title: A simplified Sanger sequencing method for full genome sequencing of multiple subtypes of human influenza A viruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Full genome sequencing of influenza A viruses (IAV), including those that arise from annual influenza epidemics, is undertaken to determine if reassorting has occurred or if other pathogenic traits are present. Traditionally IAV sequencing has been biased toward the major surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, while the internal genes are often ignored. Despite the development of next generation sequencing (NGS), many laboratories are still reliant on conventional Sanger sequencing to sequence IAV.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a minimal and robust set of primers for Sanger sequencing of the full genome of IAV currently circulating in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of 13 primer pairs was designed that enabled amplification of the six internal genes of multiple human IAV subtypes including the recent avian influenza A(H7N9) virus from China. Specific primers were designed to amplify the HA and NA genes of each IAV subtype of interest. Each of the primers also incorporated a binding site at its 5'-end for either a forward or reverse M13 primer, such that only two M13 primers were required for all subsequent sequencing reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This minimal set of primers was suitable for sequencing the six internal genes of all currently circulating human seasonal influenza A subtypes as well as the avian A(H7N9) viruses that have infected humans in China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This streamlined Sanger sequencing protocol could be used to generate full genome sequence data more rapidly and easily than existing influenza genome sequencing protocols.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. Electronic address: yi-mo.deng@influenzacentre.org.
authors.forename: Yi-Mo
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spirason
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: Pina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iannello
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jelley
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: Hilda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Barr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Full genome sequencing; Influenza A virus; Sanger sequencing