title: Fabrication of lipidic nanocarriers of loratadine for facilitated intestinal permeation using multivariate design approach.
abstract: In this investigation, multivariate design approach was employed to develop self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of loratadine and to exploit its potential for intestinal permeability. Drug solubility was determined in various vehicles and existence of self-nanoemulsifying region was evaluated by phase diagram studies. The influence of formulation variables X1 (Capmul MCM C8) and X2 (Solutol HS15) on SNEDDS was assessed for mean globule sizes in different media (Y1-Y3), emulsification time (Y4) and drug-release parameters (Y5-Y6), to improve quality attributes of SNEDDS. Significant models were generated, statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and validated using the residual and leverage plots. The interaction, contour and response plots explicitly demonstrated the influence of one factor on the other and displayed trend of factor-effect on responses. The pH-independent optimized formulation was obtained with appreciable global desirability (0.9266). The strenuous act of determining emulsification time is innovatively replaced by the use of oil-soluble dye to produce visibly distinct globules that otherwise may be deceiving. TEM images displayed non-aggregated state of spherical globules (size < 25 nm) and also revealed the structural transitions occurring during emulsification. Optimized formulation exhibited non-Newtonian flow justified by the model-fit and also presented the stability to dilution effects and thermodynamic stress testing. The ex vivo permeation study using confocal laser scanning microscopy indicate strong potential of rhodamine 123-loaded loratadine-SNEDDS to inhibit P-gp efflux and facilitate intestinal permeation. To conclude, the effectiveness of design yields a stable optimized SNEDDS with enhanced permeation potential, which is expected to improve oral bioavailability of loratadine.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand , India.
authors.forename: Samridhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand , India.
authors.forename: Sandeep Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand , India.
authors.forename: Priya Ranjan Prasad
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004655:Emulsions; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D017336:Loratadine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids; D017336:Loratadine
keywords: Confocal laser scanning microscopy; dye colored emulsification; ex vivo intestinal permeation; multivariate design; self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system; transmission electron microscopy