title: Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively developing neurodegenerative disorder of the brain in the elderly people. Vanda roxburghii Rbr. root has been used traditionally in Bangladesh as tonic to brain and in the treatment of nervous system disorders including AD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of the extracts from V. roxburghii.
  
  
  METHODS
  The crude methanol extract from the roots of plant was sequentially fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and water to yield their corresponding extracts. The extracts were assessed for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by modified Ellman method and antioxidant property by several assays including ferric reducing antioxidant power, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Endogenous substances in the extracts were analyzed by the standard phytochemical methods and active compound was isolated by the chromatographic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chloroform extract was shown to demonstrate strong ferric-reducing antioxidant power and scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals when compared with the other extracts and the reference standard catechin. The antioxidant effect was further verified by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. Likewise, the chloroform extract exhibited the highest inhibition against both the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 221.13 and 82.51 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed a large amount of phenolics and flavonoids in the chloroform extract. Bioactivity guided separation techniques led to the isolation of a strong antioxidant from the chloroform extract and its structure was determined as gigantol on the basis of spectral studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the chloroform extract of V. roxburghii, possibly due to its phenolic compounds, exert potential antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, which may be useful in the treatment of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. nasimph3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Nasim
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. rejinaafrin@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Rejina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. josim_84@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Josim
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. logjalal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Md Jalal
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. khurshid.jaist@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A H M K
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. aziz2002@asia.com.
authors.forename: Aziz Abdur
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh. gsadik2@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Golam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sadik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002725:Chloroform; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D002725:Chloroform