title: A meta-analysis of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a burgeoning literature examining perceptions of being defeated or trapped in different psychiatric disorders. The disorders most frequently examined to date are depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the size and consistency of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, PTSD and suicidality, test for differences across psychiatric disorders, and examine potential moderators and publication bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random-effects meta-analyses based on Pearson's correlation coefficient r.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 10,072). Perceptions of defeat and entrapment were strong (around r = 0.60) and similar in size across all four psychiatric disorders. Perceptions of defeat were particularly strong in depression (r = 0.73). There was no between-study heterogeneity; therefore moderator analyses were conducted in an exploratory fashion. There was no evidence of publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses were cross-sectional, which precludes establishing temporal precedence or causality. Some of the meta-analyses were based on relatively small numbers of effect sizes, which may limit their generalisability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceptions of defeat and entrapment are clinically important in depression, anxiety problems, PTSD, and suicidality. Similar-sized, strong relationships across four different psychiatric disorders could suggest that perceptions of defeat and entrapment are transdiagnostic constructs. The results suggest that clinicians and researchers need to become more aware of perceptions of defeat and entrapment.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom. Electronic address: andy.siddaway@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andy P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Siddaway
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alex M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Depression; Entrapment; Human defeat; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Suicide; Transdiagnostic