title: In vitro acaricidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of Calendula officinalis against synthetic pyrethroid resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.
abstract: Detection of resistance levels against deltamethrin and cypermethrin in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Jammu (India) was carried out using larval packet test (LPT). The results showed the presence of resistance level II and I against deltamethrin and cypermethrin, respectively. Adult immersion test (AIT) and LPT were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of Calendula officinalis against synthetic pyrethroid resistant adults and larvae of R. (B.) microplus. Four concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 %) of each extract with four replications for each concentration were used in both the bioassays. A concentration dependent mortality was observed and it was more marked with ethanolic extract. In AIT, the LC50 values for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were calculated as 9.9 and 12.9 %, respectively. The egg weight of the live ticks treated with different concentrations of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts was significantly lower than that of control ticks; consequently, the reproductive index and the percent inhibition of oviposition values of the treated ticks were reduced. The complete inhibition of hatching was recorded at 10 % of ethanolic extract. The 10 % extracts caused 100 % mortality of larvae after 24 h. In LPT, the LC50 values for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were determined to be 2.6 and 3.2 %, respectively. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. officinalis had better acaricidal properties against adults and larvae of R. (B.) microplus than the aqueous extract.
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, R.S. Pura, Jammu, 181 102, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Godara
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katoch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ahanger
authors.forename: A D S
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bhutyal
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katoch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nisa
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D020838:Calendula / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D007194:India; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D009570:Nitriles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; C017180:decamethrin