title: Toxicological effects of soil contaminated with spirotetramat to the earthworm Eisenia fetida.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of spirotetramat to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in a natural soil environment. Many biochemical markers, viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), cellulase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured after exposure to 0.25, 1.25, and 2.5mgkg(-1) for 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28days. In addition, the comet assay was performed on earthworm coelomocytes to assess the level of genetic damage. The results demonstrate that the SOD activity and MDA content were significantly stimulated by the highest dose (2.5mgkg(-1)) of spirotetramat for the entire period of exposure. The activities of CAT and POD increased significantly by 2d and 21d, respectively, but the activities of both were significantly inhibited after prolonged exposure (28d). After an initial increase on the 2nd day, the cellulase activity in the high-dose treatment group was significantly inhibited for the entire remaining exposure period. The comet assay results demonstrate that spirotetramat (⩽2.5mgkg(-1)) can induce low and intermediate degrees of DNA damage in earthworm coelomocytes. The results indicate that spirotetramat may pose potential biochemical and genetic toxicity to earthworms (E. fetida), and this information is helpful for understanding the ecological toxicity of spirotetramat on soil invertebrate organisms.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China. Electronic address: zhangqingminghf@163.com.
authors.forename: Qingming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Organization Department of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
authors.forename: Guoli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Huangdao Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao 266555, China.
authors.forename: Peijun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
authors.forename: Yanzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
authors.forename: Jiqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
authors.forename: Binbin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China. Electronic address: cxwang@qau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001372:Aza Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C570705:spirotetramat; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Biochemical markers; Comet assay; Eisenia fetida; Genotoxicity; Spirotetramat