title: Glioblastoma antigen discovery--foundations for immunotherapy.
abstract: Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM), the most common high-grade primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor, remains discouraging despite multiple discoveries and clinical advances. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to GBM therapy as the idea the human CNS is immunoprivileged is being challenged. Early clinical studies of vaccine-based approaches have been encouraging, but further investigation is required before these therapies become clinically meaningful. A key challenge in immunotherapy involves identification of target antigens that are specific and sensitive for GBM. Here we discuss tumor-associated antigens that have been targeted for GBM therapy, strategies for discovery of novel antigens, and the theory of epitope spreading as it applies to GBM immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, tdazad@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Tej D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.forename: Seyed-Mostafa
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm