title: Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects Under Transthoracic Echocardiography Guidance Without Fluoroscopy or Intubation in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Demonstrate the benefits of percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure under guidance of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) without fluoroscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2013 to April 2014, 127 consecutive patients with an isolated type II ASD were recruited to undergo percutaneous closure under either TTE (n = 60, TTE group) or TEE (n = 67, TEE group) guidance. The TTE group received local anesthesia or sedation with propofol, and the TEE group received general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Follow-up examinations were performed for both groups at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after discharge and annually thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TTE group had a significantly shorter procedure time and respirator ventilation duration than the TEE group. The dose of propofol required, the cost, and the pharyngeal complication rate were significantly lower in the TTE group than in the TEE group. The median follow-up of 11.6 months was uneventful in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous ASD closure with TTE guidance as the only imaging tool avoids fluoroscopy, endotracheal intubation, and probe insertion and is associated with a satisfactory procedural success rate and lower costs. This procedure is a safe and reliable treatment for ASD.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Kun-Jing
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Wen
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Shou-Zheng
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Gai-Li
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Peng-Sheng
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Shou
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol