title: A Comparison of 4D DSA with 2D and 3D DSA in the Analysis of Normal Vascular Structures in a Canine Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  4D DSA allows viewing of 3D DSA as a series of time-resolved volumes of a contrast bolus. There is no comparison of the accuracy of the anatomic information provided by 4D DSA with that available from conventional 2D and 3D DSA. Our purpose was to make this comparison by using a canine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  2D, 3D, and 4D DSA acquisitions were performed in 5 canines from 3 catheter positions in the common carotid artery yielding 15 2D, 15 3D, and 15 4D datasets. For each territory, 3 vascular segments were chosen for comparison. Images were reviewed by 2 experienced neuroradiologists and were graded by the ability to visualize a segment, its filling direction, and preferred technique. Two visualization modes for 4D DSA were compared (volume-rendering technique and MIP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  4D DSA was preferred in 73.9% of the image sets; 2D, in 22.7%; and 3D, in 3.4%. 4D DSA MIP rendering yielded superior visualization of very small vessel details; the 4D DSA volume-rendering technique offered superior depth and overlap information and better visualization of the surface details of the vasculature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, 4D DSA was preferred over 2D and 3D DSA for analysis of normal vasculature. The ability to provide any view of a vascular territory at any time during passage of a contrast bolus seems likely to reduce the need for many 2D acquisitions during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This then potentially translates into a reduction in radiation and contrast dose.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurological Surgery (C.S.-G., B.A.-K.).
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering (K.R) Siemens (K.R., S.S.), Hoffman Estates, Illinois.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Royalty
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neurological Surgery (C.S.-G., B.A.-K.).
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aagaard-Kienitz
authors.affiliation: Siemens (K.R., S.S.), Hoffman Estates, Illinois.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schafer
authors.affiliation: Radiology (P.Y., C.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Department of Neurosurgery (P.Y.), Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-3602
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Radiology (P.Y., C.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin strother@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strother
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004285:Dogs; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity