title: Adapting through glacial cycles: insights from a long-lived tree (Taxus baccata).
abstract: Despite the large body of research devoted to understanding the role of Quaternary glacial cycles in the genetic divergence of European trees, the differential contribution of geographic isolation and/or environmental adaptation in creating population genetic divergence remains unexplored. In this study, we used a long-lived tree (Taxus baccata) as a model species to investigate the impact of Quaternary climatic changes on genetic diversity via neutral (isolation-by-distance) and selective (isolation-by-adaptation) processes. We applied approximate Bayesian computation to genetic data to infer its demographic history, and combined this information with past and present climatic data to assess the role of environment and geography in the observed patterns of genetic structure. We found evidence that yew colonized Europe from the East, and that European samples diverged into two groups (Western, Eastern) at the beginning of the Quaternary glaciations, c. 2.2 Myr before present. Apart from the expected effects of geographical isolation during glacials, we discovered a significant role of environmental adaptation during interglacials at the origin of genetic divergence between both groups. This process may be common in other organisms, providing new research lines to explore the effect of Quaternary climatic factors on present-day patterns of genetic diversity.
authors.affiliation: CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayol
authors.affiliation: CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.|Univ Autonòma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riba
authors.affiliation: INIA, Forest Research Centre, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: González-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bagnoli
authors.affiliation: IMBE, AMU, UMR CNRS 7263, Europôle de l'Arbois - BP 80 - 13545, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, France.
authors.forename: Jacques-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: de Beaulieu
authors.affiliation: CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berganzo
authors.affiliation: Université Montpellier 2, CNRS UMR, Institut de Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, 5554, France.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burgarella
authors.affiliation: CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubreuil
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University, SK-96053, Zvolen, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-9397
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krajmerová
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University, SK-96053, Zvolen, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paule
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry, Technical University, SK-96053, Zvolen, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romšáková
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vettori
authors.affiliation: CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vincenot
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Vendramin
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D002980:Climate; D057231:Climate Change; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D046448:Ice Cover; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D058974:Phylogeography; D020946:Taxus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast
keywords: Taxus baccata; approximate Bayesian computation (ABC); chloroplast DNA (cpDNA); demography; environment-dependent selection; evolutionary history; interglacial; microsatellites