title: Layer-Specific Manganese-Enhanced MRI of the Diabetic Rat Retina in Light and Dark Adaptation at 11.7 Tesla.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To employ high-resolution manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to study abnormal calcium activity in different cell layers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas, and to determine whether MEMRI detects changes at earlier time points than previously reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 14 days (n = 8) and 30 days (n = 5) after streptozotocin (STZ) or vehicle (n = 7) injection. Manganese-enhanced MRI at 20 × 20 × 700 μm, in which contrast is based on manganese as a calcium analogue and an MRI contrast agent, was obtained in light and dark adaptation of the retina in the same animals in which one eye was covered and the fellow eye was not. The MEMRI activity encoding of the light and dark adaptation was achieved in awake conditions and imaged under anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Manganese-enhanced MRI showed three layers, corresponding to the inner retina, outer retina, and the choroid. In normal animals, the outer retina showed higher MEMRI activity in dark compared to light; the inner retina displayed lower activity in dark compared to light; and the choroid showed no difference in activity. Manganese-enhanced MRI activity changed as early as 14 days after hyperglycemia and decreased with duration of hyperglycemia in the outer retina in dark relative to light adaptation. The choroid also had altered MEMRI activity at 14 days, which returned to normal by 30 days. No differences in MEMRI activity were detected in the inner retina.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manganese-enhanced MRI detects progressive reduction in calcium activity with duration of hyperglycemia in the outer retina as early as 14 days after hyperglycemia, earlier than any other time point reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 2Departments of Ophthalmology, Radiology, and Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States.
authors.forename: Saurav B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: De La Garza
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States.
authors.forename: Chakradhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velagapudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States.
authors.forename: Hanna E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 2Departments of Ophthalmology, Radiology, and Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States 4South Texas Ve.
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
mesh_terms: D000221:Adaptation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D003623:Dark Adaptation / Q000502:physiology*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D017895:Manganese Compounds