title: Parboiled Germinated Brown Rice Protects Against CCl4-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury in Rats.
abstract: Parboiled germinated brown rice (PGBR) of Khao Dawk Mali 105 variety was produced by steaming germinated paddy rice, which is well-known for its nutrients and bioactive compounds. In this study we determined the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of PGBR in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced oxidative stress in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, (weight 200-250 g) were randomly divided into (1) control, (2) CCl(4), (3) white rice (WR)+CCl(4), (4) brown rice (BR)+CCl(4), and (5) PGBR+CCl(4) groups. PGBR, BR, and WR diets were produced by replacing corn starch in the AIN76A diet with cooked PGBR, BR, and WR powders, respectively. All rats except the control group were gavaged with 50% CCl4 in olive oil (v/v, 1 mL/kg) twice a week for 8 weeks. CCl(4)-treated rats exhibited significant liver injury, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage, as well as obvious changes to liver histopathology compared to control. In addition, CCl(4) treatment decreased the activities of CYP2E1 and antioxidant enzymes: glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and glutathione (GSH) content. However, the PGBR+CCl(4) group exhibited less liver injury, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage, as well as better antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH content. Furthermore, PGBR inhibited degradation of CYP2E1 in CCl(4)-induced decrease of CYP2E1 activity. These data suggest that PGBR may prevent CCl(4)-induced liver oxidative stress and injury through enhancement of the antioxidant capacities, which may be due to complex actions of various bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, γ-oryzanol, tocotrienol, and GABA.
authors.affiliation: 1 Food Chemistry Division, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom, Thailand .
authors.forename: Kansuda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wunjuntuk
authors.affiliation: 1 Food Chemistry Division, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom, Thailand .
authors.forename: Aikkarach
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettawan
authors.affiliation: 1 Food Chemistry Division, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom, Thailand .
authors.forename: Somsri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charoenkiatkul
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand .
authors.forename: Thanaporn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rungruang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000009:adverse effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D018525:Germination; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: antioxidant; carbon tetrachloride; liver injury; oxidative stress; parboiled germinated brown rice