title: Cy5 total protein normalization in Western blot analysis.
abstract: Western blotting is a widely used method for analyzing specific target proteins in complex protein samples. Housekeeping proteins are often used for normalization to correct for uneven sample loads, but these require careful validation since expression levels may vary with cell type and treatment. We present a new, more reliable method for normalization using Cy5-prelabeled total protein as a loading control. We used a prelabeling protocol based on Cy5 N-hydroxysuccinimide ester labeling that produces a linear signal response. We obtained a low coefficient of variation (CV) of 7% between the ratio of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) target to Cy5 total protein control signals over the whole loading range from 2.5 to 20.0μg of Chinese hamster ovary cell lysate protein. Corresponding experiments using actin or tubulin as controls for normalization resulted in CVs of 13 and 18%, respectively. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase did not produce a proportional signal and was not suitable for normalization in these cells. A comparison of ERK1/2 signals from labeled and unlabeled samples showed that Cy5 prelabeling did not affect antibody binding. By using total protein normalization we analyzed PP2A and Smad2/3 levels with high confidence.
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: asa.hagner-mcwhirter@ge.com.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Hagner-McWhirter
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Laurin
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bjerneld
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rönn
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000592:standards*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002232:Carbocyanines / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D016014:Linear Models; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D002232:Carbocyanines; C110954:PPA2 protein, Pasteurella piscicida; D011506:Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C085321:cyanine dye 5; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
keywords: CyDye; Housekeeping protein; Loading control; Normalization; Prelabeling; Western blotting