title: Evaluation of different in vitro testing methods for mechanical properties of veneer ceramics.
abstract: Metal-ceramic and all-ceramic prosthetic restorations in the patient mouth are often damaged by esthetic and functional problems that reduce their success and longevity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate methods for testing mechanical characteristics of dental ceramics through analysis of different testing methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental ceramic materials are tested with in vivo and in vitro methods for their most important mechanical characteristics: hardness, toughness, flexural strength and abrasion. In vitro testing methods are faster and more efficient, without subjective factors from the patient according to ISO standards. Testing is done with universal testing machines, like Zwick 1445, Universal Testing Machine (Zwick DmbH & Co.KG, Ulm, Germany), Instron 4302 (Instron Corporation, England), MTS Sintech ReNew 1123 or in oral chewing simulators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the testing results, flexure strength is one of the most important characteristic of the dental ceramic to be tested, by the uniaxial and biaxial tests. Uniaxial tests three-point and four-point flexure are not most appropriate because the main stress on the lower side of the tested specimens is tension that causes beginning fractures at the places with superficial flow. Uniaxial results for flexural strength are lower than actual force, while with biaxial test defects and flows on the edges of tested specimens are not directly loaded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biaxial flexural method has advantages over uniaxial because of real strength results, but also for simple shape and preparing of the testing specimens.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, St. Panteleimon P.H.O. Dental Clinical Centre, Department of Prosthodontics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mijoska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, St. Panteleimon P.H.O. Dental Clinical Centre, Department of Prosthodontics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popovska
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D003764:Dental Materials; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D018583:Pliability; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials