title: EXPLOITING CHEMICAL ECOLOGY FOR LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT OF SMALL HOLDER FARMERS IN KENYA.
abstract: "Push-Pull" is an inexpensive and eminently practical strategy designed for developing countries in order to exploit sound principles of chemical ecology for agricultural pest management. This strategy is specifically suitable for small holder farmers. Their experience can easily be integrated into existing farming practices in their immediate environment. "Push-pull" within one and a half decades became widely established and meanwhile is greatly beneficial to practitioners in East Africa, mainly Kenya. The classical push-pull approach used for applied plant-insect management was pioneered by Khan and Pickett (2000) and subsequent papers of Pickett (2003) and Khan et al. (2006, 2008). Relevant plant species explored so far were maize or sorghum intercropped with other East African plants (Desmodium spp. resp. Melinis minutiflora) possessing natural chemicals repellent resp. attractive for stem borer moths Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera), whereby Desmodium spp. was grown inside the maize rows while M. minutiflora surrounded it. Both simultaneous actions combined resulted in a significant decrease of stem borers in the area to be protected. A benefit to cost ratio of 2.5 was realized. Within a period of 15 years the number of subscribing farmers substantially increased from a few dozen to more than 80,000 in 2014. Two experiments along the paths of chemical ecology were undertaken between Sept 2012 and Feb 2013: One was designed to investigate if the legume D. intortum known to produce repellent volatiles against stem borer moths induces defence in Zea mays varieties. We looked at two open-pollinated farmers' varieties and two commercial hybrid varieties suspecting the farmers' varieties to be responsive rather than the hybrids. However, no defence induction was detected in this study so far. This could be explained by an insufficient production of defence inducing volatiles in leaves of D. intortum whereas flowers might produce a sufficient response. More detailed study is needed. A second approach made use of species-specific insect monitoring traps baited with highly specific female sex pheromones for attracting and monitoring destructive insect pests. The female sex pheromone (8-methyl-decane-2-ol propanoate) of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Western Corn Rootworm) is readily available as bait in the "Metcalf sticky cup trap" for trapping males, an extraordinarily sensitive technique for monitoring the presence or absence of male beetles in a given area. Li et al. (2006) had argued for the likelihood of easy immigration of this cosmopolitan maize pest into East Africa. Our results, however, so far indicate the absence of a local population in the area of Mbita, while not excluding its presence at Nairobi or Mombasa. Both investigations contribute to different aspects of Kenyan economic development and may be seen as two independent but complementary contributions towards livelihood improvement of small holder farmers in Kenya.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Midega
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leithold
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pickett
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds