title: Medical Student and Tutor Perceptions of Video Versus Text in an Interactive Online Virtual Patient for Problem-Based Learning: A Pilot Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of the use of video resources in primarily paper-based problem-based learning (PBL) settings has been widely explored. Although it can provide many benefits, the use of video can also hamper the critical thinking of learners in contexts where learners are developing clinical reasoning. However, the use of video has not been explored in the context of interactive virtual patients for PBL.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study was conducted to explore how undergraduate medical students interpreted and evaluated information from video- and text-based materials presented in the context of a branched interactive online virtual patient designed for PBL. The goal was to inform the development and use of virtual patients for PBL and to inform future research in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  An existing virtual patient for PBL was adapted for use in video and provided as an intervention to students in the transition year of the undergraduate medicine course at St George's, University of London. Survey instruments were used to capture student and PBL tutor experiences and perceptions of the intervention, and a formative review meeting was run with PBL tutors. Descriptive statistics were generated for the structured responses and a thematic analysis was used to identify emergent themes in the unstructured responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of student responses (n=119) and tutor comments (n=18) yielded 8 distinct themes relating to the perceived educational efficacy of information presented in video and text formats in a PBL context. Although some students found some characteristics of the videos beneficial, when asked to express a preference for video or text the majority of those that responded to the question (65%, 65/100) expressed a preference for text. Student responses indicated that the use of video slowed the pace of PBL and impeded students' ability to review and critically appraise the presented information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that text was perceived to be a better source of information than video in virtual patients for PBL. More specifically, the use of video was perceived as beneficial for providing details, visual information, and context where text was unable to do so. However, learner acceptance of text was higher in the context of PBL, particularly when targeting clinical reasoning skills. This pilot study has provided the foundation for further research into the effectiveness of different virtual patient designs for PBL.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom. lwoodham@sgul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-2925
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Woodham
authors.forename: Rachel H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3759-6624
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ellaway
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-2006
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Round
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-0284
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Terry
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-5987
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8999-6999
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zary
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D010465:Perception; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Internet; audiovisual aids; educational technology; multimedia; problem-based learning