title: Protein deregulation associated with breast cancer metastasis.
abstract: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. It consists of a group of tumor cells that have the ability to grow uncontrollably, overcome replicative senescence (tumor progression) and metastasize within the body. Metastases are processes that consist of an array of complex gene dysregulation events. Although these processes are still not fully understood, the dysregulation of a number of key proteins must take place if the tumor cells are to disseminate and metastasize. It is now widely accepted that future effective and innovative treatments of cancer metastasis will have to encompass all the major components of malignant transformation. For this reason, much research is now being carried out into the mechanisms that govern the malignant transformation processes. Recent research has identified key genes involved in the development of metastases, as well as their mechanisms of action. A detailed understanding of the encoded proteins and their interrelationship generates the possibility of developing novel therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on a select group of proteins, often deregulated in breast cancer metastasis, which have shown therapeutic promise, notably, EMT, E-cadherin, Osteopontin, PEA3, Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Ran.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: Ka Kui
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kyle B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Matchett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McEnhill
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: El Habib
authors.initials: el H
authors.lastname: Dakir
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mary Frances
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McMullin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yahia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El-Tanani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faheem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rudland
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: M.El-Tanani@bradford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Tanani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins
keywords: Breast cancer metastasis; EMT; Osteopontin; PEA3; TGF-β