title: Streptococcus pneumoniae oropharyngeal colonization in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: This study was designed to evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) carriage rates in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).
  
  
  
  An oropharyngeal swab was obtained from 212 CF children and adolescents enrolled during routine clinical visits. DNA from swabs was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  
  A total of 42 (19.8%) CF patients (mean age±standard deviation [SD], 12.0±3.3years) were colonized by S. pneumoniae. Carriage was more common in younger patients and tended to decline with age. Administration of systemic and/or inhaled antibiotics in the last 3months significantly correlated with a reduced carrier state [odds ratio (OR) 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07-0.69, and OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08-0.77, respectively]. Vitamin D serum levels ≥30ng/mL were less common in carriers than that in non-carriers (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.08-1.49). In both the vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects, serotypes 19F, 5, 4, and 9V were the most commonly carried serotypes.
  
  
  
  S. pneumoniae carrier state of school-age children and adolescents with CF is more prevalent than previously thought, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination administered in the first year of life does not reduce the risk of re-colonization in later childhood and adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: susanna.esposito@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Center, Lombardia Region, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Center, Campania Region, Pediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tosco
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Center, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Enza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montemitro
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Center, Veneto Region, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Volpi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lelii
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Center, Lombardia Region, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisogno
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelucchi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Principi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012703:Serotyping / Q000379:methods; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; Pneumococcal carrier; Pneumococcal colonization; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Pneumococcal vaccination; Streptococcus pneumoniae