title: Cod liver oil consumption at different periods of life and bone mineral density in old age.
abstract: Cod liver oil is a traditional source of vitamin D in Iceland, and regular intake is recommended partly for the sake of bone health. However, the association between lifelong consumption of cod liver oil and bone mineral density (BMD) in old age is unclear. The present study attempted to assess the associations between intake of cod liver oil in adolescence, midlife, and old age, and hip BMD in old age, as well as associations between cod liver oil intake in old age and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration. Participants of the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (age 66-96 years; n 4798), reported retrospectively cod liver oil intake during adolescence and midlife, as well as the one now in old age, using a validated FFQ. BMD of femoral neck and trochanteric region was measured by volumetric quantitative computed tomography, and serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by means of a direct, competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Associations were assessed using linear regression models. No significant association was seen between retrospective cod liver oil intake and hip BMD in old age. Current intake of aged men was also not associated with hip BMD, while aged women with daily intakes had z-scores on average 0.1 higher, compared with those with an intake of < once/week. Although significant, this difference is small, and its clinical relevance is questionable. Intake of aged participants was positively associated with serum 25(OH)D: individuals with intakes of < once/week, one to six time(s)/week and daily intake had concentrations of approximately 40, 50 and 60 nmol/l respectively (P for trend < 0.001).
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital,Eiriksgata 29,IS-101Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Tinna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eysteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital,Eiriksgata 29,IS-101Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Thorhallur I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Halldorsson
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital,Eiriksgata 29,IS-101Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association,Kopavogur,Iceland.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association,Kopavogur,Iceland.
authors.forename: Sigurdur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigurdsson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging,Bethesda,MD,USA.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging,Bethesda,MD,USA.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association,Kopavogur,Iceland.
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital,Eiriksgata 29,IS-101Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Ingibjorg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland and Landspitali National University Hospital,Eiriksgata 29,IS-101Reykjavik,Iceland.
authors.forename: Laufey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steingrimsdottir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D003060:Cod Liver Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D003060:Cod Liver Oil
keywords: Bone density; Cod liver oil; Elderly individuals; Lifelong consumption