title: Separation of cannabinoids on three different mixed-mode columns containing carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer superficially porous particles.
abstract: Three mixed-mode high-performance liquid chromatography columns packed with superficially porous carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer particles were used to separate mixtures of cannabinoids. Columns evaluated included: (i) reversed phase (C18 ), weak anion exchange, 4.6 × 33 mm, 3.6 μm, and 4.6 × 100 mm, 3.6 μm, (ii) reversed phase, strong anion exchange (quaternary amine), 4.6×33 mm, 3.6 μm, and (iii) hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, 4.6 × 150 mm, 3.6 μm. Different selectivities were achieved under various mobile phase and stationary phase conditions. Efficiencies and peak capacities were as high as 54 000 N/m and 56, respectively. The reversed phase mixed-mode column (C18 ) retained tetrahydrocannabinolic acid strongly under acidic conditions and weakly under basic conditions. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid was retained strongly on the reversed phase, strong anion exchange mixed-mode column under basic polar organic mobile phase conditions. The hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column retained polar cannabinoids better than the (more) neutral ones under basic conditions. A longer reversed phase (C18 ) mixed-mode column (4.6 × 100 mm) showed better resolution for analytes (and a contaminant) than a shorter column. Fast separations were achieved in less than 5 min and sometimes 2 min. A real world sample (bubble hash extract) was also analyzed by gradient elution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Chuan-Hsi
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Diamond Analytics, A US Synthetic Company, Orem, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zukowski
authors.affiliation: Diamond Analytics, A US Synthetic Company, Orem, UT, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Diamond Analytics, A US Synthetic Company, Orem, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.affiliation: Tested Labs, Falmouth, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sulak
authors.affiliation: Diamond Analytics, A US Synthetic Company, Orem, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dadson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Linford
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011108:Polymers; D013759:Dronabinol
keywords: Cannabinoids; Carbon; Mixed-mode; Nanodiamond; Superficially porous particles