title: EFFICACY AND MODES OF ACTION OF RESISTANCE INDUCERS ON TWO WHEAT SPECIES AGAINST MYCOSPHAERELLA GRAMINICOLA.
abstract: Plant resistance inducers could be an alternative to conventional fungicides to control in a more durable and environmentally friendly manner fungal pathogens. Here, we tested the protection efficacy and the modes of action of four resistance inducers (R1, R2, R3 and R4) against the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, Mycosphaerella graminicola, the most frequently occurring pathogen on wheat crops worldwide. The four inducers were tested on two wheat cultivars, Premio (a French bread wheat cultivar) and Karim (a Tunisian durum wheat cultivar), each inoculated with a bread-wheat or a durum-wheat adapted isolate; respectively. All inducers exhibited in the greenhouse a significant protection level on both cultivars regarding disease symptoms (necrosis and chlorosis) and sporulation (pycnidium density). The most efficient inducer was R3 which showed 84% symptom reduction, while the less efficient one was R2 with only a 39% reduction. None of the studied inducers showed direct biocide effect against the fungus, except R4 which displayed a significant in planta inhibition of spore germination. Further investigations revealed that all inducers elicited the plant defence enzymes peroxidase and lipoxygenase, but the activity levels varied depending on the considered inducer. In addition, the effect of resistance inducers on the infection process and the fungal cell-wall degrading enzymes xylanases and glucanases was also investigated. Our study allowed us to find out four efficient resistance inducers on wheat against M. graminicola and to establish data about the modes of action of these inducers.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Somai-Jemmali
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Randoux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siah
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ors
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halama
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reignault
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000276:immunology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D009195:Peroxidase; D008084:Lipoxygenase