title: Reducing HIV Risks in the Places Where People Drink: Prevention Interventions in Alcohol Venues.
abstract: Apart from individual alcohol drinking behavior, the context or places where people drink play a significant role in HIV transmission risk. In this paper, we review the research that has been conducted on alcohol venues to identify the social and structural factors (e.g., social norms, sexual behavior) that are associated with HIV risk in these places, to review HIV prevention interventions based in alcohol venues, and to discuss appropriate methodologies for alcohol venue research. Alcohol venues are defined here as places that sell or serve alcohol for onsite consumption, including bars, bottle stores, nightclubs, wine shops, and informal shebeens. Despite the many established HIV risk factors at play in alcohol venues, limited prevention strategies have been implemented in such places. A total of 11 HIV prevention interventions or programs were identified. HIV prevention interventions in alcohol venues may be conducted at the individual, social, or structural level. However, multilevel interventions that target more than one level appear to lead to the most sustainable behavior change. Strategies to incorporate alcohol venues in biomedical prevention strategies including antiretroviral therapy for alcohol users are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. epitpitan@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Eileen V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Pitpitan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Seth C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kalichman
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012147:Restaurants; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: Alcohol use; Alcohol venues; HIV/AIDS; Multilevel interventions; Structural interventions