title: Sex-Specific Habitat Utilization and Differential Breeding Investments in Christmas Island Frigatebirds throughout the Breeding Cycle.
abstract: In seabirds, equal bi-parental care is the rule, as it is considered crucial for raising chicks successfully because seabirds forage in an environment with unpredictable and highly variable food supply. Frigatebirds forage in poor tropical waters, yet males reduce and even stop parental care soon after chick brooding, leaving the female to provision the chick alone for an extended fledging period. Using bird-borne tracking devices, male and female Christmas Island Frigatebirds (Fregata andrewsi) were investigated during the brooding, late chick rearing and post-fledging period to examine whether sexes exhibit foraging strategies that may be linked to differential breeding investments. During brooding, males and females showed similar foraging behaviour under average marine productivity of oceanic waters close to the colony, but males shifted to more distant and more productive habitats when conditions deteriorated to continue with reduced chick provisioning. During the late chick rearing period, females progressively increased their foraging range to the more distant but productive marine areas that only males had visited during brooding. Birds spent the non-breeding period roosting in highly productive waters of the Sunda Shelf. The sex-specific utilisation of three different foraging habitats with different primary productivity (oceanic, coastal, and shelf areas) allowed for temporal and spatial segregation in the exploitation of favourable habitats which seems to enable each sex to optimise its foraging profitability. In addition, post-fledging foraging movements of females suggest a biennial breeding cycle, while limited information on males suggests the possibility of an annual breeding cycle.
authors.affiliation: Marine Top Predator Group, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC-CNRS, Villiers-en-Bois, France; Department of Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Janos C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hennicke
authors.affiliation: 73 Pozieres Ave, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Marine Top Predator Group, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC-CNRS, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weimerskirch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001717:Birds / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010507:Periodicity; D012098:Reproduction; D012737:Sex Factors