title: Surveying the interest of individuals with upper limb loss in novel prosthetic control techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Novel techniques for the control of upper limb prostheses may allow users to operate more complex prostheses than those that are currently available. Because many of these techniques are surgically invasive, it is important to understand whether individuals with upper limb loss would accept the associated risks in order to use a prosthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online survey of individuals with upper limb loss was conducted. Participants read descriptions of four prosthetic control techniques. One technique was noninvasive (myoelectric) and three were invasive (targeted muscle reinnervation, peripheral nerve interfaces, cortical interfaces). Participants rated how likely they were to try each technique if it offered each of six different functional features. They also rated their general interest in each of the six features. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Greenhouse-Geisser corrections was used to examine the effect of the technique type and feature on participants' interest in each technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses from 104 individuals were analyzed. Many participants were interested in trying the techniques - 83 % responded positively toward myoelectric control, 63 % toward targeted muscle reinnervation, 68 % toward peripheral nerve interfaces, and 39 % toward cortical interfaces. Common concerns about myoelectric control were weight, cost, durability, and difficulty of use, while the most common concern about the invasive techniques was surgical risk. Participants expressed greatest interest in basic prosthesis features (e.g., opening and closing the hand slowly), as opposed to advanced features like fine motor control and touch sensation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these investigations may be used to inform the development of future prosthetic technologies that are appealing to individuals with upper limb loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Susannah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Engdahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Breanne P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Christie
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|University of Michigan Orthotics and Prosthetics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Orthotics and Prosthetics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Neurosciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chestek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. deanna.h.gates@gmail.com.|School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. deanna.h.gates@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Deanna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Gates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D058117:Neural Prostheses; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010525:Peripheral Nerves; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult