title: Five-year assessment of causative agents and antibiotic resistances in urinary tract infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To show the distribution and changes of causative agents of urinary tract infections in children and resistance rates by years and select the most appropriate antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the Başkent University Alanya Research and Application Hospital automation system microbiology recording book was screened retrospectively. Growth of a single microorganism above 105 colonies (cfu/mL) was included in the assessment. Throughout the study, 10 691 urinary cultures were studies and growth was found in 392 (3.7%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and nine (78.8%) of the samples with growth belonged to girls. Growth was found in the neonatal period in 32 patients (8.2%). The most commonly isolated microorganism was Escherichia coli (E. coli) which was found in 68.4% of the patients. Klebsiella spp. were found with a rate of 12.0%; Enterobacter spp. were found with a rate of 10.7% and proteus spp. were found with a rate of 5.1%. Resistance to cefalotin (62.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole (43.1%), amoxycillin-clavulanate (34.8%), ampicillin (30.4%), cefixim (26.3%) and nitrofurantoin (3.6%) was found in E. coli species. The antibiotic which had the highest resistance rate was ampicillin with a rate of 93.2% for klebsiella and 83.4% for enterobacter. Klebsiella spp. were the most commonly grown pathogens in newborns (40.6%). In a follow-up period of 5 years, the resistance of E. coli to amoxycillin-clavulanate regressed from 40.3% to 31.3%, while the resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole (TMP-SMX) regressed from 45.6% to 34.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high resistance against first-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanate and TMP-SMX which are the first-line antibiotics in childhood urinary tract infections was found. Carbapenem (meropenem, imipenem) resistance was not found in our center. Nitrofurantoin, aminoglycosides and cefixime can be recommended for empirical treatment in our hospital because of low resistance. Antibiotic treatment should be redecided according to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Başkent University, Alanya Research and Application Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bayram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Çoban
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Başkent University, Alanya Research and Application Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ülkü
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Başkent University, Alanya Research and Application Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Başkent University, Alanya Research and Application Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Başkent University, Alanya Research and Application Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baskın
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; children; newborn; urinary culture; urinary tract infections