title: Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Problems as Antecedents of School Bullying.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether early manifestations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) increase children's later risk of bullying or victimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a population-based, prospective cohort, our multi-informant approach comprised reports of parents, teachers, and peers. ADHD and ODD behavioral problems at ages 1.5, 3, and 5 years were determined from parental reports on the Child Behavior Checklist. Later bullying behavior at school was reported by teachers using a questionnaire (n = 3,192, mean age 6.6 years), and by peer/self-reports using peer nominations (n = 1,098, mean age 7.6 years). We examined the following: whether problem behavior scores at age 1.5, 3, or 5 years predicted a risk of bullying involvement; and whether high or increasing behavioral problems throughout ages 1.5 to 5 years were associated with bullying involvement at school. Analyses were adjusted for a range of child and maternal covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral problems at a young age each predicted later bullying involvement at school. For example, higher ADHD problem scores at age 3 years were associated with the risks of becoming a bully or a bully-victim (ORBULLY = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07-1.35 [teacher report], ORBULLY-VICTIM = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.14-1.43 [teacher report], and ORBULLY-VICTIM = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.78 [peer/self-report]). Children whose behavioral problem scores were high or increased over time consistently had elevated risks of becoming a bully or a bully-victim.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behavioral problems at a young age may predispose children to bullying involvement in early elementary school.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verlinden
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Pauline W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veenstra
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: h.tiemeier@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D057566:Self Report
keywords: ADHD; ODD; bullying; children; victimization