title: King's Parkinson's disease pain scale, the first scale for pain in PD: An international validation.
abstract: Pain is a key unmet need and a major aspect of non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). No specific validated scales exist to identify and grade the various types of pain in PD. We report an international, cross-sectional, open, multicenter, one-point-in-time evaluation with retest study of the first PD-specific pain scale, the King's PD Pain Scale. Its seven domains include 14 items, each item scored by severity (0-3) multiplied by frequency (0-4), resulting in a subscore of 0 to 12, with a total possible score range from 0 to 168. One hundred seventy-eight PD patients with otherwise unexplained pain (age [mean ± SD], 64.38 ± 11.38 y [range, 29-85]; 62.92% male; duration of disease, 5.40 ± 4.93 y) and 83 nonspousal non-PD controls, matched by age (64.25 ± 11.10 y) and sex (61.45% males) were studied. No missing data were noted, and floor effect was observed in all domains. The difference between mean and median King's PD Pain Scale total score was less than 10% of the maximum observed value. Skewness was marginally high (1.48 for patients). Factor analysis showed four factors in the King's PD Pain Scale, explaining 57% of the variance (Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin, 0.73; sphericity test). Cronbach's alpha was 0.78, item-total correlation mean value 0.40, and item homogeneity 0.22. Correlation coefficients of the King's PD Pain Scale domains and total score with other pain measures were high. Correlation with the Scale for Outcomes in PD-Motor, Non-Motor Symptoms Scale total score, and quality of life measures was high. The King's PD Pain Scale seems to be a reliable and valid scale for grade rating of various types of pain in PD.
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK.|King's College London, London, UK.|University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK.
authors.forename: K Ray
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.affiliation: Paracelsus-Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trenkwalder
authors.affiliation: Clinical Investigation Center 1436 and Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, INSERM and University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rascol
authors.affiliation: Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Plymouth University and Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: St Georges Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paviour
authors.affiliation: Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Falup-Pecurariu
authors.affiliation: Princess Royal University Hospital site, King's College Hospital, Orpington, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silverdale
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todorova
authors.affiliation: King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauerbier
authors.affiliation: University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.|Klinikum Bremerhaven Reinkenheide, Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Odin
authors.affiliation: Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit; IRCCS Hospital San Camillo, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.affiliation: National Center of Epidemiology and CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martinez-Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Pain; Parkinson's disease; scale