title: Advances in the understanding and management of heart transplantation.
abstract: Cardiac transplantation represents one of the great triumphs in modern medicine and remains the cornerstone in the treatment of advanced heart failure. In this review, we contextualize pivotal developments in our understanding and management of cardiac transplant immunology, histopathology, rejection surveillance, drug development and surgery. We also discuss current limitations in their application and the impact of the left ventricular assist devices in bridging this gap.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 USA.
authors.forename: Dhssraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 USA.
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Taylor