title: Bipolar disorder and ADHD: comorbidity and diagnostic distinctions.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with onset in childhood and early adolescence, and common persistence in adulthood. Both disorders are often undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and sometimes over diagnosed, leading to high rates of morbidity and disability. The differentiation of these conditions is based on their clinical features, comorbidity, psychiatric family history course of illness, and response to treatment. We review recent relevant findings and highlight epidemiological, clinical, family history, course, and treatment-response differences that can aid the differential diagnosis of these conditions in an outpatient pediatric setting.
authors.affiliation: Centro Lucio Bini, Via Crescenzio 42, 00193, Rome, Italy, ciromarangoni@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marangoni
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Chiara
authors.forename: Gianni L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Faedda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D000374:Aggression; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012890:Sleep; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants