title: Activation of RAW 264.7 cells by a polysaccharide isolated from Antarctic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas sp. S-5.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of extracellular polysaccharide (PEP) from Antarctic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas sp. S-5 on RAW 264.7 cells together with the underlying signaling pathways. Our results illustrated that PEP induced dendritic-like morphological change in RAW 264.7 cells, and increased the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). PEP could also enhance phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. Results of immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting indicated that PEP caused the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunit p65, the degradation of IκB-α and up-expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in RAW 264.7 cells. According to pharmacological evaluation with specific enzyme inhibitors, both NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were involved in the generation of NO and TNF-α induced by PEP. All these results indicated that PEP from Antarctic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas sp. S-5 activated RAW 264.7 cells through NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China; Department of Pharmacy, Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, 237000, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
authors.forename: Yanghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
authors.forename: Guochuang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, 237000, China.
authors.forename: Songliu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, 237000, China.
authors.forename: Bingxiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
authors.forename: Zhigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-Molecules, Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China; School of Life Science and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. Electronic address: ksc313@126.com.
authors.forename: Kaoshan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D031161:Pseudoalteromonas / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Antarctic bacterium Pseudoaltermonas sp. S-5; Extracellular polysaccharide; Immunostimulatory activity; Nuclear factor-κB; p38 MAPK