title: Short-chain alkanes synergise responses of moth pests to their sex pheromones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sex pheromones for mating disruption of moth pests of crops is increasing worldwide. Efforts are under way to augment the efficiency and reliability of this control method by adding molecules derived from host plants to the sex attractants in dispensers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show how attraction of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff., and the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., males to underdosed levels of their sex pheromones is increased by adding heptane or octane over a range of release rates. Pheromone-alkane mixtures enhance male recruitment by up to 30%, reaching levels induced by calling females, and shorten the flight time to the sex attractant by a factor of 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show the promise of using short-chain alkanes as pheromone synergists for mating disruption of insect pests of food crops. Alkane-pheromone combinations are expected to increase the competitiveness of dispensers with females, and to reduce the amount of pheromone needed for the control of these pests.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurba
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Guerin
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D057506:Arthropod Antennae / Q000502:physiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D007300:Insect Control; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D012724:Sex Attractants; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D012724:Sex Attractants; D012997:Solvents
keywords: Cydia pomonella; Lobesia botrana; heptane; octane; pheromone synergist