title: Health Disparity Still Exists in an Economically Well-Developed Society in Asia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The socioeconomic inequalities in child health continue to widen despite improved economy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlation between socio-economic factors and health risk behaviors and psychosocial well-being of children in Hong Kong.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The null hypothesis is that for this particular developed region, there exists little or no correlation between social-economic factors and health risk behaviors and psychosocial well-being of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional territory wide survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caregivers of 7,000 children in kindergartens in Hong Kong.
  Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance questionnaire, health-related knowledge and hygienic practice questionnaire, and Children Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children were less likely to have somatic complaints and anxiety/depression as reflected by CBCL scores coming from families of higher income, not being recipients of social assistance, with fathers in employment, and with higher parental education. Children with only mother or father as caretakers had lower odds ratios (ORs) 0.71 (95% CI 0.58-0.89) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.33-0.84) respectively to have the habit of eating breakfast, whilst parental education at post-secondary level and higher family income had higher ORs 1.91 (95% CI 1.31-2.78), and 1.63 (95% CI 1.11-2.39). Fathers unemployed, relatives as main caretakers and living in districts with low median household inome incurred higher ORs, as 1.46 (95% CI 1.10-1.94),1.52 (95% CI 1.27-1.83) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.02-1.34) respectively, of watching television over two hours daily, whilst children with parental education at secondary level or above incurred lower OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.24-0.45). Children with parental education at post-secondary level and higher family income had lower ORs of 0.32 (95% CI 0.48-0.97) and 0.52 (95% CI 0.34-0.79) respectively, with regard to exposing to passive smoking, and reversed for those living in districts with lower median household income, lower family income and recipient of CSSA with ORs 1.24 (95% CI 1.06-1.44) and 1.6 (95% CI 1.09-2.37) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Null hypothesis was not supported. A strong gradient was still found to exist among different socio-economic groups for various health-related behaviors in developed society like Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Council for Social Services, Wanchai, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hoi-wai
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Council for Social Services, Wanchai, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Patrick W L
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jasmine W S
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Antonio A T
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chuh
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires