title: Development, validation, and application of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of six organotin compounds in human serum.
abstract: Organotin compounds (OTCs) are heavily employed by industry for a wide variety of applications, including the production of plastics and as biocides. Reports of environmental prevalence, differential toxicity between OTCs, and poorly characterized human exposure have fueled the demand for sensitive, selective speciation methods. The objective of this investigation was to develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and selective analytical method for the simultaneous determination of a suite of organotin compounds, including butyl (mono-, di-, and tri-substituted) and phenyl (mono-, di-, and tri-substituted) species in human serum. The analytical method utilized ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The small (sub-2 µm) particle size of the UPLC column stationary phase and the sensitivity of the SF-ICP-MS enabled separation and sensitive determination of the analyte suite with a runtime of approximately 3 min. Validation activities included demonstration of method linearity over the concentration range of approximately 0.250-13.661 ng mL(-1), depending on the species; intraday precision of less than 21%, interday precision of less than 18%, intraday accuracy of -5.3% to 19%, and interday accuracy of -14% to 15% for all species; specificity, and matrix impact. In addition, sensitivity, and analyte stability under different storage scenarios were evaluated. Analyte stability was found to be limited for most species in freezer, refrigerator, and freeze-thaw conditions. The validated method was then applied for the determination of the OTCs in human serum samples from women participating in the Snart-Foraeldre/MiljØ (Soon-Parents/Environment) Study. The concentration of each OTC ranged from below the experimental limit of quantitation to 10.929 ng tin (Sn) mL(-1) serum. Speciation values were confirmed by a total Sn analysis.
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Keith E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Afton
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Amal S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Essader
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Frank X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Reshan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.affiliation: Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.affiliation: Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Veronica G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Suramya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waidyanatha
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009947:Organotin Compounds
keywords: Biomonitoring; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Metallomics; Organotin compounds; Serum; Speciation; Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography