title: Disagreement between parents on assessment of child temperament traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accuracy of temperament assessment is a prerequisite in research studies. To identify the extent to which parental assessment of child temperament is biased by their personal attributes, we proposed a new structural equation model, in which biases of parental attributes in their assessment of child temperament can be separated from the true (i.e. non-biased) associations between the two.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 234 father-mother pairs using questionnaires including Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Impulsivity; Social Desirability Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Temperament and Character Inventory; and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paternal Depression and Persistence, maternal Trait Anger, and parental Novelty Seeking showed significant bias in assessment of Emotionality. Maternal Self-transcendence showed significant bias in assessment of child Impulsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Researchers should be cautious about biases in parental assessment of children's Emotionality and Impulsivity, but other temperament traits may be free from such biases.
authors.affiliation: Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science Technology, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minatani
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haruna
authors.affiliation: Kumamoto Paediatric Association, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Kumamoto Paediatric Association, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament
keywords: assessment bias; child temperament; emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity; parental assessment; structural equation model