title: Reprint of "Co-occurring motor, language and emotional-behavioral problems in children 3-6 years of age".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) has been shown to co-occur with behavioral and language problems in school-aged children, but little is known as to when these problems begin to emerge, or if they are inherent in children with DCD. The purpose of this study was to determine if deficits in language and emotional-behavioral problems are apparent in preschool-aged children with movement difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fourteen children (mean age 4 years 11 months, SD 9.8 months, 103 male) performed the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition (MABC-2). Children falling at or below the 16th percentile were classified as being at risk for movement difficulties (MD risk). Auditory comprehension and expressive communication were examined using the Preschool Language Scales 4th Edition (PLS-4). Parent-reported emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preschool children with diminished motor coordination (n = 37) were found to have lower language scores, higher externalizing behaviors in the form of increased aggression, as well as increased withdrawn and other behavior symptoms compared with their typically developing peers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motor coordination, language and emotional-behavioral difficulties tend to co-occur in young children aged 3-6 years. These results highlight the need for early intervention.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Infant and Child Health Lab, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: kingds@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: King-Dowling
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science and CanChild, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Infant and Child Health Lab, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Missiuna
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Infant and Child Health Lab, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: M Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Brock University, Department of Kinesiology, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greenway
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University, Department of Family Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Infant and Child Health Lab, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cairney
keywords: Behavior; Co-occurrence; Developmental coordination disorder; Language delay; Movement difficulties; Preschool