title: Mechanical and physical behavior of newly developed functionally graded materials and composites of stainless steel 316L with calcium silicate and hydroxyapatite.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the structural, physical and mechanical behavior of composites and functionally graded materials (FGMs) made of stainless steel (SS-316L)/hydroxyapatite (HA) and SS-316L/calcium silicate (CS) employing powder metallurgical solid state sintering. The structural analysis using X-ray diffraction showed that the sintering at high temperature led to the reaction between compounds of the SS-316L and HA, while SS-316L and CS remained intact during the sintering process in composites of SS-316L/CS. A dimensional expansion was found in the composites made of 40 and 50 wt% HA. The minimum shrinkage was emerged in 50 wt% CS composite, while the maximum shrinkage was revealed in samples with pure SS-316L, HA and CS. Compressive mechanical properties of SS-316L/HA decreased sharply with increasing of HA content up to 20 wt% and gradually with CS content up to 50 wt% for SS-316L/CS composites. The mechanical properties of the FGM of SS-316L/HA dropped with increase in temperature, while it was improved for the FGM of SS-316L/CS with temperature enhancement. It has been found that the FGMs emerged a better compressive mechanical properties compared to both the composite systems. Therefore, the SS-316L/CS composites and their FGMs have superior compressive mechanical properties to the SS-316L/HA composites and their FGMs and also the newly developed FGMs of SS-316L/CS with improved mechanical and enhanced gradation in physical and structural properties can potentially be utilized in the components with load-bearing application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: azim_120@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Azim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ataollahi Oshkour
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: prsumit@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pramanik
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehrali
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yat Huang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Faris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tarlochan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Azuan
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abu Osman
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D017640:Silicates; D013193:Stainless Steel; D017886:Durapatite; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: Calcium silicate; Composite; Compressive mechanical property; Functionally graded material; Hydroxyapatite; SS-316L