title: Antigenic Detection of Human Strain of Influenza Virus A (H3N2) in Swine Populations at Three Locations in Nigeria and Ghana during the Dry Early Months of 2014.
abstract: Since the first detection of human H3N2 influenza virus in Taiwanese pigs in 1970, infection of pigs with wholly human viruses has been known to occur in other parts of the world. These viruses, referred to as human-like H3N2 viruses, have been known to cause clinical and subclinical infections of swine populations. Due to the paucity and complete unavailability of information on transmission of influenza viruses from other species, especially humans, to swine in Nigeria and Ghana, respectively, this study was designed to investigate the presence and prevalence of a human strain of influenza A (H3N2) in swine populations at three locations in two cities within these two West African countries in January and February, 2014. Using stratified random technique, nasal swab specimens were collected from seventy-five (75) pigs at two locations in Ibadan, Nigeria and from fifty (50) pigs in Kumasi, Ghana. These specimens were tested directly by a sensitive Quantitative Solid Phase Antigen-detection Sandwich ELISA using anti-A/Brisbane/10/2007 haemagglutinin monoclonal antibody. Influenza virus A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) was detected among pigs at the three study locations, with an aggregate prevalence of 4.0% for the two locations in Ibadan, Nigeria and also 4.0% for Kumasi, Ghana. Transmission of influenza viruses from other species to swine portends serious sinister prospects for genetic reassortment and evolvement of novel viruses. We therefore recommend that further studies should be carried out to investigate the presence of other circulating human and avian influenza viruses in swine populations in West Africa and also determine the extent of genetic reassortment of strains circulating among these pigs. This would provide an early warning system for detection of novel influenza viruses, which could have pandemic potentials.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.|Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Abuja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Adeola
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.|Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Olugasa
authors.affiliation: Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses (CCPZ), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.|Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.|Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkruma University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Emikpe
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000821:virology; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral
keywords: Antigenic detection; Ghana; Influenza A (H3N2) virus; Nigeria; human strain; swine