title: Effect of ultrasonic and ozone pre-treatments on pharmaceutical waste activated sludge's solubilisation, reduction, anaerobic biodegradability and acute biological toxicity.
abstract: Ultrasonic and ozone pre-treatment technologies were employed in this study to improve the anaerobic digestion efficiency of pharmaceutical waste activated sludge. The sludge solubilisation achieved 30.01% (150,000 kJ/kg TS) and 28.10% (0.1g O3/g TS) after ultrasonic treatment and ozone treatment. The anaerobic biodegradability after ultrasonic treatment was higher compared to ozonation due to the higher cumulative methane volume observed after 6 days (249 ml vs 190 ml). The ozonated sludge released the highest concentration of Cu(2+) into the liquid phase (6.640 mg L(-1)) compared to 0.530 mg/L for untreated sludge and 0.991 mg/L for sonicated sludge. The acute toxicity test measured by luminescent bacteria showed that anaerobic digestion could degrade toxic compounds and result in a reduction in toxicity. The main mechanism of action led to some differences in the treated sludge exhibiting higher potential for methane production from pharmaceutical waste sludge with ultrasonic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: yaohongts@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yichen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lanqianya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000379:methods; D007220:Industrial Waste; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D012995:Solubility; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000379:methods*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D017744:Medical Waste Disposal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D010126:Ozone; D003300:Copper; D008697:Methane
keywords: Anaerobic digestion; Heavy metals; Ozonation; Pharmaceutical sludge; Ultrasonic