title: Epigenetic regulation in the carcinogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy arising from the epithelial cells lining the biliary tract. Despite the existence of variation in incidence and etiology worldwide, its incidence is increasing globally in the past few decades. Surgery is the only curative treatment option for a minority of patients presented with early disease; while moderate effective chemotherapy remains the standard care for patients with locally advanced or metastatic diseases. In this article, we briefly review the molecular alterations that have been described in CCAs focusing on the role of epigenetic modification, including promoter methylation inactivation, histone modification and microRNA, in the carcinogenesis and progression of CCAs. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Epigenetics dynamics in development and disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nai-Jung
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yan-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: leochen@nhri.org.tw.
authors.forename: Li-Tzong
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D006657:Histones; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; DNA methylation; Epigenetic regulation; Histone modification; microRNA