title: ChemDIS: a chemical-disease inference system based on chemical-protein interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The characterization of toxicities associated with environmental and industrial chemicals is required for risk assessment. However, we lack the toxicological data for a large portion of chemicals due to the high cost of experiments for a huge number of chemicals. The development of computational methods for identifying potential risks associated with chemicals is desirable for generating testable hypothesis to accelerate the hazard identification process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A chemical-disease inference system named ChemDIS was developed to facilitate hazard identification for chemicals. The chemical-protein interactions from a large database STITCH and protein-disease relationship from disease ontology and disease ontology lite were utilized for chemical-protein-disease inferences. Tools with user-friendly interfaces for enrichment analysis of functions, pathways and diseases were implemented and integrated into ChemDIS. An analysis on maleic acid and sibutramine showed that ChemDIS could be a useful tool for the identification of potential functions, pathways and diseases affected by poorly characterized chemicals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ChemDIS is an integrated chemical-disease inference system for poorly characterized chemicals with potentially affected functions and pathways for experimental validation. ChemDIS server is freely accessible at http://cwtung.kmu.edu.tw/chemdis.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ; Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan ; National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053 Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tung
keywords: Chemical–disease inference; Chemical–protein interaction; Disease ontology; Enrichment analysis; Gene ontology