title: Evaluation of thiolated silicone oil as advanced mucoadhesive antifoaming agent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Silicone oils, such as dimethicone, are commonly administered against gastrointestinal gas accumulation and are attributed with mucoprotective features.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of thiolated silicone oil as advanced antiflatulence with a prolonged retention on small intestinal mucosa as an intended site of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a thiol ligand was covalently attached to silicone oil. This thiomer was assessed with regard to foam inhibiting action, droplet size of a suitable self-emulsifying system, mucoadhesion and cytotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antifoaming activity of silicone-MPA was complying with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements for simethicone as standard antiflatulence. Another antifoaming test performed on porcine mucosa supported silicone-MPA's outstanding foam destruction, as this thiomer was superior in comparison to non-thiolated silicone oil and dimethicone with 14.7 ± 2.1 versus 73.3 ± 9.1 and 66.3 ± 7.5 s, respectively. A significantly enhanced mucoadhesiveness (p < 0.02) with 26.2 ± 7.1% silicone formulation remaining on small intestinal mucosa after 8 h was evident for the thiomer without any toxic effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thiolated silicone oil was found to exhibit excellent antifoaming and superior mucoadhesive features. The prolonged residence time of thiolated silicone oil promises to be beneficial in the treatment of flatulence, aerophagy and inflammation throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Partenhauser
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.
authors.forename: Kesinee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Netsomboon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.
authors.forename: Gintare
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leonaviciute
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernkop-Schnürch
mesh_terms: D015097:3-Mercaptopropionic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000934:Antifoaming Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000934:Antifoaming Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D012827:Silicone Oils; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D015097:3-Mercaptopropionic Acid
keywords: Antiflatulence; gastrointestinal gas accumulation; mucoadhesion; silicone oil; thiomers