title: Correlates of Total Sedentary Time and Screen Time in 9-11 Year-Old Children around the World: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously, studies examining correlates of sedentary behavior have been limited by small sample size, restricted geographic area, and little socio-cultural variability. Further, few studies have examined correlates of total sedentary time (SED) and screen time (ST) in the same population. This study aimed to investigate correlates of SED and ST in children around the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 5,844 children (45.6% boys, mean age = 10.4 years) from study sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Child- and parent-reported behavioral, household, and neighborhood characteristics and directly measured anthropometric and accelerometer data were obtained. Twenty-one potential correlates of SED and ST were examined using multilevel models, adjusting for sex, age, and highest parental education, with school and study site as random effects. Variables that were moderately associated with SED and/or ST in univariate analyses (p<0.10) were included in the final models. Variables that remained significant in the final models (p<0.05) were considered correlates of SED and/or ST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children averaged 8.6 hours of daily SED, and 54.2% of children failed to meet ST guidelines. In all study sites, boys reported higher ST, were less likely to meet ST guidelines, and had higher BMI z-scores than girls. In 9 of 12 sites, girls engaged in significantly more SED than boys. Common correlates of higher SED and ST included poor weight status, not meeting physical activity guidelines, and having a TV or a computer in the bedroom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this global sample many common correlates of SED and ST were identified, some of which are easily modifiable (e.g., removing TV from the bedroom), and others that may require more intense behavioral interventions (e.g., increasing physical activity). Future work should incorporate these findings into the development of culturally meaningful public health messages.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Allana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Katzmarzyk
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America; University of Syracuse, Syracuse, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tiago V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Barreira
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Broyles
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chaput
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.affiliation: University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Deirdre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuriyan
authors.affiliation: St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Anura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurpad
authors.affiliation: University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Estelle V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences / Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul (CELAFISCS), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matsudo
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences / Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olds
authors.affiliation: Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Onywera
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia, Colombia.
authors.forename: Olga L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.affiliation: University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Standage
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States of America.
authors.forename: Catrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tudor-Locke
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tremblay
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003201:Computers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D010290:Parents; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors