title: The Normal Vulva, Vulvar Examination, and Evaluation Tools.
abstract: The appearance of the female external genitalia is key for understanding and diagnosing many diseases that women of all ages encounter. Alas, the normal appearance of the vulva is an elusive concept, scarcely represented in textbooks, and the growing number of vulvar cosmetic surgery calls for a review of the normal appearance of the vulva and its diversity. In this paper I will review vulvar embryology, anatomy, the current literature discussing vulvar appearance, and describe meticulous vulvar examination, including the diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Bina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cohen Sacher
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D005260:Female; D058869:Gynecological Examination; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D010328:Patch Tests; D014621:Vagina / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D014844:Vulva / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology