title: Surgical management of venous malformation in soft tissue with the guidance of magnetic resonance imaging and percutaneous sinus angiography/three-dimensional computed tomography imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous malformation (VM) is a common vascular malformation in soft tissue. Surgical management plays an important role in its treatment. The location, extent, and adjacent anatomy of the lesion are crucial information for the safety of operation. This study introduces the application of magnetic resonance imaging and percutaneous sinus angiography/three-dimensional computed tomography imaging in gathering above information.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was made in the patients with venous malformation from January 2012 to June 2014 in our clinic. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging and percutaneous sinus angiography/three-dimensional computed tomography imaging. The location, extent of the lesion, its draining veins, and the relationship with around tissues were showed. Surgical management was carried out in the lesions which were well defined, located in the superficial fascia without important vessels and nerves across it. The wound was repaired by skin flap or skin graft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13 patients underwent complete surgical removal of the lesions, including five type I venous malformations and eight type II venous malformations. Ten lesions were removed by undermining dissection, and the wound was repaired by the undermined flap. Three superficial lesions were removed together with the skin over it, and the wound was repaired by the skin graft. In the six months to two years of follow-up period, none of the recurrence of the lesion was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging and percutaneous sinus angiography/three-dimensional computed tomography imaging can display abundant morphological details of venous malformation, which are helpful for the surgical management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China yuansm@163.com.
authors.forename: Si-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China.
authors.forename: Chang-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Qing
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Venous malformation; magnetic resonance imaging; surgery; three-dimensional computed tomography imaging; venography