title: Black carbon exposure, socioeconomic and racial/ethnic spatial polarization, and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scant data quantify associations between economic and racial/ethnic spatial polarization and individual's exposure to pollution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked data on the socioeconomic position (SEP) of 1757 urban working class white, black, and Latino adults (age 25-64; Boston, MA: 2003-2004; 2008-2010) to: (1) spatiotemporal model-based estimates of cumulative black carbon exposure at their exact residential address, and (2) their census tract values for the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) for SEP and race/ethnicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICE measures, but not individual- and household-SEP, remained independently associated with black carbon exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICE may be useful for environmental health research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical school, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandros
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gryparis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Coull
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001900:Boston; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D019352:Censuses; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Black carbon; Income; Race/ethnicity; Residential segregation; Socioeconomic