title: May Functional Imaging be Helpful for Behavioral Assessment in Children? Regions of Motor and Associative Cortico-Subcortical Circuits Can be Differentiated by Laterality and Rostrality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cortico-subcortical circuits are organized into the sensorimotor, associative, and limbic loop. These neuronal preconditions play an important role regarding the understanding and treatment of behavioral problems in children. Differencing evidence argues for a lateralized organization of the sensorimotor loop and a bilateral (i.e., non-lateralized) organization of the associative loop. However, a firm behavioral-neurobiological distinction of these circuits has been difficult, specifically in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thus, the aim was a comprehensive functional visualization and differentiation of the sensorimotor and the associative circuit during childhood. As a new approach, laterality and rostrality features were used to distinguish between the two circuits within one single motor task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four healthy boys performed self-paced index finger tapping with each hand separately during functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A contrast analysis for left against right hand movement revealed lateralized activation in typical sensorimotor regions such as primary sensorimotor cortex, caudal supplementary motor area (SMA), caudal putamen, and thalamus. A conjunction analysis confirmed bilateral involvement of known associative regions including pre-SMA, rostral SMA, and rostral putamen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A functional visualization of two distinct corticostriatal circuits is provided in childhood. Both the sensorimotor and associative circuit may be discriminated by their laterality characteristics already in minors. Additionally, the results support the concept of a modified functional subdivision of the SMA in a rostral (associative) and caudal (motor) part. A further development of this approach might help to nurture behavioral assessment and neurofeedback training in child mental health.
authors.affiliation: MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: August
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.affiliation: MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baudewig
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Carl Gustav Carus University of Dresden , Dresden , Germany.
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Roessner
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neurology, MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Georg-August-University of Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dechent
keywords: associative circuit; children; fMRI; finger tapping; laterality; motor circuit