title: The Role of Epigenetic Change in Autism Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by problems with social communication, social interaction, and repetitive or restricted behaviors. ASD are comorbid with other disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, Rett syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Neither the genetic nor the environmental components have been characterized well enough to aid diagnosis or treatment of non-syndromic ASD. However, genome-wide association studies have amassed evidence suggesting involvement of hundreds of genes and a variety of associated genetic pathways. Recently, investigators have turned to epigenetics, a prime mediator of environmental effects on genomes and phenotype, to characterize changes in ASD that constitute a molecular level on top of DNA sequence. Though in their infancy, such studies have the potential to increase our understanding of the etiology of ASD and may assist in the development of biomarkers for its prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and eventually in its prevention and intervention. This review focuses on the first few epigenome-wide association studies of ASD and discusses future directions.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Yuk Jing
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Craig
keywords: autism spectrum disorders; epigenetics; epigenomics; gene expression; methylation