title: Optimal force magnitude loaded to orthodontic microimplants: A finite element analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find an optimal force that can be loaded onto an orthodontic microimplant to fulfill the biomechanical demands of orthodontic treatment without diminishing the stability of the microimplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the finite element analysis method, 3-D computer-aided design models of a microimplant and four cylindrical bone pieces (incorporating cortical bone thicknesses of 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, and 3.0 mm) into which the microimplant was inserted were used. Various force magnitudes of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 N were then horizontally and separately applied to the microimplant head as inserted into the different bone assemblies. For each bone/force assembly tested, peak stresses developed at areas of intimate contact with the microimplant along the force direction were then calculated using regression analysis and compared with a threshold value at which pathologic bone resorption might develop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting peak stresses showed that bone pieces with thicker cortical bone tolerated higher force magnitudes better than did thinner ones. For cortical bone thicknesses of 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, and 3.0 mm, the maximum force magnitudes that could be applied safely were 3.75, 4.1, 4.3, and 4.45 N, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the purpose of diminishing orthodontic microimplant failure, an optimal force that can be safely loaded onto a microimplant should not exceed a value of around 3.75-4.5 N.
authors.affiliation: a  Instructor and Specialist in Orthodontics, Dental Department, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Raed H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Alrbata
authors.affiliation: b  Instructor and Specialist in Prosthodontics, Dental Department, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Moath Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Momani
authors.affiliation: c  Instructor and Senior Specialist in Orthodontics, Dental Department, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ahmad M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Tarawneh
authors.affiliation: c  Instructor and Senior Specialist in Orthodontics, Dental Department, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ihyasat
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Optimal force; Orthodontic microimplant