title: Validating reference microRNAs for normalizing qRT-PCR data in bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene targets. Accurate quantification of miRNA expression using validated internal controls should aid in the understanding of their role in epigenetic modification of genome function. To date, most studies that have examined miRNA expression levels have used the global mean expression of all expressed genes or the expression of reference mRNAs or nuclear RNAs for normalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the suitability of a number of miRNAs as potential expression normalizers in bovine oocytes and early embryos, and porcine oocytes. The stages examined were bovine oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II stages, bovine zygotes, 2, 4 and 8 cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts, as well as porcine cumulus oocyte complexes, GV, metaphase I and II oocytes. qRT-PCR was performed to quantify expression of miR-93, miR-103, miR-26a, miR-191, miR-23b, Let-7a and U6 for bovine samples and miR-21, miR-26a, miR-93, miR-103, miR-148a, miR-182 and miR-191 for porcine oocytes. The average starting material for each sample was determined using specific standard curves for each primer set. Subsequently, geNorm and BestKeeper software were used to identify a set of stably expressed miRNAs. Stepwise removal to determine the optimum number of reference miRNAs identified miR-93 and miR-103 as the most stably expressed in bovine samples and miR-26a, miR-191 and miR-93 in porcine samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of miR-93 and miR-103 is optimal for normalizing miRNA expression for qPCR experiments on bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos; the preferred combination for porcine oocytes is miR-26a, miR-191 and miR-93.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.mahdipour@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.t.a.vantol@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Helena T A
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. t.a.e.stout@uu.nl.|Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. t.a.e.stout@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Tom A E
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.a.j.roelen@uu.nl.|Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584, CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. b.a.j.roelen@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Bernard A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Roelen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs