title: Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming.
abstract: Annual species may increase reproduction by increasing adult body size through extended development, but risk being unable to complete development in seasonally limited environments. Synthetic reviews indicate that most, but not all, species have responded to recent climate warming by advancing the seasonal timing of adult emergence or reproduction. Here, we show that 50 years of climate change have delayed development in high-elevation, season-limited grasshopper populations, but advanced development in populations at lower elevations. Developmental delays are most pronounced for early-season species, which might benefit most from delaying development when released from seasonal time constraints. Rearing experiments confirm that population, elevation and temperature interact to determine development time. Population differences in developmental plasticity may account for variability in phenological shifts among adults. An integrated consideration of the full life cycle that considers local adaptation and plasticity may be essential for understanding and predicting responses to climate change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA lbuckley@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA University of Colorado Natural History Museum, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: César R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nufio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kingsolver
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D003120:Colorado; D005260:Female; D006110:Grasshoppers / Q000254:growth & development*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons
keywords: climate change; development; physiology; resurvey; temperature-size rule