title: Comparative mitogenomic analysis of the superfamily Pentatomoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and phylogenetic implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are the most extensively used genetic marker for evolutionary and population genetics studies of insects. The Pentatomoidea superfamily is economically important and the largest superfamily within Pentatomomorpha with over 7,000 species. To better understand the diversity and evolution of pentatomoid species, we sequenced and annotated the mitogenomes of Eurydema gebleri and Rubiconia intermedia, and present the first comparative analysis of the 11 pentatomoid mitogenomes that have been sequenced to date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained the complete mitogenome of Eurydema gebleri (16,005 bp) and a nearly complete mitogenome of Rubiconia intermedia (14,967 bp). Our results show that gene content, gene arrangement, base composition, codon usage, and mitochondrial transcription termination factor sequences are highly conserved in pentatomoid species, especially for species in the same family. Evolutionary rate analyses of protein-coding genes reveal that the highest and lowest rates are found in atp8 and cox1 and distinctive evolutionary patterns are significantly correlated with the G + C content of genes. We inferred the secondary structures for two rRNA genes for eleven pentatomoid species, and identify some conserved motifs of RNA structures in Pentatomidea. All tRNA genes in pentatomoid mitogenomes have a canonical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for two tRNAs (trnS1 and trnV) which appear to lack the dihydrouridine arm. Regions that are A + T-rich have several distinct characteristics (e.g. size variation and abundant tandem repeats), and have potential as species or population level molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomic data strongly support the monophyly of Pentatomoidea, and the estimated phylogenetic relationships are: (Urostylididae + (Plataspidae + (Pentatomidae + (Cydnidae + (Dinidoridae + Tessaratomidae))))).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This comparative mitogenomic analysis sheds light on the architecture and evolution of mitogenomes in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. Mitogenomes can be effectively used to resolve phylogenetic relationships of pentatomomorphan insects at various taxonomic levels. Sequencing more mitogenomes at various taxonomic levels, particularly from closely related species, will improve the annotation accuracy of mitochondrial genes, as well as greatly enhance our understanding of mitogenomic evolution and phylogenetic relationships in pentatomoids.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, People's Republic of China. yuanml@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming-Long
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, People's Republic of China. qlzhang11@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qi-Lin
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, People's Republic of China. 18893841997@qq.com.
authors.forename: Zhong-Long
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, People's Republic of China. wangjuan14@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, People's Republic of China. yy.shen@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D023061:Gene Order / Q000235:genetics; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D049750:Genome, Insect / Q000235:genetics*; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics; D061806:Transcription Termination, Genetic / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012343:RNA, Transfer