title: "Impact of and response to increased tuberculosis prevalence among Syrian refugees compared with Jordanian tuberculosis prevalence: case study of a tuberculosis public health strategy".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By the summer of 2014, the Syrian crisis resulted in a regional humanitarian emergency with 2.9 million refugees, including 608,000 in Jordan. These refugees access United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)-sponsored clinics or Jordan Ministry of Health clinics, including tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment. Tuberculosis care in Syria has deteriorated with destroyed health infrastructure and drug supply chain. Syrian refugees may have undiagnosed tuberculosis; therefore, the UNHCR, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention developed the Public Health Strategy for Tuberculosis among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. This case study presents that strategy, its impact, and recommendations for other neighboring countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  UNHCR determined that World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for implementing a tuberculosis program in an emergency were met for the Syrian refugees in Jordan. Jordan NTP assessed their tuberculosis program and found that access to Syrian refugees was the one component of their program missing. Therefore, a strategy for tuberculosis control among Syrian refugees was developed. Since that development through work with IOM, UNHCR, and NTP, tuberculosis case detection among Syrian refugees is almost 40 % greater (74 cases/12 months or 1.01/100,000 monthly through June 2014 vs. 56 cases/16 months or 0.73/100,000 monthly through June 2013) using estimated population figures; more than two fold the 2012 Jordan tuberculosis incidence. Additionally, the WHO objective of curing ≥85 % of newly identified infectious tuberculosis cases was met among Syrian refugees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tuberculosis (TB) rates among displaced persons are high, but increased detection is possible. High TB rates were found among Syrian refugees through active screening and will probably persist as the Syrian crisis continues. Active screening can detect tuberculosis early and reduce risk for transmission. However, this strategy needs sustainable funding to continue and all activities have not been realized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial assessment found that tuberculosis among Syrian refugees was at a high incidence rate. Through partnership, a cohesive Jordanian tuberculosis strategy was developed for Syrian refugees and it has potential to inform treatment and control efforts for other regional countries impacted by the Syrian crisis.
authors.affiliation: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA.
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Hiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abaza
authors.affiliation: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National TB Program, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sabrah
authors.affiliation: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National TB Program, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Khaled A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rumman
authors.affiliation: International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nedal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Odeh
authors.affiliation: International Organization for Migration, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naoum
keywords: Jordan; Refugees; Syrian crisis; TB control program; Tuberculosis