title: Using text mining techniques to extract phenotypic information from the PhenoCHF corpus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phenotypic information locked away in unstructured narrative text presents significant barriers to information accessibility, both for clinical practitioners and for computerised applications used for clinical research purposes. Text mining (TM) techniques have previously been applied successfully to extract different types of information from text in the biomedical domain. They have the potential to be extended to allow the extraction of information relating to phenotypes from free text.
  
  
  METHODS
  To stimulate the development of TM systems that are able to extract phenotypic information from text, we have created a new corpus (PhenoCHF) that is annotated by domain experts with several types of phenotypic information relating to congestive heart failure. To ensure that systems developed using the corpus are robust to multiple text types, it integrates text from heterogeneous sources, i.e., electronic health records (EHRs) and scientific articles from the literature. We have developed several different phenotype extraction methods to demonstrate the utility of the corpus, and tested these methods on a further corpus, i.e., ShARe/CLEF 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evaluation of our automated methods showed that PhenoCHF can facilitate the training of reliable phenotype extraction systems, which are robust to variations in text type. These results have been reinforced by evaluating our trained systems on the ShARe/CLEF corpus, which contains clinical records of various types. Like other studies within the biomedical domain, we found that solutions based on conditional random fields produced the best results, when coupled with a rich feature set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PhenoCHF is the first annotated corpus aimed at encoding detailed phenotypic information. The unique heterogeneous composition of the corpus has been shown to be advantageous in the training of systems that can accurately extract phenotypic information from a range of different text types. Although the scope of our annotation is currently limited to a single disease, the promising results achieved can stimulate further work into the extraction of phenotypic information for other diseases. The PhenoCHF annotation guidelines and annotations are publicly available at https://code.google.com/p/phenochf-corpus.
authors.forename: Noha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alnazzawi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Riza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Batista-Navarro
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ananiadou
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods*; D057225:Data Mining / Q000379:methods*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D010641:Phenotype