title: Mortality Dynamics of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Immatures in Maize.
abstract: We characterized the dynamics of mortality factors affecting immature developmental stages of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Multiple decrement life tables for egg and early larval stages of S. frugiperda in maize (Zea mays L.) fields were developed with and without augmentative releases of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from 2009 to 2011. Total egg mortality ranged from 73 to 81% and the greatest egg mortality was due to inviability, dislodgement, and predation. Parasitoids did not cause significant mortality in egg or early larval stages and the releases of T. remus did not increase egg mortality. Greater than 95% of early larvae died from predation, drowning, and dislodgment by rainfall. Total mortality due to these factors was largely irreplaceable. Results indicate that a greater effect in reducing generational survival may be achieved by adding mortality to the early larval stage of S. frugiperda.
authors.affiliation: Montana State University, Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrea Corrêa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Varella
authors.affiliation: UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Menezes-Netto
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Duarte de Souza
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Ferreira
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Caixeta
authors.affiliation: Montana State University, Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert K D
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Odair Aparecido
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D001938:Brazil; D007814:Larva; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D014863:Wasps; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents