title: Extent, Nature, and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence in Public Tertiary Hospitals in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey.
abstract: Using a cross-sectional survey design from 11 public tertiary hospitals (a specialist hospital, four Chinese medicine hospitals, and six general hospitals) in the urban areas of Heilongjiang, we determined the nature of workplace violence that medical staff have encountered in Chinese hospitals and identified factors associated with those experiences of violence. A total of 1129 health workers participated. The specialist hospital had the highest prevalence of physical violence (35.4%), while the general hospitals had the highest prevalence of non-physical violence (76%). Inexperienced medical staff (p < 0.001) were more likely to suffer non-physical violence than physical violence in Chinese medicine hospitals compared to experienced staff. Medical units (p = 0.001) had a high risk of non-physical violence, while surgical units (p = 0.005) had a high risk of physical violence. In general hospitals, staff with higher levels of anxiety about workplace violence were more vulnerable to both physical violence (1.67, 95% CI 1.36-2.10) and non-physical violence (1.309, 95% CI 1.136-1.508) compared to those with lower levels of anxiety, while rotating shift workers had a higher odds of physical violence (2.2, 95% CI 1.21-4.17) and non-physical violence (1.65, 95% CI 1.13-2.41) compared to fixed day shift workers. Thus, prevention should focus not only on high-risk sections of hospitals, but also on the nature of the hospital itself.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. lhhh314@126.com.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. siqizhao1992@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Siqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. minglijiao@126.com.|Institute of Quantitative &Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Science, 5 Jian Guo Men Nei Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100000, China. minglijiao@126.com.
authors.forename: Mingli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. wangjingtao1990@163.com.
authors.forename: Jingtao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. dpeters@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. qiaoh0823@sina.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang Nursing College, 209 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. zhaoyuchong@foxmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuchong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. Liye19832014@126.com.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. sll507@126.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Hospital Management, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. xkk507@126.com.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China. jmsly@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China. qunhongwu@126.com.
authors.forename: Qunhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000066550:Physical Abuse; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Chinese medicine hospitals; general hospitals; risk factor; specialist hospitals; workplace violence