title: Differential control of muscle mass in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus--whether driven by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance--causes major alterations in muscle metabolism. These alterations have an impact on nutrient handling, including the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, and also on muscle mass and strength. However, the ways in which the distinct forms of diabetes affect muscle mass differ greatly. The most common forms of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2. Thus, whereas type 1 diabetic subjects without insulin treatment display a dramatic loss of muscle, most type 2 diabetic subjects show no changes or even an increase in muscle mass. However, the most commonly used rodent models of type 2 diabetes are characterized by muscle atrophy and do not mimic the features of the disease in humans in terms of muscle mass. In this review, we analyze the processes that are differentially regulated under these forms of diabetes and propose regulatory mechanisms to explain them.
authors.affiliation: Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), C/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. antonio.zorzano@irbbarcelona.org.|Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. antonio.zorzano@irbbarcelona.org.|CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. antonio.zorzano@irbbarcelona.org.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zorzano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Autophagy; Muscle atrophy; Proteasome; Proteostasis; TP53INP2