title: Association of Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors With Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine the association of various demographic and socioeconomic factors with risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used nationally representative pooled data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2007-2013. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. We defined CKD as a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), and 1304 of the 45 208 individuals included in the KNHANES were found to have CKD by this definition. The outcome variable was whether individual subjects adhered to the CKD prevention and management guidelines recommended by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The guidelines suggest that individuals maintain a normal weight, abstain from alcohol consumption and smoking, manage diabetes and hypertension, and engage in regular exercise in order to prevent and manage CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study found that individuals with CKD were more likely to be obese and have hypertension or diabetes than individuals without CKD. In particular, male and less-educated CKD patients were less likely to adhere to the guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the prevalence of CKD, as indicated by the KNHANES data, decreased from 2007 to 2013, the prevalence of most risk factors associated with CKD fluctuated over the same time period. Since a variety of demographic and socioeconomic factors are related to the successful implementation of guidelines for preventing and managing CKD, individually tailored prevention activities should be developed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Hospital Administration, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Min-Jee
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Administration, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Bong
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Euna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003710:Demography; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Demographic factors; Prevention; Socioeconomic factors