title: Relationship between pre-natal factors, the perinatal environment, motor development in the first year of life and the timing of first deciduous tooth emergence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of deciduous teeth, despite being genetically determined, shows significant correlation with the pre-natal environment, maternal factors, method of infant feeding and also family socioeconomic status. However, reported results are often contradictory and rarely concern healthy, full-term children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-natal and maternal factors as well as the method of infant feeding on the timing of first deciduous tooth emergence in healthy, full-term infants and to examine the relationship between the psychomotor development rate and the age at first tooth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The database contained 480 records for healthy, term-born children (272 boys and 208 girls born at 37-42 weeks of gestation) aged 9-54 months. Multiple regression analysis and multi-factor analysis of variance were used to identify significant explanatory variables for the age at first tooth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset of deciduous tooth emergence is negatively correlated with birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy and positively correlated with breastfeeding and the age at which the child begins to sit up unaided. These factors have an additive effect on the age at first tooth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An earlier onset of tooth emergence in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy seems to provide further evidence for disturbed foetal development in a smoke-induced hypoxic environment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Łódź , ul. S. Banacha , Łódź , Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Żądzińska
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Łódź , ul. S. Banacha , Łódź , Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitek
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Łódź , ul. S. Banacha , Łódź , Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosset
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009048:Motor Skills; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014078:Tooth Eruption; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Birth weight; breastfeeding; maternal smoking; smoke-induced hypoxic environment