title: A Longitudinal Assessment of Structural and Chemical Alterations in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters.
abstract: Growing evidence suggests that temporally proximal acute concussions and repetitive subconcussive head injuries may lead to long-term neurological deficits. However, the underlying mechanisms of injury and their relative time-scales are not well documented in human injury models. The current study therefore investigated whether biomarkers of brain chemistry (magnetic resonance [MR] spectroscopy: N-acetylaspartate [NAA], combined glutamate and glutamine [Glx], total creatine [Cre], choline compounds [Cho], and myo-inositol [mI]) and structure (cortical thickness, white matter [WM]/subcortical volume) differed between mixed martial artists (MMA; n = 13) and matched healthy controls (HC) without a history of contact sport participation (HC; n = 14). A subset of participants (MMA = 9; HC = 10) returned for follow-up visits, with MMA (n = 3) with clinician-documented acute concussions also scanned serially. As expected, MMA self-reported a higher incidence of previous concussions and significantly more cognitive symptoms during prior concussion recovery. Fighters also exhibited reduced memory and processing speed relative to controls on neuropsychological testing coupled with cortical thinning in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right occipital cortex at baseline assessment. Over a 1-year follow-up period, MMA experienced a significant decrease in both WM volume and NAA concentration, as well as relative thinning in the left middle and superior frontal gyri. These longitudinal changes did not correlate with self-reported metrics of injury (i.e., fight diary). In contrast, HC did not exhibit significant longitudinal changes over a 4-month follow-up period (p > 0.05). Collectively, current results provide preliminary evidence of progressive changes in brain chemistry and structure over a relatively short time period in individuals with high exposure to repetitive head hits. These findings require replication in independent samples.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.|2 Neurology Department, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico.|3 Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Josef M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gasparovic
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Klimaj
authors.affiliation: 1 The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute , Albuquerque, New Mexico.
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016139:Martial Arts / Q000293:injuries* / Q000523:psychology; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: concussion; longitudinal; repetitive injury; spectroscopy; volumetrics