title: Autocrine human growth hormone stimulates the tumor initiating capacity and metastasis of estrogen receptor-negative mammary carcinoma cells.
abstract: The oncogenic effects of autocrine human growth hormone (hGH) have been intensively investigated in estrogen receptor-positive mammary carcinoma (ER + MC) cells. We demonstrated herein that autocrine hGH promoted cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties of estrogen receptor-negative mammary carcinoma (ER-MC) cells in vitro. In xenograft studies, autocrine hGH increased the tumor initiating capacity of ER-MC cells. We also observed that autocrine hGH promoted migration and invasion of ER-MC cells in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Thus, inhibition of hGH is a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent tumor initiation and metastasis of ER-MC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Sheng
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jing-Jing
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Amy Yong-Chen
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China. Electronic address: zhut@ustc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: csipel@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lobie
mesh_terms: D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000818:Animals; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; C510223:ALDH1A1 protein, human; C515028:ALDH1A1 protein, mouse; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase
keywords: Cancer stem cell; Human growth hormone; Mammary carcinoma; Metastasis; Tumor initiation