title: The Human Adenovirus Type 5 E4orf4 Protein Targets Two Phosphatase Regulators of the Hippo Signaling Pathway.
abstract: When expressed alone at high levels, the human adenovirus E4orf4 protein exhibits tumor cell-specific p53-independent toxicity. A major E4orf4 target is the B55 class of PP2A regulatory subunits, and we have shown recently that binding of E4orf4 inhibits PP2A(B55) phosphatase activity in a dose-dependent fashion by preventing access of substrates (M. Z. Mui et al., PLoS Pathog 9:e1003742, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003742). While interaction with B55 subunits is essential for toxicity, E4orf4 mutants exist that, despite binding B55 at high levels, are defective in cell killing, suggesting that other essential targets exist. In an attempt to identify additional targets, we undertook a proteomics approach to characterize E4orf4-interacting proteins. Our findings indicated that, in addition to PP2A(B55) subunits, ASPP-PP1 complex subunits were found among the major E4orf4-binding species. Both the PP2A and ASPP-PP1 phosphatases are known to positively regulate effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, which controls the expression of cell growth/survival genes by dephosphorylating the YAP transcriptional coactivator. We find here that expression of E4orf4 results in hyperphosphorylation of YAP, suggesting that Hippo signaling is affected by E4orf4 interactions with PP2A(B55) and/or ASPP-PP1 phosphatases. Furthermore, knockdown of YAP1 expression was seen to enhance E4orf4 killing, again consistent with a link between E4orf4 toxicity and inhibition of the Hippo pathway. This effect may in fact contribute to the cancer cell specificity of E4orf4 toxicity, as many human cancer cells rely heavily on the Hippo pathway for their enhanced proliferation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The human adenovirus E4orf4 protein has been known for some time to induce tumor cell-specific death when expressed at high levels; thus, knowledge of its mode of action could be of importance for development of new cancer therapies. Although the B55 form of the phosphatase PP2A has long been known as an essential E4orf4 target, genetic analyses indicated that others must exist. To identify additional E4orf4 targets, we performed, for the first time, a large-scale affinity purification/mass spectrometry analysis of E4orf4 binding partners. Several additional candidates were detected, including key regulators of the Hippo signaling pathway, which enhances cell viability in many cancers, and results of preliminary studies suggested a link between inhibition of Hippo signaling and E4orf4 toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mui
authors.affiliation: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yiwang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.affiliation: The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Naila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chughtai
authors.affiliation: The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gruosso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Andreas I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Papadakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Sidong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Morag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne-Claude
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gingras
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada philip.branton@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Branton
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D000090683:Hippo Signaling Pathway; D006801:Humans; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C121517:E4orf4 protein, adenovirus; C498406:PPP1R13B protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014764:Viral Proteins; D000091102:YAP-Signaling Proteins; C088374:YAP1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2