title: New insights into psychogenic nonepileptic seizures 2011-2014.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been a rapid increase in the rate of publications about psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). This review summarises insights from the 50 most important original articles about PNES published since 2011 and describes the advances made in the understanding of PNES over the last 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a systematic literature search of all English language publications about PNES published between October 2011 and October 2014 on Scopus, Ovid Medline and Web of Knowledge, and inspected all abstracts. Having excluded all review articles, case reports, conference abstracts, articles exploring PNES in children, and articles not actually focussing on PNES, we considered 150 papers for inclusion in this review. We assessed the quality of the identified studies and used expert judgement to identify the 50 most important publications from the review period and composed a narrative review based on these original papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost one half of the studies initially identified only provided Class 4 evidence. Recent work has provided more support for a biopsychosocial account of PNES. It has illustrated the heterogeneity of PNES, identifying varying and distinct psychological profiles of individuals with this disorder. These findings suggest that intervention needs to be flexible or adaptive if it is appropriately to target the different mechanisms which may give rise to PNES. Several educational and psychotherapeutic interventions for PNES have been described, but sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials are yet to be undertaken. Recent research using social, economic and quality of life indicators has provided further evidence of the societal and individual burden of PNES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research into PNES published over the last 3 years has deepened our understanding of the condition as a biopsychosocial disorder which is neither a "physical" nor a "psychological" condition. A number of small studies have demonstrated the potential of educational and psychotherapeutic treatments, but rigorous and sufficiently large trials still need to be conducted to determine the effectiveness of these interventions.
authors.affiliation: Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Electronic address: h.wiseman@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.affiliation: Academic Neurology Unit, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reuber
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012640:Seizures / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Aetiology; Diagnosis; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures; Psychotherapy