title: Synergisms between microbial pathogens in plant disease complexes: a growing trend.
abstract: Plant diseases are often thought to be caused by one species or even by a specific strain. Microbes in nature, however, mostly occur as part of complex communities and this has been noted since the time of van Leeuwenhoek. Interestingly, most laboratory studies focus on single microbial strains grown in pure culture; we were therefore unaware of possible interspecies and/or inter-kingdom interactions of pathogenic microbes in the wild. In human and animal infections, it is now being recognized that many diseases are the result of multispecies synergistic interactions. This increases the complexity of the disease and has to be taken into consideration in the development of more effective control measures. On the other hand, there are only a few reports of synergistic pathogen-pathogen interactions in plant diseases and the mechanisms of interactions are currently unknown. Here we review some of these reports of synergism between different plant pathogens and their possible implications in crop health. Finally, we briefly highlight the recent technological advances in diagnostics as these are beginning to provide important insights into the microbial communities associated with complex plant diseases. These examples of synergistic interactions of plant pathogens that lead to disease complexes might prove to be more common than expected and understanding the underlying mechanisms might have important implications in plant disease epidemiology and management.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UAR 1240 Eco-Innov Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Jay Ram
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lamichhane
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venturi
keywords: co-infection; disease complex; interspecies interactions; microbial cooperation; synergism