title: High Expression of Antiviral Proteins in Mucosa from Individuals Exhibiting Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several soluble factors have been reported to have the capacity of inhibiting HIV replication at different steps of the virus life cycle, without eliminating infected cells and through enhancement of specific cellular mechanisms. Yet, it is unclear if these antiviral factors play a role in the protection from HIV infection or in the control of viral replication. Here we evaluated two cohorts: i) one of 58 HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who were compared with 59 healthy controls (HCs), and ii) another of 13 HIV-controllers who were compared with 20 HIV-progressors. Peripheral blood, oral and genital mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) samples were obtained to analyze the mRNA expression of ELAFIN, APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, TRIM5α, RNase 7 and SerpinA1 using real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HESNs exhibited higher expression of all antiviral factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), oral or genital mucosa when compared with HCs. Furthermore, HIV-controllers exhibited higher levels of SerpinA1 in GALT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the activity of these factors is compartmentalized and that these proteins have a predominant role depending on the tissue to avoid the infection, reduce the viral load and modulate the susceptibility to HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Sandra Milena
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Natalia Andrea
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Taborda
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Manuel Gerónimo
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Feria
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arcia
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Wbeimar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Wildeman
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zapata
authors.affiliation: Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rugeles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000619:Aminohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000276:immunology; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D053492:Elafin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D020276:HIV Long-Term Survivors; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000090103:Antiviral Restriction Factors; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053492:Elafin; C506806:PI3 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C043392:SERPINA1 protein, human; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C477346:TRIM5 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D012260:Ribonucleases; C470000:Ribonuclease 7; D000076106:SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1; C484280:SAMHD1 protein, human; C529313:APOBEC3H protein, human; D000619:Aminohydrolases; D020559:Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins