title: Is Seeing Believing? The Process of Change During Cognitive-behavioural Therapy for Distressing Visual Hallucinations.
abstract: People with psychosis often report distressing visual hallucinations (VH). In contrast to auditory hallucinations, there is little empirical evidence on effective interventions. The effectiveness of a novel-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for VH was explored using a multiple baseline single case design with four participants. Change to individual appraisals, emotional and behavioural responses to VH were measured with daily diaries kept throughout the baseline and intervention phase lasting up to 16 sessions. Maintenance of change was tracked during a follow-up period of one month. Changes in appraisals, distress and response in accordance with the theory was evident in two out of four of the cases. However, change occurred within the baseline phase that limited the conclusions that change could be attributed to CBT alone. There was some evidence of clinically significant change and reliable change for two out of four of the cases at follow-up on one of the standardized psychiatric assessments. The research reported here has theoretical and clinical implications for refinement of the model and interventions for distressing VH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Distressing visual hallucinations (VH) are a relatively common symptom of psychosis. Visual hallucinations seem to be associated with greater impairment and disability. We have no specific treatment for VH. The appraisal of the visual experience and the behavioural response is important in maintaining the distress. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for VH at present has limited value.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Rea
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Bensham Hospital, Gateshead, UK.|Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collerton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|Newcastle Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Centre, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freeston
authors.affiliation: South of Tyne Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|South of Tyne Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dudley
mesh_terms: D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cognitive Therapy; Psychosis; Visual Hallucinations