title: Intensity-Corrected Dual-Echo Echo-Planar Imaging (DE-EPI) for Improved Pediatric Brain Diffusion Imaging.
abstract: Here we investigate the utility of a dual-echo Echo-Planar Imaging (DE-EPI) Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) approach to improve lesion conspicuity in pediatric imaging. This method delivers two 'echo images' for one diffusion-preparation period. We also demonstrate how the echoes can be utilized to remove transmit/receive coil-induced and static magnetic field intensity modulations on both echo images, which often mimic pathology and thereby pose diagnostic challenges. DE-EPI DWI data were acquired in 18 pediatric patients with abnormal diffusion lesions, and 46 pediatric patient controls at 3T. Echo1 [TE = 45ms] and Echo2 [TE = 86ms] were corrected for signal intensity variation across the images by exploiting the images equivalent coil-sensitivity and susceptibility-induced modulations. Two neuroradiologists independently reviewed Echo1 and Echo2 and their intensity-corrected variants (cEcho1 and cEcho2) on a 7-point Likert scale, with grading on lesion conspicuity diagnostic confidence. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map from Echo1 was used to validate presence of true pathology. Echo2 was unanimously favored over Echo1 for its sensitivity for detecting acute brain injury, with a mean respective lesion conspicuity of 5.7/4.4 (p < 0.005) and diagnostic confidence of 5.1/4.3 (p = 0.025). cEcho2 was rated higher than cEcho1, with a mean respective lesion conspicuity of 5.5/4.3 (p < 0.005) and diagnostic confidence of 5.4/4.4 (p < 0.005). cEcho2 was favored over all echoes for its diagnostic reliability, particularly in regions close to the head coil. This work concludes that DE-EPI DWI is a useful alternative to conventional single-echo EPI DWI, whereby Echo2 and cEcho2 allows for improved lesion detection and overall higher diagnostic confidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristen W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Yeom
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Straka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iv
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lucas Center for Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skare
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Lucas Center for Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004453:Echoencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*