title: Occurrence of biomarkers of pesticide exposure in non-invasive human specimens.
abstract: Biomonitoring has been used in many types of investigations, including national programmes and epidemiological studies, to explore the occurrence of biomarkers of pesticide exposure in the general population or relevant groups. This review discusses recent studies that measure levels of biomarkers of pesticide exposure in non-invasive human specimens such as urine, breast milk, meconium and hair. Specific and non-specific metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides have been widely investigated in urine, where some of the suitable biomarkers present rates of detection higher than 80%, which stand for an ongoing chronic exposure to traces of these chemicals. Hair is a promising emerging matrix, but some issues on its suitability and the biological relevance needs further research. Breast milk was used in research investigations focused mainly on legacy pesticides, which provide useful information about time trends.
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: yusa_vic@gva.es.
authors.forename: Vicent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yusa
authors.affiliation: Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé ICPEES UMR 7515 Groupe de Physico-Chimie de ĺAtmosphère, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, France.
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coscolla
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roca
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008470:Meconium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Biomonitoring; Breast milk; Hair; Pesticides; Urine