title: Metabolic syndrome and related variables, insulin resistance, leptin levels, and PPAR-γ2 and leptin gene polymorphisms in a pedigree of subjects with bipolar disorder.
abstract: Evidence points to a high prevalence of metabolic dysfunction in bipolar disorder (BD), but few studies have evaluated the relatives of subjects with BD. We conducted a cross-sectional study in an extended family of patients with BD type I.
  
  
  
  The available relatives of the same family were interviewed (DSM-IV-R) and assessed in fasting conditions for body mass index, constituent variables of the metabolic syndrome (MS), leptin levels, insulin resistance index, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the leptin receptor and promoter and PPAR-γ2 genes. The frequency of MS was compared with that recorded in the local general population.
  
  
  
  Ninety-three relatives of three adults with BD were evaluated (30 aged < 18 years, 63 aged > 18 years). The frequency of MS was similar to that of the general population. Significantly higher frequencies of abnormal glucose, total and low density cholesterol (LDL-c) levels (all p < 0.05), waist circumference (p = 0.057), and leptin and insulin resistance values (in adults only) were observed in the family. Adults with the QQ genotype of the leptin receptor displayed higher LDL-c levels than carriers of the R allele.
  
  
  
  The associations among BD consanguinity, familial hypercholesterolemia, and leptin receptor SNPs reported herein should be replicated and extended in other pedigrees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Trino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sandia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research Dr. Américo Negrette, Zulia University Medical School, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research Dr. Américo Negrette, Zulia University Medical School, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ligia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balzán
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Research Dr. Américo Negrette, Zulia University Medical School, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Lissette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Euderruh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uzcátegui
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Albis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pabón
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angeles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Yarira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Araque
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Heidy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Alexy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Yonathan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alviarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piãero
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Los Andes University Pharmacy School, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Enma A de
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Baptista
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012424:Rural Population; D014687:Venezuela; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D047495:PPAR gamma