title: Challenges and future perspectives of T cell immunotherapy in cancer.
abstract: Since the formulation of the tumour immunosurveillance theory, considerable focus has been on enhancing the effectiveness of host antitumour immunity, particularly with respect to T cells. A cancer evades or alters the host immune response by various ways to ensure its development and survival. These include modifications of the immune cell metabolism and T cell signalling. An inhibitory cytokine milieu in the tumour microenvironment also leads to immune suppression and tumour progression within a host. This review traces the development in the field and attempts to summarize the hurdles that the approach of adoptive T cell immunotherapy against cancer faces, and discusses the conditions that must be improved to allow effective eradication of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa P
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Aquino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Tumor-Host Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Electronic address: ashanker@mmc.edu.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shanker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000276:immunology; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D005818:Genetic Engineering; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D007155:Immunologic Factors
keywords: Cancer immunotherapy; Checkpoint inhibition; Immune activation; Immunoediting; Immunosuppression; T lymphocyte; Tumour escape