title: Resistiveness to care during assistance with activities of daily living in non-institutionalized persons with dementia: associations with informal caregivers' stress and well-being.
abstract: Resistiveness to care (RTC) refers to behavior problems that co-occur during assistance with activities of daily living (ADL). RTC are considered challenging, but are mostly studied in institutions with implications for patients and formal caregivers. RTC is associated with agitation, but agitation is considered a separate construct. Detection of RTC may be left out of common assessments of persons with dementia in studies of informal caregiving (e.g. global assessments of dementia behavioral symptoms, standard assessments of ADL function). This study examines how RTC (frequency and caregivers' stress appraisals of RTC) is related to caregivers' well-being.
  
  
  
  234 caregivers of people with dementia reported care receivers' ADL impairment (eating, bathing, dressing), RTC frequency (of eating, bathing dressing), and their stress appraisals of these behaviors (RTC appraisals). Caregivers also self-reported their role overload, role captivity, and depressive symptoms. Hierarchical linear regression models included independent variables (demographics, ADL impairment, RTC frequency, RTC appraisals) with three separate dependent variables (overload, captivity, depressive symptoms).
  
  
  
  Two-thirds of informal caregivers reported RTC. Care recipients' ADL impairment was associated with caregiver outcomes, but only before RTC was entered into the models. RTC frequency significantly predicted caregivers' overload, captivity, and depression. RTC appraisals predicted overload and captivity.
  
  
  
  RTC is common in persons with dementia residing at home, and RTC has more negative association with informal caregivers' well-being than assistance with ADL. Adding RTC frequency and appraisal items to standard ADL measures may better estimate caregivers' needs and risk, and identify modifiable environmental features by assessing behavioral symptoms in context.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development , Utah State University , Logan , United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Braungart
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Fauth
authors.affiliation: b Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Pennsylvania State University, State College, United States.
authors.forename: Elia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Femia
authors.affiliation: b Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Pennsylvania State University, State College, United States.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zarit
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000451:nursing*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: caregiving; challenging behavior; dementia; functional status; psychological and behavioral symptoms; psychological and social aspects; stress/burden