title: New and emerging strategies in platelet-rich plasma application in musculoskeletal regenerative procedures: general overview on still open questions and outlook.
abstract: Despite its pervasive use, the clinical efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy and the different mechanisms of action have yet to be established. This overview of the literature is focused on the role of PRP in bone, tendon, cartilage, and ligament tissue regeneration considering basic science literature deriving from in vitro and in vivo studies. Although this work provides evidence that numerous preclinical studies published within the last 10 years showed promising results concerning the application of PRP, many key questions remain unanswered and controversial results have arisen. Additional preclinical studies are needed to define the dosing, timing, and frequency of PRP injections, different techniques for delivery and location of delivery, optimal physiologic conditions for injections, and the concomitant use of recombinant proteins, cytokines, additional growth factors, biological scaffolds, and stems cells to develop optimal treatment protocols that can effectively treat various musculoskeletal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7402-4054
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salamanna
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maglio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy ; Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5151-7390
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Della Bella
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Innovative Technologies and Advanced Therapies, Department Rizzoli RIT, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy ; Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries*; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D013710:Tendons