title: Wealth, health and frailty in industrial-era London.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic status is a powerful predictor of mortality in living populations, as status affects exposure or access to a variety of factors that impact health and survival, such as diet, healthcare, infectious disease and pollution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the effect of socioeconomic status on mortality and survival in London during a period spanning the early 18th through mid-19th centuries. During this period, London experienced rapid industrialization and heightened class distinctions. This study examines whether low-socioeconomic status was associated with reduced survival at a time when the distinctions between social strata were peaking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The samples for this study are drawn from three skeletal assemblages in London that represent lower and higher social strata. The upper socioeconomic status sample (n = 394) is from Chelsea Old Church and St Bride's Fleet Street (crypt assemblage). The low socioeconomic status sample (n = 474) is from St. Bride's Lower Churchyard (also known as St Bride's Farringdon Street). The effect of status on mortality and survival is assessed using hazard analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results reveal elevated mortality and reduced survival for lower socioeconomic status children, but no strong effect of status on adult mortality or survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results might indicate strong selective mortality operating during childhood or the effects of migration in the industrial-era population of London.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anthropology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA .
authors.forename: Sharon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: DeWitte
authors.affiliation: b Health Sciences Program, School of Health Sciences, The Sage Colleges , Troy , NY , USA .
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes-Morey
authors.affiliation: c Museum of London Centre for Human Bioarchaeology , London , UK , and.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bekvalac
authors.affiliation: d Department of Religious Studies and Anthropology , University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , Oshkosh , WI , USA.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karsten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005843:Geography; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hazard analysis; industrialization; paleodemography; socioeconomic status; survival and mortality differentials