title: Health trajectories in regeneration areas in England: the impact of the New Deal for Communities intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large body of evidence documents the adverse relationship between concentrated deprivation and health. Among the evaluations of regeneration initiatives to tackle these spatial inequalities, few have traced the trajectories of individuals over time and fewer still have employed counterfactual comparison. We investigate the impact of one such initiative in England, the New Deal for Communities (NDC), which ran from 1999 to 2011, on socioeconomic inequalities in health trajectories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent Growth Curve modelling of within-person changes in self-rated health, mental health and life satisfaction between 2002 and 2008 of an analytical cohort of residents of 39 disadvantaged areas of England in which the NDC was implemented, compared with residents of comparator, non-intervention areas, focusing on: (1) whether differences over time in outcomes can be detected between NDC and comparator areas and (2) whether interventions may have altered socioeconomic differences in outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No evidence was found for an overall improvement in the three outcomes, or for significant differences in changes in health between respondents in NDC versus comparator areas. However, we found a weakly significant gap in life satisfaction and mental health between high and low socioeconomic status individuals in comparator areas which widened over time to a greater extent than in NDC areas. Change over time in the three outcomes was non-linear: individual improvements among NDC residents were largest before 2006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is limited evidence that the NDC moderated the impact of socioeconomic factors on mental health and life satisfaction trajectories. Furthermore, any NDC impact was strongest in the first 6 years of the programmes.
authors.affiliation: Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walthery
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazroo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dibben
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Research, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halliday
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Povall
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Research, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK.
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011788:Quality of Life; D064890:Social Determinants of Health / Q000191:economics*
keywords: HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; Health inequalities; MODELLING; PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY; SOCIO-ECONOMIC