title: Current concepts in management of pain in children in the emergency department.
abstract: Pain is common in children presenting to emergency departments with episodic illnesses, acute injuries, and exacerbation of chronic disorders. We review recognition and assessment of pain in infants and children and discuss the manifestations of pain in children with chronic illness, recurrent pain syndromes, and cognitive impairment, including the difficulties of pain management in these patients. Non-pharmacological interventions, as adjuncts to pharmacological management for acute anxiety and pain, are described by age and development. We discuss the pharmacological management of acute pain and anxiety, reviewing invasive and non-invasive routes of administration, pharmacology, and adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: baruch.krauss@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Baruch S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calligaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Egidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barbi
mesh_terms: D059787:Acute Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal