title: GmHs1-1, encoding a calcineurin-like protein, controls hard-seededness in soybean.
abstract: Loss of seed-coat impermeability was essential in the domestication of many leguminous crops to promote the production of their highly nutritious seeds. Here we show that seed-coat impermeability in wild soybean is controlled by a single gene, GmHs1-1, which encodes a calcineurin-like metallophosphoesterase transmembrane protein. GmHs1-1 is primarily expressed in the Malpighian layer of the seed coat and is associated with calcium content. The transition from impermeability to permeability in domesticated soybean was caused by artificial selection of a point mutation in GmHs1-1. Interestingly, a number of soybean landraces evaded selection for permeability because of an alternative selection for seed-coat cracking that also enables seed imbibition. Despite the single origin of the mutant allele Gmhs1-1, the distribution pattern of allelic variants in the context of soybean population structure and the detected signature of genomic introgression between wild and cultivated soybeans suggest that Gmhs1-1 may have experienced reselection for seed-coat permeability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Lianjun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Dajian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.identifier: 0000000188128217
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Xueling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Swarm
authors.affiliation: Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Zhanyuan J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA. [2] Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Randall L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. [2] College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D030262:Soybean Proteins; D019703:Calcineurin; D002118:Calcium