title: Natural cutaneous anthrax infection, but not vaccination, induces a CD4(+) T cell response involving diverse cytokines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whilst there have been a number of insights into the subsets of CD4(+) T cells induced by pathogenic Bacillus anthracis infections in animal models, how these findings relate to responses generated in naturally infected and vaccinated humans has yet to be fully established. We describe the cytokine profile produced in response to T cell stimulation with a previously defined immunodominant antigen of anthrax, lethal factor (LF), domain IV, in cohorts of individuals with a history of cutaneous anthrax, compared with vaccinees receiving the U.K. licenced Anthrax Vaccine Precipitated (AVP) vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that immunity following natural cutaneous infection was significantly different from that seen after vaccination. AVP vaccination was found to result in a polarized IFNγ CD4+ T cell response, while the individuals exposed to B. anthracis by natural infection mounted a broader cytokine response encompassing IFNγ, IL-5, -9, -10, -13, -17, and -22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaccines seeking to incorporate the robust, long-lasting, CD4 T cell immune responses observed in naturally acquired cutaneous anthrax cases may need to elicit a similarly broad spectrum cellular immune response.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Berkshire UK.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ascough
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 ONN UK.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Metan
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Erciyes University Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doganay
authors.affiliation: The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.affiliation: Defence Science Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif Sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maillere
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 ONN UK.
authors.forename: Rosemary J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Boyton
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London, W12 ONN UK.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Altmann
keywords: Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis; Cytokine; Infection; Lethal factor; T cell; Vaccination