title: Long-term follow up of revascularization using platelet-rich fibrin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trauma is one of the primary causes of tooth loss and pulpal injury in adolescents and children. Prior to regenerative endodontics, treatment of necrotic, immature teeth with open apices was limited to long-term calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ) apexification and subsequent root canal therapy or extraction. Through revascularization, retention of these teeth can be achieved and the elimination of patient symptoms and the radiographic appearance of continued root development were obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report illustrates a revascularization protocol through a case where platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was utilized as an autologous scaffold for traumatized, necrotic, immature teeth with incomplete root development. Through consistent follow-up reports, comprising of both clinical examination and radiographs, marked improvement in the condition of the traumatized tooth was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing PRF as an effective treatment protocol for traumatized teeth in lieu of traditional treatment protocols, such as long-term calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ) apexification or extraction. The choice of utilizing PRF, as opposed to other platelet concentrates, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or a blood clot, lies in PRF's ability to allow for a slow, long-term release of autologous growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Janel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcelino
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lisien
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Shahryar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khaliq
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D056624:Apexification / Q000379:methods*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000166:cytology; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005337:Fibrin / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D019553:Tooth, Nonvital / Q000628:therapy*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008795:Metronidazole; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D005337:Fibrin
keywords: contact sports; dental trauma; inflammatory root resorption; permanent tooth; prognosis; treatment