title: Diagnosing dengue virus infection: rapid tests and the role of micro/nanotechnologies.
abstract: Due to the progressive spread of the dengue virus and a rising incidence of dengue disease, its rapid diagnosis is important for developing countries and of increasing relevance for countries in temperate climates. Recent advances in bioelectronics, micro- and nanofabrication technologies have led to new miniaturized point-of-care devices and analytical platforms suited for rapid detection of infections. Starting from the available tests for dengue diagnosis, this review examines emerging rapid, micro/nanotechnologies-based tools, including label-free biosensor methods, microarray and microfluidic platforms, which hold significant potential, but still need further development and evaluation. The epidemiological and clinical setting as key determinants for selecting the best analytical strategy in patients presenting with fever is then discussed. This review is aimed at the clinicians and microbiologists to deepen understanding and enhance application of dengue diagnostics, and also serves as knowledge base for researchers and test developers to overcome the challenges posed by this disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dengue disease remains a significant problem in many developing countries. Unfortunately rapid diagnosis with easy and low cost tests for this disease is currently still not realized. In this comprehensive review, the authors highlighted recent advances in nanotechnology which would enable development in this field, which would result in beneficial outcomes to the population.
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: bei.zhang@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: beugelaar@swissnano.org.
authors.forename: Georgette B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Salieb-Beugelaar
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales-NYANKUNDE, Bunia, Congo. Electronic address: mmnigo@swissnano.org.
authors.forename: Maurice Mutro
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nigo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK. Electronic address: m.w.weidmann@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weidmann
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Medical Intensive Care Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; CLINAM-European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: patrick.hunziker@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hunziker
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003715:Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D044085:Microfluidics; D036103:Nanotechnology
keywords: Dengue virus; Label-free biosensor; Microfluidic platform; Point-of-care; Rapid diagnosis