title: The significance of gender in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency: pregnancy outcomes and long-term outcomes of children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aim to study the gender impact on the pregnancy outcome and on the long-term outcome of children after increased fetal nuchal translucency.
  
  
  METHODS
  All singleton pregnancies with increased nuchal translucency (≥3 mm until 1 March 2004 and ≥95th percentile thereafter) referred to Helsinki University Hospital from 2002 to 2007 with known gender and normal sex chromosomes were included. The pregnancy outcome (miscarriage, termination of pregnancy, perinatal death or delivery of a healthy/unhealthy child) and the long-term outcome (structural defects or neurodevelopmental impairment) were recorded from hospital databases and national registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1011 fetuses, 600 were male and 411 were female, male-to-female ratio being 1.46 : 1. This ratio decreased by increasing NT thickness, being 1 : 1 when the NT was ≥4.0 mm. The pregnancy outcome was better among male fetuses than among female fetuses (p = 0.049). There were more chromosomal abnormalities among the females than the males (p = 0.04). Among euploid fetuses, the pregnancy outcome and the long-term outcome were equal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After increased nuchal translucency, the pregnancy outcome of male fetuses was better due to the lower incidence of chromosomal abnormalities compared with female fetuses. Among euploid fetuses, the pregnancy outcome and the long-term outcome were equal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Äyräs
authors.affiliation: Health Department, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eronen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tikkanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rahkola-Soisalo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D025063:Chromosome Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012737:Sex Factors