title: Using the Viability Theory to Assess the Flexibility of Forest Managers Under Ecological Intensification.
abstract: Greater demand for wood material has converged with greater demand for biodiversity conservation to make balancing forest ecosystem services a key societal issue. Forest managers, owners, or policymakers need new approaches and methods to evaluate their ability to adapt to this dual objective. We analyze the ability of forest owners to define sustainable forest management options based on viability theory and a new flexibility index. This new indicator gauges the adaptive capacity of forest owners based on the number of sustainable actions available to them at a given time. Here we study a public forest owner who regulates harvest intensity and frequency in order to meet demand for timber wood at forest scale and to meet a biodiversity recommendation via a minimum permanently maintained volume of deadwood per hectare at stand scale. Dynamical systems theory was used to model uneven-aged forest dynamics-including deadwood dynamics-and the dynamics of timber wood demand and tree removals. Uneven-aged silver fir forest management in the "Quatre Montagnes region" (Vercors, France) is used as an illustrative example. The results explain situations where a joint increase in wood production and deadwood retention does not reduce the flexibility index more than increasing either one dimension alone, thus opening up ecological intensification options. To conclude, we discuss the value of the new flexibility index for addressing environmental management and ecological intensification issues.
authors.affiliation: UR LISC, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie pour les Systèmes Complexes, IRSTEA, 9 Avenue Blaise Pascal, CS 20085, 63178, Aubière, France. jean-denis.mathias@irstea.fr.
authors.forename: Jean-Denis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.affiliation: UR LISC, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie pour les Systèmes Complexes, IRSTEA, 9 Avenue Blaise Pascal, CS 20085, 63178, Aubière, France.|UMR G-EAU Gestion de l'eau, acteurs et usages, IRSTEA, 361 rue J.F. Breton, BP 5095, 34196, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonté
authors.affiliation: UR EMGR, Unité de recherche Ecosystèmes montagnards, IRSTEA, Domaine universitaire, 2 rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402, St-Martin-d'Hères Cedex, France.|Université Grenoble Alpes, 38402, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cordonnier
authors.affiliation: FCBA, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90251, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Morogues
mesh_terms: D028202:Abies / Q000502:physiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D016468:Forestry / Q000379:methods*; D065928:Forests; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014934:Wood
keywords: Biodiversity; Flexibility; Forest modeling; Management; Viability theory; Wood production