title: Photoacoustic tomography imaging and estimation of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in ocular tissue of rabbits.
abstract: This study evaluated in vivo imaging capabilities and safety of qualitative monitoring of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2) of rabbit ciliary body tissues obtained with acoustic resolution (AR) photoacoustic tomography (PAT). AR PAT was used to collect trans-scleral images from ciliary body vasculature of seven New Zealand White rabbits. The PAT sO2 measurements were obtained under the following conditions: when systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 100% and 99% (level 1); systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 98% and 90% (level 2); and systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was less than 90% (level 3). Following imaging, histological analysis of ocular tissue was conducted to evaluate for possible structural damage caused by the AR PAT imaging. AR PAT was able to resolve anatomical structures of the anterior segment of the eye, viewed through the cornea or anterior sclera. Histological studies revealed no ocular damage. On average, sO2 values (%) obtained with AR PAT were lower than sO2 values obtained with pulse oximetry (all p < 0.001): 86.28 ± 4.16 versus 99.25 ± 0.28, 84.09 ± 1.81 vs. 95.3 ± 2.6, and 64.49 ± 7.27 vs. 71.15 ± 10.21 for levels 1, 2 and 3 respectively. AR PAT imaging modality is capable of qualitative monitoring for deep tissue sO2 in rabbits. Further studies are needed to validate and modify the AR PAT modality specifically for use in human eyes. Having a safe, non-invasive method of in vivo imaging of sO2 in the anterior segment is important to studies evaluating the role of oxidative damage, hypoxia and ischemia in pathogenesis of ocular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Solo Private Practice, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: stella0213@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stella N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hennen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Wenxin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ying-Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Shui
authors.affiliation: Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kalishman
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Andrews-Kaminsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantin I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Maslov
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. Electronic address: lhwang@seas.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Lihong V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000098:blood supply*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Oxygen; Photoacoustic tomography; Rabbit; Saturation