title: Success stories in genomic medicine from resource-limited countries.
abstract: In recent years, the translation of genomic discoveries into mainstream medical practice and public health has gained momentum, facilitated by the advent of new technologies. However, there are often major discrepancies in the pace of implementation of genomic medicine between developed and developing/resource-limited countries. The main reason does not only lie in the limitation of resources but also in the slow pace of adoption of the new findings and the poor understanding of the potential that this new discipline offers to rationalize medical diagnosis and treatment. Here, we present and critically discuss examples from the successful implementation of genomic medicine in resource-limited countries, focusing on pharmacogenomics, genome informatics, and public health genomics, emphasizing in the latter case genomic education, stakeholder analysis, and economics in pharmacogenomics. These examples can be considered as model cases and be readily replicated for the wide implementation of pharmacogenomics and genomic medicine in other resource-limited environments.
authors.affiliation: The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK. k.mitropoulos@goldenhelix.org.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitropoulos
authors.affiliation: University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. hayat_aljaibeji@yahoo.com.|Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. hayat_aljaibeji@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hayat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Jaibeji
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia. diego.forero@uan.edu.co.
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Forero
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Genética, Grupo GENIUROS, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia. paul.laissue@urosario.edu.co.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laissue
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. ambroise.wonkam@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Ambroise
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wonkam
authors.affiliation: Genome Quebec, Montreal, Canada. clopezcorrea@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Correa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. zahurin@ummc.edu.my.
authors.forename: Zahurin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical Genomic Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. wasun.cha@mahidol.edu.
authors.forename: Wasun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chantratita
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for International Alliance on Genomic Research, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan. mikelee@src.riken.jp.|Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. mikelee@src.riken.jp.
authors.forename: Ming Ta Michael
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: CICAB Clinical Research Center, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Spain. allerena@unex.es.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llerena
authors.affiliation: University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.brand@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. bassam.ali@uaeu.ac.ae.
authors.forename: Bassam R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras School of Health Sciences, Patras, Greece. gpatrinos@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Patrinos
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries / Q000191:economics; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*