title: Effect of AcHERV-GmCSF as an Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first identification of swine-originated influenza A/CA/04/2009 (pH1N1) as the cause of an outbreak of human influenza accelerated efforts to develop vaccines to prevent and control influenza viruses. The current norm in many countries is to prepare influenza vaccines using cell-based or egg-based killed vaccines, but it is difficult to elicit a sufficient immune response using this approach. To improve immune responses, researchers have examined the use of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants, and extensively investigated their functions as chemoattractants of immune cells and boosters of vaccine-mediated protection. Here, we evaluated the effect of Granulocyte-macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GmCSF) as an influenza vaccine adjuvant in BALB/c mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female BALB/c mice were immunized with killed vaccine together with a murine GmCSF gene delivered by human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) envelope coated baculovirus (1 × 10(7) FFU AcHERV-GmCSF, i.m.) and were compared with mice immunized with the killed vaccine alone. On day 14, immunized mice were challenged with 10 median lethal dose of mouse adapted pH1N1 virus. The vaccination together with GmCSF treatment exerted a strong adjuvant effect on humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, the vaccinated mice together with GmCSF were fully protected against infection by the lethal influenza pH1N1 virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, these results indicate that AcHERV-GmCSF is an effective molecular adjuvant that augments immune responses against influenza virus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Gwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuyeon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeondong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Chang
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joong Bok
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Bong
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D016367:Baculoviridae; D002460:Cell Line; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007114:Immunization; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor