title: Longitudinal Associations Between Biopsychosocial Factors and Sustainable Return to Work of Sick-Listed Workers with a Depressive or Anxiety Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Only a limited number of studies have investigated return to work of sick-listed workers with mental health problems, and more knowledge is needed about the influence of non-disorder-related factors. This study aimed to identify longitudinal associations between demographic, personality, disorder-related and work-related characteristics and sustainable return to work of sicklisted workers with a depressive or anxiety disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data of a large Dutch cohort study to prospectively study longitudinal associations between biopsychosocial factors and sustainable return to work in 2 years. Associations were studied by means of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Participants who were sick-listed at baseline and had a lifetime diagnosis of a depressive and/or anxiety disorder were included in this study (N = 215).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2 years, 51.6% of the participants returned to work sustainably. Age, household income, extraversion, employment status, skill discretion and job security were significantly (P B 0.05) associated with sustainable RTW in 2 years in the univariable analyses. The multivariable analysis revealed significant associations between sustainable return to work and age (OR per 10 years = 0.67; 95% CI 0.47–0.95), household income (OR per 100 Euro’s a month = 1.04; 95% CI 1.00–1.08) and being on sickness benefit versus being (self-)employed (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.20–0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the long-run not disorder-related factors, but an older age, the absence of a job and a low household income seem to complicate return to work. Policy and research should focus on facilitators and barriers for return to work of workers with these characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.lammerts@vumc.nl.|Research Centre for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.lammerts@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Lieke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lammerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.schaafsma@vumc.nl.|Research Centre for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.schaafsma@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Frederieke G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Schaafsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. M.Eikelenboom@ggzingeest.nl.
authors.forename: Merijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eikelenboom
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.vermeulen@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Sylvia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. w.vanmechelen@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.anema@vumc.nl.|Research Centre for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h.anema@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Johannes R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Anema
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center/GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. B.Penninx@vumc.nl.|Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. B.Penninx@vumc.nl.|Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. B.Penninx@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010551:Personality; D062707:Return to Work; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Long-term sickness absence; Mental health problems; Return to work