title: Grape skin extract-derived polyphenols modify programming-induced renal endowment in prenatal protein-restricted male mouse offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein-restricted diet during pregnancy is related to oxidative stress and, as a consequence, damage to nephrogenesis. We investigated the effects of vinifera grape skin extract (ACH09)-derived polyphenols on preserving renal morphology of maternal protein-restricted 1-day-old offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C57/Bl-6 mice were fed two different isocaloric diets: control diet (19.3 % protein) and low-protein diet (6 % protein) with access to water or to the extract dissolved in drinking water (19.3 % protein plus ACH09 200 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and 6 % protein plus ACH09 200 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) throughout gestation. Renal morphology-glomerular number N[glom]; renal maturity-vascular glomeruli and avascular glomeruli ratio (v-N[glom]/a-N[glom]); medullar and cortical volumes, as well as mean glomerular volume, were analyzed in male offspring. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) activities were evaluated, and renal lipid peroxidation levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal protein restriction affected birth weight and naso-anal length in low-protein offspring compared to control and ACH09 restored both parameters. Protein restriction increased lipid peroxidation in kidney and liver and reduced CAT activity in low-protein group compared to control. Supplementation with ACH09 reduced the kidney oxidative damage and restored the antioxidant activity of CAT. ACH09 prevented glomerular loss and renal immaturity in the offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of low-protein-fed dams during pregnancy with ACH09 provides protection from early-life deleterious renal morphological changes. The protective effect of ACH09 may involve antioxidant action and vasodilator effect of the extract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Ribeiro
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karla Maria Pereira
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariane Nogueira
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nalbones-Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Valença
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-030, Brazil. angelacr@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ângela Castro
authors.initials: ÂC
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Av. 28 de Setembro, nº 87, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Soares
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: de Moura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016014:Linear Models; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Grape skin extract; Oxidative stress; Pregnancy; Protein restriction; Renal morphology