title: Mitochondrial biogenesis is required for the anchorage-independent survival and propagation of stem-like cancer cells.
abstract: Here, we show that new mitochondrial biogenesis is required for the anchorage independent survival and propagation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). More specifically, we used the drug XCT790 as an investigational tool, as it functions as a specific inhibitor of the ERRα-PGC1 signaling pathway, which governs mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, our results directly demonstrate that XCT790 efficiently blocks both the survival and propagation of tumor initiating stem-like cells (TICs), using the MCF7 cell line as a model system. Mechanistically, we show that XCT790 suppresses the activity of several independent signaling pathways that are normally required for the survival of CSCs, such as Sonic hedgehog, TGFβ-SMAD, STAT3, and Wnt signaling. We also show that XCT790 markedly reduces oxidative mitochondrial metabolism (OXPHOS) and that XCT790-mediated inhibition of CSC propagation can be prevented or reversed by Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR), a mitochondrial fuel. Consistent with our findings, over-expression of ERRα significantly enhances the efficiency of mammosphere formation, which can be blocked by treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors. Similarly, mammosphere formation augmented by FOXM1, a downstream target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, can also be blocked by treatment with three different classes of mitochondrial inhibitors (XCT790, oligomycin A, or doxycycline). In this context, our unbiased proteomics analysis reveals that FOXM1 drives the expression of >90 protein targets associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, glycolysis, the EMT and protein synthesis in MCF7 cells, processes which are characteristic of an anabolic CSC phenotype. Finally, doxycycline is an FDA-approved antibiotic, which is very well-tolerated in patients. As such, doxycycline could be re-purposed clinically as a 'safe' mitochondrial inhibitor, to target FOXM1 and mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs, to prevent tumor recurrence and distant metastasis, thereby avoiding patient relapse.
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiorillo
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peiris-Pagès
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozsvari
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Duncan L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Alvarez
authors.affiliation: The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ubaldo E
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Martinez-Outschoorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cappello
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pezzi
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lisanti
authors.affiliation: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.|The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sotgia
mesh_terms: D000108:Acetylcarnitine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009840:Oligomycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000187:drug effects; D000097983:ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
chemical_list: D000108:Acetylcarnitine; D004318:Doxycycline; D000072278:Forkhead Box Protein M1; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D009570:Nitriles; D009840:Oligomycins; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013844:Thiazoles; D000097983:ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor; C107585:FOXM1 protein, human; C488234:XCT790
keywords: ERR-α; PGC1-α/β; XCT790; doxycycline; drug repurposing