title: Blood circulating microparticle species in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. A case-control, cross sectional study with conventional MRI and advanced iron content imaging outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to represent an excessive and inappropriate immune response to several central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens, increasing evidence also suggests that MS may also be a neurovascular inflammatory disease, characterized by endothelial activation and shedding of cell membrane microdomains known as 'microparticles' into the circulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships between these endothelial biomarkers and MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relative abundance of CD31(+)/PECAM-1, CD51(+)CD61(+) (αV-β3) and CD54(+) (ICAM-1) bearing microparticles in sera of healthy individuals, patients with relapsing-remitting MS, and secondary-progressive MS. We also investigated the correlation among circulating levels of different microparticle species in MS with conventional MRI (T2- and T1-lesion volumes and brain atrophy), as well as novel MR modalities [assessment of iron content on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)-filtered phase].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in circulating microparticle levels were found among MS groups, and several microparticle species (CD31(+)/CD51(+)/CD61(+)/CD54(+)) were found to correlate with conventional MRI and SWI features of MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that circulating microparticles' profiles in MS may support mechanistic roles for microvascular stress and injury which is an underlying contributor not only to MS initiation and progression, but also to pro-inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chervenak
authors.affiliation: The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.affiliation: Department Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.affiliation: Department Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.affiliation: Department Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Chaitanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA. Electronic address: aminag@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monceaux
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, LA, USA; Department for General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Computer Sciences Department, Louisiana State University-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Cvek
authors.affiliation: Computer Sciences Department, Louisiana State University-Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trutschl
authors.affiliation: The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD
keywords: Atrophy; Endothelial microparticles; Iron deposition; MRI; Multiple sclerosis; Serum