title: Upper reference limits for cerebrospinal fluid total protein and albumin quotient based on a large cohort of control patients: implications for increased clinical specificity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total protein (TP) as well as of CSF/serum albumin quotient (Qalb) is part of the routine CSF work-up. However, currently used upper reference limits (URL) are not well validated leading to over-reporting of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction in approximately 15% of patients without neurological disease. The objective of this study was to determine age-related URL for CSF TP and Qalb in a cohort of control patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 332 paired CSF and serum samples of patients without objective clinical and paraclinical findings of a neurological disease were analyzed for CSF TP and Qalb. CSF TP was measured by spectrophotometry and albumin in CSF and serum by nephelometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF TP concentration and Qalb significantly correlated with age. In subjects at the age of 18-70 years, median CSF TP ranged from 320 to 460 mg/L and URL defined as the 95th percentile were 530-690 mg/L. Median Qalb ranged from 4.1 to 6.1 and URL from 8.7 up to 11.0. For URL of Qalb we calculated the following formula: age/25+8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-dependent URL for CSF TP and Qalb are presented here in a large cohort of control patients. They are higher than those currently recommended and this probably explains why isolated blood-CSF barrier dysfunction has been apparently over-reported. These new URL might be considered in a future revision of CSF guidelines.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hegen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeileis
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deisenhammer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000592:standards; D012016:Reference Values; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002556:Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012709:Serum Albumin