title: Incorporation of eicosapentaenioic and docosahexaenoic acids into breast adipose tissue of women at high risk of breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial of dietary fish and n-3 fatty acid capsules.
abstract: METHODS
  The fatty acid profile of dietary lipids is reflected in mammary adipose tissue and may influence mammary gland biology and cancer risk. To determine the effects of fish consumption on breast adipose tissue fatty acids, we conducted a study of fish versus n-3 PUFA supplements in women at increased risk of breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High risk women were randomized to comparable doses of marine n-3 PUFAs as canned salmon + albacore or capsules for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment fatty acid profiles were obtained by GC. Dietary fish (n = 12) and n-3 PUFA capsules (n = 13) yielded increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plasma (p < 0.0001), erythrocyte membranes (p < 0.0001), and breast fat (p < 0.01) at 3 months. Women taking capsules had higher plasma and erythrocyte membrane EPA changes (∼four versus twofold, p = 0.002), without significant differences in DHA. Increases in breast adipose EPA, DHA were similar for both groups. Higher BMI correlated with smaller changes in plasma, erythrocyte membrane EPA, and breast adipose EPA, DHA. Adherence was excellent at 93.9% overall and higher in the fish arm (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish provides an excellent source of n-3 PUFAs that increases breast adipose EPA, DHA similar to supplements and represents a well-tolerated intervention for future studies of the impact of n-3 PUFAs and dietary patterns on breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Shana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Straka
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Andridge
authors.affiliation: Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puchala
authors.affiliation: Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.affiliation: Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belury
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.|Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Yee
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D002214:Capsules / Q000032:analysis; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D002214:Capsules; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D015850:Interleukin-6; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human
keywords: Breast adipose tissue; DHA; Dietary fish; EPA; n-3 PUFAs