title: Presenting Twins Are Exposed to Higher Levels of Inflammatory Mediators than Nonpresenting Twins as Early as the Midtrimester of Pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Presenting twins are less likely to develop respiratory complications than non-presenting twins. The precise reason for this difference is not well understood, although it is known that the presence of inflammation reduces the risk of respiratory morbidity at birth. To further investigate this association, we compared the concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers in mid-trimester amniotic fluid (AF) of asymptomatic twin pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of women with twin pregnancies who underwent mid-trimester amniocentesis (15-20 weeks) for routine clinical indications and delivered at term. AF was analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IFN-γ, TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12), and chemokines (Complement Factor D/Adipsin, Serpin E1/PAI-1, Adiponectin/Acrp30, CRP, CCL2/MCP-1, Leptin, Resistin) using Luminex Performance Assay multiplex kits. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 82 twin pairs were enrolled. Mid-trimester AF concentrations of IL-8, MMP-8, CRP, MCP-1, leptin, and resistin were significantly higher in the presenting twin compared with the non-presenting twin (p<0.05 for each). Differences in AF concentrations of IL-8, MMP-8, and CRP persisted after adjustment for the fetal growth restriction at the time of birth and chorionicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that, as early as the mid-trimester, the presenting fetus in an otherwise uncomplicated twin pregnancy is exposed to higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (especially IL-8, MMP-8, and CRP) than its non-presenting co-twin. Whether this pro-inflammatory milieu reduces the risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity at birth or has other functional implications needs to be further evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joong Shin
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Errol R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Norwitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: JoonHo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Chan-Wook
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Jae
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014427:Twins
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators