title: Disparities in prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine time trends in prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy by family income, maternal level of education, skin color, and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted three population-based surveys in 2007, 2010, and 2013 with newly delivered mothers living in the municipality of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. Data were collected using questionnaires administered after delivery in all (two) maternity units in the city, at Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Júnior Hospital and at Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Time trends were analyzed using chi-square test for linear trend.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data of 7,572 women showed that the prevalence of smoking before pregnancy decreased from 28% (26.2-29.7) in 2007 to 22% (20.8-24.0) in 2013 (P < 0.001). Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 22% (20.4-23.7) in 2007 to 18% (16.6-19.5) in 2013 (P < 0.001). This reduction varied across income ranging from 17% (poorest) to 35% (richest) (P < 0.001). The lower the income, the higher the smoking prevalence during pregnancy. Smoking cessation was more prevalent among women of higher level of education and income.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking before and during pregnancy is still highly prevalent and the prevalence of cessation is low pointing to a need to strengthen actions targeting low-income, less educated, black pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96020-220 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josiane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dias-Damé
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96020-220 Pelotas, RS, Brazil ; , Brazil Divisão de População & Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), 96200-400 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juraci A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cesar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires