title: The effects of dynamic laryngeal movements on pitch control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extralaryngeal structures have been known to not only play an important role in swallowing, but also have a significant influence on the voice during phonation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dynamic laryngeal movements on pitch control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Videofluoroscopic examinations were analyzed. To accurately analyze the sequence of these movements, the recorded images were digitized using a computer program. The moving distances of the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage were analyzed, and they were compared to the cricothyroid distance during pitch elevation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The vertical movements of the hyoid bone, and cricoid and thyroid cartilages had an impact on the increase in the pitch with a decrease in the cricothyroid distance. All Ad-R(2) values for distance of the hyoid bone, and cricoid and thyroid cartilages were above 0.9, which showed a higher explanatory power than the cricothyroid distance, showing an Ad-R(2) value of 0.4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upward movements of the larynx had a more dominant effect on pitch elevation than the cricothyroid distance. We suspect that the pitch is more affected by the antero-vertical movements of the larynx than the horizontal movement by cricothyroid muscle in human study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea. Electronic address: khhong@chonbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Hwan
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Je-Pyo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea.
authors.forename: Pyung Han
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D014741:Video Recording; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult