title: Ethical implications of digital images for teaching and learning purposes: an integrative review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital photography has simplified the process of capturing and utilizing medical images. The process of taking high-quality digital photographs has been recognized as efficient, timely, and cost-effective. In particular, the evolution of smartphone and comparable technologies has become a vital component in teaching and learning of health care professionals. However, ethical standards in relation to digital photography for teaching and learning have not always been of the highest standard. The inappropriate utilization of digital images within the health care setting has the capacity to compromise patient confidentiality and increase the risk of litigation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to investigate the literature concerning the ethical implications for health professionals utilizing digital photography for teaching and learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted utilizing five electronic databases, PubMed, Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Educational Resources Information Center, and Scopus, limited to English language. Studies that endeavored to evaluate the ethical implications of digital photography for teaching and learning purposes in the health care setting were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy identified 514 papers of which nine were retrieved for full review. Four papers were excluded based on the inclusion criteria, leaving five papers for final analysis. Three key themes were developed: knowledge deficit, consent and beyond, and standards driving scope of practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assimilation of evidence in this review suggests that there is value for health professionals utilizing digital photography for teaching purposes in health education. However, there is limited understanding of the process of obtaining and storage and use of such mediums for teaching purposes. Disparity was also highlighted related to policy and guideline identification and development in clinical practice. Therefore, the implementation of policy to guide practice requires further research.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Rozelle, NSW, Australia ; School of Nursing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia ; Severe Burns Injury Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kornhaber
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Betihavas
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baber
keywords: digital photography; education; ethics; health care; health professionals; informed consent; photography; practice guidelines; teaching materials