title: Synoviocyte Derived-Extracellular Matrix Enhances Human Articular Chondrocyte Proliferation and Maintains Re-Differentiation Capacity at Both Low and Atmospheric Oxygen Tensions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current tissue engineering methods are insufficient for total joint resurfacing, and chondrocytes undergo de-differentiation when expanded on tissue culture plastic. De-differentiated chondrocytes show poor re-differentiation in culture, giving reduced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen matrix accumulation. To address this, porcine synoviocyte-derived extracellular matrix and low (5%) oxygen tension were assessed for their ability to enhance human articular chondrocyte expansion and maintain re-differentiation potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine synoviocyte matrices were devitalized using 3 non-detergent methods. These devitalized synoviocyte matrices were compared against tissue culture plastic for their ability to support human chondrocyte expansion. Expansion was further compared at both low (5%), and atmospheric (20%) oxygen tension on all surfaces. Expanded cells then underwent chondrogenic re-differentiation in aggregate culture at both low and atmospheric oxygen tension. Aggregates were assessed for their GAG and collagen content both biochemically and histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human chondrocytes expanded twice as fast on devitalized synoviocyte matrix vs. tissue culture plastic, and cells retained their re-differentiation capacity for twice the number of population doublings. There was no significant difference in growth rate between low and atmospheric oxygen tension. There was significantly less collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan and more MMP13 expression in cells expanded on synoviocyte matrix vs. tissue culture plastic. There were also significant effects due to oxygen tension on gene expression, wherein there was greater collagen type I, collagen type II, SOX9 and less MMP13 expression on tissue culture plastic compared to synoviocyte matrix. There was a significant increase in GAG, but not collagen, accumulation in chondrocyte aggregates re-differentiated at low oxygen tension over that achieved in atmospheric oxygen conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synoviocyte-derived matrix supports enhanced expansion of human chondrocytes such that the chondrocytes are maintained in a state from which they can re-differentiate into a cartilage phenotype after significantly more population doublings. Also, low oxygen tension supports GAG, but not collagen, accumulation. These findings are a step towards the production of a more functional, tissue engineered cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kean
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D000066673:Cell Self Renewal; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006909:Hydroxyproline; D010100:Oxygen