title: Polyglutamine aggregation in Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: similar mechanisms in aggregate formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are characterized by the expansion of a polymorphic glutamine sequence in disease-specific proteins and exhibit aggregation of these proteins. This is combated by the cellular protein quality control (PQC) system, consisting of chaperone-mediated refolding as well as proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways. Our recent study in the polyQ disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) suggested a distinct pattern of protein aggregation and PQC dysregulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  To corroborate these findings we have investigated immunohistochemically stained 5 μm sections from different brain areas of Huntington's disease (HD) and SCA3 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of disease and brain region, we observed peri- and intranuclear polyQ protein aggregates. A subset of neurones with intranuclear inclusions bodies exhibited signs of proteasomal dysfunction, up-regulation of HSPA1A and re-distribution of DNAJB1. The extent of the observed effects varied depending on brain area and disease protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a common sequence, in which formation of cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions precede proteasomal impairment and induction of the cellular stress response. Clearly, impairment of the PQC is not the primary cause for inclusion formation, but rather a consequence that might contribute to neuronal dysfunction and death. Notably, the inclusion pathology is not directly correlated to the severity of the degeneration in different areas, implying that different populations of neurones respond to polyQ aggregation with varying efficacy and that protein aggregation outside the neuronal perikaryon (e.g. axonal aggregates) or other effects of polyQ aggregation, which are more difficult to visualize, may contribute to neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siswanto
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fredrich
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouzrou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Brunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology, Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kampinga
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: H-W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Korf
authors.affiliation: Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rüb
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W F A
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: den Dunnen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D045586:Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017827:Machado-Joseph Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000473:pathology; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D066263:Protein Aggregation, Pathological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; C097188:polyglutamine
keywords: Huntington's disease; polyglutamine; protein aggregation; protein quality control; spinocerebellar ataxia