title: Effects of low-fat milk consumption at breakfast on satiety and short-term energy intake in 10- to 12-year-old obese boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although controversy exists, some researchers have proposed that dairy products increase the sense of satiety and decrease energy intake; however, data about these effects are lacking in children. Our objective was to assess the effect of low-fat milk compared with iso-volumic and iso-volumic/iso-energetic controls on satiety and energy intake at lunch in obese boys using a randomized three-way crossover controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four obese boys aged 10-12 years were randomized to consume a fixed content breakfast with low-fat milk (LFM), apple juice (AJ) or water (W) for two consecutive days. Subjective appetite, hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were measured using a visual analogue scale every 1 h after breakfast followed by an ad libitum buffet lunch at 5 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants completed the study. Energy intake was significantly lower after intake of LFM compared with AJ and W (adjusted mean ± standard error of energy intake: LFM = 1010 ± 14 kcal, AJ = 1059 ± 16 kcal, W = 1236 ± 20 kcal; P < 0.001). The total appetite score and its components were significantly affected by time for all intervention beverages (P < 0.05). Obese children reported higher satiety score after drinking LFM with breakfast compared with W and AJ (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-fat milk consumption might have favorable short-term effects on satiety and energy intake in obese boys. Future studies with more participants from both genders and longer follow-up periods are merited.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study protocol was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registration No: IRCT2013022312571N1).
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.|Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehrabani
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.|Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Morteza
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.affiliation: Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.|Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehrabani
authors.affiliation: Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Awat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feizi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Community Services, School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bellissimo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. abargouei@hlth.mui.ac.ir.|Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 89151-73160, Yazd, Iran. abargouei@hlth.mui.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehi-Abargouei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Appetite; Child; Energy intake; Milk; Obesity