title: [Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroimaging study of tremor in multiple sclerosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical types of tremor in multiple sclerosis (MS) and clarify their pathophysiological mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 124 patients with MS, including 58 patients with tremor, using clinical (digital spiralography), neurophysiological (tremor electromyography, visual and sensory evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation with tremor resetting, long latency reflexes, electroencephalography) and neuroimaging (MRI, morphometry) methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five main variants of tremor were identified: distal postural and postural-intention (variant 1), distal intention (variant 2), proximal and distal intention and postural-intention (variant 3), Holmes (variant 4), axial (variant 5). Postural tremor (variants 1, 3) and rest tremor (variant 4) are caused by the central oscillators. Intention tremor (variants 2, 3), postural-intention tremor (variant 4), axial (variant 5) are caused by the pathology of cerebellar feedback loops. Clarification of mechanisms for the development of tremor in MS allowed to develop a scheme of differential treatment.
authors.affiliation: Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelirating Diseases, Kazan, Tatarstan.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Khabirov
authors.affiliation: Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelirating Diseases, Kazan, Tatarstan.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Averianova
authors.affiliation: Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelirating Diseases, Kazan, Tatarstan.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Babicheva
authors.affiliation: Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelirating Diseases, Kazan, Tatarstan.
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Granatov
authors.affiliation: Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Republican Clinical and Diagnostic Center for Demyelirating Diseases, Kazan, Tatarstan.
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Khaybullin