title: Use of the ICF to investigate impairment, activity limitation and participation restriction in people using ankle-foot orthoses to manage mobility disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated differences in impairment, activity limitation, participation restrictions and psychological distress between participants using ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) as recommended, participants who did not use AFOs as recommended and participants who did not know recommendations for use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults (n = 157) fitted with an AFO by an NHS Orthotic Service in Scotland completed a postal questionnaire that measured impairment, activity limitations participation restrictions and psychological distress using scales from the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  41% of participants used their AFOs as recommended, 32% did not use their AFOs as recommended and 27% did not know the recommendations for use. Participants using AFOs as recommended reported lower levels of impairment and activity limitations, indicated by higher energy levels (p = 0.005), higher physical functioning (p = 0.005), lower role-limitations due to emotional problems (p = 0.001) and lower levels of anxiety (p = 0.003) compared to people not using AFOs as recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health professionals need to ensure whether patients understand the recommendations for use of their AFO. Additionally, the results of the study support the value of evaluating patients' psychological well-being to gain a better understanding of AFO use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants who reported using AFOs as recommended had significantly lower levels of impairment, activity limitations and anxiety compared to those who did not use their AFO as recommended. In this study, 27% of participants did not know recommendations for use of AFOs. Health professionals should give consideration as to how information, regarding wearing instructions and use of AFOs, is provided to people who are prescribed AFOs. Psychological outcomes in orthotics are rarely assessed. However, this study demonstrates there is a value in measuring psychological outcomes in orthotic management.
authors.affiliation: a NCPO, Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK and.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McMonagle
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: b School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001007:Anxiety; D003863:Depression; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012606:Scotland; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Activity limitation; ICF; ankle-foot orthoses; impairment; participation restriction; use