title: Oxygen-Sensing Methods in Biomedicine from the Macroscale to the Microscale.
abstract: Oxygen monitoring has been a topic of exhaustive study given its central role in the biochemistry of life. The ability to quantify the physiological distribution and real-time dynamics of oxygen from sub-cellular to macroscopic levels is required to fully understand the mechanisms associated with both normal physiology and disease states. This Review will present the most significant recent advances in the development of oxygen-sensing materials and techniques, including polarographic, nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance, and optical approaches, that can be applied specifically for the real-time monitoring of oxygen dynamics in cellular and tissue environments. As some of the most exciting recent advances in synthetic methods and biomedical applications have been in the field of optical oxygen sensors, a major focus will be on the development of these toolkits.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital CNY 149-3210, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 (USA).
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roussakis
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital CNY 149-3210, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 (USA).
authors.forename: Zongxi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital CNY 149-3210, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 (USA).|Harvard University Program in Biophysics, Building C2 Room 112, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (USA).|Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue E25-519, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA).
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital CNY 149-3210, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129 (USA). evans.conor@mgh.harvard.edu.|Harvard University Program in Biophysics, Building C2 Room 112, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (USA). evans.conor@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Conor L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003947:Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope / Q000295:instrumentation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D011048:Polarography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: hypoxia; molecular imaging; oxygen sensing; phosphorescence quenching; tissue oxygenation