title: Influence of moisture content and temperature on degree of carbonation and the effect on Cu and Cr leaching from incineration bottom ash.
abstract: This study investigated the influence of moisture content and temperature on the degree of carbonation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash (IBA) from two different incineration plants in Singapore. The initial rate of carbonation was affected by the nominal moisture content used. Carbonation temperature seemed to play a part in changing the actual moisture content of IBA during carbonation, which in turn affected the degree of carbonation. Results showed that 2h of carbonation was sufficient for the samples to reach a relatively high degree of carbonation that was close to the degree of carbonation observed after 1week of carbonation. Both Cu and Cr leaching also showed significant reduction after only 2h of carbonation. Therefore, the optimum moisture content and temperature were selected based on 2h of carbonation. The optimum moisture content was 15% for both incineration plants while the optimum temperature was different for the two incineration plants, at 35°C and 50°C. The effect on Cu and Cr leaching from IBA after accelerated carbonation was evaluated as a function of carbonation time. Correlation coefficient, Pearson's R, was used to determine the dominant leaching mechanism. The reduction in Cu leaching was found to be contributed by both formation of carbonate mineral and reduction of DOC leaching. On the other hand, Cr leaching seemed to be dominantly controlled by pH.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore. Electronic address: wylin1@e.ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Wenlin Yvonne
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kim Soon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Heng
authors.affiliation: Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore. Electronic address: jywang@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Jing-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry*; D060729:Coal Ash / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017745:Incineration; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012846:Singapore; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D060729:Coal Ash; D014867:Water; D002857:Chromium; D002244:Carbon; D003300:Copper
keywords: Accelerated carbonation; Degree of carbonation; Incineration bottom ash; Leaching; Municipal solid waste