title: Development of the Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the widely known benefits of physical activity, people with disabilities are more likely to be inactive when compared to people without disabilities. Previous questionnaires that measure barriers physical activity for people with disabilities do not measure barriers from an ecological perspective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop the Barriers to Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Mobility Impairments (BPAQ-MI) that measures barriers using an ecological framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of two phases. In Phase one, developed the content validity by (a) developing an item bank, (b) identifying missing items and combining items using a Delphi panel, and (c) refine item wording via cognitive interviews. In Phase two, people with mobility impairments took part in in-person interviews to establish test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the BPAQ-MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis revealed the BPAQ-MI was comprised of eight subscales or factors: health; beliefs and attitudes; family; friends; fitness center built environment; staff and policy; community built environment; and safety. The BPAQ-MI demonstrated very good test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.792 to 0.935. The BPAQ-MI showed significant negative correlations with exercise (minutes/week) and significant positive correlations between BPAQ-MI subscales and inactivity (hours/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BPAQ-MI is the first questionnaire that places greater equity at measuring barriers to physical activity across the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and community domains. The BPAQ-MI has the potential to assist researchers in understanding the complex relationship between barriers and ultimately develop physical activity interventions that address these barriers.
authors.affiliation: Institute on Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1640 W. Roosevelt Rd., M/C 626, Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: vvasud2@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasudevan
authors.affiliation: Lakeshore Foundation Endowed Chair in Health Promotion and Rehabilitation Sciences, 1705 University Blvd., School of Health Professions Building, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1212, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St. M/C 923, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kviz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004779:Environment Design; D015444:Exercise; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Barriers; Disabled persons; Exercise; Physical activity; Questionnaire