title: Computed tomography-based distribution of involved lymph nodes in patients with upper esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delineating the nodal clinical target volume (ctvn) remains a challenging task in patients with cervical or upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma (ec). In particular, the extent of the lymph area that should be included in the irradiation field remains controversial. In the present study, the extent of the ctvn was determined based on the incidence of lymph node involvement mapped by computed tomography (ct) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 468 patients who were diagnosed with cervical and upper thoracic ec and who received staging information between June 2005 and April 2011. The anatomic distribution of metastatic regional lymph nodes was mapped using ct images and grouped using the levels established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. The probability of the various groups being involved was examined. If a lymph node group had a probability of 10% or more of being involved, it was considered at high risk for metastasis, and elective treatment as part of the ctvn was recommended.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymph node involvement was mapped by ct in 256 patients (54.7%). Not all lymph node groups should be included in the ctvn. For cervical lesions, the involved lymph nodes were located mainly between the hyoid bone and the arcus aortae; the recommended ctvn should consist of the neck lymph nodes at levels iii and iv (supraclavicular group) and thoracic groups 2 and 3P. In upper thoracic ec patients, most of the involved lymph nodes were distributed between the cricoid cartilage and the subcarinal area; the ctvn should cover the supraclavicular group and thoracic nodal groups 2, 3P, 4, 5, and 7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our ct-based study indicates a specific distribution and incidence of metastatic lymph node groups in patients with cervical and upper thoracic ec. The results suggest that regional lymph node groups should be electively included in the ctvn for precise radiation administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China;
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shandong Caner Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shandong Caner Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shandong Caner Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shandong Caner Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China;
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, PR China;
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
keywords: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; clinical target volume; computed tomography; lymph node metastasis; radiation