title: Finger force changes in the absence of visual feedback in patients with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the unintentional drift in total force and in sharing of the force between fingers in two-finger accurate force production tasks performed without visual feedback by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls. In particular, we were testing a hypothesis that adaptation to the documented loss of action stability could lead to faster force drop in PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD patients and healthy controls performed accurate constant force production tasks without visual feedback by different finger pairs, starting with different force levels and different sharing patterns of force between the two fingers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups showed an exponential force drop with time and a drift of the sharing pattern towards 50:50. The PD group showed a significantly faster force drop without a change in speed of the sharing drift. These results were consistent across initial force levels, sharing patterns, and finger pairs. A pilot test of four subjects, two PD and two controls, showed no consistent effects of memory on the force drop.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret the force drop as a consequence of back-coupling between the actual and referent finger coordinates that draws the referent coordinate towards the actual one. The faster force drop in the PD group is interpreted as adaptive to the loss of action stability in PD. The lack of group differences in the sharing drift suggests two potentially independent physiological mechanisms contributing to the force and sharing drifts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis on adaptive changes in PD with the purpose to ensure stability of steady states may have important implications for treatment of PD. The speed of force drop may turn into a useful tool to quantify such adaptive changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Hang Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Satyajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambike
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Mechelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: mll11@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Latash
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Adaptation; Finger; Force; Hand; Parkinson’s disease