title: Diabetes and stem cell function.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common serious metabolic diseases that results in hyperglycemia due to defects of insulin secretion or insulin action or both. The present review focuses on the alterations to the diabetic neuronal tissues and skeletal muscle, including stem cells in both tissues, and the preventive effects of physical activity on diabetes. Diabetes is associated with various nervous disorders, such as cognitive deficits, depression, and Alzheimer's disease, and that may be caused by neural stem cell dysfunction. Additionally, diabetes induces skeletal muscle atrophy, the impairment of energy metabolism, and muscle weakness. Similar to neural stem cells, the proliferation and differentiation are attenuated in skeletal muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells. However, physical activity is very useful for preventing the diabetic alteration to the neuronal tissues and skeletal muscle. Physical activity improves neurogenic capacity of neural stem cells and the proliferative and differentiative abilities of satellite cells. The present review proposes physical activity as a useful measure for the patients in diabetes to improve the physiological functions and to maintain their quality of life. It further discusses the use of stem cell-based approaches in the context of diabetes treatment.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan ; Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takemasa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asashima
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology