title: Multigene Phylogeography of Bactrocera caudata (Insecta: Tephritidae): Distinct Genetic Lineages in Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
abstract: Bactrocera caudata is a pest of pumpkin flower. Specimens of B. caudata from the northern hemisphere (mainland Asia) and southern hemisphere (Indonesia) were analysed using the partial DNA sequences of the nuclear 28S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS-2) genes, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and 16S rRNA genes. The COI, COII, 16S rDNA and concatenated COI+COII+16S and COI+COII+16S+28S+ITS-2 nucleotide sequences revealed that B. caudata from the northern hemisphere (Peninsular Malaysia, East Malaysia, Thailand) was distinctly different from the southern hemisphere (Indonesia: Java, Bali and Lombok), without common haplotype between them. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clades (northern and southern hemispheres), indicating distinct genetic lineage. The uncorrected 'p' distance for the concatenated COI+COII+16S nucleotide sequences between the taxa from the northern and southern hemispheres ('p' = 4.46-4.94%) was several folds higher than the 'p' distance for the taxa in the northern hemisphere ('p' = 0.00-0.77%) and the southern hemisphere ('p' = 0.00%). This distinct difference was also reflected by concatenated COI+COII+16S+28S+ITS-2 nucleotide sequences with an uncorrected 'p' distance of 2.34-2.69% between the taxa of northern and southern hemispheres. In accordance with the type locality the Indonesian taxa belong to the nominal species. Thus the taxa from the northern hemisphere, if they were to constitute a cryptic species of the B. caudata species complex based on molecular data, need to be formally described as a new species. The Thailand and Malaysian B. caudata populations in the northern hemisphere showed distinct genetic structure and phylogeographic pattern.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Chancellory High Impact Research, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hoi-Sen
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Phaik-Eem
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, 31900 Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Chancellory High Impact Research, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sze-Looi
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia.
authors.forename: I Wayan
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Suana
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Praphathip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eamsobhana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*