title: Brain reward-system activation in response to anticipation and consumption of palatable food is altered by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that food intake reduction after glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation is mediated through brain areas regulating anticipatory and consummatory food reward.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a larger study, we determined the effects of GLP-1 receptor activation on brain responses to anticipation and receipt of chocolate milk versus a tasteless solution, using functional MRI (fMRI). Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes, and obese and lean subjects with normoglycaemia (n = 48) underwent three fMRI sessions at separate visits with intravenous infusion of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide, exenatide with prior GLP-1 receptor blockade by exendin-9-39 or placebo, during somatostatin pituitary-pancreatic clamps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body mass index negatively correlated with brain responses to receipt of chocolate milk and positively correlated with anticipation of receipt of chocolate milk in brain areas regulating reward, appetite and motivation. Exenatide increased brain responses to receipt of chocolate milk and decreased anticipation of receipt of chocolate milk compared with placebo, paralleled by reductions in food intake. Exendin-9-39 largely prevented these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that GLP-1 receptor activation decreases anticipatory food reward, which may reduce cravings for food and increases consummatory food reward, which may prevent overeating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Bloemendaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ten Kulve
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P F C
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Groot
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ruhé
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.affiliation: Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Centre, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ijzerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002099:Cacao; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000077270:Exenatide; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012201:Reward; D014688:Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms; C083773:exendin (9-39); D000077270:Exenatide
keywords: food reward; functional MRI; glucagon-like peptide-1; obesity; type 2 diabetes