title: A multi-institutional analysis of prehospital tourniquet use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent military studies demonstrated an association between prehospital tourniquet use and increased survival. The benefits of this prehospital intervention in a civilian population remain unclear. The aims of our study were to evaluate tourniquet use in the civilian population and to compare outcomes to previously published military experience. We hypothesized that incorporation of tourniquet use in the civilian population will result in an overall improvement in mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a preliminary multi-institutional retrospective analysis of prehospital tourniquet (MIA-T) use of patients admitted to nine urban Level 1 trauma centers from January 2010 to December 2013. Patient demographics and mortality from a previous military experience by Kragh et al. (Ann Surg. 2009;249:1-7) were used for comparison. Patients younger than 18 years or with nontraumatic bleeding requiring tourniquet application were excluded. Data were analyzed using a two-tailed unpaired Student's t test with p < 0.05 as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 197 patients were included. Tourniquets were applied effectively in 175 (88.8%) of 197 patients. The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) for MIA-T versus military was 11 ± 12.5 versus 14 ± 10.5, respectively (p = 0.02). The overall mortality and limb amputation rates for the MIA-T group were significantly lower than previously seen in the military population at 6 (3.0%) of 197 versus 22 (11.3%) of 194 (p = 0.002) and 37 (18.8%) of 197 versus 97 (41.8%) of 232 (p = 0.0001), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the largest evaluation of prehospital tourniquet use in a civilian population to date. We found that tourniquets were applied safely and effectively in the civilian population. Adaptation of this prehospital intervention may convey a survival benefit in the civilian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic study, level V.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery (R.S., A.S., N.E.M.), Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery (J.M., K.R.), University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Surgery (K.I., S.S.), University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery (G.A.V., I.I.-Z.), University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona; Departments of Surgery (J.L.S.) and Emergency Medicine (C.M.-G.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (J.W.C., S.R.H.), San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Surgery (J.W.C.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Surgery (M.A.S., D.L.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Surgery (A.L.E., C.S.S.), University of Texas Southwestern/Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas; Department of Surgery (P.F., J.H., P.M., J.C.D.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroll
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Norman E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: McSwain
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rocchi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siboni
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vercruysse
authors.forename: Irada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ibrahim-Zada
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sperry
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin-Gill
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lape
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Eastman
authors.forename: Cari S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Stebbins
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrada
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Duchesne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014111:Tourniquets; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy