title: Examining the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between diurnal cortisol and neighborhood characteristics: Evidence from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
abstract: We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status, social cohesion and safety and features of the diurnal cortisol curve including: area under the curve (AUC), wake-to-bed slope, wake-up, cortisol awakening response (CAR, wake-up to 30 min post-awakening), early decline (30 min to 2 h post-awakening) and late decline (2 h post-awakening to bed time). In cross-sectional analyses, higher neighborhood poverty was associated with a flatter early decline and a flatter wake-to-bed slope. Higher social cohesion and safety were associated with higher wake-up cortisol, steeper early decline and steeper wake-to-bed slope. Over 5 years, wake-up cortisol increased, CAR, early decline, late decline and wake-to-bed slope became flatter and AUC became larger. Higher poverty was associated with less pronounced increases in wake-up and AUC, while higher social cohesion was associated with greater increases in wake-up and AUC. Adverse neighborhood environments were cross-sectionally associated with flatter cortisol profiles, but associations with changes in cortisol were weak and not in the expected direction.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 303, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Electronic address: anjumh@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Anjum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajat
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: kam642@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Zilber School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Policy and Administration, 1240 N, 10th Street, Milwaukee, WA 53201, USA. Electronic address: dphoung@uwm.edu.
authors.forename: D Phuong
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: SMerkin@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stein Merkin
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 4B.36, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Naresh M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Punjabi
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 1415 Washington Heights, M4124 SPH II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: brisa@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Brisa Ney
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Sáñchez
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: TSeeman@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seeman
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nesbitt Hall, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: avd37@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez-Roux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Cortisol; Hypothalmic–pituitary–adrenal axis; Neighborhood poverty; Safety; Social cohesion; Stress