title: Endoscopic-Assisted Intraoral Three-Dimensional Reduction Mandibuloplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oriental people have a square face with a prominent mandibular angle, which means masculine and coarse and is considered to be an unappealing feature. Reduction mandibuloplasty has become popular in the orient in the past 2 decades, and the operation was frequently performed through the intraoral approach. But an invisible mandibular angle forces the surgeon to perform blind ostectomy which leads to difficulty in performing an accurate ostectomy as planned, leaving unnatural mandibular contours and severe complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2010 to January 2013, a total of 112 patients with prominent mandibular angles underwent one-stage long-curved ostectomy combined with splitting corticectomy through an intraoral approach with endoscopic assistance for reduction of the lower face. A retractor with an adjustable endoscope provides a clear operative field; the ostectomy line was marked. The one-stage long-curved ostectomy and corticectomy were performed following the marked ostectomy line using an oscillating saw with angles of various degrees and length under direct vision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mandibular contouring was 3-dimensionally refined; the width of the lower face was reduced in the frontal view and the mandibular angle appeared natural and inconspicuous in the lateral view. The majority of patients were satisfied with both their frontal and lateral appearances. The gonial angle and the mandibular plane angle were increased effectively. No major complications such as fracture or facial nerve injury occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoral approach of long-curved ostectomy combined with splitting corticectomy with endoscopic assistance allows surgeons to perform accurate, safe, and reproducible ostectomies and to recontour mandible 3-dimensionally, which can make the face look thinner from the frontal view and, in the lateral view, keeps it more natural looking with smooth ostectomized borders.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Friendship Plastic Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiaohu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Jingang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D055815:Young Adult