title: A uniform measurement expression for cross method comparison of nanoparticle aggregate size distributions.
abstract: Available measurement methods for nanomaterials are based on very different measurement principles and hence produce different values when used on aggregated nanoparticle dispersions. This paper provides a solution for relating measurements of nanomaterials comprised of nanoparticle aggregates determined by different techniques using a uniform expression of a mass equivalent diameter (MED). The obtained solution is used to transform into MED the size distributions of the same sample of synthetic amorphous silica (nanomaterial comprising aggregated nanoparticles) measured by six different techniques: scanning electron microscopy in both high vacuum (SEM) and liquid cell setup (Wet-SEM); gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA); centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS); nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA); and asymmetric flow field flow fractionation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection (AF4-ICP-MS). Transformed size distributions are then compared between the methods and conclusions drawn on methods' measurement accuracy, limits of detection and quantification related to the synthetic amorphous silca's size. Two out of the six tested methods (GEMMA and AF4-ICP-MS) cross validate the MED distributions between each other, providing a true measurement. The measurement accuracy of other four techniques is shown to be compromised either by the high limit of detection and quantification (CLS, NTA, Wet-SEM) or the sample preparation that is biased by increased retention of smaller nanomaterials (SEM). This study thereby presents a successful and conclusive cross-method comparison of size distribution measurements of aggregated nanomaterials. The authors recommend the uniform MED size expression for application in nanomaterial risk assessment studies and clarifications in current regulations and definitions concerning nanomaterials.
authors.affiliation: The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York Y041 1LZ, UK. agnieszkaidudkiewicz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dudkiewicz
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pietravalle
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiede
authors.forename: Alistair B A
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
authors.forename: Guenter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allmaier
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tiede
authors.forename: Ringo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grombe
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: von der Kammer
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mølhave