title: Lifetime prediction of coronary heart disease and heart disease of uncertain etiology in a 50-year follow-up population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationships of four basic risk factors with 50-year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and Heart Disease of Uncertain Etiology (HDUE) were investigated in a population study.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 1712 men aged 40-59 years in 1960 and 1677, heart disease free, were followed-up for 50 years. Incidence of first event for CHD (sudden death, fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction, other fatal and non-fatal coronary syndromes) and HDUE (heart failure, chronic arrhythmia, blocks, "chronic CHD", hypertensive heart disease) was estimated and the relationships of four basic risk factors analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 50 years incidences of CHD and HDUE were respectively 26.9 and 20.6%. Cox proportional hazards models showed serum cholesterol as a strong CHD predictor (hazard ratio, HR, for 1 mmol/l difference 1.22 and confidence intervals, CI, 1.11 to 1.33), irrelevant for HDUE (HR 1.02 and CI 0.87 to 1.18). Age at entry was a stronger predictor for HDUE (HR for 5 year difference 1.65 and CI 1.46 to 1.86) than for CHD (HR 1.26 and CI 1.14 to 1.39). Systolic blood pressure and cigarette smoking had similar predictive power. The diagnosis of angina pectoris (AP) recorded at any time during the study was strongly associated with CHD but not with HDUE. A HDUE subgroup with AP had similar life-expectancy to CHD, suggesting the need to re-classify them as CHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to important differences in predictors (risk factors) and expectancy of life CHD and HDUE are probably manifestations of different etiologies.
authors.affiliation: Association for Cardiac Research, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: paoloemilio.puddu@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Paolo Emilio
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Puddu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: 50-Year follow-up; Coronary heart disease; Etiology; Heart disease of uncertain etiology; Lifetime prediction