title: Prediction of parturition in Holstein dairy cattle using electronic data loggers.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of parturition on behavioral activity [steps, standing time, lying time, lying bouts (LB), and duration of LB] 4 d before calving using electronic data loggers. Animals (n=132) from 3 herds were housed in similar freestall barns using a prepartum pen 21 d before the expected calving date and were moved into a contiguous individual maternity pen for parturition. Electronic data loggers were placed on a hind leg of prepartum heifers (heifers, n=33) and cows (cows, n=99) at 7±3 d before the expected calving date and removed at 14±3 d in milk. Calving ease (scale 1-4), parity, calving date and time, and stillbirth (born dead or died within 24h) were recorded. The number of steps (no./d), standing time (min/d), lying time (min/d), number of LB (no./d), and duration of LB (min/b) were recorded. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS, adjusting for the herd effect. Only cows experiencing unassisted births (calving ease=1) were included in the study. An activity index was developed to predict calving time. Heifers and cows with unassisted births had significantly higher number of steps and longer standing time, decreased lying time, and more LB of shorter duration 24h before calving compared with d -4, -3, and -2. Additionally, the number of LB increased as both heifers and cows approached labor starting on d -2 and peaked at the day of calving. The time since the activity index increased over 50% to parturition did not differ between heifers and cows, and the activity index revealed the shift in activity on average 6h 14min (range from 2h to 14h 15min) before calf birth. This study provided evidence that heifers and cows approaching parturition showed a similar, but distinct, behavioral pattern that can be observed on average 6h before calf birth. The potential benefits of electronic data loggers as predictors of parturition along with proactive management practices should improve the overall survival and welfare of both the dam and calf.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Titler
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Maquivar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rajala-Schultz
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, Capital University, Columbus, OH 43210.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210. Electronic address: schuenemann.5@osu.edu.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schuenemann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002417:Cattle; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition; D011187:Posture; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: calving; dairy cattle; precision management; prediction