title: Differential Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma in the Treatment of Malignant Glioma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has recently been shown to selectively target cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells. We systematically assessed the effects of CAP in the treatment of glioblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three glioma cell lines, normal astrocytes, and endothelial cell lines were treated with CAP. The effects of CAP were then characterized for viability, cytotoxicity/apoptosis, and cell cycle effects. Statistical significance was determined with student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAP treatment decreases viability of glioma cells in a dose dependent manner, with the ID50 between 90-120 seconds for all glioma cell lines. Treatment with CAP for more than 120 seconds resulted in viability less than 35% at 24-hours posttreatment, with a steady decline to less than 20% at 72-hours. In contrast, the effect of CAP on the viability of NHA and HUVEC was minimal, and importantly not significant at 90 to 120 seconds, with up to 85% of the cells remained viable at 72-hours post-treatment. CAP treatment produces both cytotoxic and apoptotic effects with some variability between cell lines. CAP treatment resulted in a G2/M-phase cell cycle pause in all three cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study determined a multi-focal effect of CAP on glioma cells in vitro, which was not observed in the non-tumor cell lines. The decreased viability depended on the treatment duration and cell line, but overall was explained by the induction of cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and G2/M pause. Future studies will aim at further characterization with more complex pre-clinical models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Volotskova
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Siri S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khalsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ferid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murad
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keidar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sherman
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D058626:Plasma Gases