title: Does facial soft tissue protect against zygomatic fractures? Results of a finite element analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zygomatic fractures form a major entity in craniomaxillofacial traumatology. Few studies have dealt with biomechanical basics and none with the role of the facial soft tissues. Therefore this study should investigate, whether facial soft tissue plays a protecting role in lateral midfacial trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A head-to-head encounter was simulated by way of finite element analysis. In two scenarios this impact - with and without soft tissues - was investigated to demonstrate the potential protective effects. To achieve realism, a transient simulation was chosen, which considers temporal dynamics and realistic material parameters derived from CT grey values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The simulation results presented a typical zygomatic fracture with all relevant fracture lines. Including soft tissues did not change the maximum bony stress pattern, but increased the time period from impact to maximal stresses by 1.3 msec.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this could have clinical implications, facial soft tissues may be disregarded in biomechanical simulations of the lateral midface, if only the bony structures are to be investigated. Soft tissue seems to act as a temporal buffer only.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. heike.huempfner-hierl@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huempfner-Hierl
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. alexbohne@gmx.net.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bohne
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. s.stuff@web.de.|BBG Bodenbearbeitungsgeraete Leipzig GmbH & Co KG, Leipzig, Germany. s.stuff@web.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Technologies, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. gw.fossdev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wollny
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. hiet@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hierl
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005145:Face; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*