title: Systemic acquired resistance activation in solanaceous crops as a management strategy against root-knot nematodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activators of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), such as salicylic acid (SA) and its synthetic functional analogues benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothionic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH) and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), were tested on tomato, eggplant and pepper for the control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Effects on plant fitness, nematode reproduction and root galling were screened in relation to different methods of application, to different applied dosages of chemicals and to different plant growth stages. Dosages applied to plants were in relation to plant weights. These chemicals were also tested for their possible nematotoxic activity in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soil drenches of SA and INA and root dip application of SA and BTH inhibited nematode reproduction, at specific dosage ranges, without affecting plant growth. SA and INA were able to reduce root galling as well. Foliar sprays of both SA and BTH were ineffective against nematode attacks. Plants tolerated SA more than the other chemicals tested. BTH at elevated concentrations increased the mortality of nematode juveniles and reduced egg hatching in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAR activators at concentrations suitable for different plant growth stages and applied by the proper method can possibly be included in IPM programmes for nematode management.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molinari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002212:Capsicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D007539:Isonicotinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007641:Keratolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032323:Solanum melongena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007539:Isonicotinic Acids; D007641:Keratolytic Agents; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C077261:2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid; C099403:S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: benzothiadiazole; induced resistance; plant activators; root-knot nematodes; salicylic acid; systemic acquired resistance