title: Chronic Pain in the Japanese Community--Prevalence, Characteristics and Impact on Quality of Life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic pain is recognized as a public health problem that affects the general population physically, psychologically, and socially. However, there is little knowledge about the associated factors of chronic pain, such as the influence of weather, family structure, daily exercise, and work status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This survey had three aims: 1) to estimate the prevalence of chronic pain in Japan, 2) to analyze these associated factors, and 3) to evaluate the social burden due to chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional postal survey in a sample of 6000 adults aged ≥20 years. The response rate was 43.8%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the respondents was 57.7 years (range 20-99 years); 39.3% met the criteria for chronic pain (lasting ≥3 months). Approximately a quarter of the respondents reported that their chronic pain was adversely influenced by bad weather and also oncoming bad weather. Risk factors for chronic pain, as determined by a logistic regression model, included being an older female, being unemployed, living alone, and no daily exercise. Individuals with chronic pain showed significantly lower quality of life and significantly higher psychological distress scores than those without chronic pain. The mean annual duration of absence from work of working-age respondents was 9.6 days (range 1-365 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings revealed that high prevalence and severity of chronic pain, associated factors, and significant impact on quality of life in the adult Japanese population. A detailed understanding of factors associated with chronic pain is essential for establishing a management strategy for primary care.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakuteshi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakuteshi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakuteshi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Young-Chang P
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsunori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikemoto
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakuteshi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Fitness, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Yazako Karimata, Nagakuteshi, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ushida
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological