title: Early Pregnancy Cravings, Dietary Intake, and Development of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the relationships between pregnancy cravings, maternal diet, and development of abnormal glucose tolerance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined relationships of pregnancy cravings with dietary intake and risk of developing isolated hyperglycemia (IH), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or gestational diabetes (GDM) later in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 2,022 mothers in Project Viva, a prospective birth cohort recruited from medical practices in eastern Massachusetts between 1999 and 2002, we assessed type of pregnancy craving based on self-report at mean gestation of 10.9 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes were cross-sectional dietary intake from a food frequency questionnaire and incident IH, IGT, or GDM determined by glucose tolerance screening at 26 to 28 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used linear regression to analyze the cross-sectional relationships between pregnancy cravings and dietary intake and multinomial logistic regression to analyze the prospective relationships among pregnancy cravings and development of IH, IGT, or GDM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the first trimester, 443 (22%) women craved sweets, 225 (11%) craved salty foods, 261 (13%) craved savory foods, and 100 (4.9%) craved starchy foods. Sweet cravings were associated with increased intake of sucrose (1.9 g/day; 95% CI 0.1 to 3.7), total fat (1.5 g/day; 95% CI 0.1 to 2.9), and saturated fat (0.8 g/day; 95% CI 0.2 to 1.4); salty cravings were associated with increased fiber (0.7 servings/day; 95% CI -0.1 to 1.6); savory cravings were associated with increased n-3 fatty acids (0.10 g/day; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.17); and starchy cravings were associated with increased carbohydrates (8.0 g/day; 95% CI 0.3 to 15.7) and decreased total fat (-2.6 g/day; 95% CI -5.2 to -0.1). Salty cravings were associated with lower risk of GDM (adjusted odds ratio 0.34, 95% CI 0.12-0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New cravings in the first trimester of pregnancy were associated with dietary intake. Craving salty foods may predict reduced risk of developing GDM, whereas craving sweet food does not appear to alter one's risk.
authors.forename: Leslie V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Farland
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D066249:Craving / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D018149:Glucose Intolerance; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013213:Starch; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013213:Starch
keywords: Abnormal glucose tolerance; Diet; Gestational diabetes; Maternal diet; Pregnancy cravings