title: Protective effect and antioxidant role of sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sweetgum oil (SO) obtained from the Liquidambar orientalis Mill (Hamamelidaceae) tree has been used in Turkish folk medicine for centuries as an antiulcerigenic. Some studies have reported the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of SO; however, its effect on hepatic and oxidative stress complications is still unexplored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the hepatoprotective effect and the antioxidant role of SO against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment included control, CCl4, SO, and CCl4 + SO treatment groups. Control and SO group rats were fed a diet without CCl4. CCl4 and CCl4 + SO treatment groups received 0.5 mL/kg CCl4 diluted in olive oil (1:1 dilution) intraperitonally injection twice per week. The CCl4 + SO group also received 1000 mg/kg SO-supplemented feed for 50 d. Blood and tissue samples were used for the determination of hepatic damage serum biomarkers (HDSBs) levels, antioxidant defense system constituents (ADSCs), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. In addition, the liver was evaluated for histopathological changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the results, the HDSBs levels of the CCl4 group were significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared with the control, whereas the HDSB levels of the CCl4 + SO group resulted in marked decreases (p < 0.05) compared with the CCl4 group. In addition, the results showed that SO-supplemented diet restored the CCl4-induced MDA and ADS towards to control. Hepatoprotection of SO is further substantiated by the almost normal histologic findings in the CCl4 + SO group against degenerative changes in the CCl4 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that SO has a hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant capacity against CCl4 toxicity.
authors.affiliation: a Deparment of Nursing , Health High School, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University , Mugla , Turkey .
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzek
authors.affiliation: b Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Science Faculty , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey .
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biology, Science Faculty , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey , and.
authors.forename: Abdulahad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty , Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yildirim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D031317:Liquidambar; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride
keywords: Antioxidant defense system; histopathology; malondialdehyde; serum enzymes