title: Cephalometric norms for the upper airway in a healthy North Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to obtain normative data for cephalometric measurements of the upper airway in the North Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University department and teaching hospital out-patient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 180 healthy patients were included out of which 90 were males (age range, 8-16 years), and 90 were females (age range, 8-16 years), with normal skeletal facial profile, no history of snoring, sleep apnea, upper airway disease, tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, obesity, or pathology in the pharynx. Twenty cephalometric airway measurements, including size of the tongue, soft palate, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and relative position of the hyoid bone and valleculae were obtained. Landmarks on cephalometric radiographs were digitized and measurements were made using a specially designed computer program. Error analysis of measurements was performed and comparison of measurements according to sex was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant sex dimorphism was seen for the majority of measurements, with the exception of minimal depth of the airway, oropharyngeal depth of the airway, and the soft palate angle with the hard palate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A minimum sagittal dimension of the upper airway was evident despite differences in measurements between sexes. Findings from this study should be a useful reference for the assessment of sleep apnea in the North Indian population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Dipti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shastri
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Cephalometry; North Indian; pharynx