title: The Use of Liposomes to Shape Epitope Structure and Modulate Immunogenic Responses of Peptide Vaccines Against HIV MPER.
abstract: Peptide vaccines have been shown effective in preventing animal infection in some instances, and various formulations are under evaluation for their potential clinical use in humans. In the case of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, viral escape from immune surveillance restricts relevant neutralizing humoral responses to a handful of sites of vulnerability on the envelope glycoprotein. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) on the gp41 transmembrane subunit has been identified as the only linear B-epitope that embodies an HIV vulnerability site. Thus, focusing humoral responses to MPER by peptide-based immunogens is a pursued goal in HIV vaccine development. The location of this sequence in the vicinity of the membrane interface, its composition (rich in aromatic residues), and the requirement of long-hydrophobic heavy-chain third complementarity-determining region loops for antibody-mediated neutralization suggests that in addition to the specific amino acid composition, antigenicity and immunogenicity of MPER can be modulated by membrane lipids. In this chapter, we give an overview of applications of lipid vesicles (liposomes) to the development of MPER-targeting vaccines, both as type-B adjuvants and epitope structure-shaping devices.
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Apellániz
authors.affiliation: Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain. Electronic address: gbpniesj@lg.ehu.es.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nieva
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology*; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D011487:Protein Conformation
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000939:Epitopes; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D008081:Liposomes; D010455:Peptides
keywords: 2F5 antibody; 4E10 antibody; Broadly neutralizing antibody; HIV MPER; HIV vaccine; Liposomal vaccine; Liposome; MPER vaccines; Peptide vaccine