title: Characterisation of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome in French Bulldogs Using Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography.
abstract: Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is an important health and welfare problem in several popular dog breeds. Whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) is a non-invasive method that allows safe and repeated quantitative measurements of respiratory cycles on unsedated dogs. Here respiratory flow traces in French bulldogs from the pet population were characterised using WBBP, and a computational application was developed to recognise affected animals. Eighty-nine French bulldogs and twenty non-brachycephalic controls underwent WBBP testing. A respiratory functional grading system was used on each dog based on respiratory signs (i.e. respiratory noise, effort, etc.) before and after exercise. For development of an objective BOAS classifier, functional Grades 0 and I were considered to have insignificant clinical signs (termed here BOAS-) and Grades II and III to have significant signs (termed here BOAS+). A comparison between owner-perception of BOAS and functional grading revealed that 60 % of owners failed to recognise BOAS in dogs that graded BOAS+ in this study.WBBP flow traces were found to be significantly different between non-brachycephalic controls and Grade 0 French bulldogs; BOAS- and BOAS+ French bulldogs. A classifier was developed using quadratic discriminant analysis of the respiratory parameters to distinguish BOAS- and BOAS + French bulldogs, and a BOAS Index was calculated for each dog. A cut-off value of the BOAS Index was selected based on a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the classifier on the training group (n=69) were 0.97, 0.93, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively. The classifier was validated using a test group of French bulldogs (n=20) with an accuracy of 0.95. WBBP offers objective screening for the diagnosis of BOAS in French Bulldogs. The technique may be applied to other brachycephalic breeds affected by BOAS, and possibly to other respiratory disease in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nai-Chieh
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sargan
authors.affiliation: Vet Epi Limited, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vicki J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ladlow
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010993:Plethysmography, Whole Body / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013577:Syndrome