title: Upgrading food wastes by means of bromelain and papain to enhance growth and immunity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
abstract: The fast growing of global aquaculture industry accompanied with increasing pressure on the supply and price of traditional feed materials (e.g., fish meal and soy bean meal). This circumstance has urged the need to search alternative sources of feed stuff. Food waste was used as feed stuff in rearing fish which possess substantial protein and lipid. Grass carp are major species reared in Hong Kong with lower nutritional requirements; it is also an ideal species for investigating the feasibility of using food waste as fish feeds for local aquaculture industry. The growth and immunity, reflected by total protein, total immunologlobulin (IgI), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity of grass carp blood, were depressed when feeding with food waste feeds without enzymes. However, the supplementation of bromelain and papain in fish feed enhanced the efficient use of food waste by grass carp, which in turn improved the fish immunity. The present results indicated that the addition of those enzymes could enhance the feed utilization by fish and hematological parameters of grass carp, and the improvement on growth and immunity superior to the control (commercial feed) was observed with the addition of bromelain and papain supplement. Addition of 1 and 2 % mixture of bromelain and papain could significantly enhance the lipid utilization in grass carp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.|School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.|School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.|School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: W Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. minghwong@ied.edu.hk.|School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001963:Bromelains / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005398:Fisheries; D006723:Hong Kong; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D010206:Papain / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D062611:Solid Waste; D001963:Bromelains; D010206:Papain; C091760:stem bromelain
keywords: Aquaculture; Bromelain; Food waste; Grass carp; Lipid utilization; Nitroblue tetrazolium activity; Papain; Protein solubility