title: Imaging Shock Waves in Diamond with Both High Temporal and Spatial Resolution at an XFEL.
abstract: The advent of hard x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened up a variety of scientific opportunities in areas as diverse as atomic physics, plasma physics, nonlinear optics in the x-ray range, and protein crystallography. In this article, we access a new field of science by measuring quantitatively the local bulk properties and dynamics of matter under extreme conditions, in this case by using the short XFEL pulse to image an elastic compression wave in diamond. The elastic wave was initiated by an intense optical laser pulse and was imaged at different delay times after the optical pump pulse using magnified x-ray phase-contrast imaging. The temporal evolution of the shock wave can be monitored, yielding detailed information on shock dynamics, such as the shock velocity, the shock front width, and the local compression of the material. The method provides a quantitative perspective on the state of matter in extreme conditions.
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schropp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany [2].
authors.forename: Vivienne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patommel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seiboth
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: 1] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA [2] Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia.
authors.forename: Damien G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors.forename: Gilbert W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom [2].
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higginbotham
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wark
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Hae Ja
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Galtier
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zastrau
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.affiliation: 1] Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany [2].
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Schroer