title: Immunoendocrine interactions during HIV-TB coinfection: implications for the design of new adjuvant therapies.
abstract: Worldwide, around 14 million individuals are coinfected with both tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In coinfected individuals, both pathogens weaken immunological system synergistically through mechanisms that are not fully understood. During both HIV and TB infections, there is a chronic state of inflammation associated to dramatic changes in immune cytokine and endocrine hormone levels. Despite this, the relevance of immunoendocrine interaction on both the orchestration of an effective immune response against both pathogens and the control of the chronic inflammation induced during HIV, TB, or both infections is still controversial. The present study reviews immunoendocrine interactions occurring during HIV and TB infections. We also expose our own findings on immunoendocrine cross talk in HIV-TB coinfection. Finally, we evaluate the use of adrenal hormones and their derivatives in immune-therapy and discuss the use of some of these compounds like the adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of TB in HIV patients.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Guadalupe Veronica
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maria Belen
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Vecchione
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Matias Tomas
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Angerami
authors.affiliation: J.A. Fernández Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, C1425AGP Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Huesped Foundation, C1202ABB Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sued
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires School of Sciences, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andrea Claudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bruttomesso
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, S2002LRL Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Oscar Adelmo
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Bottasso
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maria Florencia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0956-5492
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Quiroga
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016207:Cytokines; D006728:Hormones