title: Structural analysis of enzymes used for bioindustry and bioremediation.
abstract: Microbial enzymes have been widely applied in the large-scale, bioindustrial manufacture of food products and pharmaceuticals due to their high substrate specificity and stereoselectivity, and their effectiveness under mild conditions with low environmental burden. At the same time, bioremedial techniques using microbial enzymes have been developed to solve the problem of industrial waste, particularly with respect to persistent chemicals and toxic substances. And finally, structural studies of these enzymes have revealed the mechanistic basis of enzymatic reactions, including the stereoselectivity and binding specificity of substrates and cofactors. The obtained structural insights are useful not only to deepen our understanding of enzymes with potential bioindustrial and/or bioremedial application, but also for the functional improvement of enzymes through rational protein engineering. This review shows the structural bases for various types of enzymatic reactions, including the substrate specificity accompanying cofactor-controlled and kinetic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanokura
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004345:Drug Industry; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D011487:Protein Conformation; D015202:Protein Engineering; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes
keywords: X-ray crystallography; bioremediation; enzyme; industrial use; structure