title: Treatment of Primary Hypophysitis in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The best treatment of primary hypophysitis (PrHy) is a matter of debate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our main objective was to analyze the treatment practice for PrHy in Germany and to compare the outcome of the main treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pituitary Working Group of the German Society of Endocrinology conducted a nationwide retrospective cross-sectional cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients with PrHy were eligible for the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical and endocrinological outcomes, side effects and complications of therapy, initial response, and recurrence rates were assessed. Outcome depending on the treatment modality was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For mere observation, regression of space-occupying lesions was observed in 46%, unchanged size in 27%, and progression reported in 27%. Pituitary function improved in 27% of patients during observation. Deterioration of pituitary function was only found in patients with progressive lesions. The initial response to glucocorticoid pulse therapy was most favorable, with early failure in only 3%. However, the overall failure and recurrence rate was 41%. Recurrence rate was not related to duration of steroid administration. Side effects of steroids occurred in 63%. The surgical approach was transsphenoidal in 94%. The histological subtype was lymphocytic hypophysitis in 70% and granulomatous hypophysitis in 30%. Progression or recurrence was observed in 25% after surgical treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucocorticoid pulse therapy is associated with a high recurrence rate. Evidence suggests that surgery is not able to prevent recurrence. Considering the favorable results of observation, conservative management is recommended in PrHy unless symptoms are severe or progressive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchfelder
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlaffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Droste
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strasburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sylvère
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Störmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schopohl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kacheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deutschbein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flitsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery (J.H., M.M.), University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery (M.B., S.Sc.), University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Endocrine Practice (M.D., S.W.), Elisenstraße 12, 26122 Oldenburg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition (C.S., U.E.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine IV (S.St., J.S.), Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (S.K.), RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Endocrine and Diabetes Unit (T.D.), Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute Psychiatry (G.S.), Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany; Pituitary Surgery/Interdisciplinary Endocrinology (J.F.), UKE Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; and ENDOC Center for Endocrine Tumors (S.P.), Altonaer Straße 59, 20357 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersenn
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Elbelt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000069281:Autoimmune Hypophysitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids