title: Comparison of text-messaging to voice telephone interviews for active surveillance of adverse events following immunisation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2013, the Follow-up and Active Surveillance of Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Mums (FASTMum) program began using short message service (SMS) to collect adverse event information in pregnant women who recently received trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV). This study was designed to compare data collected via SMS and telephone for the purposes of monitoring vaccine safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of 344 women who received TIV were randomly assigned to a telephone interview group. They were telephoned seven days post-vaccination and administered a standard survey soliciting any adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) they experienced. They were matched by brand of vaccine, age group, and residence to 344 women who were sent a SMS seven days post-vaccination. The SMS solicited similar information. AEFI reported by SMS and telephone interview were compared by calculating risk ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rate was higher to SMS compared to telephone interview (90.1% vs. 63.9%). Women who were surveyed by SMS were significantly less likely to report an AEFI compared to women who were surveyed by telephone (RR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.29-0.59). The greatest discrepancies between SMS and telephone interview were for self-reported injection site reactions (3.1% vs. 16.8%) and unsolicited (or "other") events (11.4% vs. 4.1%). Data collected by SMS was significantly timelier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data collection by SMS results in significantly improved response rates and timeliness of vaccine safety data. Systems which incorporate SMS could be used to more rapidly detect safety signals and promote more rapid public health response to vaccine quality issues.
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia. Electronic address: Annette.Regan@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Blyth
authors.affiliation: Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tracey
authors.affiliation: Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Western Australia Department of Health, Shenton Park, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Effler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D060145:Text Messaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Influenza vaccine; Public health surveillance; Text messaging; Vaccination