title: Lightsticks content toxicity: effects of the water soluble fraction on the oyster embryonic development.
abstract: Lightsticks are artifacts used as attractors in a type of commercial fishery, known as surface longline gear. Despite the excessive use, the contamination risks of these devices have not yet been properly investigated. This research aimed to fill up this gap by determining the chemical composition and the toxicity of lightsticks recently activated, compared to those one year after activation and to the ones collected on the beaches. The analyzes were carried out by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the variations in composition and the toxicity of their sea Water Soluble Fractions (WSF) were evaluated based on the WSF-effects of Crassostrea rhizophorae embryonic development. The GC-MS analysis made possible the identification of nineteen substances in the water soluble fraction of the lightsticks, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP). The value of the WSF-effective concentration (EC50) was in an average of 0.35%. After one year of the lightsticks activation, the toxicity was even higher (0.65%). Furthermore, other substances, also present in the lightsticks-WSF caused persistent toxicity even more dangerous to the environment than DBP and DMP. This essay discusses their toxicity effects and possible environment damages.
authors.affiliation: CIEnAm - Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, 41150-000 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena Maria Sampaio
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Araujo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Sergipe, 49055-260 Aracaju-Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adalberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menezes Filho
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; CIEnAm - Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iracema Andrade
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; CIEnAm - Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil; INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: pedroapp@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Pedro Afonso P
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000196:embryology*; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C024629:dimethyl phthalate; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate
keywords: Chemical content; Crassostrea rhizophorae embryos; Lightsticks; Toxicity tests