title: Recreational trails as a source of negative impacts on the persistence of keystone species and facilitation.
abstract: Hiking trails, which are among the most common forms of infrastructure created for nature-based tourism, can alter key ecological processes. Trails can damage plants that facilitate the establishment and growth of other species leading to changes in community and functional composition. This can be a particular concern in harsh alpine ecosystems where plant communities are often dominated by one or two keystone species that provide shelter to a suite of beneficiary species. We analysed how a hiking trail affects interspecific facilitation by a dominant trampling-sensitive nurse shrub in the highest National Park in Australia. First we assessed the effects of the trail on the abundance, size and density of the nurse shrub at different distances from the trail. We then compared species richness and composition between areas in, and out, of the nurse shrub's canopy at different distances from the trail. To better understand why some species may benefit from facilitation and any effects of the trail on the quality of facilitation we compared functional composition between quadrats using community trait weighted means calculated by combining plant composition with species functional traits (canopy height, leaf area, % dry weight of leaves and specific leaf area). The abundance, size and density of nurse shrubs was lower on the trail edges than further away, particularly on the leeward edge, where there was more bare ground and less shrub cover. There were differences in species richness, cover, composition and functional composition in and outside the nurse shrub canopy. The shrubs appeared to facilitate species with more competitive, but less stress tolerant traits (e.g. taller plants with leaves that were larger, had high specific leaf area and low dry matter content). However, despite reductions in nurse shrubs near the trail, where they do exist, they appear to provide the same 'quality' of facilitation as nurse shrubs further away. However, longer-term effects may be occurring as the loss of nurse shrubs alters the wind profile of the ridgeline and therefore succession. The use of a steel mesh walkway along the trail may facilitate the regeneration of nurse shrubs and other plants that require protection from wind. Our results highlight the importance of diversifying recreation ecology research to assess how trails affect important ecological processes.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia. Electronic address: mark.runkowski@griffithuni.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine Marina
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pickering
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D011998:Recreation
keywords: Ecological processes; Ecosystem functioning; Inter-specific interactions; Tourism and recreation; Windswept Feldmark