title: The role of temperature on Cr(VI) formation and reduction during heating of chromium-containing sludge in the presence of CaO.
abstract: In this study, the temperature dependence of Cr(VI) formation and reduction in the presence of CaO was examined during the thermal treatment of sludge that contains chromium. thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry were used to characterize the thermal behavior and phase transformation, respectively. Na2CO3 leaching procedure was employed to determine the amount of Cr(VI). The result showed that CaO promoted Cr(III) oxidation, however, its influence is very dependent on heating temperature, with the extent of the effect varying with temperature. From 200-400 °C, the presence of CaO facilitated formation of intermediate product Cr2O3+x containing Cr(VI) during dehydration of chromium hydrate, while Cr2O3+x would decompose as temperature over 400 °C, accompanied by part of Cr(VI) being reduced to Cr(III). From 500 to 900 °C, Cr(III) reacted with CaO to form a leachable CaCrO4 product. This product was stable and a prolonged heating time did not reduce the amount of Cr(VI) significantly. At 1000-1200 °C, part of CaCrO4 was reduced to Ca(CrO2)2 in 1h. While extended heating time above 1h resulted in the Ca(CrO2)2 being oxidized reversibly to CaCrO4 at 1200 °C. Since CaCrO4 is thermodynamically less stable over 1000 °C, MgO could induce CaCrO4 to be reduced into MgCr2O4 at around 900 °C, lower than that for the reduction from CaCrO4 into Ca(CrO2)2. It suggested that adding MgO might be a potential approach for inhibiting Cr(VI) formation during heating sludge containing chromium.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Linqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
authors.forename: Bingying
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Clean-and-low-carbon Energy (NICE), Beijing 102209, PR China.
authors.forename: Yongbin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China. Electronic address: cuihao@nju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D006361:Heating; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D044367:Phase Transition; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002857:Chromium; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; C016538:lime
keywords: CaO; Chromium-containing sludge; Heating time; Temperature; Thermal treatment