title: Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction protects against cognitive impairments and hippocampal cell death induced by bilateral common carotid occlusion in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichilia catigua preparations have antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective activity. Recently, a neuroprotective role for T. catigua was proposed using an in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion in rat hippocampal slices. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of T. catigua, which has potent antioxidant activity, in mice subjected to an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Swiss mice were subject to the bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCCAO) model of cerebral ischemia. The animals were orally administered the T. catigua EAF (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) 30 min before and once per day for 7 days after BCCAO. Histological and behavioral outcomes were assessed using Nissl staining and the Morris water maze test of cognition, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice that were subjected to BCCAO exhibited cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze. The spatial cognitive deficits were counteracted by T. catigua EAF administration (200-800 mg/kg). The T. catigua EAF significantly increased the number of intact-appearing Nissl-stained cells in the hippocampus in BCCAO mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that the T. catigua EAF promoted functional recovery, decreased the delayed hippocampal cell loss, and mitigated the ongoing neurodegenerative processes induced by BCCAO in mice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuela Torrado
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Truiti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: LígiaMendes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Palafito, Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Longhini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso Vataru
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Palafito, Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos P
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: rmmwoliveira@uem.br.
authors.forename: Rúbia Marsia Weffort
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D029582:Meliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C007650:ethyl acetate
keywords: ANOVA=analysis of variance; BCCAO=bilateral common carotid occlusion; Bilateral common carotid occlusion; CE=crude extract; Cognition; DPPH=2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl; EAF=Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction; EPC=epicatechin; HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography; Morris water maze; Neurodegeneration; OGD=oxygen and glucose deprivation; PB2=procyanidin B2; ROS=reactive oxygen species; SOD=superoxide dismutase; TFA=trifluoroacetic acid; TGCI=transient global cerebral ischemia; Trichilia catigua ethyl-acetate fraction