title: A Two-Group Trial of a Terminal Ventilator Withdrawal Algorithm: Pilot Testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Terminal ventilator withdrawal entails cessation of mechanical ventilation to allow a natural death. There is little empirical evidence to guide the conduct of this procedure. If the process is not well conducted, patients undergoing terminal ventilator withdrawal are at high risk for experiencing significant respiratory distress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to (1) establish the feasibility of a nurse-led algorithmic approach; (2) determine differences in patient comfort between groups; and (3) determine differences in the use of opioids and benzodiazepines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, two-group, repeated measures, observation design was used with nurses from one medical intensive care unit (MICU) conducting the algorithm and nurses from a second MICU providing unstandardized usual care. Patient respiratory comfort/distress was measured with the Respiratory Distress Observation Scale (RDOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses and respiratory therapists were trained to follow the algorithm in one-hour educational sessions; fidelity to the algorithm was subsequently confirmed. Fourteen patients evenly distributed by ethnicity and gender were enrolled, eight in the control MICU and six in the intervention unit. No significant differences in age, consciousness, illness severity, or baseline RDOS were found. All control patients underwent a one-step terminal extubation process. There were no incidences of post-extubation stridor in the intervention group, whereas three (38%) control patients experienced stridor. Patients in the intervention group had greater respiratory comfort compared with control patients (p<0.05). Differences in medication use were found with lorazepam favored in the control unit; morphine is recommended in the algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feasibility and proof of concept for the nurse-led algorithm were established.
authors.affiliation: 1 College of Nursing, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: 1 College of Nursing, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Hossein N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yarandi
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D060666:Airway Extubation / Q000451:nursing; D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000451:nursing; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001569:Benzodiazepines