title: Adult and pediatric anesthesia/sedation for gastrointestinal procedures outside of the operating room.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review presents current trends of safe and efficient anesthesia and sedation for adults and children for gastrointestinal procedures outside of the operating room with a special focus on total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), target-controlled infusion (TCI), intravenous or topical lidocaine, and the use of the video laryngoscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concepts of a well tolerated and adequate anesthesia or sedation for gastrointestinal procedures outside of the operating room have to meet the needs of the adult and pediatric patients and the special requests of the gastroenterologists. Anesthesia and sedation of adults for gastrointestinal procedures with TIVA or TCI and spontaneous breathing is well established. Many institutions perform anesthesia for pediatric patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures with an inhalational agent, especially in young children and for short procedures. Unlike adults, in young children the airways frequently must be secured with a tracheal tube or laryngeal mask. Respiration may be spontaneous, assisted, or controlled. TIVA and TCI are increasingly chosen for older children and longer procedures. A local anesthetic administered intravenously or topically to the upper airways and the use of the video laryngoscope can facilitate the insertion of the endoscope.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both anesthesiologists and nonanesthesiologists have to achieve a consensus and develop quality-improvement strategies to provide safe and efficient anesthesia and sedation for gastrointestinal procedures outside of the operating room for pediatric and adult patients. Techniques using TIVA, TCI, intravenous or topical application of lidocaine, and the video laryngoscope may improve and facilitate gastrointestinal procedures for the patients, the anesthesiologists, and the gastroenterologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Bethanien Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Esther R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Michel Foehn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002648:Child; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures; D006801:Humans; D036502:Infusions, Intralesional; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine