title: Negative mental imagery in public speaking anxiety: Forming cognitive resistance by taxing visuospatial working memory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to reconcile two lines of research. Previous studies have identified a prevalent and causal role of negative imagery in social phobia and public speaking anxiety; others have demonstrated that lateral eye movements during visualisation of imagery reduce its vividness, most likely by loading the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory. It was hypothesised that using eye movements to reduce the intensity of negative imagery associated with public speaking may reduce anxiety resulting from imagining a public speaking scenario compared to an auditory control task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty undergraduate students scoring high in anxiety on the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker scale took part. A semi-structured interview established an image that represented the participant's public speaking anxiety, which was then visualised during an eye movement task or a matched auditory task. Reactions to imagining a hypothetical but realistic public speaking scenario were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesised, representative imagery was established and reduced in vividness more effectively by the eye movement task than the auditory task. The public speaking scenario was then visualised less vividly and generated less anxiety when imagined after performing the eye movement task than after the auditory task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-report measures and a hypothetical scenario rather than actual public speaking were used. Replication is required in larger as well as clinical samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visuospatial working memory tasks may preferentially reduce anxiety associated with personal images of feared events, and thus provide cognitive resistance which reduces emotional reactions to imagined, and potentially real-life future stressful experiences.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Homer
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK. Electronic address: catherine.deeprose@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deeprose
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Cognition Institute, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EMDR; Eye movements; Imagery; Public speaking; Social anxiety; Working memory