title: Circulating GLP-1 in infants born small-for-gestational-age: breast-feeding versus formula-feeding.
abstract: Prenatal growth restraint associates with the risk for later diabetes, particularly if such restraint is followed by postnatal formula-feeding (FOF) rather than breast-feeding (BRF). Circulating incretins can influence the neonatal programming of hypothalamic setpoints for appetite and energy expenditure, and are thus candidate mediators of the long-term effects exerted by early nutrition. We have tested this concept by measuring (at birth and at age 4 months) the circulating concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in BRF infants born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; n=63) and in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants receiving either BRF (n=28) or FOF (n=26). At birth, concentrations of GLP-1 were similar in AGA and SGA infants. At 4 months, pre-feeding GLP-1 concentrations were higher than at birth; SGA-BRF infants had GLP-1 concentrations similar to those in AGA-BRF infants but SGA-FOF infants had higher concentrations. In conclusion, nutrition appears to influence the circulating GLP-1 concentrations in SGA infants and may thereby modulate long-term diabetes risk.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain.|Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bassols
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sebastiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain.|Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Bermejo
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Zegher
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1