title: Gender Differences in Searching for Health Information on the Internet and the Virtual Patient-Physician Relationship in Germany: Exploratory Results on How Men and Women Differ and Why.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have shown that women use the Internet more often for health-related information searches than men, but we have limited knowledge about the underlying reasons. We also do not know whether and how women and men differ in their current use of the Internet for communicating with their general practitioner (GP) and in their future intention to do so (virtual patient-physician relationship).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates (1) gender differences in health-related information search behavior by exploring underlying emotional, motivational, attitudinal as well as cognitive variables, situational involvement, and normative influences, and different personal involvement regarding health-related information searching and (2) gender differences in the virtual patient-physician relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gender differences were analyzed based on an empirical online survey of 1006 randomly selected German patients. The sample was drawn from an e-panel maintained by GfK HealthCare. A total of 958 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Principal component analyses were carried out for some variables. Differences between men (517/958) and women (441/958) were analyzed using t tests and Kendall's tau-b tests. The survey instrument was guided by several research questions and was based on existing literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were more engaged in using the Internet for health-related information searching. Gender differences were found for the frequency of usage of various Internet channels for health-related information searches. Women used the Internet for health-related information searches to a higher degree for social motives and enjoyment and they judged the usability of the Internet medium and of the information gained by health information searches higher than men did. Women had a more positive attitude toward Web 2.0 than men did, but perceived themselves as less digitally competent. Women had a higher health and nutrition awareness and a greater reluctance to make use of medical support, as well as a higher personal disposition of being well-informed as a patient. Men may be more open toward the virtual patient-physician relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women have a stronger social motive for and experience greater enjoyment in health-related information searches, explained by social role interpretations, suggesting these needs should be met when offering health-related information on the Internet. This may be interesting for governmental bodies as well as for the insurance and the pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, women may be more easily convinced by health awareness campaigns and are, therefore, the primary target group for them. Men are more open to engaging in a virtual relationship with the GP; therefore, they could be the primary target group for additional online services offered by GPs. There were several areas for GPs to reinforce the virtual patient-physician relationship: the fixing of personal appointments, referral to other doctors, writing prescriptions, and discussions of normal test results and doctor's notes/certificates of health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Marketing and International Management, Alpen-Adria-Universitaet Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Woerthersee, Austria. sonja.bidmon@aau.at.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-2116
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bidmon
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-5816
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terlutter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003142:Communication; D054626:Consumer Health Information / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D057226:Information Seeking Behavior; D033182:Intention; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: gender differences; general practitioners; information seeking behavior; physician-patient relations; statistical factor analysis