title: Profiling Amino Acids of Jordanian Scalp Hair as a Tool for Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosis: A Pilot Study.
abstract: Hair analysis is an area of increasing interest in the fields of medical and forensic sciences. Human scalp hair has attractive features in clinical studies because hair can be sampled easily and noninvasively from human subjects, and unlike blood and urine samples, it contains a chronological record of medication use. Keratin protein is the major component of scalp hair shaft material and it is composed of 21 amino acids. The method used herein for the amino acid determination in hair included keratin protein acid hydrolysis using 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), followed by amino acids derivatization using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and the determination of derivatized amino acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Amino acid profiles of scalp hair of 27 Jordanian subjects (15 diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 patients and 12 control subjects) were analyzed. A fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES) classified the amino acid profiles into diabetic and control groups based on multivariate analyses of the abundance of 14 amino acids. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% for diabetes detection using leave-one-individual-out cross-validation. The areas under the receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curves were 1.0, which represents a highly sensitive and specific diabetes test. The nonessential amino acids Gly and Glu, and the essential amino acid Ile were more abundant in the scalp hair of diabetic patients compared to the hair of control subjects. The associations between the abundance of amino acids of human hair and health status may have clinical applications in providing diagnostic indicator or predicting other chronic or acute diseases.
authors.affiliation: †Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ayat H B
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rashaid
authors.affiliation: ‡Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States.
authors.forename: Peter de B
authors.initials: Pde B
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: ∥C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Glen P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D007597:Jordan; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012535:Scalp / Q000378:metabolism; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000596:Amino Acids; C103255:N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds; D007633:Keratins; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid