title: The Relationship Between Multiple Forms of Discrimination, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Depression Among Illicit Drug Users in New York City.
abstract: It is plausible that features of the social environment combined with experiences of discrimination may help further explain experiences of depression among illicit drug users. We examined the influence of census tract-level characteristics and multiple forms of individual-level discrimination on lifetime depression among illicit drug users in New York City enrolled in the "Social Ties Associated With Risk of Transition" study. Population average models accounted for clustering of individuals within census tracts. Discrimination based on prior incarceration explained Hispanic/White differences in depression and was independently associated with depression after accounting for neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood poverty was only marginally related to lifetime depression. These data provide evidence supporting the influence of discrimination on depression among drug users. Research is needed to confirm these findings and highlight specific mechanisms through which discrimination and neighborhood socioeconomic status may operate to influence mental health.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Kellee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Abby E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rudolph
authors.affiliation: New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kandice C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ebele O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Crystal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fuller
keywords: depressive symptoms; discrimination; illicit drug users; neighborhood characteristics