title: Dam Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection status does not predetermine calves for future shedding when raised in a contaminated environment: a cohort study.
abstract: Uptake of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by calves in the first days of life from colostrum, milk and faeces is regarded an important moment of transmission. The objective of this study was to quantify the association between the MAP status of dams as determined by the presence of MAP DNA and antibody in colostrum and that of DNA in faeces and the environment with subsequent MAP shedding of their daughters. A cohort of 117 dam-daughter pairs giving birth/being born on eight commercial dairy farms with endemic paratuberculosis was followed where colostrum, faecal and environmental samples (dust) were analysed for the presence of MAP using an IS900 real-time PCR. Antibodies in colostrum were measured by ELISA. Analysis of dust samples showed that on all farms environmental MAP exposure occurred continuously. In significantly more colostrum samples (48%) MAP DNA was detected compared to faecal samples (37%). MAP specific antibodies were present in 34% of the colostrum samples. In total MAP DNA was present in faecal samples of 41% of the daughters at least once during the sampling period. The association between faecal shedding in the offspring and the dam MAP status defined by MAP PCR on colostrum, MAP PCR on faeces or ELISA on colostrum was determined by an exact cox regression analysis for discrete data. The model indicated that the hazard for faecal shedding in daughters born to MAP positive dams was not significantly different compared to daughters born to MAP negative dams. When born to a dam with DNA positive faeces the HR was 1.05 (CI 0.6; 1.8) and with DNA positive colostrum the HR was 1.17 (CI 0.6; 2.3). When dam status was defined by a combination of both PCR outcomes (faeces and colostrum) and the ELISA outcome the HR was 1.26 (CI 0.9; 1.9). Therefore, this study indicates that neither the presence of MAP DNA in colostrum, MAP DNA in faeces nor the presence of MAP antibodies in colostrum of the dam significantly influences the hazard of MAP shedding in their subsequent daughters up to the age of two years when raised in a contaminated environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.w.f.eisenberg@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Susanne W F
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. v.p.m.g.rutten@uu.nl.|Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. v.p.m.g.rutten@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Victor P M G
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. ad.koets@wur.nl.|Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. ad.koets@wur.nl.|Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre (CVI-Lelystad), Wageningen, The Netherlands. ad.koets@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Ad P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Koets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003126:Colostrum / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003612:Dairying; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007136:Immunoglobulins