title: Heart disease in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta - A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare, inherited systemic connective tissue disease that causes decreased bioavailability of collagen type 1. Collagen type 1 is the most abundant connective tissue in the body and a key part of many organs. While the bone phenotype in OI is well described, less is known about the effects of decreased collagen on other organs. In the heart, collagen type 1 is present in the heart valves, chordae tendineae, annuli fibrosi and the interventricular septum. It is thus likely that the heart is affected in OI.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate whether patients with OI have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Embase and key scientific meetings were searched for publications fulfilling the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were selected if at least one patient with OI was described as having cardiovascular disease. The articles should be written in English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Norwegian or Danish or have an English abstract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted by HA, FTJ and LF using a predefined protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 68 studies were included in the review, comprising 51 case reports, 8 small case series (n<10 patients), 4 large case series (n ≥ 10 patients) and 5 cross-sectional studies comparing patients and controls. Together, the papers comprised 499 patients and covered 45 years of medical literature. The most commonly reported heart diseases amongst the patients with OI were valvulopathies and increased aortic diameter. Findings in the large case series and the cross-sectional studies were broadly similar to each other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the hypothesis that patients with OI have increased risk of heart disease compared to healthy controls. It is biologically plausible that patients with OI may have an increased risk of developing heart disease, and valve disease in particular.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hamoun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashournia
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Plastic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Frank Ted
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark. Electronic address: lfolkestad@health.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Folkestad
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Axel C P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Diederichsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brixen
mesh_terms: D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D010013:Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Osteogenesis imperfecta; Systematic review