title: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies to Support a Quantitative Recommendation for Whole Grain Intake in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the increasing evidence of their health benefits, whole grains are recommended for consumption worldwide. Such recommendations are, however, rarely quantitative. Our aim was to perform a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between whole grain consumption and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to support a recommendation on the daily consumption of whole grains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a systematic review by searching three bibliographic databases. We included human studies addressing the relationship between whole grain consumption and T2D occurrence, and providing quantitative information on daily intake of whole grains. A dose-response meta-regression analysis between whole grain intake and T2D occurrence was performed, using a hierarchical mixed least square linear regression model. Eight observational studies were included (all but one prospective), with a total of 15,573 cases of T2D among 316,051 participants. Quantitative meta-regression demonstrated a significant linear inverse relationship between whole grain intake and T2D occurrence (P<0.0001), with an overall absolute reduction of 0.3% in the T2D rate for each additional 10 g of whole grain ingredient consumed daily. The association persisted when adjusted on sex, age, country, study design, follow up duration, and mode of report of whole grain intakes (as foods or ingredients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The meta-regression model made it possible to estimate the decrease in T2D risk corresponding to various changes in whole grain intakes, and the results contribute to setting up quantitative recommendations. For instance, consuming three servings of whole grain foods (45 g of whole grain ingredients) daily would induce a 20% relative reduction in the T2D risk as compared to consuming a half serving (7.5 g of whole grain ingredients). These results should be considered for future recommendations, by considering the actual whole grain intake of the concerned populations. The systematic review protocol was published on the PROSPERO register (CRD42013006925).
authors.affiliation: VAB-nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Aurelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chanson-Rolle
authors.affiliation: Mondelez France R&D SAS, Saclay, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meynier
authors.affiliation: Venn Life Sciences SAS, Paris, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lappi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: Mondelez France R&D SAS, Saclay, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinoy
authors.affiliation: VAB-nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Braesco
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000378:metabolism*