title: Biomonitoring of concurrent mycotoxin exposure among adults in Sweden through urinary multi-biomarker analysis.
abstract: Mycotoxin producing moulds may contaminate numerous agricultural commodities either before harvest or during storage. A varied diet consisting of different foods may therefore be contaminated with a range of mycotoxins. The aim of the present study was to study concurrent exposure to mycotoxins through urinary multi-biomarker analysis, as well as its possible associations with the diet. Urinary samples from 252 adults, participating in the Swedish national dietary survey Riksmaten 2010-11, were collected together with a 4-day diet record. Concurrent mycotoxin exposure was studied using a multi-biomarker LC-MS/MS method. The results revealed that exposure to mycotoxins is common and concurrent exposure to more than one toxin was found in 69% of the study population. However, when comparing the number of toxins detected with the reported consumption data it was difficult to distinguish food patterns which would indicate an increased risk of exposure to many mycotoxins simultaneously. This is the first study to investigate concurrent mycotoxin exposure and urinary levels of fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), nivalenol (NIV), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) and de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1) among adults in Sweden.
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: stina.wallin@slv.se.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gambacorta
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotova
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: E Warensjö
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lemming
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nälsén
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solfrizzo
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015930:Diet Records; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C025589:ochratoxin A; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Concurrent exposure; Diet; Human biomonitoring; Mycotoxins; Urinary biomarkers