title: Aggregate exposure modelling of zinc pyrithione in rinse-off personal cleansing products using a person-orientated approach with market share refinement.
abstract: Realistic estimates of chemical aggregate exposure are needed to ensure consumer safety. As exposure estimates are a critical part of the equation used to calculate acceptable "safe levels" and conduct quantitative risk assessments, methods are needed to produce realistic exposure estimations. To this end, a probabilistic aggregate exposure model was developed to estimate consumer exposure from several rinse off personal cleansing products containing the anti-dandruff preservative zinc pyrithione. The model incorporates large habits and practices surveys, containing data on frequency of use, amount applied, co-use along with market share, and combines these data at the level of the individual based on subject demographics to better estimate exposure. The daily-applied exposure (i.e., amount applied to the skin) was 3.79 mg/kg/day for the 95th percentile consumer. The estimated internal dose for the 95th percentile exposure ranged from 0.01-1.29 μg/kg/day after accounting for retention following rinsing and dermal penetration of ZnPt. This probabilistic aggregate exposure model can be used in the human safety assessment of ingredients in multiple rinse-off technologies (e.g., shampoo, bar soap, body wash, and liquid hand soap). In addition, this model may be used in other situations where refined exposure assessment is required to support a chemical risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: The Procter and Gamble Company, P&G Technical Centres Ltd., Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9NW, United Kingdom. Electronic address: tozer.sa@pg.com.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tozer
authors.affiliation: Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: seamus.kelly@cremeglobal.com.
authors.forename: Seamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: cian.omahony@cremeglobal.com.
authors.forename: Cian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Mahony
authors.affiliation: Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: dalyej@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA. Electronic address: nash.jf@pg.com.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nash
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D005060:Europe; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006120:Grooming; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008954:Models, Biological; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012915:Soaps / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D012995:Solubility; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D005079:Excipients; D006203:Hair Preparations; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D012915:Soaps; C010423:pyrithione zinc
keywords: Aggregate exposure; Probabilistic modelling; Zinc pyrithione