title: Abdominal Hysterectomy: Reduced Risk of Surgical Site Infection Associated with Robotic and Laparoscopic Technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hysterectomy is one of the most common procedures performed in the United States. New techniques utilizing laparoscopic and robotic technology are becoming increasingly common. It is unknown if these minimally invasive surgical techniques alter the risk of surgical site infections (SSI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy at our institution between January 2011 and June 2013. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth edition (ICD-9) codes and chart review were used to identify patients undergoing hysterectomy by open, laparoscopic, or robotic approach and to identify patients who developed SSI subsequently. Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to identify univariate risk factors and logistic regression was used to perform multivariable analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this time period, 986 patients were identified who had undergone abdominal hysterectomy, with 433 receiving open technique (44%), 116 laparoscopic (12%), 407 robotic (41%), and 30 cases that were converted from minimally invasive to open (3%). Patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted hysterectomy were significantly younger and had lower body mass index (BMI) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores than those undergoing open or robotic hysterectomy. There were no significant differences between patients undergoing open versus robotic hysterectomy. The post-operative hospital stay was significantly longer for open procedures compared with those using laparoscopic or robotic techniques (5.1, 1.7, and 1.6 d, respectively; p<0.0001). The overall rate of SSI after all hysterectomy procedures was 4.2%. More SSI occurred in open cases (6.5%) than laparoscopic (0%) or robotic (2.2%) (p<0.0001). Cases converted to open also had an increased rate of SSI (13.3%). In both univariate and multivariable analyses, open technique, wound class of III/IV, age greater than 75 y, and morbid obesity were all associated with increased risk of SSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic and robotic hysterectomies were associated with a significantly lower risk of SSI and shorter hospital stays. Body mass index, advanced age, and wound class were also independent risk factors for SSI.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kristin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Colling
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Statz
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minnesota Medical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center , Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Beilman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States