title: Assessing joint toxicity of four organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using acetylcholinesterase activity as an endpoint.
abstract: Mixtures of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides are commonly detected in freshwater ecosystems. These pesticides inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and have potential to interfere with behaviors that may be essential for the survival of species. Although the effects of individual anticholinesterase insecticides on aquatic species have been studied for decades, the neurotoxicity of mixtures is still poorly understood. In the present study, brain AChE inhibition in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to a series of concentrations of the organophosphates (malathion and triazophos) as well as the carbamates (fenobucarb and carbosulfan) was measured. In equitoxic mixtures, the observed AChE activity inhibition of the malathion plus triazophos, and triazophos plus carbosulfan mixtures, was synergism. In equivalent concentration mixtures, the combination of malathion plus fenobucarb mixture conformed to synergism, while the observed AChE activity inhibition of the remaining pairings was less than additive. Single pesticide risk assessments are likely to underestimate the impacts of these insecticides on carps in aquatic environment where mixtures occur. Moreover, mixtures of pesticides that have been commonly reported in aquatic ecosystems may pose a more important challenge than previously anticipated.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: qyzcaas@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008294:Malathion / Q000633:toxicity; D063086:Organothiophosphates / Q000633:toxicity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D063086:Organothiophosphates; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C019276:BPMC; C012584:triazophos; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D008294:Malathion; C035038:carbosulfan
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Combined toxicity; Cyprinus carpio; Risk assessment