title: Spatial Expression of Otolith Matrix Protein-1 and Otolin-1 in Normally and Kinetotically Swimming Fish.
abstract: Kinetosis (motion sickness) has been repeatedly shown to affect some fish of a given clutch following the transition from 1g to microgravity or from hypergravity to 1g. This susceptibility to kinetosis may be correlated with irregular inner ear otolith growth. Otoliths are mainly composed of calcium carbonate and matrix proteins, which play an important role in the process of otolith mineralization. Here, we examine the morphology of otoliths and the expression pattern of the major otolith proteins OMP-1 and otolin-1 in a series of hypergravity experiments. In the utricle, OMP-1 is present in centripetal (medial) and centrifugal (lateral) regions of the meshwork area. In the saccule, OMP-1 was expressed within a dorsal and a ventral narrow band of the meshwork area opposite to the periphery of the sulcus acusticus. In normal animals, the spatial expression pattern of OMP-1 reaches more posteriorly in the centrifugal aspect and is considerably broader in the centripetal portion of the utricle compared to kinetotic animals. However, otolin-1 was not expressed in the utricule. In the saccule, no differences were observed for either gene when comparing normal and kinetotically behaving fish. The difference in the utricular OMP-1 expression pattern between normally and kinetotically swimming fish indicates a different otolith morphology and thus a different geometry of the otoliths resting on the corresponding sensory maculae. As the utricle is the endorgan responsible for sensing gravity, the aberrant morphology of the utricular otoliths, based on OMP-1 expression, likely leads to the observed kinetotic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany.|Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weigele
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada.
authors.forename: Tamara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Franz-Odendaal
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 73734, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilbig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005399:Fishes; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000378:metabolism*; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D017210:Tilapia
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C449659:otolin-1
keywords: OMP-1; inner ear; kinetosis; otolin-1; otolith