title: The Association between Sleep Problems and Psychotic Symptoms in the General Population: A Global Perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of sleep problems and their association with psychotic symptoms using a global database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from the World Health Organization's World Health Survey (WHS), a population-based survey conducted in 70 countries between 2002 and 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  261,547 individuals aged ≥ 18 years from 56 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of psychotic symptoms in the past 12 months was established using 4 questions pertaining to positive symptoms from the psychosis screening module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Sleep problems referred to severe or extreme sleep problems in the past 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the associations. The overall prevalence of sleep problems was 7.6% and ranged from 1.6% (China) to 18.6% (Morocco). Sleep problems were associated with significantly higher odds for at least one psychotic symptom in the vast majority of countries. In the pooled sample, after adjusting for demographic factors, alcohol consumption, smoking, and chronic medical conditions, having sleep problems resulted in an odds ratio (OR) for at least one psychotic symptom of 2.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.18-2.65). This OR was 1.59 (1.40-1.81) when further adjusted for anxiety and depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strong association between sleep problems and psychotic symptoms was observed globally. These results have clinical implications and serve as a basis for future studies to elucidate the causal association between psychotic symptoms and sleep problems.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.|The Stockholm Centre for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.|Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.affiliation: The Stockholm Centre for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.|Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stickley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014944:World Health Organization
keywords: low- and middle-income countries; multi-country; population-based; prevalence; psychotic experience; sleep disturbance