title: The Axolotl Fibula as a Model for the Induction of Regeneration across Large Segment Defects in Long Bones of the Extremities.
abstract: We tested the ability of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) fibula to regenerate across segment defects of different size in the absence of intervention or after implant of a unique 8-braid pig small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffold, with or without incorporated growth factor combinations or tissue protein extract. Fractures and defects of 10% and 20% of the total limb length regenerated well without any intervention, but 40% and 50% defects failed to regenerate after either simple removal of bone or implanting SIS scaffold alone. By contrast, scaffold soaked in the growth factor combination BMP-4/HGF or in protein extract of intact limb tissue promoted partial or extensive induction of cartilage and bone across 50% segment defects in 30%-33% of cases. These results show that BMP-4/HGF and intact tissue protein extract can promote the events required to induce cartilage and bone formation across a segment defect larger than critical size and that the long bones of axolotl limbs are an inexpensive model to screen soluble factors and natural and synthetic scaffolds for their efficacy in stimulating this process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Fengyu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Deepali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jhamb
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jiliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Indiana-University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marco C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bottino
authors.affiliation: School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mathew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Palakal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Stocum
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D005360:Fibula / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor