title: Direct writing electrodes using a ball pen for paper-based point-of-care testing.
abstract: The integration of paper with an electrochemical device has attracted growing attention for point-of-care testing, where it is of great importance to fabricate electrodes on paper in a low-cost, easy and versatile way. In this work, we report a simple strategy for directly writing electrodes on paper using a pressure-assisted ball pen to form a paper-based electrochemical device (PED). This method is demonstrated to be capable of fabricating electrodes on paper with good electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance, holding great potential to be employed in point-of-care applications, such as in human health diagnostics and food safety detection. As examples, the PEDs fabricated using the developed method are applied for detection of glucose in artificial urine and melamine in sample solutions. Furthermore, our developed strategy is also extended to fabricate PEDs with multi-electrode arrays and write electrodes on non-planar surfaces (e.g., paper cup, human skin), indicating the potential application of our method in other fields, such as fabricating biosensors, paper electronics etc.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China. feili@mail.xjtu.edu.cn fengxu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zedong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wei Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wee
authors.forename: Yu Long
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pingguan-Murphy
authors.forename: Tian Jian
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D005504:Food Analysis; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010209:Paper; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D011312:Pressure; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D014227:Triazines; D005947:Glucose; C011907:melamine