title: Assessing potential toxicity of chloride-affected groundwater discharging to an urban stream using juvenile freshwater mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea).
abstract: Groundwater contaminants, such as chloride from road salt, pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems when and where they discharge to surface waters. Here we study the application of a laboratory toxicity bioassay to field-collected samples from contaminated groundwater discharging to an urban stream. The objectives were to assess the potential toxicity of the discharging groundwater, while also exploring the suitability of such standard tests to site groundwater. Juvenile freshwater mussels were chosen as a groundwater-appropriate (endobenthic) test organism. Groundwater was sampled from 6 sites at approximate depths of 0, 10, and 50 cm below the sediment. Concentrations of chloride and several metals were above aquatic life guidelines in some samples. Exposure (96-h) to site groundwater resulted in survival of 90-100% and 80-100% for the 0-cm and deeper samples, respectively, indicating that groundwater may pose a toxicological threat to freshwater mussels. Several samples with high chloride had a survival rate of 80%, but generally there was poor correlation between survival and individual contaminants. Parallel juvenile mussel exposures using reconstituted water and NaCl predicted survival in the natural groundwater below 50% based on chloride concentrations. This indicates some protective ability of groundwater, possibly associated with water hardness. Finally, some technical issues with performing bioassays with groundwater were noted. First, aeration of previously anoxic groundwater samples caused marked changes in water quality (especially metal concentrations). Second, calcite crystals formed on the mussel shells in samples with elevated chloride and water hardness, though with no apparent negative effects.
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada. Electronic address: jim.roy@ec.gc.ca.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McInnis
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bickerton
authors.affiliation: Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gillis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D049876:Unionidae; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Endobenthic organisms; Groundwater contaminants; Groundwater–surface water interaction; Road salt; Toxicity bioassay; Water quality guidelines