title: Temporal kinetics of macrophage polarization in the injured rat spinal cord.
abstract: Local activated macrophages derived from infiltrating monocytes play an important role in the damage and repair process of spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study investigates the dynamic change of classically activated proinflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) cells in a rat model with contusive SCI by flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry. The macrophage subsets were immunophenotyped by using antibodies against cluster of differentiation (CD)-68, C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7), CD163, and arginase 1 (Arg1). The CD68(+) CD163(-) and CD68(+) CCR7(+) cells were determined to be M1 subsets, whereas the CD68(+) CD163(+) and CD68(+) Arg1(+) cell subpopulations represented M2 cells. The subsets of macrophages in the injured spinal cord at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days postinjury (dpi) were examined. In the sham-opened spinal cord, few M1 or M2 cells were found. After SCI, the phenotypes of both M1 and M2 cells were rapidly induced. However, M1 cells were detected and maintained at a high level for up to 28 dpi (the longest time evaluated in this study). In contrast, M2 cells were transiently detected at high levels before 7 dpi and returned to preinjury levels at 14 dpi. These results indicate that M1 cell response is rapidly induced and sustained, whereas M2 induction is transient after SCI in rat. Increasing the fraction of M2 cells and prolonging their residence time in the injured local microenvironment is a promising strategy for the repair of SCI.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue-Juan
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: He-Zuo
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Lü
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001119:Arginase / Q000378:metabolism; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007700:Kinetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D054400:Receptors, CCR7 / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C515371:Ccr7 protein, mouse; D054400:Receptors, CCR7; D001119:Arginase
keywords: flow cytometry; macrophage subsets; microenvironment; spinal cord injury