title: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates acute brain injury after porcine intracerebral hemorrhage at high altitude.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at high altitude is not well understood to date. This study investigates the effects of high altitude on ICH, and examines the acute neuroprotection of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy against high-altitude ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minipigs were placed in a hypobaric chamber for 72 h before the operation. ICH was induced by an infusion of autologous arterial blood (3 ml) into the right basal ganglia. Animals in the high-altitude ICH group received HBO therapy (2.5 ATA for 60 min) 30 min after ICH. Blood gas, blood glucose and brain tissue oxygen partial pressure (PbtO2) were monitored continuously for animals from all groups, as were microdialysis products including glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glutamate in perihematomal tissue from 3 to 12 h post-ICH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-altitude ICH animals showed significantly lower PbtO2, higher lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) and glutamate levels than low-altitude ICH animals. More severe neurological deficits, brain edema and neuronal damage were also observed in high-altitude ICH. After HBO therapy, PbtO2 was significantly increased and LPR and glutamate levels were significantly decreased. Brain edema, neurological deficits and neuronal damage were also ameliorated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggested a more serious disturbance of tissue oxygenation and cerebral metabolism in the acute stage after ICH at high altitude. Early HBO treatment reduced acute brain injury, perhaps through a mechanism involving the amelioration of the derangement of cerebral oxygenation and metabolism following high-altitude ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. hightower26@163.com.
authors.forename: Hai-tao
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. bc818@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. yuzhou023@tom.com.
authors.forename: Ji-chao
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. wangyi153153@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. yulanhua2015@tom.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. zhangtmmu08@163.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. fenghua8888@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China. jklin@tmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiang-kai
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000628:therapy; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D010100:Oxygen