title: Drug-related problems identification in general internal medicine: The impact and role of the clinical pharmacist and pharmacologist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients admitted to general internal medicine wards might receive a large number of drugs and be at risk for drug-related problems (DRPs) associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to detect suboptimal drug use in internal medicine by a pharmacotherapy evaluation, to suggest treatment optimizations and to assess the acceptance and satisfaction of the prescribers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 6-month prospective study conducted in two internal medicine wards. Physician rounds were attended by a pharmacist and a pharmacologist. An assessment grid was used to detect the DRPs in electronic prescriptions 24h in advance. One of the following interventions was selected, depending on the relevance and complexity of the DRPs: no intervention, verbal advice of treatment optimization, or written consultation. The acceptance rate and satisfaction of prescribers were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 145 patients were included, and 383 DRPs were identified (mean: 2.6 DRPs per patient). The most frequent DRPs were drug interactions (21%), untreated indications (18%), overdosages (16%) and drugs used without a valid indication (10%). The drugs or drug classes most frequently involved were tramadol, antidepressants, acenocoumarol, calcium-vitamin D, statins, aspirin, proton pump inhibitors and paracetamol. The following interventions were selected: no intervention (51%), verbal advice of treatment optimization (42%), and written consultation (7%). The acceptance rate of prescribers was 84% and their satisfaction was high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacotherapy expertise during medical rounds was useful and well accepted by prescribers. Because of the modest allocation of pharmacists and pharmacologists in Swiss hospitals, complementary strategies would be required.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: Bertrand.Guignard@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guignard
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnabry
authors.affiliation: Service of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.affiliation: Service of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dayer
authors.affiliation: Service of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Desmeules
authors.affiliation: Service of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Caroline Flora
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Samer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004347:Drug Interactions; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Drug-related problems; Hospital; Internal medicine