title: Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents in Different Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Flower.
abstract: The flowers of twenty-three cultivars of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. were investigated to determine anthocyanin and carotenoid levels and to confirm the effects of the pigments on the flower colors using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cultivars contained the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3g) and cyanidin 3-(3"-malonoyl) glucoside (C3mg) and the following carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene. The cultivar "Magic" showed the greatest accumulation of total and individual anthocyanins, including C3g and C3gm. On the other hand, the highest level of lutein and zeaxanthin was noted in the cultivar "Il Weol". The cultivar "Anastasia" contained the highest amount of carotenoids such as trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. The highest accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene was noted in the cultivar "Anastasia" and "Il Weol". Our results suggested that 'Magic", "Angel" and "Relance' had high amounts of anthocyanins and showed a wide range of red and purple colors in their petals, whereas "Il Weol', "Popcorn Ball' and "Anastasia" produced higher carotenoid contents and displayed yellow or green petal colors. Interestingly, "Green Pang Pang", which contained a high level of anthocyanins and a medium level of carotenoids, showed the deep green colored petals. "Kastelli", had high level of carotenoids as well as a medium level of anthocyanins and showed orange and red colored petals. It was concluded that each pigment is responsible for the petal's colors and the compositions of the pigments affect their flower colors and that the cultivars could be a good source for pharmaceutical, floriculture, and pigment industries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. parkch804@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chang Ha
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Science, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Daehoe-ri, Yesan-kun, Chungnam 340-720, Korea. scchae@kongju.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Soo Cheon
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea. psy22@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Soo-Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, Korea. kjkpj@inu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae Kwang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. babina@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong Joo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. sochung@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sun Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mvalanarasu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mvalanarasu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. supark@cnu.ac.kr.|Visiting Professor Program (VPP), King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. supark@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Un
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: 13-cis-β-carotene; 9-cis-β-carotene; Dendranthema grandiflorum; chrysanthemum; cyanidin 3-(3ʺ-malonoyl) glucoside; cyanidin 3-glucoside; lutein; trans-β-carotene; zeaxanthin; α-carotene; β-cryptoxanthin