title: Tobacco and e-cigarette products initiate Kupffer cell inflammatory responses.
abstract: Kupffer cells are liver resident macrophages that are responsible for screening and clearing blood of pathogens and foreign particles. It has recently been shown that Kupffer cells interact with platelets, through an adhesion based mechanism, to aid in pathogen clearance and then these platelets re-enter the general systemic circulation. Thus, a mechanism has been identified that relates liver inflammation to possible changes in the systemic circulation. However, the role that Kupffer cells play in cardiovascular disease initiation/progression has not been elucidated. Thus, our objective was to determine whether or not Kupffer cells are responsive to a classical cardiovascular risk factor and if these changes can be transmitted into the general systemic circulation. If Kupffer cells initiate inflammatory responses after exposure to classical cardiovascular risk factors, then this provides a potential alternative/synergistic pathway for cardiovascular disease initiation. We aimed to elucidate the prevalence of this potential pathway. We hypothesized that Kupffer cells would initiate a robust inflammatory response after exposure to tobacco cigarette or e-cigarette products and that the inflammatory response would have the potential to antagonize other salient cells for cardiovascular disease progression. To test this, Kupffer cells were incubated with tobacco smoke extracts, e-cigarette vapor extracts or pure nicotine. Complement deposition onto Kupffer cells, Kupffer cell complement receptor expression, oxidative stress production, cytokine release and viability and density were assessed after the exposure. We observed a robust inflammatory response, oxidative stress production and cytokine release after Kupffer cells were exposed to tobacco or e-cigarette extracts. We also observed a marginal decrease in cell viability coupled with a significant decrease in cell density. In general, this was not a function of the extract formulation (e.g. tobacco vs. e-cigarette products or the formulation of the cigarette product). These results indicate that Kupffer cells are responsive to classical cardiovascular risk factors and that an inflammatory response is initiated that may pass into the general systemic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States. Electronic address: david.rubenstein@stonybrook.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
authors.forename: Berhane
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghebrehiwet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011951:Receptors, Complement / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011951:Receptors, Complement; C032402:complement 1q receptor; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: Inflammation; Kupffer cells; Tobacco cigarettes; e-Cigarettes