title: Living arrangements, social networks and onset or progression of pain among older adults in Singapore.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the relationship between living arrangements, and strength of social network with onset and progression of chronic pain over 2 years in elderly Singaporeans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Social Isolation Health and Lifestyles Survey, a nationally representative survey of community-dwelling older Singaporeans aged >60 years (n = 4990) in 2009 and follow up in 2011. We used binomial logistic regression models to examine factors associated with self-reported onset and progression of chronic pain over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3103 participants (53.8% women) completed both surveys (weighted response rate 63.7%). The mean age (SD) was 69.4 (0.5) years. The prevalence of mild and moderate-extreme chronic pain at baseline were 27.7% and 12.8%. A total of 20.1% and 3.9% of the participants reported having chronic pain onset and progression over 2 years, respectively. In the binomial regression models, lower education level, living alone and poorer self-rated health were predictors for onset of chronic pain in women. Weak social networks and disability were associated with progression of chronic pain in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pain is common in Singaporean older adults. Living alone and weak social network were sociopsychological factors associated with the onset or progression of chronic pain. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●-●●.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.|Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8492-6342
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Suat Lay
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ming Boon
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Prassanna
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Angelique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012846:Singapore; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Singapore elderly; chronic pain; cohort study; pain progression; social isolation; social network