title: Gene-Environment Interactions in Asthma: Genetic and Epigenetic Effects.
abstract: Over the past three decades, a large number of genetic studies have been aimed at finding genetic variants associated with the risk of asthma, applying various genetic and genomic approaches including linkage analysis, candidate gene polymorphism studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, contrary to general expectation, even single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered by GWAS failed to fully explain the heritability of asthma. Thus, application of rare allele polymorphisms in well defined phenotypes and clarification of environmental factors have been suggested to overcome the problem of 'missing' heritability. Such factors include allergens, cigarette smoke, air pollutants, and infectious agents during pre- and post-natal periods. The first and simplest interaction between a gene and the environment is a candidate interaction of both a well known gene and environmental factor in a direct physical or chemical interaction such as between CD14 and endotoxin or between HLA and allergens. Several GWAS have found environmental interactions with occupational asthma, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, tobacco smoke-related airway dysfunction, and farm-related atopic diseases. As one of the mechanisms behind gene-environment interaction is epigenetics, a few studies on DNA CpG methylation have been reported on subphenotypes of asthma, pitching the exciting idea that it may be possible to intervene at the junction between the genome and the environment. Epigenetic studies are starting to include data from clinical samples, which will make them another powerful tool for re-search on gene-environment interactions in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Uk
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science Major, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Bucheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Genome Research Center and Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea. mdcspark@daum.net.
authors.forename: Choon-Sik
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000485:Allergens; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D004731:Endotoxins; D004777:Environment; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004731:Endotoxins
keywords: Asthma; environment; epigenetics; gene; genome; polymorphism; variants