title: Multiyear Measurements of Flame Retardants and Organochlorine Pesticides in Air in Canada's Western Sub-Arctic.
abstract: Fourteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 14 non-BDE flame retardants (FRs), and 25 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in air samples collected at Little Fox Lake (LFL) in Canada's Yukon Territory from August 2011 to December 2014. LFL is a long-term monitoring station operated under the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) and one of only a few stations that contribute to the assessment of air pollution levels and pathways to the sub-Arctic region. BDE-47 was the most abundant congener among the 14 PBDEs, followed by BDE-99. Non-BDE FRs pentabromotoluene (PBT) and dechlorane plus (DP) were detected in all the samples. Dechlorane 602, 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) were also detected in >75% of all samples. PBDEs have shown a decreasing tendency as of 2013, which may reflect the phase-out of penta- and octa-BDE mixtures has led to significant decline in the atmosphere. The highest concentrations of OCPs were observed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), with a median concentration of 61 pg/m(3), followed by α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) and α-endosulfan. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) highlights Northern Canada, Pacific, and East Asia as potential sources in warm seasons; whereas in cold seasons, the chemicals mainly came from the Pacific Rim.
authors.affiliation: †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: †Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alexandrou
authors.affiliation: ‡Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2B5, Canada.
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.affiliation: §Laberge Environmental Services, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 2S5, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nordin
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001110:Arctic Regions; D001272:Atmosphere; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D002170:Canada; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: C477694:2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether; C547124:2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether; D000393:Air Pollutants; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; C556733:dechlorane 602; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; C040534:alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D004726:Endosulfan; C017363:hexabromobenzene