title: Kinetics of Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Antibodies Following Maternal Influenza Vaccination Among Mothers With and Those Without HIV Infection and Their Infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in pregnant women with and those without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the persistence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in mothers and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antibodies were measured before vaccination, 1 month after vaccination, at delivery, and at postpartum week 24 in mothers and within 1 week of birth and at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age in infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 98 HIV-uninfected and 100 HIV-infected pregnant women, including 93% with a CD4(+) T-cell count of ≥ 200 cells/µL. Compared with HIV-uninfected women, HIV-infected women had lower seroconversion rates (ranging from 63%-92% vs 36%-40%), lower antibody titers through postpartum week 24, and overlapping antibody half-lives (ranging from 106-121 vs 87-153 days). Infant titers were lower than the maternal titers within 1 week of delivery, regardless of vaccine strain and HIV exposure status. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had a similar transplacental influenza virus antibody transfer ratio, lower titers, and a lower frequency of titers ≥ 1:40 (ranging from 82%-95% vs 43%-79%) at birth and higher antibody half-lives (ranging from 43-45 vs 56-65 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with HIV-uninfected pregnant women, HIV-infected pregnant women had lower antibody responses and persistence. Compared with HIV-unexposed infants, HIV-exposed infants had lower antibody levels at birth but similar antibody levels after 8 weeks of life. Early IIV3 administration during pregnancy did not decrease antibody titers among infants at birth.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Marta C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Clare L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cutland
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dighero
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora.
authors.forename: Janie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bate
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Locadiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuwanda
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand.
authors.forename: Alane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: HIV; immunogenicity; influenza vaccine; pregnancy; transplacental antibody transfer