title: Amylin: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Clinical Potential.
abstract: Amylin is a pancreatic β-cell hormone that produces effects in several different organ systems. Here, we review the literature in rodents and in humans on amylin research since its discovery as a hormone about 25 years ago. Amylin is a 37-amino-acid peptide that activates its specific receptors, which are multisubunit G protein-coupled receptors resulting from the coexpression of a core receptor protein with receptor activity-modifying proteins, resulting in multiple receptor subtypes. Amylin's major role is as a glucoregulatory hormone, and it is an important regulator of energy metabolism in health and disease. Other amylin actions have also been reported, such as on the cardiovascular system or on bone. Amylin acts principally in the circumventricular organs of the central nervous system and functionally interacts with other metabolically active hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and estradiol. The amylin-based peptide, pramlintide, is used clinically to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies in obesity have shown that amylin agonists could also be useful for weight loss, especially in combination with other agents.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.) dl.hay@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Debbie L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.).
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.).
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.).
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Parkes
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.).
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; C105254:pramlintide