title: Retrospective study to determine the short-term outcomes of a modified pneumovesical Glenn-Anderson procedure for treating primary obstructing megaureter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary obstructive ureter (POM) is an upper urinary tract malformation in children. Transvesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation is increasingly being used as the first choice to correct POM, replacing the open extravesical approach. Although several procedures have been reported, there is no universally accepted technique for endoscopic ureteral reimplantation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on several modifications of the Glenn-Anderson ureteral advancement technique to make it suitable for a laparoscopic pneumovesical approach to treatment of POM.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2006 to December 2013, 63 children with POM, 45 male and 18 female (median age 4.2 years; range 2 months-14 years), underwent modified transvesicoscopic ureteral implantation surgery. The technique was modified by repositioning of the hiatus proximally to afford greater "tunnel" length, and use of a trough rather than a tunnel, avoiding the challenges of more adherent mucosa in the trigone. Ureter diameter was followed over a 12-month period post surgery. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), intravenous urogram (IVU), or radionuclide imaging were conducted in patients who still had ureteral dilation at 6 months and 12 months after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was successfully performed in 62/63 patients. The mean operating time was 105 min. Twelve months after surgery 90% of ureters were considered cured and 10% were considered improved. In patients who showed improvement ureters, the ureter diameter was significantly reduced from preoperative measurements as early as 1 month post surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Glenn-Anderson technique advances the ureteral orifice distal to the trigone near the bladder neck and allows relatively easy access to the upper urinary tract. However, the submucosal tunnel produced is relatively short, and the surgery is not recommended for patients with a small trigone or megaureter because of anatomical considerations. This study made two major modifications to the traditional Glenn-Anderson procedure: (1) the bladder wall was incised superiorolaterally to move the hiatus proximally along the course of the ureter and the detrusor muscle was sutured to the seromuscular layer of the ureter, and (2) a mucosal groove rather than tunnel was used for advancement from the ureteral hiatus to the bladder neck. This approach preserves conventional endourologic access to the upper tracts; however, the stabilizing distal stitch does leave the suture line in proximity to the mucosal suture line, a theoretical disadvantage from the standpoint of ureterovesical fistula.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results indicate that this modified transvesicoscopic ureteral implantation is an effective procedure with minimal morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: De-Ying
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. Electronic address: dw.he@163.com.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Laparoscopy; Reimplantation; Ureter