title: Inflammatory and vascular markers and olfactory impairment in older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  the incidence of olfactory impairment increases sharply in the eighth and ninth decades of life but the aetiology of age-related olfactory decline is not well understood. Inflammation and atherosclerosis are associated with many age-related conditions and atherosclerosis has been associated with olfactory decline in middle-aged adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine if inflammatory markers and atherosclerosis are associated with the development of olfactory impairment in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  longitudinal, population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  a total of 1,611 participants, aged 53-97 years in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study without olfactory impairment at the 1998-2000 examination and with follow-up at a subsequent examination 5 and/or 10 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  the San Diego Odor Identification Test was used to measure olfaction. High sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α were measured in serum and carotid ultrasound images were obtained for the measurement of carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and plaque assessment. Medical history, behavioural and lifestyle information were obtained by interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  inflammatory markers, IMT and plaque were not associated with the 10-year cumulative incidence of olfactory impairment in adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Among those <60 years, the mean IMT [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69-11.21, tertile 3 versus tertile 1] and the number of sites with plaque (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.17-2.08, per site) were associated with an increased risk of developing an olfactory impairment at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  subclinical atherosclerosis at a younger age may be a risk factor for the development of olfactory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Carla R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cruickshanks
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara E K
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: A Alex
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012903:Smell; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: atherosclerosis; epidemiology; inflammation; older people; olfaction; population-based