title: The snooze of lose: Rapid reaching reveals that losses are processed more slowly than gains.
abstract: Decision making revolves around weighing potential gains and losses. Research in economic decision making has emphasized that humans exercise disproportionate caution when making explicit choices involving loss. By comparison, research in perceptual decision making has revealed a processing advantage for targets associated with potential gain, though the effects of loss have been explored less systematically. Here, we use a rapid reaching task to measure the relative sensitivity (Experiment 1) and the time course (Experiments 2 and 3) of rapid actions with regard to the reward valence and probability of targets. We show that targets linked to a high probability of gain influence actions about 100 ms earlier than targets associated with equivalent probability and value of loss. These findings are well accounted for by a model of stimulus response in which reward modulates the late, postpeak phase of the activity. We interpret our results within a neural framework of biased competition that is resolved in spatial maps of behavioral relevance. As implied by our model, all visual stimuli initially receive positive activation. Gain stimuli can build off of this initial activation when selected as a target, whereas loss stimuli have to overcome this initial activation in order to be avoided, accounting for the observed delay between valences. Our results bring clarity to the perceptual effects of losses versus gains and highlight the importance of considering the timeline of different biasing factors that influence decisions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation.
authors.forename: Craig S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gallivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation.
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wispinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Enns
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D055815:Young Adult