title: B7-H1/PD-1 blockade therapy in urological malignancies: current status and future prospects.
abstract: The stimulatory and inhibitory coreceptors expressed by T lymphocytes are known to play critical roles in regulating cancer immunity. An array of inhibitory coreceptors involved in the inhibition of T-cell functions and the blockade of immune activation have been discovered in recent years, the most important of which are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmmed death-1 (PD-1), and B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1). Immunotherapies targeting T-cell coinhibitory molecules have proved to be effective in cancer treatment. Several kinds of monoclonal antibodies have been tested in preclinical studies, with better outcomes than conventional therapies in many malignancies. Common urological malignancies including renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer and prostate cancer are supposed to be immunogenic cancer types and not so sensitive to conventional therapies as other malignancies. This review will focus on B7-H1/PD-1 blockade therapy in urological malignancies, summarizing the results of clinical trials as well as the challenges and prospects of this emerging immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao - China.
authors.forename: Lun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shixiu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Qinchao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xinshen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000187:drug effects; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor