title: Total liquid ventilation offers ultra-fast and whole-body cooling in large animals in physiological conditions and during cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total liquid ventilation (TLV) can cool down the entire body within 10-15 min in small animals. Our goal was to determine whether it could also induce ultra-fast and whole-body cooling in large animals using a specifically dedicated liquid ventilator. Cooling efficiency was evaluated under physiological conditions (beating-heart) and during cardiac arrest with automated chest compressions (CC, intra-arrest).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first set of experiments, beating-heart pigs were randomly submitted to conventional mechanical ventilation or hypothermic TLV with perfluoro-N-octane (between 15 and 32 °C). In a second set of experiments, pigs were submitted to ventricular fibrillation and CC. One group underwent continuous CC with asynchronous conventional ventilation (Control group). The other group was switched to TLV while pursuing CC for the investigation of cooling capacities and potential effects on cardiac massage efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under physiological conditions, TLV significantly decreased the entire body temperatures below 34 °C within only 10 min. As examples, cooling rates averaged 0.54 and 0.94 °C/min in rectum and esophageous, respectively. During cardiac arrest, TLV did not alter CC efficiency and cooled the entire body below 34 °C within 20 min, the low-flow period slowing cooling during CC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a specifically designed liquid ventilator, TLV induced a very rapid cooling of the entire body in large animals. This was confirmed in both physiological conditions and during cardiac arrest with CC. TLV could be relevant for ultra-rapid cooling independently of body weight.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Cochin Hôtel-Dieu, Université Paris Descartes - Paris V , F-75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hutin
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lidouren
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohlhauer
authors.affiliation: Bertin Technologies, Montigny le Bretonneux F-78180, France.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lotteau
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seemann
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mongardon
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Cochin Hôtel-Dieu, Université Paris Descartes - Paris V , F-75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, F-94000 Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Isabey
authors.affiliation: SAMU de Paris, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes - Paris V, F-75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.affiliation: SAMU de Paris, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes - Paris V, F-75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vivien
authors.affiliation: Inserm, IAME, 1137, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Service de Réanimation Médico-chirurgicale, F-92700 Colombes, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Damien
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ricard
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1082, Poitiers F-86021, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hauet
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berdeaux
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghaleh
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, Equipe 03, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France. Electronic address: rtissier@vet-alfort.fr.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tissier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001831:Body Temperature; D001835:Body Weight; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000494:pharmacology; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D021061:Liquid Ventilation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C073608:perfluorooctane
keywords: Animal model; Cardiac arrest; Hypothermia; Liquid ventilation; Resuscitation