title: Making progress in the ethical treatment of medical trainees.
abstract: There is an inherent conflict within clinician educators as we balance the roles of healthcare provider to patients in need of care with that of educator of learners in need of teaching. In this essay we use Beauchamp and Childress' principles of biomedical ethics as a framework to compare the relationship that clinician educators have with their patients and their learners, and suggest that while we typically apply ethical principles when addressing the needs of our patients, these principles are frequently lacking in our interactions with learners. This dichotomy reflects a person-by-situation interaction that may be partly explained by the expectations of the regulatory bodies that define how clinicians should interact with patients and how educators should interact with learners. The result is that we may fall short in applying respect for autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice when addressing the needs of our learners. Fortunately there are ways in which we can incorporate these ethical principles into our interactions with learners while still adhering to accreditation standards and institutional policy. These include flipped classrooms and simulated learning experiences, incorporating aspects of instructional design that have been shown to improve learning outcomes, providing additional resources to learners with greater needs, and organizing training curricula around entrustable professional activities. Although the consistent application of ethical principles with all learners during all learning experiences is likely unachievable, we can, and should, move towards more ethical treatment of our learners.
authors.affiliation: Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Busche
authors.affiliation: Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelly W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Burak
authors.affiliation: Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veale
authors.affiliation: Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coderre
authors.affiliation: Office of Undergraduate Medical Education, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. kmclaugh@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000941:ethics*; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D005791:Patient Care / Q000941:ethics; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012935:Social Justice / Q000941:ethics; D013337:Students, Medical
keywords: Bioethics; Innovation; Training