title: Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin resistance.
abstract: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the development of insulin resistance and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Disruption of ER homeostasis leads to ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). This response is linked to different processes involved in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM, including inflammation, lipid accumulation, insulin biosynthesis, and β-cell apoptosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which disruption of ER homeostasis leads to IR and its progression to T2DM may offer new pharmacological targets for the treatment and prevention of these diseases. Here, we examine ER stress, the UPR, and downstream pathways in insulin sensitive tissues, and in IR, and offer insights towards therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvadó
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Palomer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mvazquezcarrera@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Carrera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: apoptosis; endoplasmic reticulum stress; inflammation; insulin resistance; type 2 diabetes mellitus; unfolded protein response