title: Chloropicrin Emission Reduction by Soil Amendment with Biochar.
abstract: Biochar has sorption capacity, and can be used to enhance the sequestration of volatile organic contaminants such as pesticides in soil. Chloropicrin (CP) is an important soil fumigant for the production of many fruit and vegetable crops, but its emissions must be minimized to reduce exposure risks and air pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the capacity of biochar to adsorb CP and the effect of biochar amendments to soil on CP emission, concentration in the soil gas phase, degradation in soil and CP bioactivity for controlling soil borne pests. CP emission and concentration in the soil air phase were measured from packed soil columns after fumigant injection at 20-cm depth and application of selected doses of biocharto the surface 5 cm soil. Laboratory incubation and fumigation experiments were conducted to determine the capacity of biochar to adsorb CP, the effects on CP degradation and, separately, CP's bioactivity on soil borne pests in soil amended with biochar. Biochar amendment at 2% to 5% (w/w) greatly reduced total CP emission losses by 85.7% - 97.7% compared to fumigation without biochar. CP concentrations in the soil gas-phase, especially in the top 5 cm of soil, were reduced within 48 h following application. The half-life of CP decreased from 13.6 h to 6.4 h as the biochar rate increased from 0% to 5%. CP and its metabolite (dichloronitromethane) both degraded more rapidly in pure biochar than in soil. The biochar used in the present study had a maximum adsorption capacity for CP of less than 5 mg g(-1). There were no negative effects on pathogen and nematode control when the biochar used in this study was less than 1% (on a weight basis) in soil. Biochar amendment to soil reduced the emissions of CP. CP concentrations in the top 5 cm of soil gas-phase were reduced. CP degradation was accelerated with the addition of biochar. The biochar used in the present study had a low adsorption capacity for CP. There were no negative effects on pathogen and nematode control when the biochar amendment rate was less than 1% (by weight). The findings would be useful for establishing guidelines for biochar use in soil fumigation.
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qiuxia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dongdong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liangang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Water Management Research Unit, Parlier, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wensheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Canbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Meixia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Aocheng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D005651:Fumigation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; C100187:chloropicrin