title: Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night.
abstract: This study proposes representative figures of merit for circadian and vision performance for healthy and efficient use of smartphone displays. The recently developed figures of merit for circadian luminous efficacy of radiation (CER) and circadian illuminance (CIL) related to human health and circadian rhythm were measured to compare three kinds of commercial smartphone displays. The CIL values for social network service (SNS) messenger screens from all three displays were higher than 41.3 biolux (blx) in a dark room at night, and the highest CIL value reached 50.9 blx. These CIL values corresponded to melatonin suppression values (MSVs) of 7.3% and 11.4%, respectively. Moreover, smartphone use in a bright room at night had much higher CIL and MSV values (58.7 ~ 105.2 blx and 15.4 ~ 36.1%, respectively). This study also analyzed the nonvisual and visual optical properties of the three smartphone displays while varying the distance between the screen and eye and controlling the brightness setting. Finally, a method to possibly attenuate the unhealthy effects of smartphone displays was proposed and investigated by decreasing the emitting wavelength of blue LEDs in a smartphone LCD backlight and subsequently reducing the circadian effect of the display.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heeyeon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoo Keun
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Rag
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Do
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000528:radiation effects; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D000068997:Smartphone