title: Cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field effects on the locomotor behaviors of the fishes Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The locomotor behavior of small fish was characterized under a cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The trajectory of movement of 10 pairs of guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and 15 pairs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a fish tank was recorded and tracked under the presence of a cell phone-generated RF EMF. The measures were based on spatial and temporal distributions. A time-series trajectory was utilized to emphasize the dynamic nature of locomotor behavior. Fish movement was recorded in real-time. Their spatial, velocity, turning angle and sinuosity distribution were analyzed in terms of F(v,x), P[n(x,t)], P(v), F (θ) and F(s), respectively. In addition, potential temperature elevation caused by a cellular phone was also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that a cellular phone-induced temperature elevation was not relevant, and that our measurements reflected RF EMF-induced effects on the locomotor behavior of Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone. However, there were significant changes in the locomotion of the fish after feeding under the RF EMF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The locomotion of the fed fish was affected in terms of changes in population and velocity distributions under the presence of the RF EMF emitted by the cell phone. There was, however, no significant difference in angular distribution.
authors.affiliation: a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin , China.
authors.forename: Imshik
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D040421:Cell Phone; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011036:Poecilia / Q000502:physiology*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013696:Temperature; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Fish; RF EMF; sinuosity of movement; spatiotemporal distribution; speed of movement