title: Quantification of soil/dust (SD) on the hands of children from Hubei Province, China using hand wipes.
abstract: A total of 120 children (58 males and 62 females) between the ages of 2 and 17 years were randomly selected from Wuhan City and Wufeng County in Hubei Province, China. We gathered hand SD samples from these children using hand wipes. We determined approximate amounts of hand SD and concentrations of three tracer soil elements (Ce, Y, V) in these samples. The approximate amounts of hand SD ranged from 6.35 to 85.42mg with a median value of 20.62mg. In addition, mean amounts of hand SD estimated using concentrations of Ce, Y, and V in samples were 1.07, 1.00, and 0.92mg, respectively. The amounts of hand SD varied greatly among age groups: primary school children had more hand SD than kindergarten and middle school children, males had more hand SD than females, and children from rural areas had more hand SD than those from urban areas. The rates of daily ingestion of hand SD for kindergarten, primary school, and middle school children were estimated as 1.79, 2.12, and 0.49mg/d, respectively.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Siyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: majin@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Libo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Chunye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil
keywords: Children; Hand to mouth contact; SD ingestion; Tracer element.