title: Identification of new morphological differences between Chinese and Caucasian faces and influence of BMI on these characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concepts of beauty are more and more globalised leading to the homogenisation of the physical appearance. It is therefore important to identify morphological characteristics of ethnic groups. We compare faces from Chinese and Caucasian women, identify morphological differences that were not documented yet and study the influence of BMI on these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried on groups of 60 women: a Chinese and a Caucasian group. Both included two equal sub-groups: normal BMI and higher BMI. Face widths were measured from individual pictures and from reconstructed average faces obtained using a new reconstruction algorithm. Cheek/chin and neck/chin angles were determined from individual pictures. Topography of the cheekbone and temple face was determined by fringe projection technique. Ultrasound analysis allows measurements of hypodermis thickness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our innovative average face reconstruction algorithm produced images of a yet unequalled quality with width characteristics similar to those of individual pictures. Analysis shows that faces of Chinese women are larger and rounder. They present other differences that were so far unidentified. Finally, overweight impacts differently Chinese and Caucasian women faces and has greater influence on Chinese women faces.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Clarins, Pontoise, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machard
authors.affiliation: Newtone Technologies, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jomier
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Clarins, Pontoise, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hottelart
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Clarins, Pontoise, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vié
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: BMI; Caucasian; Chinese; average face; face morphology; fringe projection; ultrasound analysis