title: Remote ischemic preconditioning with a specialized protocol activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system and increases ATP content in the heart.
abstract: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) renders the targeted organ resistant to prolonged ischemic insults, leading to organoprotection. Among several means to achieve IPC, we reported that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) activates the non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system (NNCCS) to accelerate de novo ACh synthesis in cardiomyocytes. In the current study, we aimed to optimize a specific protocol to most efficiently activate NNCCS using RIPC. In this study, we elucidated that the protocol with 3 min of ischemia repeated three times increased cardiac ChAT expression (139.2 ± 0.4%; P < 0.05) as well as ACh (14.2 ± 2.0× 10(-8) M; P< 0.05) and ATP content (2.13 ± 0.19 μmol/g tissue; P < 0.05) in the heart. Moreover, in the specific protocol, several characteristic responses against energy starvation and for obtaining adequate energy were observed; therefore, it is suggested that RIPC evokes a robust response by the heart to activate NNCCS through the modification of energy metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: k12417853@nms.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006614:Hindlimb; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D000109:Acetylcholine
keywords: ATP; Energy metabolism; Non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system; Remote ischemic preconditioning