title: Genome informatics and vaccine targets in Corynebacterium urealyticum using two whole genomes, comparative genomics, and reverse vaccinology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corynebacterium urealyticum is an opportunistic pathogen that normally lives on skin and mucous membranes in humans. This high Gram-positive bacteria can cause acute or encrusted cystitis, encrusted pyelitis, and pyelonephritis in immunocompromised patients. The bacteria is multi-drug resistant, and knowledge about the genes that contribute to its virulence is very limited. Two complete genome sequences were used in this comparative genomic study: C. urealyticum DSM 7109 and C. urealyticum DSM 7111.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used comparative genomics strategies to compare the two strains, DSM 7109 and DSM 7111, and to analyze their metabolic pathways, genome plasticity, and to predict putative antigenic targets. The genomes of these two strains together encode 2,115 non-redundant coding sequences, 1,823 of which are common to both genomes. We identified 188 strain-specific genes in DSM 7109 and 104 strain-specific genes in DSM 7111. The high number of strain-specific genes may be a result of horizontal gene transfer triggered by the large number of transposons in the genomes of these two strains. Screening for virulence factors revealed the presence of the spaDEF operon that encodes pili forming proteins. Therefore, spaDEF may play a pivotal role in facilitating the adhesion of the pathogen to the host tissue. Application of the reverse vaccinology method revealed 19 putative antigenic proteins that may be used in future studies as candidate drug or vaccine targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genome features and the presence of virulence factors in genomic islands in the two strains of C. urealyticum provide insights in the lifestyle of this opportunistic pathogen and may be useful in developing future therapeutic strategies.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Siomar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trost
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Rommel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Debmalya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barh
authors.forename: Vasco
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003352:Corynebacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003354:Corynebacterium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors