title: Understanding Rural-Urban Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have reported that rural elders in China have higher levels of depression than their urban peers. We aimed to examine the extent to which four sets of factors (socioeconomic status [SES], health care access, health status, and social support and participation) account for such rural-urban differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were analyzed. A representative sample (N = 5,103) of older Chinese (age 60+) was included. Depressive symptoms were measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10). Multilevel linear regression was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rural elders had more depressive symptoms than urban elders. When SES at the individual, household, and community level was simultaneously controlled, the rural-urban difference lost its statistical significance. Health status, social support, and social participation accounted for some, whereas health care access explained almost none, of the rural-urban difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that SES is the predominant factor accounting for the rural-urban depression gap in China.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA lydiali@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Lydia W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Jinyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenmei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D058992:Social Participation; D012944:Social Support; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: CHARLS; SES; hukou; late-life depression