title: Anti-adherence and bactericidal activity of sphingolipids against Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: This study evaluated the anti-biofilm activity of sphingosine, phytosphingosine (PHS), and sphinganine for: (i) anti-adherence activity on hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces; and (ii) bactericidal activity on different Streptococcus mutans phenotypes (i.e. planktonic cells and cells from a disrupted biofilm). For this, HA discs treated with sphingolipids were incubated with S. mutans and the number of adherent cells was evaluated by both culture and confocal microscopy. Sphinganine strongly inhibited bacterial adherence by 1000-fold compared with an untreated surface. Phytosphingosine and sphingosine inhibited bacterial adherence by eight- and five-fold, respectively, compared with an untreated surface. On saliva-coated HA, sphinganine and PHS inhibited bacterial adherence by 10-fold. Bactericidal activity of sphingolipids was evaluated by culture. For biofilms, the strongest bactericidal activity was exhibited by sphingosine compared with PHS and sphinganine. At a concentration of 12.5 μg ml(-1) , PHS and sphingosine were profoundly effective against planktonic and disrupted biofilms; and sphinganine reduced the number of cells in planktonic form by 100-fold and those derived from a disrupted biofilm by 1000-fold. Atomic force microscopy studies suggested that mechanical stability does not appear to be a factor relevant for anti-fouling activity. The results suggest that sphingolipids may be used to control oral biofilms, especially those loaded with S. mutans.
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nivedita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cukkemane
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bikker
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nazmi
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotres
authors.affiliation: Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Liselott
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arnebrant
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Enno C I
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Veerman
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000382:microbiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013107:Sphingolipids; D017886:Durapatite; C012491:phytosphingosine; D013110:Sphingosine; C005682:safingol
keywords: Streptococcus mutans; anti-adherence; bactericidal activity; hydroxyapatite; sphingolipids