title: Is There a Role for Exercise in the Management of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of exercise in the management of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS) is controversial and currently unclear. The purpose of this review article is to review literature examining the impact of limb, respiratory, and oral motor exercise on function, disease progression, and survival in PALS and the transgenic ALS animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted to examine relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1960 and 2014. All studies were appraised for quality of research and were assigned a level of evidence, and treatment outcomes were classified as either positive, negative, or neutral.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 exercise-based intervention studies on limb (13), respiratory (3), or speech (2) function were identified. Of the human clinical trials, 6 were experimental and 4 were exploratory. No experimental studies were identified examining the impact of targeted exercise on speech or swallowing function. Mild to moderate intensity limb or respiratory exercise, applied early in the disease, was noted to have a beneficial impact on motor function and survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insufficient data exist to support or refute the role of exercise in the management of bulbar dysfunction in PALS. This represents a critical area of future investigation.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Plowman
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005121:Extremities / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D012119:Respiration; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology