title: Healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular events in patients with hyperlipidemia or prior cardiovascular events: estimates from Swedish population-based register data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate healthcare costs of new cardiovascular (CV) events (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart failure) in patients with hyperlipidemia or prior CV events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using Swedish national registers and electronic medical records. Patients with hyperlipidemia or prior CV events were stratified into three cohorts based on CV risk level: history of major cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) risk-equivalent, and low/unknown risk. Propensity score matching was applied to compare patients with new events to patients without new events for estimation of incremental costs of any event and by event type.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A CV event resulted in increased costs over 3 years of follow-up, with the majority of costs occurring in the 1st year following the event. The mean incremental cost of patients with a history of major CVD (n = 6881) was €8588 during the 1st year following the event. This was similar to that of CHD risk-equivalent patients (n = 3226; €6663) and patients at low/unknown risk (n = 2497; €8346). Ischemic stroke resulted in the highest 1st-year cost for patients with a history of major CVD and CHD risk-equivalent patients (€10,194 and €9823, respectively); transient ischemic attack in the lowest (€3917 and €4140). Incremental costs remained elevated in all cohorts during all three follow-up years, with costs being highest in the major CVD history cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare costs of CV events are substantial and vary considerably by event type. Incremental costs remain elevated for several years after an event.
authors.affiliation: Quantify Research, Hantverkargatan 8, 112 21, Stockholm, Sweden. sara.hallberg@quantifyresearch.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8060
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hallberg
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gandra
authors.affiliation: Strategic Healthcare Solutions, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Quantify Research, Hantverkargatan 8, 112 21, Stockholm, Sweden.|LIME/Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mesterton
authors.affiliation: Quantify Research, Hantverkargatan 8, 112 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banefelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: L-Å
authors.initials: LÅ
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: LIME/Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.|IMS Health, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobocki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015897:Comorbidity; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D011306:Prescription Fees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Burden of illness; CVD; Cardiovascular; Costs; Hyperlipidemia; Resource use