title: Gender and Race Variations in the Intersection of Religious Involvement, Early Trauma, and Adult Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine gender and race variations in regards to the influence of religious involvement (RI) as a moderator of the effects of early traumatic stress (ETS) on health-related quality of life among adult survivors of child abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional predictive design was used to study Seventh-day Adventist adults in North America (N = 10,283).
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary analysis of data collected via questionnaires was done using multiple regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data revealed that women had a significantly higher prevalence of any or all ETS subtypes, except for physical abuse prevalence, which was the same for both genders. Blacks reported a significantly higher prevalence of at least one ETS subtype than did Whites, except for neglect, where Whites had a higher prevalence. Exposure to at least one ETS subtype was associated with worse negative effect on mental health (B = -2.08, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.54, p < .0001) and physical health (B = -2.01, p < .0001 vs. B = -1.11, p < .0001) for women compared to men. Among those exposed to all ETS subtypes (n = 447), Whites had significant worse physical health, with White women having almost two times the negative effect on physical health (B = -4.50, p < .0001) than White men (B = -2.87, p < .05). As for RI moderation, based on tests of three-way interactions of race-RI-ETS, there were no associated differences. However, tests of three-way interactions of gender-RI-ETS showed a significant buffering effect. Among those with high levels of negative religious coping (RC), women exposed to ETS had significantly worse physical health (B = -1.28) than men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results give evidence of gender and racial differences on the magnitude of the ETS-health effect, as well as gender differences in ETS-health buffering by RC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest gender and racial differences must be considered when devising holistic nursing interventions for improving health outcomes of early trauma survivors.
authors.affiliation: Kappa, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Katia G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.affiliation: Anna D. Wolf Chair and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jacquelyn C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Chair of the Dept. Biostatistics and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bandeen-Roche
authors.affiliation: Associate Dean for Community and Global Programs and Professor, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharps
authors.affiliation: Professor, Loma Linda School of Public Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012067:Religion; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*; D001741:Black or African American
keywords: Adventists; Cultural diversity; child abuse; community health; culture; forgiveness; gender differences; gratitude; health disparities; mental health; neglect; public health; religious coping; religious involvement; spirituality; trauma; violence