title: Risk factors associated with urinary incontinence in Portugal and the quality of life of affected women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) and assess the quality of life (QoL) of affected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted of all women with UI who attended the urology and gynecology services of four hospitals in central Portugal between March and December 2012. Information was obtained from participants using questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, obstetric, gynecologic, and lifestyle variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 505 participants, 351 (69.5%) had urgency UI, 107 (21.2%) stress UI, and 47 (9.3%) mixed UI. Stress UI was associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, constipation, gravidity, parity, and vaginal infections (P≤0.02 for all). Urgency UI was associated with age above 50 years, employment, smoking, and sitting for 2 hours or less per day (P≤0.02 for all). Mixed UI was associated with age 50 years or younger, smoking, sitting for 2 hours or less per day, and frequently carrying more than 3 kg in weight (P<0.001 for all). A negative impact on QoL was reported by 501 (99.2%) women. Compared with younger participants, women older than 50 years presented with more sleep/energy disturbances and performance limitations (P≤0.04 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UI is associated with several risk factors and has a negative impact on QoL. Appropriate investigation regarding the factors associated with the types of UI should be performed to diminish its impact on QoL.
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal. Electronic address: mopamaral@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria O P
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: Emília C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula A A B
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nelas
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: Claudia M B
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Saúde de Viseu, CI&DETS, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.
authors.forename: João C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Portugal; Quality of life; Risk factors; Urinary incontinence