title: Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance.
abstract: In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in immune/inflammatory changes and their associated oxidative/nitrosative consequences as key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia and related disorders. Both brain cell components (microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) and peripheral immune cells have been implicated in inflammation and the resulting oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) in schizophrenia. Furthermore, down-regulation of endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been identified in biological samples from patients, although the degree and progression of the inflammatory process and the nature of its self-regulatory mechanisms vary from early onset to full-blown disease. This review focuses on the interactions between inflammation and O&NS, their damaging consequences for brain cells in schizophrenia, the possible origins of inflammation and increased O&NS in the disorder, and current pharmacological strategies to deal with these processes (mainly treatments with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics).
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jcleza@med.ucm.es.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leza
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Borja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: García-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bioque
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parellada
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Neuroscience Research Unit, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: Antiinflammatory drugs; Immune system; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Psychosis; Schizophrenia