title: Diagnosis isn't enough: Understanding the connections between high health care utilization, chronic conditions and disabilities among U.S. working age adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Under the ACA, new programs are being developed to enhance care coordination and reduce health care costs among people with chronic conditions, disabilities, and high utilization of health care. However, the relationships between these groups are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were to (1) identify high utilizers of health care in the U.S. working age (18-64) population, (2) examine the overlap between this group and people with chronic conditions and/or disabilities, (3) identify predictors of high service use or cost among these subpopulations, and (4) recommend approaches for stratification of individuals with high health care utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using pooled national data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2006-2008), we created indices to identify elevated or high utilization and cost groups. We performed descriptive analyses, bivariate comparisons and multivariate analyses to examine the relations between these populations and individuals with chronic conditions and/or disabilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the large majority of persons with high use/cost had chronic conditions, the minority of persons with chronic conditions had high health care utilization. However, among persons with chronic conditions, disability was a significant predictor of high utilization. Annual expenditures were significantly elevated among people with disabilities, particularly when activities of daily living were limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that medical diagnosis alone is insufficient for the development of eligibility criteria for, or the evaluation of, programs intended to better the delivery or coordination of services for high utilizers of health care services. New approaches are needed to assess functional limitations and identify ongoing needs for services and supports.
authors.affiliation: The University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reichard
authors.affiliation: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: gulley@brandeis.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gulley
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rasch
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014937:Work
keywords: Chronic conditions; Health care needs; Health service utilization; People with disabilities