title: Accumulation and toxicity of intravenously-injected functionalized graphene oxide in mice.
abstract: Graphene and its functionalized derivatives have recently emerged as interesting nanomaterials with promising applications in biomedicine. In this study, the long-term in vivo biodistribution of intravenously injected nanographene oxide (NGO) functionalized with poly sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) was systematically examined and the potential toxicity over 6 months of NGO-PSS nanoparticles was investigated. Our results showed that the nanoparticles mainly accumulate in the lung, liver and spleen, where they persist for at least 6 months. These nanoparticles result in acute liver injury and chronic inflammation of the lung, liver and spleen, as evidenced by blood biochemistry results and histological examinations.
authors.affiliation: National Tsing Hua University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30013.
authors.forename: Kai-Ping
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: National Hsinchu University of Education, Department of Applied Science, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30014.
authors.forename: Ying-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Hsinchu University of Education, Department of Applied Science, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30014.
authors.forename: Chia-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: National Tsing Hua University, Department of Life Science, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30013.
authors.forename: Hwan-You
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: National Tsing Hua University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30013.
authors.forename: Chi-Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Tsing Hua University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, 30013.
authors.forename: Nyan-Hwa
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006108:Graphite / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000633:toxicity*; D011108:Polymers / Q000633:toxicity; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; D006108:Graphite; C077114:styrenesulfonic acid polymer
keywords: biodistribution; graphene oxide; intravenous injection; toxicology