title: Enhanced bone regeneration by silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite derived from cuttlefish bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is growing interest in the use of cuttlefish bone (CB) as a bone graft material. Silicon (Si) plays an important role in bone formation and calcification. This study aimed to prepare Si-substituted CB-derived hydroxyapatite (Si-CB-HAp) using a natural CB to improve the bioactivity for bone formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prepared Si-HAp from CB (Si-CB-HAp) using a hydrothermal and solvothermal method. The microstructure and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The bioactivity of the Si-CB-HAp was evaluated using human mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, the in vivo bone regeneration efficiency was evaluated using a rabbit calvarial defect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that the Si content was 0.77 wt% in Si-CB-HAp, and its original microstructure was conserved. The presence of Si was shown to enhance cell proliferation and early cellular attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, results of alkaline phosphatase activity and real-time PCR for osteoblast marker genes show that Si substitution into CB-HAp enhanced osteoblast differentiation. In addition, in vivo bone defect healing experiments show that the formation of bone with Si-CB-HAp is higher than that with CB-HAp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that Si-CB-HAp may potentially be used as a bone graft material to enhance bone healing.
authors.affiliation: Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.|Bonecell Biotech Inc., Dunsan-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Su
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Sik
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.|Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D049832:Decapodiformes; D017886:Durapatite / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: bone substitute; cuttlefish bone; hydrothermal; hydroxyapatite; silicon; solvothermal