title: Two-Dimensional Identification of Fetal Tooth Germs.
abstract: To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of two-dimensional ultrasonography in the identification of tooth germs and in the assessment of potential pathology.
  
  
  
  Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Prenatal Diagnosis Unit of Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia / Espinho-Empresa Pública in Portugal.
  
  
  
  A total of 157 white pregnant women (median age, 32 years; range, 14 to 47 years) undergoing routine ultrasound exams.
  
  
  
  Description of the fetal tooth germs, as visualized by two-dimensional ultrasonography, including results from prior fetal biometry and detailed screening for malformations.
  
  
  
  In the first trimester group, ultrasonography identified 10 tooth germs in the maxilla and 10 tooth germs in the mandible in all fetuses except for one who presented eight maxillary tooth germs. This case was associated with a chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 13) with a bilateral cleft palate. In the second and third trimesters group, ultrasonography identified a larger range of tooth germs: 81.2% of fetuses showed 10 tooth germs in the maxilla and 85.0% of fetuses had 10 tooth germs in the mandible. Hypodontia was more prevalent in the maxilla than in the mandible, which led us to use qualitative two-dimensional ultrasonography to analyze the possible association between hypodontia and other variables such as fetal pathology, markers, head, nuchal, face, and spine.
  
  
  
  We recommend using this method as the first exam to evaluate fetal morphology and also to help establish accurate diagnosis of abnormalities in pregnancy.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seabra
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011174:Portugal; D011247:Pregnancy; D014083:Tooth Germ / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: diagnosis; prenatal; tooth buds; tooth germ; ultrasound