title: Editorial Perspective: Pathological social withdrawal during in adolescence: a culture-specific or a global phenomenon?
abstract: Impairing patterns of long-term adolescent social withdrawal and self-exclusion, including nonattendance at school or work, and minimal social contact, have been identified as a significant clinical and social problem in Japan since the late 1990s, where it is termed hikikomori. As well clinical impairment for the withdrawn youths and burden for the families, hikikomori has brought societal and health service costs in Japan. Since its first identification, similar cases have been reported in other countries. Socially withdrawn youths, unfortunately, are difficult to identify and their risks can be 'invisible' because of their withdrawn nature and the traditional perspective of what is perceived as at-risk youth. Understanding of the issue including its causes, risks, and outcomes is very limited. In this editorial perspective, we highlight how youth social withdrawal is becoming a clinical and social concern in some parts of the world and respond to the lack of research on this issue by synthesizing some of the basic research findings, and suggesting future directions for research and practice relating to this emerging youth phenomenon in middle-and-high-income countries in the hope of bringing more attention to this issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Tim M H
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Paul W C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-6285
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D041923:Adolescent Development; D019049:Developed Countries; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012934:Social Isolation
keywords: Youth social withdrawal; contemporary youth issue; hikikomori; intervention; psychopathology; risk behavior