title: Alteration of sperm protein profile induced by cigarette smoking.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is associated with lower semen quality, but how cigarette smoking changes the semen quality remains unclear. The aim of this study was to screen the differentially expressed proteins in the sperm of mice with daily exposure to cigarette smoke. The 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses results showed that the mouse sperm protein profile was altered by cigarette smoking. And 22 of the most abundant proteins that correspond to differentially expressed spots in 2DE gels of the sperm samples were identified. These proteins were classified into different groups based on their functions, such as energy metabolism, reproduction, and structural molecules. Furthermore, the 2DE and MS results of five proteins (Aldoa, ATP5a1, Gpx4, Cs, and Spatc1) were validated by western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that except Spatc1 the other four proteins showed statistically significant different protein levels between the smoking group and the control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of three genes (Aldoa, Gpx4, and Spatc1) were significantly different (P < 0.05) at transcription level between the smoking group and the control group. In addition, five proteins (Aldoa, ATP5a1, Spatc1, Cs, and Gpx4) in human sperm samples from 30 male smokers and 30 non-smokers were detected by western blot analysis. Two proteins (Aldoa and Cs) that are associated with energy production were found to be significantly altered, suggesting that these proteins may be potential diagnostic markers for evaluation of smoking risk in sperm. Further study of these proteins may provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying infertility in smoking persons.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Wangjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Maohua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Zijue
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China zdqiao@sjtu.edu.cn chenzhongchina@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Junqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Lianyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai 200040, China zdqiao@sjtu.edu.cn chenzhongchina@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhongdong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: China National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, SIPPR, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: cigarette smoking; male fertility; mass spectrometry; protein profile; sperm