title: Wogonin suppresses osteopontin expression in adipocytes by activating PPARα.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a major bioactive compound of the flavonoid family, is commonly extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and is assumed to have anti-diabetes function. Indeed, a current study has shown that it can possibly treat metabolic disorders such as those found in db/db mice. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wogonin on osteopontin (OPN) expression in adipose tissue from type 1 diabetic mice and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were converted to 3T3-L1 adipocytes through treatment with insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Western blot analysis and RT-PCR were performed to detect protein expression and mRNA levels, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wogonin treatment suppressed the increase in serum OPN levels and reduced OPN expression in adipose tissue from STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Administration of wogonin enhanced PPARα expression and activity. Silencing of PPARα diminished the inhibitory effects of wogonin on OPN expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the levels of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-Jun were reduced in wogonin-treated adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, wogonin treatment dramatically mitigated p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 increased PPARα activity and decreased OPN expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that wogonin downregulated OPN expression in adipocytes through the inhibition of p38 MAPK and the sequential activation of the PPARα pathway. Given the adverse effects of high OPN levels on metabolism, our results provide evidence for the potential administration of wogonin as a treatment for diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Ye-min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Ming-xin
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
authors.forename: Chang-hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D031363:Scutellaria / Q000737:chemistry; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D044950:Flavanones; D047493:PPAR alpha; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D053495:Osteopontin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C085514:wogonin