title: Induced ankylosis of a primary molar for skeletal anchorage in the mandible as alternative to mini-implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesial protraction of mandibular posterior teeth requires increased anchorage to avoid undesired tooth movements. Orthodontic mini-implants have become a popular and successful way to increase skeletal anchorage in such cases. However, mini-implants may cause injury to adjacent teeth or anatomical structures and may lead to tissue inflammation. Induced ankylosed primary teeth have been used in the past as abutments for the protraction of the maxilla in cases of maxillary retrognathism. However, this technique has not been described in the literature for the protraction of mandibular molars. The aim of this paper is to present, through a case report, an alternative to mini-implant devices to maximize anchorage in the mandible by inducing ankylosis on a primary molar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 13-year-old female with class II right malocclusion, deep bite, and congenitally missing right second premolars was referred for orthodontic treatment. Treatment plan involved removal of the primary teeth and mesial protraction of the posterior. In the mandible, ankylosis was induced on the retained primary second molar by extraction, bisection, replantation of the mesial part after endodontic treatment, and bonding of a rigid splint. Ankylosis was diagnosed after 10 weeks and a closing T-loop sectional wire was inserted to move the permanent first molar mesially. At 6 months, the remaining space was closed using elastic chain on a rectangular stainless steel wire with tip-back bends, supported by class II elastics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Induced ankylosis of primary teeth can be an alternative to orthodontic mini-implants in selected cases, with minimal risks and maximum biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, 1801 W Wisconsin Ave, 53233, Milwaukee, WI, USA, matinangelop@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Matina V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Angelopoulou
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koletsi
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vadiakas
authors.forename: Demetrios J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Halazonetis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000848:Anodontia / Q000628:therapy; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000002:abnormalities; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D008904:Miniaturization; D008963:Molar / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D013165:Splints; D020254:Tooth Ankylosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods; D014090:Tooth Replantation / Q000379:methods; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants