title: Self-Expandable Metal Stents for Persisting Esophageal Variceal Bleeding after Band Ligation or Injection-Therapy: A Retrospective Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite a pronounced reduction of lethality rates due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding, esophageal variceal bleeding remains a challenge for the endoscopist and still accounts for a mortality rate of up to 40% within the first 6 weeks. A relevant proportion of patients with esophageal variceal bleeding remains refractory to standard therapy, thus making a call for additional tools to achieve hemostasis. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) incorporate such a tool.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a total number of 582 patients admitted to our endoscopy unit with the diagnosis "gastrointestinal bleeding" according to our documentation software between 2011 and 2014. 82 patients suffered from esophageal variceal bleeding, out of which 11 cases were refractory to standard therapy leading to SEMS application. Patients with esophageal malignancy, fistula, or stricture and a non-esophageal variceal bleeding source were excluded from the analysis. A retrospective analysis reporting a series of clinically relevant parameters in combination with bleeding control rates and adverse events was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial bleeding control rate after SEMS application was 100%. Despite this success, we observed a 27% mortality rate within the first 42 days. All of these patients died due to non-directly hemorrhage-associated reasons. The majority of patients exhibited an extensive demand of medical care with prolonged hospital stay. Common complications were hepatic decompensation, pulmonary infection and decline of renal function. Interestingly, we found in 7 out of 11 patients (63.6%) stent dislocation at time of control endoscopy 24 h after hemostasis or at time of stent removal. The presence of hiatal hernia did not affect obviously stent dislocation rates. Refractory patients had significantly longer hospitalization times compared to non-refractory patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-expandable metal stents for esophageal variceal bleeding seem to be safe and efficient after failed standard therapy. Stent migration appeared to be a common incident that did not lead to reactivation of bleeding in any of our patients. SEMS should be considered a reasonable treatment option for refractory esophageal variceal bleeding after treatment failure of ligature and sclerotherapy and non-availability of or contraindication for other measures (e.g. TIPS).
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seufferlein
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perkhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kleger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069322:Self Expandable Metallic Stents