title: Odontoblastic Differentiation, Inflammatory Response, and Angiogenic Potential of 4 Calcium Silicate-based Cements: Micromega MTA, ProRoot MTA, RetroMTA, and Experimental Calcium Silicate Cement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) for pulp capping materials including MicroMega MTA (MMTA; MicroMega, Besanchon, France), RetroMTA (RMTA; BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), ProRoot MTA (PMTA; Dentsply, Tulsa, OK), and experimental CSC (ECSC) on odontoblastic differentiation, in vitro angiogenesis, and the inflammatory response in human dental pulp cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the marker genes. The levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were measured by RT-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro angiogenesis was assessed by RT-PCR for angiogenic genes and an endothelial tube formation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PMTA, MMTA, and ECSC increased the alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization nodule formation and up-regulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of odontoblastic markers compared with RMTA. In addition, PMTA, MMTA, and ECSC up-regulated the mRNA of angiogenic genes in human dental pulp cells and increased the capillary tube formation of endothelial cells compared with RMTA. However, all CSCs showed similar expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein as well as proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our experimental results suggest that all CSCs are favorable materials for pulp capping, but PMTA, MMTA, and ECSC may be recommended over RMTA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seok-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Jung
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Kyu
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok-Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kee-Yeon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kum
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Research Center for Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: eckim@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Cheol
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000098:blood supply / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000473:pathology; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D012823:Silicate Cement
keywords: Angiogenesis; Micromega MTA; ProRoot MTA; RetroMTA; dental pulp cells; differentiation; experimental calcium silicate cement