the x-ray tube. A prototype was built by using a mobile C-arm and a gamma camera with a four-pinhole collimator. By using the prototype, test images were acquired and sensitivity, resolution, and coregistration error were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear images (two frames per second) were acquired simultaneously with fluoroscopic images. Depending on the distance from point source to detector, the system resolution was 1.5-1.9-cm full width at half maximum, the sensitivity was (0.6-1.5) × 10(-5) counts per decay, and the coregistration error was -0.13 to 0.15 cm. With good spatial and temporal alignment of both modalities throughout the field of view, fluoroscopic images can be shown in grayscale and corresponding nuclear images in color overlay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements obtained with the hybrid imaging prototype device that combines simultaneous fluoroscopic and nuclear imaging of the same field of view have demonstrated the feasibility of real-time simultaneous hybrid imaging in the intervention room.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.B., M.E., H.W.A.M.d.J.) and Image Sciences Institute (C.B., M.A.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Mail E01.132, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Casper
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beijst
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.B., M.E., H.W.A.M.d.J.) and Image Sciences Institute (C.B., M.A.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Mail E01.132, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mattijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elschot
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.B., M.E., H.W.A.M.d.J.) and Image Sciences Institute (C.B., M.A.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Mail E01.132, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.B., M.E., H.W.A.M.d.J.) and Image Sciences Institute (C.B., M.A.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Mail E01.132, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hugo W A M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014965:X-Rays