title: Genotyping of velvet antlers for identification of country of origin using mitochondrial DNA and fluorescence melting curve analysis with locked nucleic acid probes.
abstract: Velvet antlers are used medicinally in Asia and possess various therapeutic effects. Prices are set according to the country of origin, which is unidentifiable to the naked eye, and therefore counterfeiting is prevalent. Additionally, antlers of the Canadian elk, which can generate chronic wasting disease, are prevalently smuggled and distributed in the market. Thus, a method for identifying the country of origin of velvet antlers was developed, using polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA, fluorescence melting curve analysis and analysis of locked nucleic acids (LNA). This combined method is capable of identifying five genotypes of velvet antlers in a single experiment using two probes. It also has advantages in multiplexing, simplicity and efficiency in genotyping, when compared to real-time PCR or microarrays. The developed method can be used to improve identification rates in the velvet antler market and, by extension, research based on polymorphisms in DNA sequences.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and.
authors.forename: Jeong Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and.
authors.forename: Youngjoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: b Department of Molecular and Life Science , Hanyang University , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , Korea.
authors.forename: Gi Won
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bio-Nanotechnology and.|b Department of Molecular and Life Science , Hanyang University , Sangnok-gu, Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D003670:Deer / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D009841:Oligonucleotides; C477371:locked nucleic acid
keywords: Cervus elaphus; chronic wasting disease; country of origin; fluorescence melting curve analysis; locked nucleic acids