title: One Health and Food-Borne Disease: Salmonella Transmission between Humans, Animals, and Plants.
abstract: There are >2,600 recognized serovars of Salmonella enterica. Many of these Salmonella serovars have a broad host range and can infect a wide variety of animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. In addition, Salmonella can grow in plants and can survive in protozoa, soil, and water. Hence, broad-host-range Salmonella can be transmitted via feces from wild animals, farm animals, and pets or by consumption of a wide variety of common foods: poultry, beef, pork, eggs, milk, fruit, vegetables, spices, and nuts. Broad-host-range Salmonella pathogens typically cause gastroenteritis in humans. Some Salmonella serovars have a more restricted host range that is associated with changes in the virulence plasmid pSV, accumulation of pseudogenes, and chromosome rearrangements. These changes in host-restricted Salmonella alter pathogen-host interactions such that host-restricted Salmonella organisms commonly cause systemic infections and are transmitted between host populations by asymptomatic carriers. The secondary consequences of efforts to eliminate host-restricted Salmonella serovars demonstrate that basic ecological principles govern the environmental niches occupied by these pathogens, making it impossible to thwart Salmonella infections without a clear understanding of the human, animal, and environmental reservoirs of these pathogens. Thus, transmission of S. enterica provides a compelling example of the One Health paradigm because reducing human infections will require the reduction of Salmonella in animals and limitation of transmission from the environment.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edmundo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calva
authors.affiliation: Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1010.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maloy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011635:Public Health Administration / Q000379:methods; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000635:transmission*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*