title: The Impact of Worker's Compensation Claims on Outcomes and Costs Following an Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective matched pair cohort analysis using a prospectively maintained registry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the findings associated with workers' compensation (WC) claimants in regard to surgical outcomes, costs, and reimbursement after a 1- or 2- level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  WC patients are perceived to demonstrate poor surgical outcomes and greater health care expenditure than more traditional patients. This study aims to evaluate the perceived differences in financial costs between patients with and without WC insurance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 352 patients who underwent a primary 1- or 2- level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for degenerative spinal etiologies between 2007 and 2013 by a single surgeon was performed. Patients were stratified on the basis of the payer status (WC vs. non-WC). Demographics, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, smoking status, pre- and postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, procedural time, estimated blood loss, hospital length of stay, complications, and revisions/reoperations were assessed between cohorts. The 1-year arthrodesis rate was also evaluated via computed tomography. Two cohorts of 30 patients were then matched for the number of fusion levels, smoking, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores to compare hospital costs and reimbursements. All financial data were reported as a ratio of non-WC to WC payment/charges to protect hospital-sensitive financial data. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent sample t test for continuous variables and χ analysis for categorical data. An α level of less than 0.05 denoted statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 352 patients were included in this study of which 132 (37.5%) carried WC as the primary payer. The WC cohort was significantly younger (45.2 ± 8.5 vs. 52.9 ± 11.9, P < 0.001) and demonstrated a reduced comorbidity burden (2.3 ± 1.2 vs. 3.4 ± 1.7, P < 0.001) compared with non-WC patients. In addition, the WC cohort consisted of a significantly greater proportion of males, non-Caucasians, and active tobacco users. The preoperative VAS score, number of fusion levels, procedural time, and hospital length of stay did not significantly vary between cohorts. The 6-month VAS scores (3.2 ± 2.9 vs. 2.3 ± 2.4, P < 0.05), pseudarthrosis rates (7.6% vs. 0.9%, P < 0.001), revision/reoperations (12.9% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.001), and smoking rates (29.8% vs. 20.5%, P < 0.05) were significantly increased among WC payers. The difference in the total charges for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion between the WC cohort and the non-WC cohort was not statistically significant. The costs associated with implants, anesthesia, operating room, and in-hospital therapy were comparable between cohorts. The WC cohort was associated with a 282% higher reimbursement rate than the non-WC cohort (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The WC cohort demonstrated lower clinical improvement, reduced 1-year arthrodesis rate, and an increased incidence of revision/reoperations when compared with non-WC patients. The greater proportion of smokers and increased occupational demands within the WC cohort may help explain these findings. Reimbursement rates were significantly higher in the WC patients. However, costs to the health care system during the acute hospitalization period (implants, operating room resources, postoperative care, and therapy) were similar between cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tabaraee
authors.forename: Junyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bohl
authors.forename: Islam M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Elboghdady
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aboushaala
authors.forename: Kern
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics; D017722:Hospital Charges; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012042:Registries; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000191:economics*