title: International military operations and mental health--A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volunteering in international military missions has been scrutinized for its effects on mental health. Different kinds of exposures to traumatic events are associated with a variety of mental disorders, mainly heightened rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Based on the literature we discuss risk and protective factors concerning the psychological well-being of soldiers attending to international military operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was carried out using relevant search terms to identify the articles for this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to recognize and treat acute stress reactions during deployments is important. Post-deployment psychosocial support and services have a role in lowering barriers to care, diminishing stigma and also in recognizing individuals who suffer from psychological distress or psychiatric symptoms, to connect them with appropriate care. Further investigation of gender differences and the role of stigmatization is warranted. Most of those participating in international military operations are repatriated without problems, but repeated exposure to combat situations and other stressors may affect mental health in various ways. Stigmatization is still a barrier to care.
authors.affiliation: a Noora M. Kaikkonen, Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Noora M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kaikkonen
authors.affiliation: b Tanja Laukkala, Field Medicine Services Unit, Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laukkala
mesh_terms: D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008603:Mental Health; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Crisis management; International operations; Mental health; Military; Peacekeeping; Psychiatry