title: The Effect of Age, Gender, Refractive Status and Axial Length on the Measurements of Hertel Exophthalmometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the normal distribution of exophthalmometric values in Turkish adult population and the effect of age, gender, refractive status and axial length on globe position.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-two males and 114 healthy females with age ranging from 18 to 87 years were included in the study. The study population was recruited from patients presenting to our institution for routine refractive examination. Hertel exophthalmometer was used to measure the degree of ocular protrusion. Effect of age, refractive error, interpupillary distance, and axial length on globe position was detected with linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean Hertel exophthalmometric size was 15.7+2.6 mm (range; 11 to 21 mm). The mean value for males was 16.1±2.6 mm (range; 11 to 21 mm), and for females 15.5±2.6 mm (range; 11 to 20 mm). The mean distance between the lateral rims of the orbit was 102 + 5.1 mm (range; 88 to 111mm). The mean exophthalmometric values were not statistically different in males and females. Age and mean spherical equivalents were negatively correlated with exophthalmometric measurements. Axial length was positively correlated with exophthalmometric measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exophthalmometric measurement of the eye is affected by the age, spherical equivalent and the axial length. Standard normative values of the Hertel exophthalmometric measurements should be reevaluated with larger samples.
authors.affiliation: Torbali State Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karti
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Selver
authors.affiliation: Sifa University, Department of Ophthalmology, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eyyup
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.affiliation: Izmir University, Department of Ophthalmology, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Zengin
authors.affiliation: Sifa University, Department of Ophthalmology, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uyar
keywords: Axial length; Turkish population; exophthalmometry; spherical equivalent