title: Subjective well-being and hookah use among adults in the United States: A nationally-representative sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using a nationally-representative dataset of adults 18-30 years old in the United States, this study examined the relationship between hookah use and subjective well-being. Levels of sadness, happiness, tiredness, pain, and stress were compared between persons who have used hookah and those who have not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were merged from the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, the American Time Use Survey, and the Subjective Well-being Supplement to the American Time Use Survey for the years 2010-2012 for persons 18-30 years old (n=1147). Wald tests were used to compare mean differences in subjective well-being between hookah users and non-users. Lastly, multivariable regression was used to determine whether there were significant differences in subjective well-being between hookah users and non-users, controlling for demographic factors, self-perceived health, and cigarette smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence rate of hookah use was 5.2% among 18-30 year olds. Hookah users reported higher levels of stress and sadness than non-users. These relationships remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics, self-perceived health, and cigarette use. The results were robust to the use of different statistical models, different age cut-offs, the inclusion of additional covariates (such as income and population density), and separate analyses by sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hookah use is an emerging public health issue associated with increased levels of stress and sadness. Similar to cigarette use, healthcare providers may consider expanding their screening tests to include hookah use. Public policy geared toward greater prevention and control of hookah use is also recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, NY 11367, USA. Electronic address: agrinberg@qc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiology; Hookah use; Prevalence rate; Subjective well-being; Water pipe tobacco smoking