title: A cross-sectional study of antenatal depressive symptoms in women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine differences in antenatal depressive symptoms between women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnant women in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited pregnant women at high risk for GDM, based on a history of GDM and/or prepregnancy BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2), (n = 482) and pregnant women in the general population (n = 358) before 20 weeks of gestation. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the women at high risk for GDM, 17% had an EPDS score ≥ 10 (indicating risk for depression) compared to 11% of the pregnant women in the general population (p = .025). The mean EPDS score was also higher in the women at risk for GDM (5.5, SD 4.5 vs. 4.6, SD 3.9, p = .004, effect size 0.21 [95% CI: 0.07 to 0.34]). After adjusting for age, prepregnancy BMI and income, the difference between the groups was no longer significant either in the proportion of women having an EPDS score ≥ 10 (p = .59) or in the mean EPDS score (p=.39).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After controlling for age, prepregnancy BMI and income, women at high risk for GDM did not have greater depressive symptoms compared to pregnant women in the general population in early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: elina.engberg@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, South-Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland. Electronic address: beata.stach-lempinen@eksote.fi.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stach-Lempinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: niina.sahrakorpi@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahrakorpi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: kristiina.rono@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rönö
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Management, University of Eastern Finland, Finland; Group Administration, Research and Development, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: risto.p.roine@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Risto P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Roine
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Eastern Finland, Finland. Electronic address: hannu.kautiainen@medcare.fi.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: johan.eriksson@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Electronic address: saila.koivusalo@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Saila B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Koivusalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D018566:Pregnancy, High-Risk / Q000523:psychology*; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Antenatal depression; Depressive symptoms; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Pregnancy