title: Short-term effects of ketogenic diet on anthropometric parameters, body fat distribution, and inflammatory cytokine production in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-wk ketogenic diet (KD) on inflammatory status, adipose tissue activity biomarkers, and abdominal visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous fat (SAT) in children affected by glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome GLUT1 DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a short-term longitudinal study on 10 children (mean age: 8.4 y, range 3.3-12 y, 5 girls, 5 boys) to determine fasting serum proinflammatory cytokines (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α interleukin-6), adipocyte-derived chemokines (leptin and adiponectin), lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity index (QUICKI), anthropometric measurements, and VAT and SAT (by ultrasonography).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children showed no significant changes in inflammatory and adipose tissue activity biomarkers, blood glucose, lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, VAT, and SAT. Fasting insulin decreased (6 ± 3.2 μU/mL versus 3 ± 2 μU/mL; P = 0.001), and both HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes were significantly modified (1.2 ± 0.6 versus 0.6 ± 0.4; P = 0.002; 0.38 ± 0.03 versus 0.44 ± 0.05; P = 0.002, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes changed after 12 wk on a KD, suggesting that over a short period of time KD does not affect inflammatory cytokines production and abdominal fat distribution despite being a high-fat diet. Long-term studies are needed to provide answers concerning adaptive metabolic changes during KD.
authors.affiliation: International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: Simona.bertoli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertoli
authors.affiliation: International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria Giulini
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public, Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trentani
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public, Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.affiliation: International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Amicis
authors.affiliation: International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battezzati
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry C. Mondino National, Neurological Institute, Via Mondino, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierangelo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veggiotti
authors.affiliation: Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Giorgis
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public, Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliabue
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D050218:Body Fat Distribution / Q000379:methods; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002239:Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic / Q000379:methods*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000276:immunology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adiponectin; Inflammatory cytokines; Ketogenic diet; Leptin; Visceral fat