title: Stream macroinvertebrate communities across a gradient of natural gas development in the Fayetteville Shale.
abstract: Oil and gas extraction in shale plays expanded rapidly in the U.S. and is projected to expand globally in the coming decades. Arkansas has doubled the number of gas wells in the state since 2005 mostly by extracting gas from the Fayetteville Shale with activity concentrated in mixed pasture-deciduous forests. Concentrated well pads in close proximity to streams could have adverse effects on stream water quality and biota if sedimentation associated with developing infrastructure or contamination from fracturing fluid and waste occurs. Cumulative effects of gas activity and local habitat conditions on macroinvertebrate communities were investigated across a gradient of gas well activity (0.2-3.6 wells per km(2)) in ten stream catchments in spring 2010 and 2011. In 2010, macroinvertebrate density was positively related to well pad inverse flowpath distance from streams (r=0.84, p<0.001). Relatively tolerant mayflies Baetis and Caenis (r=0.64, p=0.04), filtering hydropsychid caddisflies (r=0.73, p=0.01), and chironomid midge densities (r=0.79, p=0.008) also increased in streams where more well pads were closer to stream channels. Macroinvertebrate trophic structure reflected environmental conditions with greater sediment and primary production in streams with more gas activity close to streams. However, stream water turbidity (r=0.69, p=0.02) and chlorophyll a (r=0.89, p<0.001) were the only in-stream variables correlated with gas well activities. In 2011, a year with record spring flooding, a different pattern emerged where mayfly density (p=0.74, p=0.01) and mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly richness (r=0.78, p=0.008) increased in streams with greater well density and less silt cover. Hydrology and well pad placement in a catchment may interact to result in different relationships between biota and catchment activity between the two sample years. Our data show evidence of different macroinvertebrate communities expressed in catchments with different levels of gas activity that reinforce the need for more quantitative analyses of cumulative freshwater-effects from oil and gas development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Ave., Conway, AR 72035, United States. Electronic address: enlj12@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 601 Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR, 72701, United States. Electronic address: bjaustin@uark.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Ozark Highlands Office, 38 West Trenton Blvd., Suite 201 Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States. Electronic address: einlander@tnc.org.
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Inlander
authors.affiliation: The Nature Conservancy, Ozark Highlands Office, 38 West Trenton Blvd., Suite 201 Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States. Electronic address: cgallipeau@tnc.org.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallipeau
authors.affiliation: 601 Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR, 72701, United States. Electronic address: mevanswh@uark.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Evans-White
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, 201 Donaghey Ave., Conway, AR 72035, United States. Electronic address: sentrekin@uca.edu.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Entrekin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D059206:Natural Gas; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014481:United States; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas
keywords: Anthropogenic stressors; Macroinvertebrates; Small streams; Unconventional oil and gas