title: The polymorphic weddellite crystals in three species of Cephalocereus (Cactaceae).
abstract: Mineral inclusions in plant cells are genetically regulated, have an ecological function and are used as taxonomic characters. In Cactaceae, crystals in epidermal and cortical tissues have been reported; however, few studies have conducted chemical and morphological analyses on these crystals, and even fewer have reported non-mineral calcium to determine its systematic value. Cephalocereus apicicephalium, C. totolapensis and C. nizandensis are Cactaceae species endemic to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico with abundant epidermal prismatic crystals. In the present study, we characterize the mineral cell inclusions, including their chemical composition and their morphology, for three species of Cephalocereus. Crystals of healthy branches of the three species were isolated and studied. The crystals were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), their morphology was described using a petrographic and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their elemental composition was measured with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDXAR). The three species synthesized weddellite with different degrees of hydration depending on the species. The optical properties of calcium oxalate crystals were different from the core, which was calcium carbonate. We observed a large diversity of predominantly spherical forms with SEM. EDXAR analysis detected different concentrations of Ca and significant amounts of elements, such as Si, Mg, Na, K, Cl, and Fe, which may be related to the edaphic environment of these cacti. The occurrence of weddellite is novel for the genus according to previous reports. The morphological diversity of the crystals may be related to their elemental composition and may be a source of phylogenetic characters.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo. Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico. Electronic address: marialuisabarcenas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: María-Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bárcenas-Argüello
authors.affiliation: Programa de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo. Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Estado de México 56230, Mexico. Electronic address: castor@colpos.mx.
authors.forename: Ma C-del-Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Castorena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-233, Coyoacán 04510 México City, D.F., Mexico. Electronic address: tterrazas@ib.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terrazas
mesh_terms: D029421:Cactaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis*; D003460:Crystallization; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008800:Mexico; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C016188:weddellite
keywords: Biominerals; Botryoidal; Cephalocereus apicicephalium; Crystal core; Crystalline classes