title: Diet and risk of adult leukemia: a multicenter case-control study in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic studies on diet and leukemia risk have shown inconsistent results. This study examined the associations between dietary factors and the risk of adult leukemia in Chinese populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter case-control study was conducted in southeast and northeast China between 2008 and 2013. It included 442 incident cases with hematologically confirmed leukemia and 442 controls, individually match to cases by gender, birth quinquennium, and study site. Information on diet was sought from face-to-face interviews using a validated and reliable 103-item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vegetables intake was associated with decreased risk of adult leukemia, with a significant dose-response relationship and adjusted OR of 0.30 (95 % CI 0.18-0.50) for the highest versus the lowest quartiles intake. Compared with non-consumers, the adjusted OR was 0.51 (95 % CI 0.29-0.93) for those who consumed milk at the highest tertile. Intakes of fruits, red meat, poultry, and fish were not associated with the risk. Dietary nutrients, including dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamins B1, B2, and C, niacin, and folate, were significantly associated with reduced risks. Elevated risk was related to dietary intake animal fat and dietary habits with frequent intakes of fat, deep-fried, and smoked foods ( p for trend <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that diets rich in vegetables and adequate amount of milk reduce the risk of adult leukemia, whereas diets preferring fat, deep-fried, and smoked foods increase the risk in Chinese populations.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, M431, 135 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: C D'Arcy J
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002338:Carotenoids; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009525:Niacin; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012256:Riboflavin; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013831:Thiamine; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D014815:Vitamins; D009525:Niacin; D002338:Carotenoids; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin; D013831:Thiamine