title: High performance concentration method for viruses in drinking water.
abstract: According to the risk assessment of the WHO, highly infectious pathogenic viruses like rotaviruses should not be present in large-volume drinking water samples of up to 90 m(3). On the other hand, quantification methods for viruses are only operable in small volumes, and presently no concentration procedure for processing such large volumes has been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to demonstrate a procedure for processing viruses in-line of a drinking water pipeline by ultrafiltration (UF) and consecutive further concentration by monolithic filtration (MF) and centrifugal ultrafiltration (CeUF) of viruses to a final 1-mL sample. For testing this concept, the model virus bacteriophage MS2 was spiked continuously in UF instrumentation. Tap water was processed in volumes between 32.4 m(3) (22 h) and 97.7 m(3) (72 h) continuously either in dead-end (DE) or cross-flow (CF) mode. Best results were found by DE-UF over 22 h. The concentration of MS2 was increased from 4.2×10(4) GU/mL (genomic units per milliliter) to 3.2×10(10) GU/mL and from 71 PFU/mL to 2×10(8) PFU/mL as determined by qRT-PCR and plaque assay, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunze
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elsässer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niessner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistr. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: Michael.Seidel@ch.tum.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seidel
mesh_terms: D002498:Centrifugation / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000821:virology*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D017909:Levivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods*; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Bacteriophage MS2; Drinking water; Large-volume filtration; Ultrafiltration; Virus concentration; Water hygiene