title: Using space and time to encode vibrotactile information: toward an estimate of the skin's achievable throughput.
abstract: Touch receptors in the skin can relay various forms of abstract information, such as words (Braille), haptic feedback (cell phones, game controllers, feedback for prosthetic control), and basic visual information such as edges and shape (sensory substitution devices). The skin can support such applications with ease: They are all low bandwidth and do not require a fine temporal acuity. But what of high-throughput applications? We use sound-to-touch conversion as a motivating example, though others abound (e.g., vision, stock market data). In the past, vibrotactile hearing aids have demonstrated improvement in speech perceptions in the deaf. However, a sound-to-touch sensory substitution device that works with high efficacy and without the aid of lipreading has yet to be developed. Is this because skin simply does not have the capacity to effectively relay high-throughput streams such as sound? Or is this because the spatial and temporal properties of skin have not been leveraged to full advantage? Here, we begin to address these questions with two experiments. First, we seek to determine the best method of relaying information through the skin using an identification task on the lower back. We find that vibrotactile patterns encoding information in both space and time yield the best overall information transfer estimate. Patterns encoded in space and time or "intensity" (the coupled coding of vibration frequency and force) both far exceed performance of only spatially encoded patterns. Next, we determine the vibrotactile two-tacton resolution on the lower back-the distance necessary for resolving two vibrotactile patterns. We find that our vibratory motors conservatively require at least 6 cm of separation to resolve two independent tactile patterns (>80 % correct), regardless of stimulus type (e.g., spatiotemporal "sweeps" versus single vibratory pulses). Six centimeter is a greater distance than the inter-motor distances used in Experiment 1 (2.5 cm), which explains the poor identification performance of spatially encoded patterns. Hence, when using an array of vibrational motors, spatiotemporal sweeps can overcome the limitations of vibrotactile two-tacton resolution. The results provide the first steps toward obtaining a realistic estimate of the skin's achievable throughput, illustrating the best ways to encode data to the skin (using as many dimensions as possible) and how far such interfaces would need to be separated if using multiple arrays in parallel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Novich
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. david@eaglemanlab.net.|Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. david@eaglemanlab.net.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. david@eaglemanlab.net.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eagleman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
keywords: Information transfer; Sensory substitution; Skin; Sound-to-touch; Vibrotactile