title: Design and analysis of a pharmacist-enhanced antimicrobial stewardship program in Thailand.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate the enhancement of an antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) with trained hospital-based infectious diseases clinical pharmacists (IDCPs).
  
  
  
  The IDCP training entailed a 12-hour course by 3 pharmacists. From January 1, 2012-September 30, 2012, all patients consecutively admitted with presumptive infections to 6 medicine units were prospectively followed to discharge. Standard of care (SoC) included ASP measures with or without infectious diseases consultations (IDCs). Physician teams had the option to request IDCs, IDCPs, or both. The IDCP support included pharmacist participation in daily rounds to inform on antibiotic use. Outcomes examined were inappropriate antibiotic use, antibiotic de-escalation, duration of antibiotic use, and hospital length of stay (LOS) stratified by patient groups who received SoC versus adjunctive IDCPs with and without IDCs.
  
  
  
  There were 150 patients in the SoC group, 104 in the IDCP group, and 320 in the IDCP plus IDC group. Most antibiotic prescriptions were for empirical therapy (n = 373, 65%), and the top-ranked indications were infections of the respiratory tract (n = 287, 50%) and urinary tract (n = 165, 29%). By multivariate analysis, compared with SoC, the 2 other groups were less likely to be prescribed inappropriate antibiotic use (P < .001), had de-escalation of antibiotics (P < .001), received antibiotics <7 days (P < .001), and had subjects with shorter hospital LOSs (P < .001). There were no group differences in mortality.
  
  
  
  Our study suggests measurable treatment benefits associated with international IDCP training and the integration of adjunct IDCP services into hospital-based ASPs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. Electronic address: anapisarn@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anucha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apisarnthanarak
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Unit, Thammasat University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pimpun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lapcharoen
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Unit, Thammasat University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pitcha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vanichkul
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Unit, Thammasat University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tananat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srisaeng-Ngoen
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mundy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000073602:Antimicrobial Stewardship; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic control; Antibiotic stewardship; Clinical pharmacist; Thailand; Trained pharmacist