title: Prospective evaluation of glutamine and phospholipids levels in first degree relatives of patients with Type 1 Diabetes from a multiethnic population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A dysregulation in the metabolism of lipids may be an early marker of autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). It would be of general importance to identify metabolic patterns that would predict the risk for T1D later in life. The aim of this study was to perform a prospective evaluation of glutamine and phospholipids levels in Brazilian first degree relatives (FDR) of patients with T1D in a mean interval of 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brazilian FDR (n = 30) of patients with T1D were evaluated and blood was sampled to measure the levels of glutamine and phospholipids in the fasting serum by quantitative colorimetric method. The tests were repeated after a mean interval of 5 years and compared to a control group (n = 20). The FDR presented lower levels of phospholipids than controls (p = 0.028), but not of glutamine (p = 0.075). Phospholipids levels decreased over time (p = 0.028) in FDR and were associated with Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) titers (p = 0.045), autoantibody positivity (p = 0.008) and PTPN22 polymorphisms (p = 0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Brazilian multiethnic population, there was a significant decrease in phospholipids levels in FDR in patients with T1D during a 5-year prospective follow-up, as well as a significant association between these metabolite, GADA and PTPN22 polymorphisms. For Glutamine no difference was found. These findings suggest that a dysregulation in the metabolism of lipids may precede the onset of the autoimmunity in T1D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Araujo de Pina Cabral
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dantas
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skärstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tortora
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milech
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vaziri-Sani
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: J E P
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zajdenverg
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, número 2.990, apto 806, Lagoa, Rio de Janeiro Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodacki
keywords: Antibodies; Diabetes; Metabolic; Multiethnic; Non-whites