title: Arrhythmia associated with buprenorphine and methadone reported to the Food and Drug Administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative frequency of reporting of adverse events involving ventricular arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation or torsade de pointes to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between buprenorphine and methadone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective pharmacoepidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adverse drug events reported spontaneously to the FDA between 1969 and June 2011 originating in 196 countries (71% events from the United States).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adverse event cases mentioning methadone (n = 14 915) or buprenorphine (n = 7283) were evaluated against all other adverse event cases (n = 4 796 017).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was the composite of ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest. The secondary outcome was the composite of QTc prolongation or torsade de pointes. The proportional reporting ratio (PRR) was used to identify disproportionate reporting defined as a PRR > 2, χ(2) error > 4, with ≥ 3 cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 132 (1.8%) ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest and 19 (0.3%) QTc prolongation/torsade de pointes cases associated with buprenorphine compared with 1729 (11.6%) ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest and 390 (2.6%) QTc prolongation/torsade de pointes cases involving methadone. PRRs associated with buprenorphine were not significant for ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest (1.10, 95%, confidence interval (0.93-1.31, χ(2)  = 1.2) or QTc prolongation/torsade de pointes (1.03, 95% CI = 0.66-1.62, χ(2)  = 0.01), but were for methadone (7.20, 95% CI = 6.88-7.52, χ(2)  = 8027; 10.7, 95% CI = 9.66-11.8, χ(2)  = 1538, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spontaneously reported adverse events, methadone is associated with disproportionate reporting of cardiac arrhythmias, whereas buprenorphine is not. Although these findings probably reflect clinically relevant differences, a causal connection cannot be presumed and disproportionality analysis cannot quantify absolute risk per treatment episode. Population-based studies to definitively quantify differential incidence rates are warranted.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2832-9348
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD,, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C P
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haigney
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,, USA.|Department of Patient Safety and Quality, Denver Health, Denver, CO,, USA.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mehler
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO,, USA.|Denver Health, Cardiology Division, Denver, CO,, USA.
authors.forename: Mori J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Krantz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Buprenorphine; QTc prolongation; addiction; methadone; opiate; pharmacotherapy; pharmacovigilance; torsade de pointes