title: Ultra-low noise miniaturized neural amplifier with hardware averaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral nerves carry neural signals that could be used to control hybrid bionic systems. Cuff electrodes provide a robust and stable interface but the recorded signal amplitude is small (<3 μVrms 700 Hz-7 kHz), thereby requiring a baseline noise of less than 1 μVrms for a useful signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Flat interface nerve electrode (FINE) contacts alone generate thermal noise of at least 0.5 μVrms therefore the amplifier should add as little noise as possible. Since mainstream neural amplifiers have a baseline noise of 2 μVrms or higher, novel designs are required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we apply the concept of hardware averaging to nerve recordings obtained with cuff electrodes. An optimization procedure is developed to minimize noise and power simultaneously. The novel design was based on existing neural amplifiers (Intan Technologies, LLC) and is validated with signals obtained from the FINE in chronic dog experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that hardware averaging leads to a reduction in the total recording noise by a factor of 1/√N or less depending on the source resistance. Chronic recording of physiological activity with FINE using the presented design showed significant improvement on the recorded baseline noise with at least two parallel operation transconductance amplifiers leading to a 46.1% reduction at N = 8. The functionality of these recordings was quantified by the SNR improvement and shown to be significant for N = 3 or more. The present design was shown to be capable of generating <1.5 μVrms total recording baseline noise when connected to a FINE placed on the sciatic nerve of an awake animal. An algorithm was introduced to find the value of N that can minimize both the power consumption and the noise in order to design a miniaturized ultralow-noise neural amplifier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the efficacy of hardware averaging on noise improvement for neural recording with cuff electrodes, and can accommodate the presence of high source impedances that are associated with the miniaturized contacts and the high channel count in electrode arrays. This technique can be adopted for other applications where miniaturized and implantable multichannel acquisition systems with ultra-low noise and low power are required.
authors.affiliation: Neural Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4197, USA.
authors.forename: Yazan M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Dweiri
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eggers
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McCallum
authors.forename: Dominique M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000465:Algorithms; D000669:Amplifiers, Electronic; D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D000818:Animals; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004285:Dogs; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004568:Electrodiagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008904:Miniaturization; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D018511:Systems Integration