title: Genetic variants of Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida), a flounder parasite causing foodborne disease.
abstract: Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by raw olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) parasitized with Kudoa septempunctata have been reported in Japan. Origins of olive flounders consumed in Japan vary, being either domestic or imported, and aquaculture-raised or natural. Although it is unknown whether different sources are associated with different outcomes, it is desirable to identify whether this is the case by determining whether unique K. septempunctata strains occur and if so, whether some are associated with foodborne illness. We here developed an intraspecific genotyping method, using the sequence variation of mitochondrial genes. We collected olive flounder samples from foodborne disease outbreaks, domestic fish farms or quarantine offices and investigated whether K. septempunctata genotype is associated with pathogenicity or geographic origin. The 104 samples were classified into three genotypes, ST1, ST2 and ST3. Frequency of symptomatic cases differed by genotypes, but the association was not statistically significant. Whereas K. septempunctata detected from aquaculture-raised and natural fish from Japan were either ST1 or ST2, those from fish inspected at quarantine from Korea to Japan were ST3. Our method can be applied to phylogeographic analysis of K. septempunctata and contribute to containing the foodborne disease. The genotype database is hosted in the PubMLST website (http://pubmlst.org/kseptempunctata/).
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-5661
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.|Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugita-Konishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D005412:Flatfishes; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055764:Myxozoa / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D017747:Seafood / Q000506:poisoning*; D012621:Seasons; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Kudoa septempunctata; foodborne disease; genetic variant; mitochondrial gene; myxozoa; phylogeography