title: Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Status and Future Directions.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. This cancer commonly arises against a background of chronic liver disease. As a result, a patient with HCC requires multidisciplinary care. Treatment options vary widely based on tumor burden and metastases. The most widely utilized staging system is the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system, which recommends treatments based on tumor size and the underlying liver disease and functional status of the patient. Treatment options range from surgical resection or transplantation to locoregional therapies with modalities such as radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization to systemic chemotherapies. Future care involves the development of combination therapies that afford the best tumor response, further clarification of the patients best suited for therapies and the development of new oral chemotherapeutic agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Scripps Clinic.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Liver Transplantation, Center for Organ and Cell Transplantation, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Frenette
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000639:trends; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000639:trends; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Radiofrequency ablation; Sorafenib; Staging systems; Transarterial chemoembolization