title: Next-generation sampling: Pairing genomics with herbarium specimens provides species-level signal in Solidago (Asteraceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability to conduct species delimitation and phylogeny reconstruction with genomic data sets obtained exclusively from herbarium specimens would rapidly enhance our knowledge of large, taxonomically contentious plant genera. In this study, the utility of genotyping by sequencing is assessed in the notoriously difficult genus Solidago (Asteraceae) by attempting to obtain an informative single-nucleotide polymorphism data set from a set of specimens collected between 1970 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reduced representation libraries were prepared and Illumina-sequenced from 95 Solidago herbarium specimen DNAs, and resulting reads were processed with the nonreference Universal Network-Enabled Analysis Kit (UNEAK) pipeline. Multidimensional clustering was used to assess the correspondence between genetic groups and morphologically defined species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Library construction and sequencing were successful in 93 of 95 samples. The UNEAK pipeline identified 8470 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and a filtered data set was analyzed for each of three Solidago subsections. Although results varied, clustering identified genomic groups that often corresponded to currently recognized species or groups of closely related species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that genotyping by sequencing is broadly applicable to DNAs obtained from herbarium specimens. The data obtained and their biological signal suggest that pairing genomics with large-scale herbarium sampling is a promising strategy in species-rich plant groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 537 Hubbard Hall, Wichita, Kansas 67260 USA ; Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario NL2 3G1 Canada.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Semple
keywords: Solidago; genotyping by sequencing; herbarium specimens; next-generation sampling; species delimitation