title: Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in renal medullary carcinoma: A pooled analysis from 18 years of medical literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe clinical features and prognostic factors of renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) by performing a pooled analysis of all reported cases since 1995.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was performed to identify all articles describing patients with medullary renal cancer until February 2013. Survivals were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method with 95% confidence intervals and compared across the groups using the log-rank test. The following factors were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model: association of extension of disease at diagnosis, response to therapy, and surgical treatment of primary tumour with overall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 47 articles were selected; these described 165 patients with RMC plus 1 from our centre. The median age was 21 years and 98% of cases had the sickle cell trait. The mean size of the primary tumours was 6.0 cm, with an involvement of loco-regional lymph nodes in 71% of cases. The overall survival at diagnosis was 4.0 months in metastatic patients and 17.0 months in non-metastatic patients. Patients who received platinum-paclitaxel-gemcitabine had longer control of the disease when compared to topoisomerase inhibitors or targeted therapies. The multivariate analysis confirmed that the advanced stage at diagnosis increased the risk of death of about threefold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RMC is a tumour with poorer prognosis; based on these results, platinum-based chemotherapy is the preferred systemic treatment. Even if radical nephrectomy as an up-front strategy did not report a survival benefit, it may be considered to palliate local symptoms and to perform a correct diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iacovelli
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Modica
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trenta
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piesco
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University of Rome; Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Oncology Unit B, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cortesi