title: Differential metabolic and endocrine adaptations in llamas, sheep, and goats fed high- and low-protein grass-based diets.
abstract: This study aimed to elucidate whether distinct endocrine and metabolic adaptations provide llamas superior ability to adapt to low protein content grass-based diets as compared with the true ruminants. Eighteen adult, nonpregnant females (6 llamas, 6 goats, and 6 sheep) were fed either green grass hay with (HP) or grass seed straw (LP) in a cross-over design experiment over 2 periods of 21 d. Blood samples were taken on day 21 in each period at -30, 60, 150, and 240 min after feeding the morning meal and analyzed for plasma contents of glucose, triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxy butyrate (BOHB), urea, creatinine, insulin, and leptin. Results showed that llamas vs sheep and goats had higher plasma concentrations of glucose (7.1 vs 3.5 and 3.6 ± 0.18 mmol/L), creatinine (209 vs 110 and 103 ± 10 μmol/L), and urea (6.7 vs 5.6 and 4.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L) but lower leptin (0.33 vs 1.49 and 1.05 ± 0.1 ng/mL) and BOHB (0.05 vs 0.26 and 0.12 ± 0.02 mmol/L), respectively. BOHB in llamas was extremely low for a ruminating animal. Llamas showed that hyperglycemia coexisted with hyperinsulinemia (in general on the HP diet; postprandially on the LP diet). Llamas were clearly hypercreatinemic compared with the true ruminants, which became further exacerbated on the LP diet, where they also sustained plasma urea at markedly higher concentrations. However, llamas had markedly lower leptin concentrations than the true ruminants. In conclusion, llamas appear to have an intrinsic insulin resistant phenotype. Augmentation of creatinine and sustenance of elevated plasma urea concentrations in llamas when fed the LP diet must reflect distinct metabolic adaptations of intermediary protein and/or nitrogen metabolism, not observed in the true ruminants. These features can contribute to explain lower metabolic rates in llamas compared with the true ruminants, which must improve the chances of survival on low protein content diets.
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alstrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: mette.olaf.nielsen@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000378:metabolism*; D003404:Creatinine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Creatinine; Hyperglycemia; Insulin resistance; Urea; β-hydroxy butyrate