title: Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.affiliation: b Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India.
authors.forename: Kumaragurubaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karthik
authors.affiliation: c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura 281001 , India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: d Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.affiliation: e Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa , Old Goa, Goa 403402, India.
authors.forename: Sukhadeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbuddhe
authors.affiliation: f Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India.
authors.forename: Satya Veer Singh
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: g Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India.
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000502:physiology*; D008088:Listeriosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Listeria monocytogenes; listeriosis; public health; review