title: Bis-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (DPHP) metabolites emerging in 24h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (1999-2012).
abstract: Bis-(2-propylheptyl)-phthalate (DPHP) has been introduced as a substitute for other high molecular weight phthalates primarily used in high temperature applications (e.g. cable wires, roofing membranes). The aim of this study was to investigate how the increased usage of DPHP is reflected in urine samples collected over the last 14 years and to evaluate the current extent of exposure. We analyzed 300 urine samples (24h voids) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank collected in the years 1999, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012, 60 samples per year, from 30 male and 30 female volunteers (age: 20-30 years) for three specific, secondary oxidized DPHP metabolites (with hydroxy, oxo and carboxy modifications of the alkyl side chain). We determined DPHP metabolites with a previously developed GC-HRMS method, enabling us to unambiguously distinguish DPHP metabolites from co-eluting, structurally isomeric di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP) metabolites. All samples were blinded before analysis. We detected no DPHP metabolites in urine samples from the years 1999, 2003 and 2006. Thereafter, detection rates increased from 3.3% in 2009 to 21.7% in 2012. Mono-oxo-propylheptylphthalate (oxo-MPHP) was the most abundant metabolite, with concentrations between <LOQ and 0.96μg/l. Extrapolating from oxo-MPHP concentrations in the 24h urine samples we calculated a maximum daily DPHP intake of 0.32μg/kg body weight. Our results show that the general German population is increasingly exposed to DPHP. However, exposure is considerably lower than for DIDP or other high molecular weight phthalates. Future measurements will enable us to monitor the development of DPHP exposure and advise risk management steps, if warranted.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schütze
authors.affiliation: Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolossa-Gehring
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Apel
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schröter-Kermani
authors.affiliation: Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fiddicke
authors.affiliation: Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Institute of Biomonitoring, Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: koch@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods; D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; C000595304:bis(2-propylheptyl)phthalate
keywords: Bis-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate, DPHP; Exposure assessment; Human biomonitoring; Plasticizers; Urinary metabolites