title: Difficult airway response team: a novel quality improvement program for managing hospital-wide airway emergencies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Difficult airway cases can quickly become emergencies, increasing the risk of life-threatening complications or death. Emergency airway management outside the operating room is particularly challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a quality improvement program-the Difficult Airway Response Team (DART)-to improve emergency airway management outside the operating room. DART was implemented by a team of anesthesiologists, otolaryngologists, trauma surgeons, emergency medicine physicians, and risk managers in 2005 at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. The DART program had 3 core components: operations, safety, and education. The operations component focused on developing a multidisciplinary difficult airway response team, standardizing the emergency response process, and deploying difficult airway equipment carts throughout the hospital. The safety component focused on real-time monitoring of DART activations and learning from past DART events to continuously improve system-level performance. This objective entailed monitoring the paging system, reporting difficult airway events and DART activations to a Web-based registry, and using in situ simulations to identify and mitigate defects in the emergency airway management process. The educational component included development of a multispecialty difficult airway curriculum encompassing case-based lectures, simulation, and team building/communication to ensure consistency of care. Educational materials were also developed for non-DART staff and patients to inform them about the needs of patients with difficult airways and ensure continuity of care with other providers after discharge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 2008 and June 2013, DART managed 360 adult difficult airway events comprising 8% of all code activations. Predisposing patient factors included body mass index >40, history of head and neck tumor, prior difficult intubation, cervical spine injury, airway edema, airway bleeding, and previous or current tracheostomy. Twenty-three patients (6%) required emergent surgical airways. Sixty-two patients (17%) were stabilized and transported to the operating room for definitive airway management. There were no airway management-related deaths, sentinel events, or malpractice claims in adult patients managed by DART. Five in situ simulations conducted in the first program year improved DART's teamwork, communication, and response times and increased the functionality of the difficult airway carts. Over the 5-year period, we conducted 18 airway courses, through which >200 providers were trained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DART is a comprehensive program for improving difficult airway management. Future studies will examine the comparative effectiveness of the DART program and evaluate how DART has impacted patient outcomes, operational efficiency, and costs of care.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Legal Department, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; MD Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; MD Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Lynette J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Kurt R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Herzer
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cover
authors.forename: Vinciya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pandian
authors.forename: Nasir I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Berkow
authors.forename: Elliott R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Haut
authors.forename: Alexander T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hillel
authors.forename: Christina R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Feller-Kopman
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schiavi
authors.forename: Yanjun J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holzmueller
authors.forename: Mueen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.forename: Marek A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mirski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015142:Baltimore; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors