title: Efficient ethanol production from dried oil palm trunk treated by hydrothermolysis and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a valuable bioresource for the biorefinery industry producing biofuels and biochemicals. It has the distinct feature of containing a large amount of starch, which, unlike cellulose, can be easily solubilized by water when heated and hydrolyzed to glucose by amylolytic enzymes without pretreatment for breaking down the biomass recalcitrance. Therefore, it is suggested as beneficial to extract most of the starch from OPT through autoclaving and subsequent amylolytic hydrolysis prior to pretreatment. However, this treatment requires high capital and operational costs, and there could be a high probability of microbial contamination during starch processing. In terms of biochemical conversion of OPT, this study aimed to develop a simple and efficient ethanol conversion process without any chemical use such as acids and bases or detoxification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For comparison with the proposed efficient ethanol conversion process, OPT was subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 30 min. After enzymatic hydrolysis of PWS, 43.5 g of glucose per 100 g dry biomass was obtained, which corresponds to 81.3 % of the theoretical glucose yield. Through subsequent alcohol fermentation, 81.4 % ethanol yield of the theoretical ethanol yield was achieved. To conduct the proposed new process, starch in OPT was converted to ethanol through enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation prior to hydrothermal treatment, and the resulting slurry was subjected to identical processes that were applied to control. Consequently, a high-glucose yield of 96.3 % was achieved, and the resulting ethanol yield was 93.5 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed new process was a simple method for minimizing the loss of starch during biochemical conversion and maximizing ethanol production as well as fermentable sugars from OPT. In addition, this methodology offers the advantage of reducing operational and capital costs due to minimizing the process for ethanol production by excluding expensive processes related to detoxification prior to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation such as washing/conditioning and solid-liquid separation of pretreated slurry. The potential future use of xylose-digestible microorganisms could further increase the ethanol yield from the proposed process, thereby increasing its effectiveness for the conversion of OPT into biofuels and biochemicals.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Engineering Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Yong
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Engineering Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Engineering Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Duck
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Green Chemistry & Engineering Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-600 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hong
keywords: Enzymatic hydrolysis; Ethanol fermentation; Hydrothermal treatment; Oil palm trunk; Starch