title: Egg Predation by the Introduced Lady Beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Lowers Mortality but Raises Relative Risk for the Native Lady Beetle, Coccinella novemnotata.
abstract: Populations of the native ninespotted lady beetle, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, have undergone precipitous declines in North America following the establishment of the exotic sevenspotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. Recent volunteer efforts have made it possible to establish colonies of the now-rare C. novemnotata and test mechanisms contributing to its decline. We evaluated the relative frequencies of intraguild predation and cannibalism of eggs between these two species. A single C. novemnotata or C. septempunctata adult was exposed to conspecific and heterospecific eggs in either the presence or absence of pea aphids. The study revealed two expected results: 1) eggs of C. novemnotata were consumed more frequently than eggs of C. septempunctata by both species, and 2) egg consumption was higher when aphids were absent, independent of predator and egg species. There were also two unexpected results from the study: 1) the asymmetry between egg predation rates was higher when aphids were present, and 2) higher predation rates on C. novemnotata eggs in the absence of alternate prey was due to a relatively higher rate of intraspecific cannibalism. This implies that C. novemnotata would have suffered higher egg mortality rates before the invasion of C. septempunctata, but even though the aggregate rate of egg predation on C. novemnotata eggs is lower post-invasion, it is still significantly higher than the aggregate rate of predation of C. septempunctata eggs. This differential pattern of asymmetric predation could contribute to habitat compression and the overall decline of C. novemnotata.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rakim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turnipseed
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States of America.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ugine
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States of America.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Losey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera; D017753:Ecosystem; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior