title: Three Positive Parenting Practices and Their Correlation with Risk of Childhood Developmental, Social, or Behavioral Delays: An Analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) Investigate the relationship between three specific positive parenting practices (PPP)-reading to children, engaging in storytelling or singing, and eating meals together as a family-and parent-reported risk of developmental, behavioral, or social delays among children between the ages of 1-5 years in the US. (2) Determine if a combination of these parenting practices has an effect on the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi square and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children's Health 2011/2012 in regards to the relationship between each of the three individual PPP as well as a total PPP score and the child's risk of being developmentally, socially, or behaviorally delayed (N = 21,527). Risk of delay was calculated using the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status Questionnaire, which is a parental self-report measure that has been correlated with diagnosed child delays. These analyses controlled for poverty and parental education. All analyses were completed using SAS Version 9.3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strong correlation was found between each of the three PPP as well as the total PPP score and the child's risk of developmental, social, or behavioral delays (p < 0.05 for each test). These associations were found to have a dose-response relationship (p < 0.05 in all but one analysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily engagement in PPP could possibly reduce children's risk of delay, and specifically engaging in all three PPP may have greater benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Bowman Hall Room 336, Lexington, KY, 40506-0059, USA. sarah.cprek@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cprek
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Bowman Hall Room 336, Lexington, KY, 40506-0059, USA. corrine.williams@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Corrine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Bowman Hall Room 336, Lexington, KY, 40506-0059, USA. msibitola@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ibitola
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asaolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Bowman Hall Room 336, Lexington, KY, 40506-0059, USA. lindaalex@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Bowman Hall Room 336, Lexington, KY, 40506-0059, USA. robin@kcr.uky.edu.
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vanderpool
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012306:Risk; D066107:Social Skills; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Behavioral delay; Developmental delay; Early childhood development; Family meals; Parenting; Parenting practices; Reading to children; Social delay; Storytelling