title: The Relationship between Total Water Intake and Cognitive Control among Prepubertal Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive control (also known as executive function) encompasses mental processes that underlie goal-directed behavior, and it enables us to adjust our behavior according to changing environmental demands. Previous research among children has demonstrated that aerobic fitness and obesity have contrasting and selective effects on cognitive control. However, the relationship between water intake and childhood cognitive control remains inadequately studied. This study investigated the relationship between total water intake and cognitive control among prepubertal children (8-9-year olds).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children between 8 and 9 years of age (n = 63) performed a modified flanker task to assess cognitive control related to inhibition (ability to resist distractions and maintain focus). Diet was measured using 3-day food records. Total water was defined as water consumed from drinking water, beverages, and food.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison of task performance across the median intake of total water revealed that children above the median exhibited shorter reaction times across multiple conditions of the flanker task, requiring variable amounts of cognitive control. Further, after adjustment of age, IQ, socioeconomic status, weight status, and aerobic fitness level, the proportion of intake comprised of water (%TW) was negatively correlated with reaction time interference, that is, the ability to maintain task performance when task conditions demanded greater inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate an association between water intake and cognitive control using a task that modulates inhibition. Specifically, higher water intake correlated with greater ability to maintain task performance when inhibitory demands are increased. Future work is needed to determine the mechanism by which water influences cognitive control among children.
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., USA.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Drollette
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Scudder
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012923:Social Class