title: L-NAME combats excitotoxicity and recuperates neurological deficits in MCAO/R rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since, transient focal cerebral ischaemia exhibits detrimental effect not only during the course of ischaemia but also after the onset of reperfusion, the current study is focussed on identifying the appropriate therapeutic time point at which NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) exerts better neuroprotection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-ischaemic administration of l-NAME ameliorated neurological deficits much better than the during ischaemic and post-ischaemic groups. Pre-ischaemic l-NAME has also mitigated glutamate excitotoxicity, increased glutamine synthetase activity, ATP and NAD levels, decreased nitrate/nitrite content, down regulated TNF-α and upregulated IL-10 expressions and reduced the cerebral infarction significantly than the during ischaemic and post-ischaemic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current study revealed that l-NAME improved neurological deficit at the pre-ischaemic state in transient focal cerebral ischaemia and has also significantly ameliorated glutamate excitotoxicity. Though l-NAME showed neuroprotective effects when administered at during and post-ischaemia (during reperfusion), it exerts considerable neuroprotection when administered pre-ischaemically.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India; Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University, Periyar E.V.R. High Road (NH 4 Highway), Maduravoyal, Chennai 600 095, India. Electronic address: pramilaceft@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pramila
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India. Electronic address: kalaiperiyathambi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India. Electronic address: ramachandra.dranita@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anita
authors.affiliation: Centre for Toxicology and Developmental Research, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India. Electronic address: ceftpublications@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saravana Babu
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009243:NAD; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Cerebral ischaemia; Glutamate; Neurological deficit; Nitric oxide; l-NAME