title: Controlling Nitrosamines, Nitramines, and Amines in Amine-Based CO₂ Capture Systems with Continuous Ultraviolet and Ozone Treatment of Washwater.
abstract: Formation of nitrosamines and nitramines from reactions between flue gas NOx and the amines used in CO2 capture units has arisen as a significant concern. Washwater scrubbers can capture nitrosamines and nitramines. They can also capture amines, preventing formation of nitrosamines and nitramines downwind by amine reactions with ambient NOx. The continuous application of UV alone, or a combination of UV and ozone to the return line of a washwater treatment unit was evaluated to control the accumulation of nitrosamines, nitramines and amines in a laboratory-scale washwater unit. With model secondary amine solvents ranging from nonvolatile diethanolamine to volatile morpholine, application of 272-537 mJ/cm(2) UV incident fluence alone reduced the accumulation of nitrosamines and nitramines by approximately an order of magnitude. Modeling indicated that the gains achieved by UV treatment should increase over time, because UV treatment converts the time dependence of nitrosamine accumulation from a quadratic to a linear function. Ozone (21 mg/L) maintained low steady-state concentrations of amines in the washwater. While modeling indicated that more than 80% of nitrosamine accumulation in the washwater was associated with reaction of washwater amines with residual NOx, a reduction in nitrosamine accumulation rates due to ozone oxidation of amines was not fully realized because the ozonation products of amines reduced nitrosamine photolysis rates by competing for photons.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mitch
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000032:analysis*; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009025:Morpholines / Q000737:chemistry; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000032:analysis*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009025:Morpholines; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D009602:Nitrosamines; D010126:Ozone; D062065:Wastewater; C015384:nitramine