title: Marine foraging ecology influences mercury bioaccumulation in deep-diving northern elephant seals.
abstract: Mercury contamination of oceans is prevalent worldwide and methylmercury concentrations in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) are increasing more rapidly than in surface waters. Yet mercury bioaccumulation in mesopelagic predators has been understudied. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) biannually travel thousands of kilometres to forage within coastal and open-ocean regions of the northeast Pacific Ocean. We coupled satellite telemetry, diving behaviour and stable isotopes (carbon and nitrogen) from 77 adult females, and showed that variability among individuals in foraging location, diving depth and δ(13)C values were correlated with mercury concentrations in blood and muscle. We identified three clusters of foraging strategies, and these resulted in substantially different mercury concentrations: (i) deeper-diving and offshore-foraging seals had the greatest mercury concentrations, (ii) shallower-diving and offshore-foraging seals had intermediate levels, and (iii) coastal and more northerly foraging seals had the lowest mercury concentrations. Additionally, mercury concentrations were lower at the end of the seven-month-long foraging trip (n = 31) than after the two-month- long post-breeding trip (n = 46). Our results indicate that foraging behaviour influences mercury exposure and mesopelagic predators foraging in the northeast Pacific Ocean may be at high risk for mercury bioaccumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA sarahpeterson23@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D004242:Diving; D005260:Female; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood*; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000097:blood; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000502:physiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury
keywords: biogeochemistry; marine mammal; mesopelagic predator; methylmercury; pinniped; spatial ecotoxicology