title: Digestion of high rate activated sludge coupled to biochar formation for soil improvement in the tropics.
abstract: High rate activated sludge (HRAS) is well-biodegradable sludge enabling energy neutrality of wastewater treatment plants via anaerobic digestion. However, even through successful digestion a notable residue still remains. Here we investigated whether this residue can be converted to biochar, for its use as a fertilizer or as a solid fuel, and assessed its characteristics and overall process efficiency. In a first phase, HRAS was anaerobicaly digested under mesophilic conditions at a sludge retention time of 20 days. HRAS digested well (57.9 ± 6.2% VS degradation) producing on average 0.23 ± 0.04 L CH4 per gram VS fed. The digestate particulates were partially air-dried to mimic conditions used in developing countries, and subsequently converted to biochar by fixed-bed slow pyrolysis at a residence time of 15 min and at highest heating temperatures (HHT) of 300 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C. Subsequently, the produced chars were characterized by proximate analysis, CHN-elemental analysis, pH in solution and bomb calorimetry for higher heating value. The yield and volatile matter decreased with increasing HHT while ash content and fixed carbon increased with increasing HHT. The produced biochar showed properties optimal towards soil amendment when produced at a temperature of 600 °C with values of 5.91 wt%, 23.75 wt%, 70.35% on dry basis (db) and 0.44 for volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content and H/C ratio, respectively. With regard to its use for energy purposes, the biochar represented a lower calorific value than the dried HRAS digestate likely due to high ash content. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that anaerobic digestion of HRAS and its subsequent biochar formation at HHT of 600 °C represents an attractive route for sludge management in tropic settings like in Uganda, coupling carbon capture to energy generation, carbon sequestration and nutrient recovery.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; National Water and Sewerage Corporation, Plot 39, Jinja Road, P.O. Box 7053, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nansubuga
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Noble
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Banadda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ronsse
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Verstraete
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: Korneel.Rabaey@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Korneel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rabaey
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil; D013696:Temperature; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: A-stage; Agriculture; Energy; Pyrolysis; Sludge reuse