title: The need for redesigned pharmacy practice courses in Pakistan: the perspectives of senior pharmacy students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Pakistan, courses in pharmacy practice, which are an essential component of the PharmD curriculum, were launched with the aim of strengthening pharmacy practice overall and enabling pharmacy students to cope with the challenges involved in meeting real-world healthcare needs. Since very little research has assessed the efficacy of such courses, we aimed to evaluate students' perceptions of pharmacy practice courses and their opinions about whether their current knowledge of the topics covered in pharmacy practice courses is adequate for future practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted over two months among the senior pharmacy students of two pharmacy colleges. A content- and face-validated questionnaire was used to collect data, which were then analysed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research in pharmacy practice (30.2%), applied drug information (34.4%), health policy (38.1%), public health and epidemiology (39.5%), pharmacovigilance (45.6%), and pharmacoeconomics (47.9%) were the major courses that were covered to the least extent in the PharmD curriculum. However, hospital pharmacy practice (94.4%), pharmacotherapeutics (88.8%), and community pharmacy practice (82.8%) were covered well. Although 94% of students considered these courses important, only 37.2% considered themselves to be competent in the corresponding topics. Of the participants, 87.9% agreed that the pharmacy courses in the present curriculum should be redesigned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the pharmacy practice courses in the current PharmD curriculum do not encompass some important core subjects. A nationwide study is warranted to further establish the necessity for remodelling pharmacy practice courses in Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9553-9874
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umair Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Akram
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9998-5860
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1315-6541
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aqsa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3890-3219
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Chief Pharmacist, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zain-Ul
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0645-6466
authors.initials: ZU
authors.lastname: Hasnain
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, USA.
authors.forename: Isha
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6121-2398
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Patel
keywords: Curriculum; Pakistan; PharmD, Pharmacy practice; Pharmacy education