title: Salivary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, vitamin C, and vitamin E in oral pre-cancer and cancer: diagnostic value and free radical mechanism of action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to analyze oxidative DNA and lipid damage using salivary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and vitamins C and E in oral lichen planus lesions, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and controls and to determine the value of salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis of oral pre-cancer and cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unstimulated saliva was collected from a group of patients diagnosed with 40 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 40 oral lichen planus lesions, 40 oral leukoplakia, 40 oral submucous fibrosis, and from a control group of healthy age- and gender-matched individuals. Salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, and vitamins C and E were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Squamous cell carcinoma and pre-cancer patients showed significantly higher levels of salivary 8-OHdG and MDA and lower levels of vitamins C and E when compared to levels in healthy normal subjects. The specificity and sensitivity of the combination of 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E are high for the diagnosis of oral pre-cancer and SCC compared to an individual biomarker approach using either 8-OHdG, MDA, or vitamin C and vitamin E independently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates the presence of oxidative DNA and lipid damage in pre-cancerous and SCC patients. It is postulated that the mechanism may have a significant link to carcinogenesis in oral cancer. Detection of salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E can act as suitable diagnostic biomarkers of oral pre-cancer and cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of clinical importance is that salivary 8-OHdG, MDA, vitamin C, and vitamin E could play a significant role in oral cancer and pre-cancer patients and could therefore be useful for diagnosis in patients with oral lichen planus lesions, oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillo-facial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. jasdeep.kor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jasdeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillo-facial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Constantinus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.affiliation: OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillo-facial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000378:metabolism; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005609:Free Radicals; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); Lichen planus; MDA; Oral cancer; Vitamin C; Vitamin E