title: Can Nasal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening Be Used to Avoid Empiric Vancomycin Use in Intra-Abdominal Infection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vancomycin is used widely as empiric therapy for gram-positive organisms in patients with an intra-abdominal infection (IAI), even in those with no history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection or colonization. Potential adverse effects of vancomycin include nephrotoxicity, increased cost, and bacterial resistance. We hypothesized that MRSA nasal screening could be used to predict patients with a MRSA IAI and used to avoid unnecessary empiric vancomycin use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A surgical infections database collected prospectively from a single institution was reviewed for all IAIs between January 1, 2000-December 31, 2011. Patients with and without MRSA obtained from abdominal cultures as either a monomicrobial or polymicrobial isolate were compared by univariate analysis. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of MRSA IAI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,591 patients with an IAI, 240 patients had a nasal MRSA screen within 30 d prior to infection and abdominal culture data, with an incidence of 23% for MRSA IAI. Patients with MRSA IAI (n=45) had more healthcare associated infections, lower white blood cell counts and greater rates of positive nasal MRSA screenings compared with those with non-MRSA IAI. By multivariable analysis (C statistic=0.908), the strongest independent predictor of an MRSA IAI was a positive MRSA screen (odds ratio [OR] 40.9, confidence interval [CI] 14.2-118.1). The positive predictive value for a MRSA screen was 53% whereas the negative predictive value of a MRSA screen was 97%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A negative MRSA nasal screen indicates with near certainty the absence of MRSA as part of an IAI. In the setting of a recent screen, empiric vancomycin can be withheld. Further, rapid MRSA nasal screening could be used to forego or to discontinue vancomycin therapy rapidly in the setting of IAI. This change in empiric antibiotic management of IAI may lead to decreased morbidity, reduction in cost, and a decrease in bacterial resistance.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hennessy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Puja M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Guidry
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern , Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Tjasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hranjec
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sawyer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059413:Intraabdominal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D000067490:Prescription Drug Overuse / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin