title: Microbial quality and physical-chemical characteristics of thermal springs.
abstract: Microbial quality and physical-chemical properties of recreational spas were surveyed to investigate the health aspect of the spas' water. A total of 195 samples were collected from pools and springs of the spas in five sites from Ardebil Province of Iran. The effects of an independent factor defined as 'condition' and its component sub-factors (i.e., sampling point, location, and sampling date) on microbial quality and physical-chemical properties of the spas were studied by applying path analysis. The influence of physical-chemical properties on microbial quality was also considered. The percentage of samples exceeding the ISIRI (Swimming pool water microbiological specifications (vol 9412), Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, Tehran, 2007) limits for Staphylococcus (spp.) was up to 55.8 in the springs and 87.8 in the pools, 58.1 and 99.2 for HPC, 90.7 and 97.8 for total coliform and fecal coliform, and 9.3 and 34.4 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. There were significant differences between the pools and springs for both physical-chemical properties and microbial quality. From the path analysis, sampling point was the most effective sub-factor of 'condition' on both the physical-chemical properties and microbial quality. Among the physical-chemical properties, water color had the most enhancing or additive influence on microbial pollution, while EC indicated a reducing or subtractive effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fazlzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Pari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yusef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Poureshg
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. ro.rostamy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roohollah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rostami
mesh_terms: D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007492:Iran; D060985:Natural Springs; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Microbial quality; Spa; Swimming pools; Water pollution; Water quality