title: Transmission and Epidemiology of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in North America: Current Perspectives, Research Gaps, and Future Directions.
abstract: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are arthropod-transmitted viruses in the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. These viruses infect a variety of domestic and wild ruminant hosts, although the susceptibility to clinical disease associated with BTV or EHDV infection varies greatly among host species, as well as between individuals of the same species. Since their initial detection in North America during the 1950s, these viruses have circulated in endemic and epidemic patterns, with occasional incursions to more northern latitudes. In recent years, changes in the pattern of BTV and EHDV infection and disease have forced the scientific community to revisit some fundamental areas related to the epidemiology of these diseases, specifically in relation to virus-vector-host interactions and environmental factors that have potentially enabled the observed changes. The aim of this review is to identify research and surveillance gaps that obscure our understanding of BT and EHD in North America.
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.affiliation: 2 Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada .
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lysyk
authors.affiliation: 3 Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia .
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
authors.affiliation: 4 Bob Jones Wildlife Research Institute, Louisiana State University Agcenter , Idlewild, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Lane D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Foil
authors.affiliation: 5 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technologies and Analysis Services (STAS), Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service , United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University , Brookings, South Dakota.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.affiliation: 7 Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , STAS, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dargatz
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: E Paul J
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000502:physiology*; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000821:virology*; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000502:physiology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D012418:Ruminants; D012756:Sheep
keywords: Bluetongue virus; Culicoides; Epidemiology; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus; Transmission; Vector