title: Relationships between plasma lipids, proteins, surface tension and post-dive bubbles.
abstract: Decompression sickness (DCS) in divers is caused by bubbles of inert gas. When DCS occurs, most bubbles can be found in the venous circulation: venous gas emboli (VGE). Bubbles are thought to be stabilized by low molecular weight surfactant reducing the plasma-air surface tension (γ). Proteins may play a role as well. We studied the interrelations between these substances, γ and VGE, measured before and after a dry dive simulation. VGE of 63 dive simulations (21-msw/40-minute profile) of 52 divers was examined 40, 80, 120 and 160 minutes after surfacing (precordial Doppler method) and albumin, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and free fatty acids were determined pre- and post-exposure. To manipulate blood plasma composition, half of the subjects obtained a fat-rich breakfast, while the other half got a fat-poor breakfast pre-dive. Eleven subjects obtained both. VGE scores measured with the precordial Doppler method were transformed to the logarithm of Kisman Integrated Severity Scores. With statistical analysis, including (partial) correlations, it could not be established whether γ as well as VGE scores are related to albumin, total protein or total cholesterol. With triglycerides and fatty acids correlations were also lacking, despite the fact that these compounds varied substantially. The same holds true for the paired differences between the two exposures of the 11 subjects. Moreover, no correlation between surface tension and VGE could be shown. From these findings and some theoretical considerations it seems likely that proteins lower surface tension rather than lipids. Since the findings are not in concordance with the classical surfactant hypothesis, reconsideration seems necessary.
authors.forename: Nico A M
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Schellart
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rozložník
authors.forename: Costantino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balestra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000097:blood*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D013500:Surface Tension; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase