title: Patient-derived tumor xenograft models established from samples obtained by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been limited utility for laboratory tumor models to predict clinical performance of cancer drugs. Clinical drug trials usually recruit patients that have advanced disease, therefore preclinical tumor models that closely reflect this characteristic will be more reliable to test candidate drugs. We evaluated the use of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) to sample metastatic lymph nodes in patients to establish patient-derived tumorxenograft (PDX) models of advanced lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell suspensions from TBNA aspirates were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of NSG (NOD scid) gamma) mice. The success rate of PDX establishment was associated with tumor histopathology and the cellularity and cytopathological diagnosis of the primary EBUS-TBNA samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From December 2011 to June 2012, 19 patients were enrolled in this study. Successful engraftment was achieved in 8/19 cases (42.1%). The duration between inoculation and tumor formation averaged 62.4 days (13-144 days). The engrafted tumors included 3 adenocarcinomas (3/12: 25%), 2 squamous cell carcinomas (2/3: 67%), 1 large cell carcinoma (1/1: 100%), and 2 small cell carcinomas (2/3: 67%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBUS-TBNA samples can be used for establishment of tumor xenograft model in immunodeficient mice.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geddie
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hyang Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: da Cunha Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boerner
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yu-hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nhu-An
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ming Sound
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: kazuhiro.yasufuku@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasufuku
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Endobronchial ultrasound; Non-small cell lung cancer; Patient-derived tumor xenograft; Preclinical model; Transbronchial needle aspiration; Translational research