title: A risk factor analysis of accumulated postoperative pain and swelling sensation after dental implant surgery using a cellular phone-based real-time assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the related risk factors of dental implant accumulated postoperative pain and swelling by cellular phone-based assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were a consecutive series of patients who received oral implant surgery at Okayama University Hospital. Cellular phone-based questionnaire was sent at pre-set schedule to each subject every 2h on the day of surgery, and every 24h from the 2nd to 7th day post-surgery. Subjects replied in real-time the pain and swelling levels at the operated sites by an 11- and 4-grade rating-scale questionnaire. Overall intensity of individual pain and swelling was calculated by means of area under curve that drew by their time-dependent changes. Predictor variables were age, gender, presence of diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension (DM/HT), history of implant surgery, number of inserted implants, flap operation, surgical duration, pre-surgery anxiety, osteoplasty, bone quality, premedication, dosage of prescribed analgesics and local anesthesia and accumulated postoperative pain/swelling. Compliance rate and risk factors correlated with accumulated postoperative pain and swelling were calculated by multiple regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Final subjects were 18 females and 7 male (mean age: 59.3±7.32 yrs). Significant factors correlated with accumulated postoperative pain were DM/HT, surgical duration, premedication, bone quality, pre-surgery anxiety and postoperative swelling (R(2)=0.769, p=0.001, 0.013, 0.032, 0.007, 0.035 and 0.007, respectively). Meanwhile, significant factors associated with postoperative swelling were postoperative pain, DM/HT and bone quality (R(2)=0.365, p=0.002, 0.004, 0.008, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested DM/HT and bone quality are correlated to overall intensity of postoperative pain and swelling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuroi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan. Electronic address: hajime@md.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minakuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Emilio Satoshi
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Center, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuboki
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D040421:Cell Phone; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Dental implant; Ecological momentary assessment; Postoperative pain and swelling sensation; Prospective cohort study; Risk factor