title: Autoantibodies in movement and psychiatric disorders: updated concepts in detection methods, pathogenicity, and CNS entry.
abstract: In recent years, autoantibodies to proteins or receptors expressed on the surface of neurons have been detected in movement and psychiatric disorders. These autoantibodies can assist in better recognition of clinical syndromes and offer novel treatment opportunities via immunotherapies, potentially leading to improved patient outcome. In this review, we describe several autoimmune syndromes associated with movement and psychiatric disorders, including anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis, basal ganglia encephalitis, Sydenham chorea, and autoantibody-associated psychosis and schizophrenia. However, rather than focusing on clinical aspects of these diseases, as they have been reviewed in detail elsewhere, we mainly focus on the scientific aspects of the different methodologies for detecting antibodies, with an emphasis on the current gold standard in the field, the cell-based assay, and on issues related to the use of live versus permeabilized cells. We also reflect on the implications associated with the choice of patient serum and cerebrospinal fluid for antibody testing, on the mechanism of antibody entry into the central nervous system through the blood-brain barrier, and the essential issue of antibody pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Nese
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinmaz
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mazen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amatoury
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Merheb
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Sudarshini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brilot
mesh_terms: D060426:Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis / Q000473:pathology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D002819:Chorea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies
keywords: anti-NMDAR encephalitis; autoantibodies; autoimmune encephalitis; basal ganglia encephalitis; movement disorder; psychosis