title: Nematicidal Activity of the Volatilome of Eruca sativa on Meloidogyne incognita.
abstract: Research on new pesticides based on plant extracts, aimed at the development of nontoxic formulates, has recently gained increased interest. This study investigated the use of the volatilome of rucola (Eruca sativa) as a powerful natural nematicidal agent against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Analysis of the composition of the volatilome, using GC-MS-SPME, showed that the compound (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was the most abundant, followed by (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and erucin, with relative percentages of 22.7 ± 1.6, 15.9 ± 2.3, and 8.6 ± 1.3, respectively. Testing of the nematicidal activity of rucola volatile compounds revealed that erucin, pentyl isothiocyanate, hexyl isothiocyanate, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-ethylfuran, and methyl thiocyanate were the most active with EC50 values of 3.2 ± 1.7, 11.1 ± 5.0, 11.3 ± 2.6, 15.0 ± 3.3, 16.0 ± 5.0, and 18.1 ± 0.6 mg/L, respectively, after 24 h of incubation. Moreover, the nematicidal activity of fresh rucola used as soil amendant in a containerized culture of tomato decreased the nematode infection in a dose-response manner (EC50 = 20.03 mg/g) and plant growth was improved. On the basis of these results, E. sativa can be considered as a promising companion plant in intercropping strategies for tomato growers to control root-knot nematodes.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadhem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aissani
authors.affiliation: §Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Urgeghe
authors.affiliation: #Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrisostomos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oplos
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tocco
authors.affiliation: ⊥Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via F. Muroni 23/b, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo Luigi
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Petretto
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Kodjo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eloh
authors.affiliation: #Pesticide Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Urania
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menkissoglu-Spiroudi
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Nikoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ntalli
authors.affiliation: †Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caboni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000469:parasitology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: isothiocyanate; plant secondary metabolites; rocket salad; root-knot nematodes