title: Structure and composition of arytenoid cartilage of the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) during maturation and aging.
abstract: The aging process induces progressive and irreversible changes in the structural and functional organization of animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of aging on the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix of the arytenoid cartilage found in the larynx of male bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) kept in captivity for commercial purposes. Animals at 7, 180 and 1080 days post-metamorphosis (n=10/age) were euthanized and the cartilage was removed and processed for structural and biochemical analysis. For the structural analyses, cartilage sections were stained with picrosirius, toluidine blue, Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin and Von Kossa stain. The sections were also submitted to immunohistochemistry for detection of collagen types I and II. Other samples were processed for the ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of proteoglycans. Histological sections were used to chondrocyte count. The number of positive stainings for proteoglycans was quantified by ultrastructural analysis. For quantification and analysis of glycosaminoglycans were used the dimethyl methylene blue and agarose gel electrophoresis methods. The chloramine T method was used for hydroxyproline quantification. At 7 days, basophilia was observed in the pericellular and territorial matrix, which decreased in the latter over the period studied. Collagen fibers were arranged perpendicular to the major axis of the cartilaginous plate and were thicker in older animals. Few calcification areas were observed at the periphery of the cartilage specimens in 1080-day-old animals. Type II collagen was present throughout the stroma at the different ages. Elastic fibers were found in the stroma and perichondrium and increased with age in the two regions. Proteoglycan staining significantly increased from 7 to 180 days and reduced at 1080 days. The amount of total glycosaminoglycans was higher in 180-day-old animals compared to the other ages, with marked presence of chondroitin- and dermatan-sulfate especially in this age. The content of hydroxyproline, which infers the total collagen concentration, was higher in 1080-day-old animals compared to the other ages. The results demonstrated the elastic nature of the arytenoid cartilage of L. catesbeianus and the occurrence of age-related changes in the structural organization and composition of the extracellular matrix. These changes may contribute to alter the function of the larynx in the animal during aging.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila Eliane dos Santos
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Laureano
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kris Daiana Silva
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Charles Darwin, s/n, CxP 6109, 13083-863, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Aparecida
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Aro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Charles Darwin, s/n, CxP 6109, 13083-863, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laurecir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Charles Darwin, s/n, CxP 6109, 13083-863, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Rosa
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339, Araras, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marcelosquisatto@uniararas.br.
authors.forename: Marcelo Augusto Marretto
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Esquisatto
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001193:Arytenoid Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000648:ultrastructure; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D007830:Larynx / Q000166:cytology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000737:chemistry; D011892:Rana catesbeiana / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D024043:Collagen Type II; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011509:Proteoglycans
keywords: Aging; Cartilage; Frog; Larynx; Structure