title: Cerebral/Peripheral Vascular Reactivity and Neurocognition in Middle-Age Athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Midlife vascular disease risk is associated with higher incidence of cognitive impairment in late life. Regular aerobic exercise improves vascular function, which in turn may translate into better cognitive function. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations among cardiorespiratory fitness, cerebral and peripheral vascular reactivity, and cognitive function in sedentary and endurance-trained middle-age adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two endurance-trained and 27 healthy sedentary participants ages 43-65 yr underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), neurocognitive assessment, cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (CVR), and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no group differences in age, sex, education level, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure. Compared with sedentary subjects, endurance-trained athletes demonstrated better cognitive performance on memory (z-score: -0.36 ± 1.11 vs 0.30 ± 0.76, P < 0.01), attention-executive function (z-score: -0.21 ± 0.53 vs 0.18 ± 0.72, P = 0.02), and total cognitive composite scores (z-score: -0.27 ± 0.63 vs 0.23 ± 0.57, P < 0.01). Furthermore, brachial FMD (4.70% ± 2.50% vs 7.13% ± 3.09%, P < 0.01) and CVR (4.19% ± 0.71%·mm Hg⁻¹ vs 4.69% ± 1.06%·mm Hg⁻¹, P = 0.052) were greater in endurance-trained individuals than in the sedentary subjects. Total cognitive composite scores showed a significant positive association with brachial FMD (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) and CVR (r = 0.30, P = 0.03). Finally, when brachial FMD and CVR were entered as covariates, fitness-related group differences in total cognitive composite score were significantly attenuated (all P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endurance-trained middle-age adults demonstrated better cognitive performance, which may, at least in part, be mediated by their enhanced vascular function, including cerebral and endothelial-dependent vascular reactivity.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; 2Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; 3Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX; and 4Medicine in Motion, Austin, TX.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tarumi
authors.forename: Mitzi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Bennett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fallow
authors.forename: Nantinee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nualnim
authors.forename: Jeongseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pyron
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Andreana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Haley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014664:Vasodilation