title: Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Women with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Untreated depression and anxiety during the perinatal period have significant consequences on maternal and infant health; however, few studies have examined perinatal depression and perinatal anxiety in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The current study prospectively examined the prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression and anxiety, and emotional support from family and friends, as well as childhood sexual abuse in women with and without HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2009 and January 2013, 258 pregnant women receiving care in a Philadelphia hospital were enrolled, with 162 completing both the prenatal and postpartum portions of the study. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults were used to measure depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. An independent samples t test and multiple linear regressions were used to determine associations among depression, anxiety, and pregnancy-related variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine participants (30%) were living with HIV; 113 (70%) were HIV negative. CES-D scores did not differ prenatally (p = .131) or postpartum (p = .156) between women with and without HIV. Prenatal state anxiety scores were higher in women with HIV (p = .02) but there were no differences postpartum (p = .432). In a multiple linear regression, trait anxiety predicted postpartum anxiety in the full sample (p < .001) and childhood sexual abuse predicted postpartum depression among women with HIV (p = .021).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the importance of identifying and treating perinatal depression and anxiety early in the prenatal period. Results also emphasize the need for providers to be aware of childhood sexual abuse as a potential correlate for depression in women with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: erika.aaron@drexelmed.edu.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aaron
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonacquisti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polansky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D018743:Perinatal Care; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors