title: A standard cytogenetic map of Culex quinquefasciatus polytene chromosomes in application for fine-scale physical mapping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus belongs to the C. pipiens cryptic species complex, with global distribution and unclear taxonomy. Mosquitoes of the complex can transmit human and animal pathogens, such as filarial worm, West Nile virus and avian malarial Plasmodium. Physical gene mapping is crucial to understanding genome organization, function, and systematic relationships of cryptic species, and is a basis for developing new vector control strategies. However, physical mapping was not established previously for Culex due to the lack of well-structured polytene chromosomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inbreeding was used to diminish inversion polymorphism and asynapsis of chromosomal homologs. Identification of larvae of the same developmental stage using the shape of imaginal discs allowed achievement of uniformity in chromosomal banding pattern. This together with high-resolution phase-contrast photography enabled the development of a cytogenetic map. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was used for gene mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A detailed cytogenetic map of C. quinquefasciatus polytene chromosomes was produced. Landmarks for chromosome recognition and cytological boundaries for two inversions were identified. Locations of 23 genes belonging to 16 genomic supercontigs, and 2 cDNA were established. Six supercontigs were oriented and one was found putatively misassembled. The cytogenetic map was linked to the previously developed genetic linkage groups by corresponding positions of 2 genetic markers and 10 supercontigs carrying genetic markers. Polytene chromosomes were numbered according to the genetic linkage groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study developed a new standard cytogenetic photomap of the polytene chromosomes for C. quinquefasciatus and was applied for the fine-scale physical mapping. It allowed us to infer chromosomal position of 1333 of annotated genes belonging to 16 genomic supercontigs and find orientation of 6 of these supercontigs; the new cytogenetic and previously developed genetic linkage maps were integrated based on 12 matches. The map will further assist in finding chromosomal position of the medically important and other genes, contributing into improvement of the genome assembly. Better assembled C. quinquefasciatus genome can serve as a reference for studying other vector species of C. pipiens complex and will help to resolve their taxonomic relationships. This, in turn, will contribute into future development of vector and disease control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. Munger1@alumni.nd.edu.
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Msharakh@vt.edu.|Laboratory of Evolutionary Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russia. Msharakh@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sharakhova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. Aharshba@alumni.nd.edu.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Harshbarger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. Patrick.Glass13@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. Frank@nd.edu.
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D003465:Culex / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D059007:Polytene Chromosomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*