title: Pain and discomfort perceived during the initial stage of active fixed orthodontic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the most common complication of orthodontic treatment, pain can negatively impact quality of life and cause patients to discontinue treatment. However, few studies have evaluated pain during orthodontic treatment, with controversial findings. This study assessed the intensity and duration of pain and discomfort caused by active orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive cross-sectional study examined 67 patients (22 men, 45 females; age range: 18-32 years) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Patients were interviewed after the active treatment stage to assess their perceived pain and discomfort at different sites during different activities by a visual analogue scale. Frequency and duration of pain in different areas were analyzed by the chi-squared and chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 67 patients, 65.7% experienced general dentogingival pain or discomfort and 34.3% had localized dentogingival pain or discomfort (p = 0.010, chi-squared goodness-of-fit test). Masticating soft foods reduced discomfort (p = 0.000, chi-squared) in the tongue, cheeks, and in or around the teeth and gingivae. Pain and discomfort were mostly moderate while masticating sticky, fibrous, and firm foods. Mild pains were mostly reported during tooth brushing and while consuming soft foods (p < 0.05, chi-squared). Pain and discomfort tended to last for more than 4 weeks, except in the tongue, where pain and discomfort lasted less than 4 weeks (p < 0.05, chi-squared goodness-of-fit test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain and discomfort occur for more than 4 weeks after beginning fixed orthodontic treatment. Changing diets to incorporate softer foods is recommended to alleviate pain.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontist and periodontist, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakhshan
authors.affiliation: Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakhshan
keywords: Facial pain; Orthodontic appliances; Tooth movement