title: Neurotoxicity by synthetic androgen steroids: oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuropathology: A review.
abstract: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic substances derived from testosterone that are largely employed due to their trophic effect on muscle tissue of athletes at all levels. Since a great number of organs and systems are a target of AAS, their adverse effects are primarily on the following systems: reproductive, hepatic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, renal, immunological, infectious, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hematological. Neuropsychiatric and behavioral effects as a result of AAS abuse are well known and described in the literature. Mounting evidence exists suggesting that in addition to psychiatric and behavioral effects, non-medical use of AAS carries neurodegenerative potential. Although, the nature of this association remains largely unexplored, recent animal studies have shown the recurrence of this AAS effect, ranging from neurotrophin unbalance to increased neuronal susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. Experimental and animal studies strongly suggest that apoptotic mechanisms are at least in part involved in AAS-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, a great body of evidence is emerging suggesting that increased susceptibility to cellular oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment. As in other drug-evoked encephalopathies, the key mechanisms involved in AAS - induced neuropathology could represent a target for future neuroprotective strategies. Progress in the understanding of these mechanisms will provide important insights into the complex pathophysiology of AAS-induced neurodegeneration, and will pave the way for forthcoming studies. Supplementary to abandoning the drug abuse that represents the first step in reducing the possibility of irreversible brain damage in AAS abusers, neuroprotective strategies have to be developed and implemented in future.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; ; Department of Anatomy, University of Malta. Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Cristoforo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riezzo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy;
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turillazzi
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013256:Steroids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D013256:Steroids; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Androgen-anabolic steroids; apoptosis; biochemical mechanisms; excitotoxic neuronal death; neuroprotective strategies; neurotoxicity; neurotrophin unbalance; oxidative-stress