title: The retention of liquid by columnar nanostructured surfaces during quartz crystal microbalance measurements and the effects of adsorption thereon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A surface comprising spatially coherent columnar nanostructures is expected to retain intercolumnar liquid during a quartz crystal microbalance measurement due to the surface structure. Part of the liquid retained by the nanostructures may then be displaced by adsorbate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Slanted columnar nanostructure thin films were designed to vary in height but remain structurally similar, fabricated by glancing angle deposition, and characterized by generalized ellipsometry. A frequency overtone analysis, introduced here, was applied to analyze quartz crystal microbalance data for the exchange of isotope liquids over the nanostructured surfaces and determine the areal inertial mass of structure-retained liquid. The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide onto nanostructures was investigated by simultaneous quartz crystal microbalance and generalized ellipsometry measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The areal inertial mass of structure-retained liquid varies linearly with nanostructure height. The proportionality constant is a function of the surface topography and agrees with the generalized ellipsometry-determined nanostructure film porosity, implying that nearly all intercolumnar liquid is retained. We report that for adsorption processes within porous nanostructured films, the quartz crystal microbalance is sensitive not to the combined areal inertial mass of adsorbate and retained liquid but rather to the density difference between adsorbate and liquid due to the volume exchange within the nanostructure film.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA. Electronic address: kbrod@engr.unl.edu.
authors.forename: Keith B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Rodenhausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sekora
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mock
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neupane
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA; Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117603, Singapore.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schubert
keywords: Adsorption; Generalized ellipsometry; Nanostructured surface; Porosity; Quartz crystal microbalance; Solid–liquid interface