title: Infraslow status epilepticus: A new form of subclinical status epilepticus recorded in a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of infraslow EEG activity (ISA) has shown potential in the evaluation of patients with epilepsy and in the differentiation between focal and generalized epilepsies. Infraslow EEG activity analysis may also provide insights into the pathophysiology of refractory clinical and subclinical status epilepticus. The purpose of this report is to describe a girl with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) who presented with a 96-h refractory encephalopathy and nonischemic hemiparesis and who was identified to have infraslow status epilepticus (ISSE), which successfully resolved after midazolam administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The continuous EEG recording of a 5-year-old girl with known structural epilepsy due to Sturge-Weber syndrome is presented. The patient presented to the ED with acute confusion, eye deviation, and right hemiparesis similar to two previous admissions. Despite administration of lorazepam, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, and valproic loads, the patient showed no improvement in the clinical condition after 48 h. The continuous video-EEG monitoring (VEM) showed continuous severe diffuse nonrhythmic asymmetric slowing but no apparent ictal activity on continuous conventional EEG recording settings. As brain CT, CTA, CTV, and complete MRI scans including DWI obtained within 72 h of presentation failed to demonstrate any ischemic changes, analysis of the EEG infraslow (ISA) activity was undertaken using LFF: 0.01 Hz and HFF: of 0.1 Hz, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous subclinical unilateral rhythmic ictal ISA was identified. This was only evident on the left hemisphere which correlated with the structural changes due to SWS. A trial of continuous 120 to 240 μg/kg/h of IV midazolam resulted in immediate resolution of the contralateral hemiparesis and encephalopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous prolonged rhythmic ictal infraslow activity (ISA) can cause super-refractory subclinical focal status epilepticus. This has not been previously reported, and we propose that this be called infraslow status epilepticus (ISSE). Infraslow EEG activity analysis should be performed in all patients with unexplained subclinical status epilepticus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Canada. Electronic address: lebelloe@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bello-Espinosa
mesh_terms: D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013341:Sturge-Weber Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D008874:Midazolam
keywords: Infraslow activity; Sturge–Weber syndrome; Subclinical status epilepticus