title: The Pathogenesis and Management of Achalasia: Current Status and Future Directions.
abstract: Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder that is commonly misdiagnosed initially as gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients with achalasia often complain of dysphagia with solids and liquids but may focus on regurgitation as the primary symptom, leading to initial misdiagnosis. Diagnostic tests for achalasia include esophageal motility testing, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and barium swallow. These tests play a complimentary role in establishing the diagnosis of suspected achalasia. High-resolution manometry has now identified three subtypes of achalasia, with therapeutic implications. Pneumatic dilation and surgical myotomy are the only definitive treatment options for patients with achalasia who can undergo surgery. Botulinum toxin injection into the lower esophageal sphincter should be reserved for those who cannot undergo definitive therapy. Close follow-up is paramount because many patients will have a recurrence of symptoms and require repeat treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Fehmi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ates
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Vaezi
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; D004947:Esophagus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008365:Manometry; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: Peroral esophageal myotomy; Pneumatic dilation; Surgical myotomy