title: Apparent diffusion coefficient: An associative factor for recurrence after nephrectomy in localized renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of a tumor is associated with recurrence after nephrectomy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 49 patients with localized RCC who underwent 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging preoperatively. Fifteen patients had recurrent disease after surgery. The ADC was measured by placing a region-of-interest in a solid region of each tumor on the ADC map. We named the average value of the three ADC values the "average ADC" and the lowest ADC value among the three as the "minimum ADC." The correlations between clinicopathological factors including patient age and gender, tumor side, tumor size, growth/invasion pattern, Fuhrman grade, histological subtype, venous invasion, average and minimum ADCs, and disease-free survival were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariate analysis, tumor size, venous invasion, mean ADC, and minimum ADC showed significant correlations with disease-free survival (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, only venous invasion and minimum ADC were significant (P < 0.05). The 5-year disease-free survival rate of the low minimum ADC group was 51.6%, while that of the high minimum ADC group was 85.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimum ADC of a tumor, although not as pronounced as venous invasion, was found to be an independent associative factor for recurrence after nephrectomy in patients with localized RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishie
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kakihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kousei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishigami
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Inokuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009392:Nephrectomy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: apparent diffusion coefficient; diffusion-weighted imaging; prognosis; recurrence; renal cell carcinoma