title: The Role of Posttranslational Protein Modifications in Rheumatological Diseases: Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis.
abstract: The definition of posttranslational modification (PTM) encompasses a wide group of chemical reactions that allow modification and modulation of protein functions. The regulation of PTMs is crucial for the activity and survival of the cells. Dysregulation of PTMs has been observed in several pathological conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily targeting the joints. The three PTMs mainly involved in this disease are glycosylation, citrullination, and carbamylation. Glycosylation is essential for antigen processing and presentation and can modulate immunoglobulin activity. Citrullination of self-antigens is strongly associated with RA, as demonstrated by the presence of antibodies directed to anti-citrullinated proteins in patients' sera. Carbamylation and its dysregulation have been recently associated with RA. Aim of this review is to illustrate the most significant alterations of these PTMs in RA and to evaluate their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mastrangelo
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Colasanti
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbati
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Arbi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pecani
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sabatinelli
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pendolino
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Truglia
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca Romana
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1969-2097
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Spinelli
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alessandri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000941:Antigens