title: Survival of the fittest: retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether Olympic medallists live longer than the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study, with passive follow-up and conditional survival analysis to account for unidentified loss to follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 174 Olympic athletes from nine country groups (United States, Germany, Nordic countries, Russia, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, and Australia and New Zealand) who won medals in the Olympic Games held in 1896-2010. Medallists were compared with matched cohorts in the general population (by country, age, sex, and year of birth).
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative conditional survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More medallists than matched controls in the general population were alive 30 years after winning (relative conditional survival 1.08,95% confidence interval 1.07 to1.10). Medallists lived an average of2.8 years longer than controls. Medallists in eight of the nine country groups had a significant survival advantage compared with controls. Gold, silver, and bronze medallists each enjoyed similar sized survival advantages. Medallists in endurance sports and mixed sports had a larger survival advantage over controls at 30 years (1.13, 1.09 to 1.17; 1.11,1.09 to 1.13) than that of medallists in power sports (1.05,1.01 to 1.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Olympic medallists live longer than the general population, irrespective of country, medal, or sport. This study was not designed to explain this effect, but possible explanations include genetic factors, physical activity, healthy lifestyle, and the wealth and status that come with international sporting glory.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.affiliation: Triangle Orthopaedic Associates, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Mallon
authors.affiliation: Software Improvement Group (SIG), Amsterdam Bleekstraat 70c 3134 EB Vlaardingen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heijmans
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Studdert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*