title: The extent of familial hypercholesterolemia instruction in US schools and colleges of medicine, pharmacy, and osteopathic medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal codominant disease characterized by extreme plasma cholesterol concentrations and high risk of early heart disease. FH is underdiagnosed and severely undertreated. This may be due in part to gaps in FH education within medical and pharmacy training programs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent to which FH is covered in professional curriculums in accredited schools and colleges of medicine, pharmacy, and osteopathic medicine in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 18-question survey was distributed via e-mail to 288 US schools and colleges of medicine, pharmacy, and osteopathic medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-six of 288 (19.4%) programs responded to the survey. Three were excluded from analysis because of lack of program accreditation and FH instruction. Overall, 43% indicated that FH instruction at their respective institution was perceived to be adequate. More than 90% of the programs indicated that the following topics were covered within the curriculum: FH pathophysiology; associated morbidity and mortality; guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals and risk factor management; consequences of poor lipid management; and the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adult patients. However, instruction was lacking for FH screening methods as one-third of the programs covered cascade screening and only half of the programs reported distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous FH including differences in treatment approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested important gaps in the coverage of FH in the curriculum, and strategies need to be developed to ensure that FH instruction is sufficient within these professional programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Withycombe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Janae C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Winden
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Reem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hassanyn
authors.affiliation: LDL Apheresis Center and Lipid Laboratory, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: P Barton
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Duell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: drmatthewito@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL
keywords: Curriculum; Familial hypercholesterolemia; Instruction; Medicine; Osteopathic; Pharmacy