title: Influence of heat and ultrasonic treatments on the setting and maturation of a glass-ionomer cement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of different treatments (heat capsule, ultrasound, and dual treatments) on the setting kinetics and maturation properties of a conventional GIC (EQUIA, GC) to that of standard setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The optimal durations of the heat and ultrasonic treatments were determined by monitoring changes in the COO-/COOH ratio, surface hardness, and temperature within the samples. The influence of optimal treatments on the maturation properties of the GIC (microhardness, and 3-point flexural strength) were assessed using GIC samples incubated in artificial saliva for 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimal durations of the heat and ultrasonic treatments for accelerating setting were 5 minutes and 35 seconds, respectively. The dual treatment using the optimal conditions of the individual treatments further enhanced the setting kinetics. A temperature peak (49°C) within the GIC was detected during setting. Only the dual treatment increased the mechanical properties of the GIC after 24 hours compared to the control, while no significant difference was observed after 1 and 3 months.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehurtevent
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deveaux
authors.forename: Jean Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hornez
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robberecht
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tabary
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chai
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005609:Free Radicals; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041069:carboxyl radical