title: Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora.
abstract: The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops and non-GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national-scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from 'very low' (1) to 'very high' (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM-native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape-Vitis vinifera GM-introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.
authors.affiliation: Asociación Gremial ChileBio CropLife, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cid
authors.affiliation: Molecular Fruit Phytopathology Laboratory, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Computer Sciences Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chacón
authors.affiliation: Genetic Resources Unit and Germplasm Bank, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prieto
mesh_terms: D002677:Chile; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005843:Geography; D058865:Introduced Species; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics*; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000235:genetics*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Chile; genetically modified crops; introduced relatives; native relatives; outcrossing potential; vascular flora