title: Diagnostic Tools for Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses Applicable to North American Veterinary Diagnosticians.
abstract: This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic tests for bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) viruses compiled from international participants of the Orbivirus Gap Analysis Workshop, Diagnostic Group. The emphasis of this review is on diagnostic tools available to North American veterinary diagnosticians. Standard diagnostic tests are readily available for BT/EHD viruses, and there are described tests that are published in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Manual. There is however considerable variation in the diagnostic approach to these viruses. Serological assays are well established, and many laboratories are experienced in running these assays. Numerous nucleic acid amplification assays are also available for BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV). Although there is considerable experience with BTV reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), there are no standards or comparisons of the protocols used by various state and federal veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Methods for genotyping BTV and EHDV isolates are available and are valuable tools for monitoring and analyzing circulating viruses. These methods include RT-PCR panels or arrays, RT-PCR and sequencing of specific genome segments, or the use of next-generation sequencing. In addition to enabling virus characterization, use of advanced molecular detection methods, including DNA microarrays and next-generation sequencing, significantly enhance the ability to detect unique virus strains that may arise through genetic drift, recombination, or viral genome segment reassortment, as well as incursions of new virus strains from other geographical areas.
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , USDA, ARS, Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: 2 CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong, Australia .
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Eileen N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ostlund
authors.affiliation: 3 National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, APHIS, VS, Science, Technology and Analysis Services , Ames, Iowa.
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 4 Kansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oberst
authors.affiliation: 5 Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hairgrove
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University , Brookings, South Dakota.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mediger
authors.affiliation: 7 Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, USDA, APHIS, VS, STAS, NVSL, Plum Island Disease Center , Greenport, New York.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000662:veterinary; D009656:North America; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep
keywords: Bluetongue virus; Competitive ELISA; Diagnostic tests; Epizootic hemorrhagic virus; Genotyping; Next-generation sequencing; Real-time PCR