title: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the Evolution of Neuro-Trauma Care: Would the 16th President Have Survived in the Modern Era?
abstract: Abraham Lincoln was the 16(th) President of the United States of America. On April 14, 1865, shortly after his re-election and the conclusion of the Civil War, Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth. Although numerous physicians tended to the President shortly after his injury, he passed away the next morning. Today, we recognize Lincoln as one of the greatest Presidents in American history. His assassination profoundly influenced the future of the United States, especially as the country was coming back together again following the Civil War. Testaments to his lasting legacy can be seen in many places, from the stone carving of him on Mount Rushmore to his image gracing the $5 bill. What if the President had survived his injury? Would he have had a different outcome utilizing current critical care treatment? Neurotrauma care in 1865 was not yet developed, and head wounds such as the one Lincoln sustained were almost always fatal. The medical attention he received is considered by historians and physicians today to be excellent for that time. We look at the evolution of neurotrauma care during the last 150 years in the US. Particular focus is paid to the advancement of care for penetrating brain injuries in modern trauma centers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Electronic address: trsmith@partners.org.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Wenya Linda
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gormley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ian F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Laws
mesh_terms: D047831:American Civil War; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D003422:Critical Care; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000628:therapy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006708:Homicide; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Abraham Lincoln; Elevated intracranial pressure; Gunshot wound; Penetrating brain injury; Trauma care