title: Household Transmission of Zoonotic Influenza Viruses in a Cohort of Egyptian Poultry Growers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses and the low pathogenic H9N2 viruses are enzootic in Egyptian poultry. Several cases of human infection with H5N1 were reported in Egypt. We previously determined that the seroprevalence of H5N1 antibodies in Egyptians exposed to poultry is 2.1% (15/708), suggesting that mild or subclinical infections with this virus occur. We aim to measure the incidence of avian influenza infection in Egyptians exposed to poultry, study risk factors of infection, study the resulting immune response, study household transmission rates, and characterize the viruses causing infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to design a 7-year, prospective, household-based cohort investigation to determine incidence and household transmission of avian influenza viruses in humans exposed to poultry.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, we will collect sera to measure antibodies against influenza A. Field nurses will visit enrolled subjects at least weekly to check for influenza-like illness symptoms and verify influenza infection by a point of care rapid test. From subjects with influenza infection and their household contacts, we will collect nasal swabs, throat swabs, and nasal washes to characterize the antigenic and genetic makeup of influenza viruses infecting humans. The nurse will also obtain 2x 3-ml blood samples, one for serology, and another for isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from this cohort will enhance our understanding of the transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans in a country where such viruses are enzootic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This may enhance public health efforts aimed at reducing this burden.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amira S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: El Rifay
authors.forename: Mona A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Elabd
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abu Zeid
authors.forename: Mokhtar R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gomaa
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Pamela P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webby
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Ghazi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kayali
keywords: avian; cohort; epidemiology; influenza