title: Impact of ethnicity on progress of glycaemic control in 131,935 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies on ethnic disparities in glycaemic control have been contradictory, and compromised by excessively broad categories of ethnicity and inadequate adjustment for socioeconomic differences. We aimed to study the effect of ethnicity on glycaemic control in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used nationwide data (mainly from primary care) from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (2002-2011) to identify patients with newly diagnosed (within 12 months) type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 131,935 patients (with 713,495 appointments), representing 10 ethnic groups, who were followed up to 10 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Progress of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for up to 10 years was examined. Mixed models were used to correlate ethnicity with HbA1c (mmol/mol). The effect of glycaemic disparities was examined by assessing the risk of developing albuminuria. The impact of ethnicity was compared to that of income, education and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immigrants, particularly those of non-Western origin, received glucose-lowering therapy earlier, had 30% more appointments but displayed poorer glycaemic control (2-5 mmol/mol higher HbA1c than native Swedes). Probability of therapy failure was 28-111% higher for non-Western groups than for native Swedes. High-income Western groups remained below the target-level of HbA1c for 4-5 years, whereas non-Western populations never reached the target level. These disparities translated into 51-92% higher risk of developing albuminuria. The impact of ethnicity was greater than the effect of income and education, and equal to the effect of physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite earlier pharmacological treatment and more frequent appointments, immigrants of non-Western origin display poorer glycaemic control and this is mirrored in a higher risk of developing albuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Araz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2066-3533
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rawshani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden National Diabetes Register, Centre of Registers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Medical Products Agency, Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zethelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden National Diabetes Register, Centre of Registers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden National Diabetes Register, Centre of Registers, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Soffia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdottir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004522:Educational Status; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007182:Income; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY