title: Surgical care checklists to optimize patient care following postoperative complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative complications are common. Inconsistency in the care of complications is reflected in variable rates of failure to rescue. This study aims to develop and validate checklists for treatment of common postoperative complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial checklists were based on best evidence, with expert clinician review. Casenote review was performed, comparing checklist item completion with outcomes. Logistic regression was performed for risk of further morbidity, considering American Society of Anesthesiology grade, age, sex, and checklist compliance. Checklists were finalized through end user multidisciplinary review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence-based checklists were developed. Retrospective casenote review revealed management of 86% (31/37) of these complications to be noncompliant with checklist-mandated care. This resulted in delays and errors in 65% (24/37) of cases, with median treatment delay of 6 hours (interquartile range 5.4 hours). Regression analysis revealed poor checklist compliance to be to only significant factor (odds ratio 6.75, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 41.00, P = .038) for developing further morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of complications is highly variable, with failure to adhere to best practice principles significantly associated with an increased risk of further morbidity. This study presents an evidence-based framework for the development of checklists to standardize care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: p.pucher@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pucher
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Arnold & Blema Steinberg Medical Simulation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Almond
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D057189:Checklist / Q000592:standards*; D054869:Clinical Audit; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Checklist; Complications; Failure to rescue; Postoperative; Surgery; Ward-based care