title: 2015 Young Investigator Award Winner: Cervical Nerve Root Displacement and Strain During Upper Limb Neural Tension Testing: Part 1: A Minimally Invasive Assessment in Unembalmed Cadavers.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional cadaveric examination of displacement and strain measured at the level of the cervical nerve roots during upper limb neural tension testing (ULNTT) with median nerve bias.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the displacement and strain of cervical nerve roots C5-C8 during ULNTT with minimal disruption of surrounding tissues.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical examination of neural pathology involving cervical nerve roots is difficult because of the transient nature of pathologies, such as cervical radiculopathy, entrapment neuropathies, and thoracic outlet syndrome. Cadaveric studies have demonstrated significant displacement and strain in lumbosacral nerve roots during neurodynamic testing of the lower extremity. Examination into the biomechanical behaviors of cervical nerve roots during ULNTT has not been performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven unembalmed cadavers were positioned supine as though undergoing ULNTT. Radiolucent markers were implanted into cervical nerve roots C5-C8. Posteroanterior fluoroscopic images were captured at resting and ULNTT positioning. Images were digitized and displacement and strain were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ULNTT resulted in significant inferolateral displacement (average, 2.16 mm-4.32 mm, P < 0.001) of cervical nerve roots C5-C8. There was a significant difference in inferolateral displacement between the C5 and C6 nerve roots (3.15 mm vs. 4.32 mm, P = 0.009). ULNTT resulted in significant strain (average, 6.80%-11.87%, P < 0.001) of cervical nerve roots C5-C8. There was a significant difference in strain between the C5 and C6 nerve roots (6.60% vs. 11.87%, P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ULNTT caused significant inferolateral displacement and strain in cervical nerve roots C5-C8. These results provide the mechanical foundation for the use of ULNTT in clinical evaluation of pathology in the cervical region, such as in cervical radiculopathy, entrapment neuropathies, and thoracic outlet syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ †Center for Rehabilitation Research and Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX ‡Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium §Department of Medical Education, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY; and ¶Research Unit in Osteopathy, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
authors.forename: Chelsea M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: Kerry K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobczak
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brismée
authors.forename: C Roger
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Miles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: LesLee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Pierre-Michel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dugailly
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pendergrass
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sizer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011859:Radiography; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology