title: Influence of nail biting and finger sucking habits on the oral carriage of Enterobacteriaceae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral habits like thumb sucking and nail biting are pernicious habits that act as an adaptive function in obtaining pleasure and subduing anxiety. These habits may also act as carriers of numerous microorganisms into the oral cavity, of which, Enterobacteriaceae members are transient pathogens, which might result in debilitating systemic conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the oral carriage of Enterobacteriaceae in children having habit of nail biting and thumb sucking. And to study the association of the organism with the individual's respective plaque indices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Totally, 40 chronic nail biters, 40 chronic thumb suckers, and 20 controls (no habit) (8-15 years old) were enrolled in the study. Appropriate history and their plaque indices recorded. Sterile containers were used to collect the salivary samples and later cultured on Agar plates. Biochemical tests categorized the organisms into subspecies.
  
  
  METHODS
  ANNOVA, Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of a nail biting habit indicated a higher plaque index, which in turn showed a higher carriage of Enterobacteria spps, predominantly Escherichia coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral surgical intervention in individuals with pernicious oral habits need to be counseled and educated on the possible complications, which might otherwise provide an environment that disseminates these microorganisms resulting in a broad range of local and systemic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Firoz G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Chinthareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Reginald Ajay
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bernard
keywords: Bacteremia; Enterobacteriaceae; cellulitis; extraction complications; nail biting; thumb sucking