title: Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition.
abstract: Global change, especially land-use intensification, affects human well-being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component of global change effects on multifunctionality in real-world ecosystems, as in experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 ecosystem services on 150 agricultural grasslands differing in land-use intensity. We also introduce five multifunctionality measures in which ecosystem services were weighted according to realistic land-use objectives. We found that indirect land-use effects, i.e. those mediated by biodiversity loss and by changes to functional composition, were as strong as direct effects on average. Their strength varied with land-use objectives and regional context. Biodiversity loss explained indirect effects in a region of intermediate productivity and was most damaging when land-use objectives favoured supporting and cultural services. In contrast, functional composition shifts, towards fast-growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning services in more inherently unproductive grasslands.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.|Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.affiliation: Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alt
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Binkenstein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.affiliation: Ecological Networks, Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blüthgen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grassein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hölzel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Valentin H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Klaus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleinebecker
authors.affiliation: Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA.
authors.forename: E Kathryn
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oelmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.|Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.|Smithsonian Conservation Biology Center at the National Zoological Park, Front Royal, 1500 Remount Road, VA, 22630, USA.
authors.forename: Swen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin, Plant Ecology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.|Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rillig
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85758, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schloter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schöning
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schrumpf
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solly
authors.affiliation: Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sorkau
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steffen-Dewenter
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stempfhuber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.|Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Panama.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tschapka
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743, Jena, Germany.|Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Weisser
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Catrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.affiliation: Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.|Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilcke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.|Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.|Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D044822:Biodiversity; D005858:Germany; D065948:Grassland; D016014:Linear Models; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning; ecosystem services; global change; land use; multifunctionality