title: Nanostructure of the Ionic Liquid-Graphite Stern Layer.
abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are attractive solvents for devices such as lithium ion batteries and capacitors, but their uptake is limited, partially because their Stern layer nanostructure is poorly understood compared to molecular solvents. Here, in situ amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy has been used to reveal the Stern layer nanostructure of the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIm TFSI)-HOPG (highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) interface with molecular resolution. The effect of applied surface potential and added 0.1 wt/wt % Li TFSI or EMIm Cl on ion arrangements is probed between ±1 V. For pure EMIm TFSI at open-circuit potential, well-defined rows are present on the surface formed by an anion-cation-cation-anion (A-C-C-A) unit cell adsorbed with like ions adjacent. As the surface potential is changed, the relative concentrations of cations and anions in the Stern layer respond, and markedly different lateral ion arrangements ensue. The changes in Stern layer structure at positive and negative potentials are not symmetrical due to the different surface affinities and packing constraints of cations and anions. For potentials outside ±0.4 V, images are featureless because the compositional variation within the layer is too small for the AFM tip to detect. This suggests that the Stern layer is highly enriched in either cations or anions (depending on the potential) oriented upright to the surface plane. When Li(+) or Cl(-) is present, some Stern layer ionic liquid cations or anions (respectively) are displaced, producing starkly different structures. The Stern layer structures elucidated here significantly enhance our understanding of the ionic liquid electrical double layer.
authors.affiliation: †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elbourne
authors.affiliation: †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Samila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kislon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Voïchovsky
authors.affiliation: §Institute of Electrochemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.affiliation: ∥School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Warr
authors.affiliation: †Discipline of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atkin
keywords: adsorption; amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy; ionic liquids; self-assembly; surface chemistry