title: Comparison of in vivo probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with histopathology in lung cancer: A move toward optical biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of novel technologies has increased the yield from transbronchial biopsies while preserving patient safety by guiding biopsies to the area of interest. Other technologies have helped identify pre-cancerous or sessile lesions in the endobronchial space by utilizing interactions between tissue and light at varying wavelengths. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a new technology that encompasses the benefits of both guided biopsies and novel optical imaging in one device. This project compares pCLE images to the findings of light microscopy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent bronchoscopies between July 2012 and January 2013 for evaluation of pulmonary lesions (transbronchial and endobronchial) were recruited. Histopathological images from malignant lesions were compared with the pCLE images obtained from the same area. The microscopic and pCLE images were reviewed side by side with the microscopic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Images from pCLE correlate with some histopathological findings. pCLE changes seen in NSCLC consist of mottled elastin, septal studding and disorganization/fragmentation with increased friability. These changes also seem to correlate with degrees of differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pCLE can identify changes to the elastin composition of the airways and alveoli in lung cancer. These changes correlate with histopathology and may help indicate the presence of malignant changes in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Program, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wellikoff
authors.affiliation: Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Program, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Holladay
authors.affiliation: Interventional Pulmonary Program, Titus Regional Medical Center, Mt. Pleasant, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Downie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chaudoir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Elba A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Turbat-Herrera
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: bronchoscopy; endomicroscopy; in vivo; lung cancer; optical biopsy