title: Quantification of Lower Extremity Kinesthesia Deficits Using a Robotic Exoskeleton in People With a Spinal Cord Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our ability to sense movement is essential for motor control; however, the impact of kinesthesia deficits on functional recovery is not well monitored in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. One problem is the lack of accurate and reliable tools to measure kinesthesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of a quantitative robotic assessment tool to measure lower limb kinesthesia in people with SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen individuals with an incomplete SCI and 17 age-matched controls completed 2 robotic-based assessments of lower limb kinesthesia sense, separated by at least 1 week. The Lokomat, a lower limb robotic exoskeleton, was used to quantify the movement detection score bilaterally for the hip and knee joints. Four passive movement speeds (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 deg/s) were applied in both flexion and extension directions. Participants responded via pressing a joystick button when movement was felt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The movement detection score was significantly greater in people with SCI compared with the control group, particularly at the slowest movement speed. The difference between groups was more pronounced among those classified as ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) Impairment Scale B. Our measure showed high test-retest reliability and good internal consistency for the hip and knee joints.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrated that lower limb kinesthesia deficits are common in the SCI population and highlighted the importance of valid and reliable tools to monitor sensory function. Future studies need to examine changes in sensory function in response to therapy.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada achisholm@icord.org.
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Domingo
authors.affiliation: Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeswin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeyasurya
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000067190:Exoskeleton Device; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007699:Kinesthesis; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae
keywords: kinesthesia; proprioception; rehabilitation; robotics; sensory function; spinal cord injury