title: Induction of Apoptosis and Antitumor Activity of Eel Skin Mucus, Containing Lactose-Binding Molecules, on Human Leukemic K562 Cells.
abstract: For innate immune defense, lower animals such as fish and amphibian are covered with skin mucus, which acts as both a mechanical and biochemical barrier. Although several mucus sources have been isolated and studied for their biochemical and immunological functions, the precise mechanism(s) of action remains unknown. In the present study, we additionally found the eel skin mucus (ESM) to be a promising candidate for use in anti-tumor therapy. Our results showed that the viability of K562 cells was decreased in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with the isolated ESM. The cleaved forms of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase were increased by ESM. The levels of Bax expression and released cytochrome C were also increased after treatment with ESM. Furthermore, during the ESM mediated-apoptosis, phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38 but not JNK were increased and cell viabilities of the co-treated cells with ESM and inhibitors of ERK 1/2 or p38 were also increased. In addition, treatment with lactose rescued the ESM-mediated decrease in cell viability, indicating lactose-containing glycans in the leukemia cells acted as a counterpart of the ESM for interaction. Taken together, these results suggest that ESM could induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through membrane interaction of the K562 human leukemia cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation that ESM has anti-tumor activity in human cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. hahaaaa@nate.com.
authors.forename: Choong-Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. gyoon1202@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Sook-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. gyoon1202@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Sung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. sunspring5@naver.com.
authors.forename: Sun-Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. good_stone@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Seok-Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. muscaria80@naver.com.
authors.forename: Kyung-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do 626-770, Korea. chungtw@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Tae-Wook
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do 626-770, Korea. hagis@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Korea. ycchang@cu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Chae
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Korea. yclee@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Choon
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Sung University, Nam-Gu, Busan, 608-736, Korea. dskim@kyungsung.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dong-Soo
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea. hwchang@yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyeun-Wook
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea. chkimbio@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Cheorl-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000811:Anguilla / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011134:Polysaccharides; D007785:Lactose
keywords: Anguilla japonica; apoptosis; glycan; lectin-like protein; mucus