title: Multifunctional SA-PProDOT Binder for Lithium Ion Batteries.
abstract: An environmentally benign, highly conductive, and mechanically strong binder system can overcome the dilemma of low conductivity and insufficient mechanical stability of the electrodes to achieve high performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs) at a low cost and in a sustainable way. In this work, the naturally occurring binder sodium alginate (SA) is functionalized with 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (ProDOT) via a one-step esterification reaction in a cyclohexane/dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA)/water microemulsion system, resulting in a multifunctional polymer binder, that is, SA-PProDOT. With the synergetic effects of the functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, and ester groups), the resultant SA-PProDOT polymer not only maintains the outstanding binding capabilities of sodium alginate but also enhances the mechanical integrity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient in the LiFePO4 (LFP) electrode during the operation of the batteries. Because of the conjugated network of the PProDOT and the lithium doping under the battery environment, the SA-PProDOT becomes conductive and matches the conductivity needed for LiFePO4 LIBs. Without the need of conductive additives such as carbon black, the resultant batteries have achieved the theoretical specific capacity of LiFePO4 cathode (ca. 170 mAh/g) at C/10 and ca. 120 mAh/g at 1C for more than 400 cycles.
authors.affiliation: †Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.|∥Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: †Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Jingxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: †Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: ‡School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: §Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Milton J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kiefel
authors.affiliation: ∥Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Gao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: †Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia.
authors.forename: Shanqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Binders; conductivities; lithium ion battery; lithium ion phosphate; multifunctions