title: Right ventricular remodelling induced by exercise training in competitive athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conflicting evidence exists concerning right ventricular (RV) morphological and functional remodelling in trained athletes, with a very few longitudinal data prospectively investigating the RV changes. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological and functional RV changes occurring during the competitive season in young athletes engaged in the most popular team sports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine top-level athletes (age: 20.9 ± 6.7 years), practicing basketball and volleyball, were evaluated at pre-season, mid-season, and end-season time-points, using tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography. RV basal and mid-cavity end-diastolic diameters (EDDs; overall P = 0.011 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and RV diastolic area (overall P < 0.0001) increased during the season. Conversely, RV outflow tract did not vary (overall P = 0.96). During the season, no significant differences were observed in RV diastolic functional indexes and in RV fractional area change (overall P = 0.35). Global RV longitudinal strain did not significantly change (overall P = 0.52), although apical longitudinal strain significantly increased (overall P = 0.017). In association, left ventricular (LV) volume and mass increased during the season (overall P = 0.007). On multivariate analysis, LV mass was the only independent predictor of RVEDD at pre-season (β = 0.69, P < 0.0001) and at end-season (β = 0.82, P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Right ventricular chamber size increases during the competitive season in top-level athletes, with no significant changes in the outflow tract. RV morphological adaptation in top-level athletes practicing team sports is not associated with a reduction in RV function or in myocardial deformation and occurs in close association with changes on the left ventricle, suggesting a physiological remodelling of the right ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy flavio.dascenzi@unisi.it.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Ascenzi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cameli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Curci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alvino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Benedetta Maria
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Natali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Focardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonifazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondillo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D056352:Athletes; D001490:Basketball / Q000502:physiology; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D054798:Volleyball / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; Athlete's heart; Exercise conditioning; Speckle-tracking echocardiography; Strain