title: The Brave New World of Personality Disorder-Trait Specified: Effects of Additional Definitions on Coverage, Prevalence, and Comorbidity.
abstract: The alternative dimensional model for personality disorder (PD) inDSM-5, Section III (DSM-5-III) includes two main criteria: (A) personality-functioning impairment, and (B) personality-trait pathology; provides specific functioning-and-trait criteria for six PD-type diagnoses; and introduces PD-trait specified (PD-TS), which requires meeting the general PD criteria and not meeting criteria for any specific PD type. We termed this Simple PD-TS and developed two additional definitions: Mixed PD-TS, meeting criteria for one or two PD types and having five or moreadditionalpathological traits; and Complex PD-TS, meeting criteria for three or more PD types. In a mixed sample of 165 outpatients and 215 community adults screened to be at high-risk for PD, we investigated the effect of these additional definitions on prevalence, coverage, comorbidity, and within-diagnosis heterogeneity, and conclude that eliminating the PD-type diagnoses and thus having PD-TS as the only PD diagnosis would be both more parsimonious and more useful clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Lee Anna
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Emily N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Vanderbleek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Hallie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nuzum
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kingsbury
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN U.S.A.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oiler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL U.S. A.
authors.forename: Eunyoe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ro
keywords: Personality disorder-trait specified; alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorder; dimensional diagnosis of personality disorder; personality disorder diagnosis; personality dysfunction; personality pathology; personality traits; personality-functioning impairment