title: Computational fluid dynamics simulation of the upper airway of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by Muller maneuver.
abstract: This study aimed to use computer simulation to describe the fluid dynamic characteristics in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to evaluate the difference between during quiet respiration and the Muller maneuver (MM). Seven patients with OSAS were involved to perform computed tomographic (CT) scanning during quiet respiration and the MM. CT data in DICOM format were transformed into an anatomically three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the upper airway. The velocity magnitude, relative pressure, and flow distribution were obtained. Numerical simulation of airflow was performed to discuss how the MM affected airflow in the upper airway. To measure the discrepancy, the SPSS19.0 software package was utilized for statistic analysis. The results showed that the shape of the upper airway became narrower, and the pressure decreased during the MM. The minimal cross-sectional area (MCSA) of velopharynx was significantly decreased (P<0.05) and the airflow velocity in MCSAs of velopharynx and glossopharynx significantly accelerated (P<0.05) during the MM. This study demonstrated the possibility of CFD model combined with the MM for understanding pharyngeal aerodynamics in the pathophysiology of OSAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Top Priority Clinical Medical Center of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Pudong New District Oculopathy Odontopathy Dispensary, Shanghai, 201300, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Top Priority Clinical Medical Center of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Top Priority Clinical Medical Center of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ling
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Top Priority Clinical Medical Center of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Chen
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Top Priority Clinical Medical Center of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China. zminnie@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed