title: Nitrogen removal from the surface runoff of a field scale greenhouse vegetable production system.
abstract: Nutrient losses from greenhouse vegetable production systems may impair water quality in the Taihu Lake Region of China. We studied the characteristics of nitrogen (N) lost via runoff from greenhouse vegetable systems and strategies for minimizing N entering water bodies. A two-year experiment at a field scale was conducted to monitor N surface runoff. An eco-ditch (148 m(2)) and a low N input paddy field (135 kg N ha⁻¹, 550 m²) were designed to remove N from the surface runoff of a 25 × 50 m greenhouse vegetable field. The greenhouse was not covered from late June to mid-October each year, and runoff occurred multiple times during this period. Annual total N loss in runoff from the greenhouse vegetable site was 25.3 and 33.5 kg ha⁻¹ in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Nitrate-N was the major form of N lost in the runoff. The average runoff volume was 289 mm (varied from 221 to 357 mm), which contained 15.7 (varied from 3.3 to 39.2 mg L⁻¹) mg L⁻¹ total N. The eco-ditch system and the wetland paddy field (WPF) effectively reduced total N discharge; the removal rates reached 49.9% and 58.7% and the average removal capacities were 12.4 g N m⁻² and 4.1 g N m⁻² in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The combined system of the ecological ditch-WPF removed almost 79% total N in the runoff. Ecological ditch or paddy wetland can be a water management option available to growers in this region to economically reduce pollutants in agricultural runoff.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: b School of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang A & F University , Lin'an, Hangzhou , Zhejiang 311300 , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kouping
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: c Advanced Analysis and Testing Center , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: d Department of Plant and Soil Sciences , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , OK 74078-6028 , USA.
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture , Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002681:China; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: agriculture sustainable development; ecological ditch; nitrogen removal efficiency; non-point source; paddy field