title: [The study of tongue pressure during swallowing liquid in healthy adults].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the tongue pressure (TP) produced by tongue-hard palate contact in the process of normally swallowing liquid in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen adult male subjects were recruited to perform a single swallow of 5 ml water when sitting with upright position. The tongue pressure sensor sheet was used to monitor TP as a result of tongue-hard palate approximatation in the anteriomedian, midmedian, posteriomedian and circumferential parts, and the swallowing sound was recorded by microphone. The temporal sequence of TP at each measured part was obtained after setting the swallowing sound as the reference time. Also, the total duration, pre-peak duration, post-peak duration, maximum magnitude and integrated value of TP were recorded and compared among the measured parts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TP was produced from anterior to posterior along the midline of hard palate during normal swallowing of water [Ch1: (-0.40 ± 0.22) s, Ch2: (-0.36 ± 0.21) s, Ch3: (-0.24 ± 0.18) s], with the circumferential TP [Ch4: (-0.38 ± 0.23) s, Ch5: (-0.40 ± 0.23) s] occurring nearly to the anteriomedian one (P > 0.05). Before the swallowing sound (P < 0.05), TP at each part reached a peak synchronously [Ch1: (-0.12 ± 0.24) s, Ch2: (-0.16 ± 0.22) s, Ch3: (-0.13 ± 0.21) s, Ch4: (-0.16 ± 0.23) s, Ch5: (-0.17 ± 0.23) s] in a rapid manner (P > 0.05), then decreased gradually until disappeared simultaneously [Ch1: (0.32 ± 0.23) s, Ch2: (0.27 ± 0.21) s, Ch3: (0.23 ± 0.16) s, Ch4: (0.33 ± 0.31) s, Ch5: (0.33 ± 0.29) s] (P > 0.05) after the swallowing sound (P < 0.05). The TP related parameters (the total duration of TP:Ch1: (0.72 ± 0.20) s, Ch2: (0.63 ± 0.16) s, Ch3: (0.47 ± 0.17) s, Ch4: (0.70 ± 0.35) s, Ch5: (0.73 ± 0.29) s; the pre-peak duration of TP: Ch1: (0.28 ± 0.21) s, Ch2: (0.20 ± 0.16) s, Ch3: (0.12 ± 0.10) s, Ch4: (0.21 ± 0.22) s, Ch5: (0.23 ± 0.21) s; the post-peak duration of TP: Ch1: (0.44 ± 0.23) s, Ch2: (0.43 ± 0.18) s, Ch3: (0.36 ± 0.18) s, Ch4: (0.49 ± 0.25) s, Ch5: (0.50 ± 0.23) s; the maximum magnitude of TP: Ch1: (13.80 ± 7.73) kPa, Ch2: (12.40 ± 6.51) kPa, Ch3: (10.26 ± 7.15) kPa, Ch4: (12.16 ± 5.38) kPa, Ch5: (13.08 ± 5.05) kPa; the integrated value of TP: Ch1: (4.99 ± 3.69) kPa×s, Ch2: (4.25 ± 2.13) kPa×s, Ch3: (2.88 ± 1.87) kPa×s, Ch4: (4.32 ± 3.47) kPa×s, Ch5: (4.63 ± 2.49) kPa×s were significantly smaller in the posteriomedian part among all the five parts measured. No laterality was found in TP produced at the circumferential parts of the hard palate (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TP at each part coordinates precisely during swallowing. The effective measurement of TP by tongue pressure sensor sheet will facilitate the evaluation of oral swallowing and the diagnosis of dysphagia simply and non-invasively.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yoshitomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minagi
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Shigehiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.affiliation: Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; Email: ono@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of General Dentistry & Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Email: cyj1229@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yongjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D060766:Drinking Water; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D021362:Palate, Hard; D011312:Pressure; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water