title: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated body mass index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children with type 1 diabetes and elevated BMI in the USA is poorly defined. We aimed to test the hypothesis that children with type 1 diabetes who are overweight or obese have increased frequencies of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and micro-/macroalbuminuria compared to their healthy weight peers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 11,348 children 2 to <18 years of age enrolled in T1D Exchange between September 2010 and August 2012 with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year and BMI ≥ 5th age-/sex-adjusted percentile (mean age 12 years, 49 % female, 78 % non-Hispanic White). Overweight and obesity were defined based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Diagnoses of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and micro-/macroalbuminuria were obtained from medical records. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess factors associated with weight status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 11,348 participants, 22 % were overweight and 14 % obese. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were diagnosed in 1.0 % and 3.8 % of participants, respectively; micro-/macroalbuminuria was diagnosed in 3.8 % of participants with available data (n = 7,401). The odds of either hypertension or dyslipidemia were higher in obese than healthy weight participants [OR 3.5, 99 % confidence interval (CI) 2.0-6.1 and 2.2, 99 % CI 1.6-3.1, respectively]. Obese participants tended to be diagnosed with micro-/macroalbuminuria less often than healthy weight participants (OR 0.6, 99 % CI 0.4-1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese children with type 1 diabetes have a higher prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia than healthy weight children with type 1 diabetes. The possible association of obesity with lower micro-/macroalbuminuria rates warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Redondo
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, 15310 Amberly Drive, Suite 350, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA. T1DStats@jaeb.org.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
authors.forename: Ingrid M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Libman
authors.affiliation: Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjeev N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hathway
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 402 Crofts Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bethin
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 402 Crofts Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ecker
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Avni C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, 15310 Amberly Drive, Suite 350, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: DuBose
authors.affiliation: Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Tamborlane
authors.affiliation: Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Jenise C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 1775 N. Ursula St, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
authors.affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, 15310 Amberly Drive, Suite 350, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA.
authors.forename: Roy W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, 702 Barnhill Dr, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DiMeglio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: BMI; Dyslipidemia; Epidemiology; Hypertension; Micro-albuminuria; Obesity; Overweight