title: Characterization of facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis using validated pain evaluation instruments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior investigations into facial pain associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have yielded important results, but have yet to use pain-specific outcome measures. This study seeks to characterize facial pain associated with CRS using validated pain-specific instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with CRS were enrolled into a prospective, cross-sectional study along with control participants presenting with non-CRS diagnoses. Facial pain was characterized in both groups using the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF) and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). CRS-specific measures of disease were measured including the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22), nasal endoscopy, and computed tomography scoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients comprised of CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP; n = 25), CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP; n = 30), and control participants (n = 8). Subjects with CRSwNP and CRSsNP were less likely to be pain free than controls (16.0%, 6.7%, and 62.5% respectively, p = 0.001) and carried greater burden of pain as measured by the BPI-SF and SF-MPQ than controls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017, respectively). Pain in CRS was most commonly located around the eyes and characterized as "throbbing" and "aching." Nasal polyp status was not associated with differences in character, severity, or location of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with CRS have a greater burden of facial pain relative to control subjects across several standardized pain measures. Further, facial pain in CRS significantly correlated to quality of life and CRS-specific disease severity measures. Study across larger cohorts using standardized pain measures is warranted to clarify the association of facial pain with CRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: DeConde
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Jess C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mace
authors.affiliation: Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Shaelene
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashby
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.affiliation: Sinus and Skull Base Surgery Program, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Jeremiah A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012008:Recurrence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications*
keywords: data collection; endoscopy; facial pain; outcome assessment; sinusitis