title: Urologic cancer in Indonesia.
abstract: Non-communicable diseases, including cancer, start to become more common in Indonesia. According to the government statement, incidence of malignant diseases increased annually up to 8% in the last decade and these diseases become the seventh leading cause of death in Indonesia. On the basis of the latest Globocan report on cancer incidence in Indonesia, prostate cancer ranks sixth; followed by bladder (12th) and kidney (18th). More than half of patients with kidney cancer are diagnosed in the advanced stage. Besides renal cell carcinoma, there are significant number of people affected with squamous cell and transitional cell carcinoma because of kidney stones. Radical nephrectomy or cytoreductive nephrectomy was the primary treatment, mostly done as an open procedure. Transitional cell carcinoma is the commonest histology type in bladder cancer cases followed by squamous cell carcinoma, which almost always related to bladder stones. Unfortunately, >70% of our cases were diagnosed with muscle invasive bladder cancer, and ∼60% of these patients refused further radical treatment. Incidence of prostate cancer is increasing rapidly and it becomes the third most common cancer in men. However, most of our patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage. Radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy is the treatment of choice in localized disease. Nearly 40% of the elderly patients are treated with primary androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, it requires more research by the Indonesian urologists and other healthcare providers to diagnose these cancers in earlier stage as well as community education for prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta rainy.umbas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rainy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Umbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung.
authors.forename: Ferry
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Safriadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta.
authors.forename: Chaidir A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mochtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Wahjoe
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Djatisoesanto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta.
authors.forename: Agus Rizal A H
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hamid
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015653:Cystectomy; D065426:Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
keywords: bladder cancer; kidney cancer; prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen