title: Alginate oligomer induces nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells: elucidation of the underlying intracellular signaling mechanism.
abstract: Alginate is an acidic linear polysaccharide with immune-modulating activities. In this study, we found that enzymatically digested alginate oligomer (AO) with various degrees of polymerization (DP; 2-5) induced a higher level of nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells than undigested alginate polymer (AP). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that the expression level of inducible NO synthase in AO-treated RAW264.7 cells was higher than that in AP-treated cells. AO induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit in RAW264.7 cells to a greater extent than AP. Although AO and AP induced similar extents of phosphorylation in three mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on NO induction in AO- and AP-treated RAW264.7 cells, among three MAP kinase inhibitors that were tested.
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Mikinori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: b Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.|d Jeju center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Jeju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kichul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakazono
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isaka
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Ryogo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abu
authors.affiliation: c Joint Research Division, Center for Industry, University and Government Corporation , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: b Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.|d Jeju center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Jeju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daekyung
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oda
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D011108:Polymers; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: MAP kinase; NF-κB; alginate; alginate oligomer; nitric oxide