title: Towards Antiviral shRNAs Based on the AgoshRNA Design.
abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) can be induced by intracellular expression of a short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Processing of the shRNA requires the RNaseIII-like Dicer enzyme to remove the loop and to release the biologically active small interfering RNA (siRNA). Dicer is also involved in microRNA (miRNA) processing to liberate the mature miRNA duplex, but recent studies indicate that miR-451 is not processed by Dicer. Instead, this miRNA is processed by the Argonaute 2 (Ago2) protein, which also executes the subsequent cleavage of a complementary mRNA target. Interestingly, shRNAs that structurally resemble miR-451 can also be processed by Ago2 instead of Dicer. The key determinant of these "AgoshRNA" molecules is a relatively short basepaired stem, which avoids Dicer recognition and consequently allows alternative processing by Ago2. AgoshRNA processing yields a single active RNA strand, whereas standard shRNAs produce a duplex with guide and passenger strands and the latter may cause adverse off-target effects. In this study, we converted previously tested active anti-HIV-1 shRNA molecules into AgoshRNA. We tested several designs that could potentially improve AgoshRNA activity, including extension of the complementarity between the guide strand and the mRNA target and reduction of the thermodynamic stability of the hairpins. We demonstrate that active AgoshRNAs can be generated. However, the RNAi activity is reduced compared to the matching shRNAs. Despite reduced RNAi activity, comparison of an active AgoshRNA and the matching shRNA in a sensitive cell toxicity assay revealed that the AgoshRNA is much less toxic.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ying Poi
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karg
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herrera-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkhout
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015195:Drug Design; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043244:Ribonuclease III / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043244:Ribonuclease III