title: Low-frequency stimulation of the external globus palladium produces anti-epileptogenic and anti-ictogenic actions in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anti-epileptic effects of deep brain stimulation targeting the external globus palladium (GPe) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  For inducing amygdala kindling and deep brain stimulation, bipolar stainless-steel electrodes were implanted in SD rats into right basolateral amygdala and right GPe, respectively. The effects of deep brain stimulation were evaluated in the amygdala kindling model, maximal electroshock model (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model. Moreover, the background EEGs in the amygdala and GPe were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-frequency stimulation (0.1 ms, 1 Hz, 15 min) at the GPe slowed the progression of seizure stages and shortened the after-discharge duration (ADD) during kindling acquisition. Furthermore, low-frequency stimulation significantly decreased the incidence of generalized seizures, suppressed the average stage, and shortened the cumulative ADD and generalized seizure duration in fully kindled rats. In addition, low-frequency stimulation significantly suppressed the average stage of MES-induced seizures and increased the latency to generalized seizures in the PTZ model. High-frequency stimulation (0.1 ms, 130 Hz, 5 min) at the GPe had no anti-epileptic effect and even aggravated epileptogenesis induced by amygdala kindling. EEG analysis showed that low-frequency stimulation at the GPe reversed the increase in delta power, whereas high-frequency stimulation at the GPe had no such effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-frequency stimulation, but not high-frequency stimulation, at the GPe exerts therapeutic effect on temporal lobe epilepsy and tonic-colonic generalized seizures, which may be due to interference with delta rhythms. The results suggest that modulation of GPe activity using low-frequency stimulation or drugs may be a promising epilepsy treatment.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yi-fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-hao
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Shi-hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Mei-ping
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic; D008297:Male; D010165:Palladium; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D010165:Palladium