title: Hormone replacement in disorders of sex development: Current thinking.
abstract: Congenital disruptions of sex hormone production lead to wide-ranging developmental and physiological effects in individuals who have atypical chromosomal, gonadal or anatomic sex. Aberrant developmental sex hormone exposure causes disorders of genital anatomy, attainment of secondary sexual characteristics and has long-term effects on metabolism, fertility and psychological functioning. Principles in the management of disorders of sex development (DSD) aim to improve physiological health and long-term outcome, as well as development of male or female sexual anatomy. Concerns raised by DSD patient advocacy groups about beneficence and autonomy with respect to prescribed hormone treatments and avoidance of unnecessary genital and gonadal surgery have demanded greater informed consent and attention to long-term outcome. Hormone treatment is influenced by underlying clinical diagnosis and by factors such as sex of rearing and gender identity of the affected individual. We describe diagnostic criteria for different DSDs, clinical considerations in management protocols, together with current concepts and detailed practical hormone treatments for male and female individuals with DSD. Gender identity issues requiring multidisciplinary consensus, ethical consideration and informed consent or assent from the young person are also addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, 3 West Clinical Offices, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address: jacky.hewitt@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Royal Children's Hospital, 3 West Clinical Offices, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zacharin
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D006062:Gonadotropins; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: congenital adrenal hyperplasia; disorders of sex development (DSD); gender identity; gonadotrophins; hormone replacement treatment (HRT); oestrogen; testosterone