title: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal region.
abstract: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal region, which are relatively uncommon but clinically very important, are reviewed here in the light of current knowledge. Using a definition for neuroendocrine based on phenotypic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features rather than histogenetic criteria, sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas are examined with a particular emphasis on the small-cell and large-cell subtypes. This is followed by revisiting olfactory neuroblastoma because it is also a tumor that shows a neuroendocrine phenotype. Kadish clinical and Hyams histologic grading systems as prognosticators of olfactory neuroblastoma are also considered in detail. Finally, controversies regarding sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma as a neuroendocrine tumor are discussed and a possible relationship with high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma is explored. Genetic events and current management of these tumors are also outlined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2259-E2266, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.|Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Ehab Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Randal S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: DeMonte
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool and Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Asterios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Triantafyllou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Slootweg
authors.affiliation: Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stenman
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Pathology, University Pathologists, Warwick, Rhode Island and Fall River, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gnepp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Allegiance Health, Jackson, Michigan.
authors.forename: Kenneth O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Devaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.|Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinaldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wenig
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências, Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algavre, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hellquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Pathology Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimihide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kusafuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bayardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perez-Ordoñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Takes
authors.affiliation: Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group.
authors.forename: Alfio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferlito
mesh_terms: D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: immunohistochemistry; neuroendocrine neoplasms; olfactory neuroblastoma; sinonasal carcinoma; sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma