title: Biomarkers for CNS involvement in pediatric lupus.
abstract: CNS disease, or central neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (cNPSLE), occurs frequently in pediatric lupus, leading to significant morbidity and poor long-term outcomes. Diagnosing cNPSLE is especially difficult in pediatrics; many current diagnostic tools are invasive and/or costly, and there are no current accepted screening mechanisms. The most complicated aspect of diagnosis is differentiating primary disease from other etiologies; research to discover new biomarkers is attempting to address this dilemma. With many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cNPSLE, biomarker profiles across several modalities (molecular, psychometric and neuroimaging) will need to be used. For the care of children with lupus, the challenge will be to develop biomarkers that are accessible by noninvasive measures and reliable in a pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Tamar B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Chaim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Putterman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goilav
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: CNS; biomarkers; neuropsychiatric; pediatric; systemic lupus erythematosus