title: Visualizing the appearance and disappearance of the attractor of differentiation using Raman spectral imaging.
abstract: Using Raman spectral imaging, we visualized the cell state transition during differentiation and constructed hypothetical potential landscapes for attractors of cellular states on a state space composed of parameters related to the shape of the Raman spectra. As models of differentiation, we used the myogenic C2C12 cell line and mouse embryonic stem cells. Raman spectral imaging can validate the amounts and locations of multiple cellular components that describe the cell state such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids; thus, it can report the state of a single cell. Herein, we visualized the cell state transition during differentiation using Raman spectral imaging of cell nuclei in combination with principal component analysis. During differentiation, cell populations with a seemingly homogeneous cell state before differentiation showed heterogeneity at the early stage of differentiation. At later differentiation stages, the cells returned to a homogeneous cell state that was different from the undifferentiated state. Thus, Raman spectral imaging enables us to illustrate the disappearance and reappearance of an attractor in a differentiation landscape, where cells stochastically fluctuate between states at the early stage of differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, Riken QBiC, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Liang-da
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: WPI, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Machiyama
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan [2] Nanophotonics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, Riken QBiC, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonobu M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, Riken QBiC, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan [2] WPI, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman