title: Impact of cough and common cold on productivity, absenteeism, and daily life in the United States: ACHOO Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the common cold is among the most frequent ailments encountered in clinical practice, little is known about its impact on productivity, absenteeism, and daily life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The United States Attitudes of Consumers Toward Health, Cough, and Cold (ACHOO) survey was developed to inform healthcare providers on patients' experience of cough/cold. This analysis focuses on the impact of cough/cold on daily activity, productivity, and absenteeism; other results are reported elsewhere.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACHOO was a 36-question online survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  US adult Internet/mobile device users (N = 3333) were recruited in October 2012. Response quotas modeled on 2010 US Census data ensured a demographically representative sample; 75% of completed surveys were randomized as the primary analysis pool.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographics and impact of cough/cold were reported using means, frequencies, and percentages. Weighted least squares regression or weighted paired t-test were used to identify factors associated with greater impact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis pool (N = 2505) included 1342 (53.6%) women and 1163 (46.4%) men (mean ages, 46.7 and 45.9 years). A majority (84.7%) had ≥1 cold in the past year. Fifty-two percent said cough/cold impacted daily life a fair amount to a lot. Productivity decreased by a mean 26.4%, and 44.5% of respondents reported work/school absenteeism (usually 1-2 days) during a cold. Overall, 93% of survey participants reported sleep difficulty (slight to extreme) during a cough/cold. Among all respondents, 57% reported cough or nasal congestion as the symptoms making sleep difficult. Higher frequency of colds, more cold symptoms, difficulty sleeping, and worse overall health status correlated with greater impact on productivity, absenteeism, and daily life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study limitations include the potential for recall bias given the retrospective nature of the self-reports. Furthermore, no attempt was made to distinguish treatment effects, if any, from those of the underlying cough/cold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first large national survey to quantify adverse effects of cough/cold on daily activity, productivity, and absenteeism. Cold- and patient-related characteristics influence the degree of impact.
authors.affiliation: a a Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Peter V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Dicpinigaitis
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eccles
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Blaiss
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wingertzahn
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003139:Common Cold / Q000523:psychology*; D003371:Cough / Q000523:psychology*; D004526:Efficiency; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Absenteeism; Activities of daily living; Common cold; Cough; Productivity; Quality of life; Surveys