title: Status epilepticus of inflammatory etiology: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation-related epilepsy is increasingly recognized; however, studies on status epilepticus (SE) are very infrequent. We therefore aimed to determine the frequency of inflammatory etiologies in adult SE, and to assess related demographic features and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective registry of adult patients with SE treated in our center, from January 2008 to June 2014, excluding postanoxic causes. We classified SE episodes into 3 etiologic categories: infectious, autoimmune, and noninflammatory. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed regarding their relationship to etiologies and functional outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 570 SE consecutive episodes, 33 (6%) were inflammatory (2.5% autoimmune; 3.3% infectious), without any change in frequency over the study period. Inflammatory SE episodes involved younger patients (mean age 53 vs 61 years, p = 0.015) and were more often refractory to initial antiepileptic treatment (58% vs 38%, odds ratio = 2.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-4.47, p = 0.041), despite similar clinical outcome. Subgroup analysis showed that, compared with infectious SE episodes, autoimmune SE involved younger adults (mean age 44 vs 60 years, p = 0.017) and was associated with lower morbidity (return to baseline conditions in 71% vs 32%, odds ratio = 5.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.19-24.52, p = 0.043) without any difference in mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increasing awareness, inflammatory SE etiologies were relatively rare; their occurrence in younger individuals and higher refractoriness to treatment did not have any effect on outcome. Autoimmune SE episodes also occurred in younger patients, but tended to have better outcomes in survivors than infectious SE.
authors.affiliation: From the Service of Neurology (M.S., J.N., R.D.P., A.O.R.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; IDIBAPS and Service of Neurology (J.D.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spatola
authors.affiliation: From the Service of Neurology (M.S., J.N., R.D.P., A.O.R.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; IDIBAPS and Service of Neurology (J.D.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novy
authors.affiliation: From the Service of Neurology (M.S., J.N., R.D.P., A.O.R.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; IDIBAPS and Service of Neurology (J.D.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Du Pasquier
authors.affiliation: From the Service of Neurology (M.S., J.N., R.D.P., A.O.R.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; IDIBAPS and Service of Neurology (J.D.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.affiliation: From the Service of Neurology (M.S., J.N., R.D.P., A.O.R.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; IDIBAPS and Service of Neurology (J.D.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. andrea.rossetti@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Andrea O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Rossetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult