title: In vitro alteration of physiological parameters do not hamper the growth of human multipotent vascular wall-mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multilineage potential and anti-inflammatory property can be isolated from different human tissues, representing promising candidates in regenerative medicine. Despite the common criteria of characterization, many factors contribute to MSC heterogeneity (i.e., tissue origin, coexistence of cell subsets at different stage of differentiation, epigenetic) and no standard methods have been approved to characterize MSCs in cell culture.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to test whether MSCs resist adverse chemical and physical culture conditions, surviving MSC subpopulations are endowed with the stemness abilities; to characterize MMP expression in AAA-MSCs under the adverse experimental conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSCs enzymatically isolated from human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA-MSCs) were exposed to media acidification, hypoxia, starving, drying and hypothermia through the following strategies: (1) low-density seeding in closed flasks; (2) exposure to a chemical hypoxia inducer, cobalt chloride; (3) exposure to a dry environment with growing medium deprivation and culture at 4°C. None of these conditions affected MSC viability and stemness profile, as evidenced by NANOG, OCT-4, and SOX-2 mRNA expression in surviving cells. A significant MMP-9 decrease, especially when AAA-MSCs were exposed to hypothermia, was associated with stress resistant stem cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AAA-MSCs survive to extremely adverse culture conditions, keeping their morphology and stemness features. Besides MMP-9 role in pathological tissue remodeling, this protease may be related to MSC survival. Future studies on MSCs derived from other tissues will be necessary to refine our culture protocol, which can represent an empirical method to demonstrate MSC stemness, with potential implications for their clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinic Pathology, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ciavarella
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinic Pathology, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy ; Laboratory of Metakaryotic Biology, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fittipaldi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinic Pathology, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedrini
authors.affiliation: Unit of Surgical Pathology, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vasuri
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallitto
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Freyrie
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metakaryotic Biology, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gostjeva
authors.affiliation: Unit of Surgical Pathology, Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianandrea
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquinelli
keywords: MMP-9; MSCs; anhydrobiosis; dry culture; hypothermia; hypoxia; survival