title: Ballistocardiogram as Proximal Timing Reference for Pulse Transit Time Measurement: Potential for Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that the ballistocardiogram (BCG) waveform could yield a viable proximal timing reference for measuring pulse transit time (PTT).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 15 healthy volunteers, we measured PTT as the time interval between BCG and a noninvasively measured finger blood pressure (BP) waveform. To evaluate the efficacy of the BCG-based PTT in estimating BP, we likewise measured pulse arrival time (PAT) using the electrocardiogram (ECG) as proximal timing reference and compared their correlations to BP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCG-based PTT was correlated with BP reasonably well: the mean correlation coefficient (r ) was 0.62 for diastolic (DP), 0.65 for mean (MP), and 0.66 for systolic (SP) pressures when the intersecting tangent method was used as distal timing reference. Comparing four distal timing references (intersecting tangent, maximum second derivative, diastolic minimum, and systolic maximum), PTT exhibited the best correlation with BP when the systolic maximum method was used (mean r value was 0.66 for DP, 0.67 for MP, and 0.70 for SP). PTT was more strongly correlated with DP than PAT regardless of the distal timing reference: mean r value was 0.62 versus 0.51 (p = 0.07) for intersecting tangent, 0.54 versus 0.49 (p = 0.17) for maximum second derivative, 0.58 versus 0.52 (p = 0.37) for diastolic minimum, and 0.66 versus 0.60 (p = 0.10) for systolic maximum methods. The difference between PTT and PAT in estimating DP was significant (p = 0.01) when the r values associated with all the distal timing references were compared altogether. However, PAT appeared to outperform PTT in estimating SP ( p = 0.31 when the r values associated with all the distal timing references were compared altogether).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that BCG is an adequate proximal timing reference in deriving PTT, and that BCG-based PTT may be superior to ECG-based PAT in estimating DP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTT with BCG as proximal timing reference has potential to enable convenient and ubiquitous cuffless BP monitoring.
authors.forename: Chang-Sei
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carek
authors.forename: Ramakrishna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukkamala
authors.forename: Omer T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Jin-Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001450:Ballistocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D055815:Young Adult