title: Fungal endophytes of Vanilla planifolia across Réunion Island: isolation, distribution and biotransformation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the work was to characterize fungal endophytes from aerial parts of Vanilla planifolia. Also, to establish their biotransformation abilities of flavor-related metabolites. This was done in order to find a potential role of endophytes on vanilla flavors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty three MOTUs were obtained, representing 6 fungal classes. Fungi from green pods were cultured on mature green pod based media for 30 days followed by (1)H NMR and HPLC-DAD analysis. All fungi from pods consumed metabolized vanilla flavor phenolics. Though Fusarium proliferatum was recovered more often (37.6% of the isolates), it is Pestalotiopsis microspora (3.0%) that increased the absolute amounts (quantified by (1)H NMR in μmol/g DW green pods) of vanillin (37.0 × 10(-3)), vanillyl alcohol (100.0 × 10(-3)), vanillic acid (9.2 × 10(-3)) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (87.9 × 10(-3)) by significant amounts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All plants studied contained endophytic fungi and the isolation of the endophytes was conducted from plant organs at nine sites in Réunion Island including under shade house and undergrowth conditions. Endophytic variation occured between cultivation practices and the type of organ. Given the physical proximity of fungi inside pods, endophytic biotransformation may contribute to the complexity of vanilla flavors.
authors.affiliation: Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France. shahnookhoyratty@gmail.com.|Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. shahnookhoyratty@gmail.com.|GIP CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France. shahnookhoyratty@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shahnoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khoyratty
authors.affiliation: Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR OSEB 7205, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France. jdupont@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR OSEB 7205, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris, Cedex 05, France. slacoste@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacoste
authors.affiliation: Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France. tony.palama@gmail.com.|GIP CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France. tony.palama@gmail.com.|Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon1), Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France. tony.palama@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tony Lionel
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Palama
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. y.choi@chem.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Young Hae
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. h.k.kim@chem.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Hye Kyong
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Université de La Réunion, LCSNSA EA 2212, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France. bertrand.payet@univ-reunion.fr.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Payet
authors.affiliation: Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Station de Ligne-Paradis & Pôle de protection des plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France. michel.grisoni@cirad.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grisoni
authors.affiliation: Université de La Réunion, LCSNSA EA 2212, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France. Mireille.Fouillaud@univ-reunion.fr.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fouillaud
authors.affiliation: Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg, 72, 2333, BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. verpoort@chem.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verpoorte
authors.affiliation: Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, 15 avenue René Cassin, CS 92003-97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France. hippolyte.kodja@univ-reunion.fr.|UMR PVBMT, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de La Réunion, 15, Avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, Saint-Denis Cédex 09, Ile de la Réunion, France. hippolyte.kodja@univ-reunion.fr.
authors.forename: Hippolyte
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kodja
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003470:Culture Media / Q000494:pharmacology; D060026:Endophytes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005843:Geography; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009812:Odorants; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D010802:Phylogeny; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017508:Reunion; D031669:Vanilla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media