title: Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced toxicity in primary cultures of chicken embryo cardiomyocytes.
abstract: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widespread environmental contaminant that induces developmental cardiotoxicity. It is detectable in late stage chicken embryos and hatchling chickens. To investigate mechanism(s) of cardiotoxicity, primary cultures of cardiomyocytes were prepared from 10-day-old chicken embryos that were (A) pre-exposed to vehicle or 2 mg of PFOA/kg of egg weight in ovo or (B) incubated with PFOA in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 µg/mL in medium for 1 or 36 h. When viability was assessed, survival of cardiomyocytes prepared from pre-exposed embryos did not differ from vehicle controls, even under conditions of serum starvation designed to challenge the cells. However, 1 h of exposure to 100 µg/mL of PFOA in vitro and 36 h of exposure to 75 and 100 µg/mL PFOA in vitro decreased viability. When contractility was evaluated, cardiomyocytes cultured from pre-exposed embryos exhibited decreases in time to maximum departure velocity and cell length at peak contraction, whereas cardiomyocytes exposed in vitro exhibited a reduction in the 50% relaxation time at a concentration of 1 µg/mL relative to vehicle controls. Morphological assessment revealed decreased cardiomyocytes axial length following in ovo PFOA exposure and 24 h in vitro PFOA 50 µg/mL exposure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which was evaluated only in cardiomyocytes exposed to PFOA in vitro, was significantly elevated following incubation with 50 µg/mL of PFOA for 1 h. These data indicate that while in vitro exposure to relatively high concentrations of PFOA can induce cytotoxicity and ROS, developmental cardiotoxicity observed in ovo is not likely mediated via PFOA-induced overt cytotoxicity, but likely by altering early cardiac morphologic and function processes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1580-1590, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University Medical College, 422 Boya Building, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China. jiangq08@126.com.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA. jiangq08@126.com.
authors.forename: Qixiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University Medical College, 422 Boya Building, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center of Disease Control of Qingdao, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266001, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wingard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, North Carolina, 27834, USA. dewittj@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: DeWitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid
keywords: cytotoxicity; morphological and functional assessments; perfluorooctanoic acid; primary cardiomyocyte