title: Effects of ambient air particles on mortality in Seoul: Have the effects changed over time?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that there may be temporal variation in PM short-term effect on mortality. This temporal pattern may play an important role in evaluating air quality policies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated temporal variation in the association between PM and mortality in Seoul, Korea, 1998-2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  We adopted a generalized additive model and a series of time windows of five years to analyze temporal variation in associations between PM and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. This time-window approach offers not only a comparison between one and the other half period but also successive variation. Time-varying associations were estimated only for days without Asian dust (dust storm blown from the Gobi desert) intrusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annual average PM10 and PM2.5 total mass decreased from 70.0 to 46.9 µg/m(3) and 44.4 to 23.4 µg/m(3), respectively, during 2001-2011. A 10 µg/m(3) increase in PM10 was associated with 0.16% (95% CI=-0.03% to 0.35%) additional all-cause deaths in 2002-2006 and it increased to 0.26% (95% CI=0.05-0.48%) in 2007-2011. For PM2.5, the association increased from 0.35% (95% CI=-0.02% to 0.71%) to 0.48% (95% CI=0.08-0.88%). For cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, increasing trends with stronger estimates were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed temporally increasing trends in associations between PM and mortality. Current policies may not be as effective to reducing health risks attributable to PM as expected. Air quality interventions should be encouraged in terms of causal factors for time-varying association between PM and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Honghyok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jtlee@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jong-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Fine particle; Mortality; Particulate matter; Temporal variation; Time-varying effect