title: Combined effects of graphene oxide and Cd on the photosynthetic capacity and survival of Microcystis aeruginosa.
abstract: In this work, the combined effects of graphene oxide (GO) and Cd(2+) solution on Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured by a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer. GO at low concentrations exhibited no significant toxicity. The presence of GO at low concentrations significantly enhanced Cd(2+) toxicity as the 96 h half maximal effective concentration of the Cd(2+) reduced from 0.51 ± 0.01 to 0.474 ± 0.01 mg/L. However, concentrations of GO above 5mg/L did not significantly increase the toxicity of the Cd(2+)/GO system. Observations through scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that GO, with Cd(2+), easily attached to and entered into the algae. Reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were measured to explain the toxicity mechanism. The photosynthetic parameters were useful in measuring the combined toxicity of the nanoparticles and heavy metals.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China. Electronic address: tangyulin@tongji.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinglin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Chonghua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhehua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Daqiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Shuili
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances; D002104:Cadmium; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Cadmium; Combined effects; Graphene oxide; Microcystic aeruginosa