title: Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Nephrostomy Performed on Neonates and Infants Using a "14-4" (Trocar and Cannula) Technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) catheters are placed under combined ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance in the interventional radiology suite and present unique challenges in neonates and infants. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate feasibility of PCN using a "14-4" (trocar and cannula) technique on neonates and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2009 and June 2014, data for 27 kidneys from consecutive 22 neonates or infants who underwent PCN catheter placement using the "14-4" technique were retrospectively analyzed. The median age at the time of placement of the PCN catheters was 11 days (range 5-300 days). There were 18 males and 4 females. All procedures were performed in the interventional radiology suite but without using fluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unilateral PCN was performed on 17 out of 22 patients, while bilateral drainage was performed on five patients. The technical success rate was 100%. The median duration of PCN catheter was 75 days (range 10-138 days). Minor macroscopic hematuria not requiring blood transfusion was present in two of the patients in which the hematuria lasted in 2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of PCN catheters using a "14-4" technique with ultrasound as the sole imaging modality is a technically feasible and desirable option for neonates or infants. The technique obviates the need for ionizing radiation and potentially could be performed in the ultrasound room or even at the bedside.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, 34098, Turkey. dr.ahmetbas@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, 34098, Turkey. drfgulsen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gülşen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. senolemre@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Senol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. cesursamanci@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cesur
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samanci
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. osmanuzunlu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uzunlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, 34098, Turkey. cantasdemir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cantasdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey. hemir@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Emir
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, KMPasa, Fatih, Istanbul, 34098, Turkey. f.numan@superonline.com.
authors.forename: Furuzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Numan
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D057785:Catheters; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
keywords: Infant; Newborn; Percutaneous nephrostomy