title: Early Anatomical Injury Patterns Predict Epilepsy in Head Cooled Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim was to determine whether early anatomical injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging-correlate with the development of postneonatal epilepsy in infants treated with selective head cooling for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed infants ≥35 weeks' gestation born between 2008 and 2013 and followed for at least one year at Northwestern University. All had brain magnetic resonance imaging scans at days 4-5 and electroencephalographs during rewarming and at 3 to 6 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcome was favorable for our cohort of 73 individuals with a mean follow-up of 41 (±7) months. The majority (66%) survived with no seizure recurrence, whereas 13 (18%) developed postneonatal epilepsy, including eight who had infantile spasms. Twelve infants (16%) died. The most common magnetic resonance imaging pattern was diffuse brain injury involving both cortical and subcortical gray matter (26/73, 35%), followed by cortical and subcortical white matter injury (18/73, 25%) and normal magnetic resonance imaging (16/73, 22%). In 13 infants (18%), the brainstem was involved in addition to cortical and subcortical gray matter; nine died and all four surviving infants developed infantile spasms. All 18 infants with cortical and subcortical white matter injury survived and none developed postneonatal epilepsy. The risk of postneonatal epilepsy was associated with injury involving subcortical regions (basal ganglia, thalamus ± brainstem) (12/39 versus 1/34, P < 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brainstem injury was highly predictive of infantile spasms, whereas cortical injury alone predicted low risk for short-term postneonatal epilepsy. Location of anatomical injury on magnetic resonance imaging can be an early predictive factor for development of infantile spasms and inform prognostic decisions in newborns treated with selective head cooling for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology & Epilepsy, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Da Eun
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology & Epilepsy, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ritacco
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology & Epilepsy, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nordli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology & Epilepsy, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Sookyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology & Epilepsy, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: charulata.venkatesan@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Charu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: epilepsy; hypothermia; hypoxic-ischemic injury; infantile spasms; magnetic resonance images; neonatal seizures; postneonatal epilepsy