title: Dietary Habits and Cardiometabolic Health in Obese Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence rates of cardiometabolic risk factors vary largely among overweight children. This study investigated the relationships between dietary habits and cardiometabolic health among obese children living in a city of Northern Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary habits were collected in 448 obese subjects aged 6-18 years, attending an obesity outpatient center in Milan. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), lipids, fasting and post-load glucose, and insulin were measured. Physical activity was assessed in adolescents using a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Frequency of glucose intolerance, hypertension and dyslipidemia was 0.7%, 13% and 27.2%, respectively. Plausible reporters consumed more animal protein and sodium and less legumes than recommended in nutritional recommendations and adequate amounts of fiber mainly derived from whole grains. Subjects skipping breakfast had unhealthy diets and greater body fatness. After adjustment for confounders, waist/height and fasting glucose were associated with sodium intake (r =0.149 and r = 0.142, respectively; p < 0.05), 2-hour glucose with fiber (r = -0.172; p < 0.01), and BP with vegetable protein intake (systolic r = -0.120 (p < 0.05); diastolic r = -0.267 (p < 0.01)). Hypertensive children consumed less vegetable protein than normotensive children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiometabolic health of obese children improves with vegetable protein and whole grain intake, whereas dysglycemia and adiposity increase with sodium intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Rehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilardini
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Croci
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pasqualinotto
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caffetto
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Invitti
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin