title: Temporal and spatial analysis of the 2014-2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.
abstract: West Africa is currently witnessing the most extensive Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak so far recorded. Until now, there have been 27,013 reported cases and 11,134 deaths. The origin of the virus is thought to have been a zoonotic transmission from a bat to a two-year-old boy in December 2013 (ref. 2). From this index case the virus was spread by human-to-human contact throughout Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, the origin of the particular virus in each country and time of transmission is not known and currently relies on epidemiological analysis, which may be unreliable owing to the difficulties of obtaining patient information. Here we trace the genetic evolution of EBOV in the current outbreak that has resulted in multiple lineages. Deep sequencing of 179 patient samples processed by the European Mobile Laboratory, the first diagnostics unit to be deployed to the epicentre of the outbreak in Guinea, reveals an epidemiological and evolutionary history of the epidemic from March 2014 to January 2015. Analysis of EBOV genome evolution has also benefited from a similar sequencing effort of patient samples from Sierra Leone. Our results confirm that the EBOV from Guinea moved into Sierra Leone, most likely in April or early May. The viruses of the Guinea/Sierra Leone lineage mixed around June/July 2014. Viral sequences covering August, September and October 2014 indicate that this lineage evolved independently within Guinea. These data can be used in conjunction with epidemiological information to test retrospectively the effectiveness of control measures, and provides an unprecedented window into the evolution of an ongoing viral haemorrhagic fever outbreak.
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Miles W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
authors.forename: Julian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hiscox
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pollakis
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK [2] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rambaut
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hewson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Dorival
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Joseph Akoi
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bore
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea [3] Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koundouno
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Saïd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdellati
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afrough
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aiyepada
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Patience
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akhilomen
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Asogun
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marlis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badusche
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bah
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
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authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
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authors.lastname: Becker-Ziaja
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocquin
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benny
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authors.lastname: Borremans
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Peter
authors.initials: JP
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
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authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colavita
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
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authors.lastname: Diederich
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adomeh
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sophie
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authors.lastname: Duraffour
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] Redeemer's University, Osun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz
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authors.lastname: Ellerbrok
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Garcia
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
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authors.lastname: Fizet
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Erna
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sophie
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Antje
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinzmann
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hopf-Guevara
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Yemisi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ighodalo
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelterbaum
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kis
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kloth
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Miša
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korva
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eeva
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authors.forename: Andreas
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
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authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
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authors.lastname: Lüdtke
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] KU Leuven Rega institute, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCowen
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Reference Center for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, 69365 Lyon, France [3] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mély
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meschi
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molkenthin
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fontela
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ngabo
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oestereich
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okosun
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olokor
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Racheal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Omiunu
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Omomoh
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pallasch
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Center for Epidemiology, National Biosafety Laboratory, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Bernadett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pályi
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Portmann
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pottage
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bundeswehr Hospital, 22049 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Priesnitz
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quartu
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Virology and Immunology, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rappe
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Janssen-Cilag, SE-192 07 Sollentuna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Repits
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina Maria
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gordian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schudt
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strecker
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ekaete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tolley
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Thünen Institute, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trautner
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Tropical Medicine, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vermoesen
authors.affiliation: 1] Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK [2] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vitoriano
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Capobianchi
authors.affiliation: Eurice - European Research and Project Office GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Yper
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.
authors.forename: Natasha Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Rickett
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 2FL, UK.
authors.forename: Gytis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dudas
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK.
authors.forename: Cordelia E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Coltart
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.affiliation: Research IT, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.affiliation: Advanced Computing Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1HH, UK.
authors.forename: Callum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Senyah
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Sakoba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keita
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Clerck
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Herp
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.affiliation: Section Prévention et Lutte contre la Maladie à la Direction Préfectorale de la Santé de Guéckédou, Guéckédou, Guinea.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Traore
authors.affiliation: Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Mandiou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diakite
authors.affiliation: Health and Sustainable Development Foundation, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Mandy Kader
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Konde
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koivogui
authors.affiliation: Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: N'Faly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magassouba
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avšič-Županc
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nitsche
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ippolito
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stoecker
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raoul
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Caro
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany [3] Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Formenty
authors.affiliation: 1] The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [2] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany [3] German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Günther
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D016701:Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007988:Liberia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012807:Sierra Leone / Q000453:epidemiology; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis