title: Factors Influencing Verbal Intelligence and Spoken Language in Children with Phenylketonuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine verbal intelligence and spoken language of children with phenylketonuria and to study the effect of age at diagnosis and phenylalanine plasma level on these abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with phenylketonuria were recruited from pediatric hospitals in 2012. Normal control subjects were recruited from kindergartens in Tehran.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 phenylketonuria and 42 control subjects aged 4-6.5 years. Skills were compared between 3 phenylketonuria groups categorized by age at diagnosis/treatment, and between the phenylketonuria and control groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scores on Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for verbal and total intelligence, and Test of Language Development-Primary, third edition for spoken language, listening, speaking, semantics, syntax, and organization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of control subjects was significantly better than that of early-treated subjects for all composite quotients from Test of Language Development and verbal intelligence (P<0.001). Early-treated subjects scored significantly higher than the two groups of late-treated subjects for spoken language (P=0.01), speaking (P=0.04), syntax (P=0.02), and verbal intelligence (P=0.019). There was a negative correlation between phenylalanine level and verbal intelligence (r=-0.79) in early-treated subjects and between phenylalanine level and spoken language (r=-0.71), organization (r=-0.82) and semantics (r=-0.82) for late-treated subjects diagnosed before the age one year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirmed that diagnosis of newborns and control of blood phenylalanine concentration improves verbal intelligence and spoken language scores in phenylketonuria subjects.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Speech therapy and Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; and Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran. Correspondence to: Dr Zahra Soleymani, Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Avenue, Pitch-e-shemiran, Tehran 11489, Iran. Soleymaniz@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Soleymani
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keramati
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rohani
authors.forename: Shohre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalaei
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010661:Phenylketonurias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*