title: Associations of Pregnancy Outcomes and PM2.5 in a National Canadian Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have examined associations between air pollution and pregnancy outcomes, but most have been restricted to urban populations living near monitors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between pregnancy outcomes and fine particulate matter in a large national study including urban and rural areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were based on approximately 3 million singleton live births in Canada between 1999 and 2008. Exposures to PM2.5 (particles of median aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were assigned by mapping the mother's postal code to a monthly surface based on a national land use regression model that incorporated observations from fixed-site monitoring stations and satellite-derived estimates of PM2.5. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between PM2.5 and preterm birth (gestational age < 37 weeks), term low birth weight (< 2,500 g), small for gestational age (SGA; < 10th percentile of birth weight for gestational age), and term birth weight, adjusting for individual covariates and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In fully adjusted models, a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 over the entire pregnancy was associated with SGA (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.07) and reduced term birth weight (-20.5 g; 95% CI -24.7, -16.4). Associations varied across subgroups based on maternal place of birth and period (1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study, based on approximately 3 million births across Canada and employing PM2.5 estimates from a national spatiotemporal model, provides further evidence linking PM2.5 and pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stieb
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bernardo S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Beckerman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerrett
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: D Walter Rasugu
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Omariba
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Donkelaar
authors.forename: Randall V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Nicolas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tjepkema
authors.forename: Shiliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rose M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dugandzic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter