title: Challenges in Histologic Diagnosis of Nonchordomatous Lesions of the Clivus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonchordomatous clival lesions are rare and represent a wide range of different benign and malignant pathologies. For an accurate and specific final diagnosis, biopsy procedures and/or resections followed by histologic examination are mandatory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the challenges in obtaining a final histologic diagnosis in patients with various types of clival lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of 24 patients who underwent endonasal endoscopic biopsy of the clivus between February 1, 2005, and June 1, 2013, in 2 medical university hospitals. Analysis was conducted between January 1 and August 15, 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients underwent endoscopic biopsy of the clivus.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of biopsies performed to establish a diagnosis in clival lesions and the problems encountered when analyzing the radiologic findings and histologic results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 14 of 24 patients (58%), a conclusive histologic diagnosis of the nonchordomatous clival lesion could be determined. Despite up to 3 endonasal endoscopic biopsies, the histologic result could not be clearly specified in the remaining 10 patients (42%). No major complications occurred. Treatment based on the testing results included endonasal endoscopic surgery, radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy, and/or follow-up examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Challenges can occur in the radiologic evaluation and pathologic differentiation of diverse bone lesions with overlapping morphologic features as well as in the differentiation between neoplastic, reactive, inflammatory, and metabolic bone lesions and developmental disorders. Despite more than 1 biopsy, histologic classification will not always lead to a definitive diagnosis. In such cases, an interdisciplinary team should decide whether additional biopsies should be performed or whether clinical, endoscopic, and radiologic controls are sufficient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kristin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Dresden University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jalkhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Dresden University Hospital, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahnert
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagenmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002648:Child; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult