title: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis and potential therapeutic strategies: review on cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rhinosinusitis is characterised by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are likely to exist. Previous research has focused predominantly on T-helper type cytokines to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms. However, proteins such as nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta are increasingly recognised to have important roles in sinonasal inflammation and tissue remodelling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review article explores the roles of T-helper type cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta in the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis. An understanding of these mechanisms will allow for better identification and classification of chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes, and, ultimately, improved therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cabot
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Princess Alexandra Hospital,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Wallwork
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine,University of Queensland,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Cervin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Princess Alexandra Hospital,Brisbane,Australia.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Panizza
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Cytokines; NF-Kappa B; Sinusitis; Transforming Growth Factor Beta