title: Histologic and Metabolic Derangement in High-Fat, High-Fructose, and Combination Diet Animal Models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We used high-fat (HF), high-fructose (HFr), and combination diets to create a dietary animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Comparison of both clinical phenotypes has not been well defined. The purpose of this study was to compare histologic and metabolic characteristics between diets in an animal model of NAFLD.
  
  
  METHODS
  NAFLD was induced in rats by feeding them HF, HFr, and combination (HF + HFr) diets for 20 weeks. The degree of intrahepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress was evaluated. Metabolic derangements were assessed by the oral glucose tolerance test and the intrahepatic insulin signal pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight gain and intrahepatic fat accumulation were more prominent in the HF feeding group than in the HFr group. The expressions of NOX-4 and TLR-4 were higher in the HF and HFr combination groups than in the HF-only group. Other intrahepatic inflammatory markers, MCP-1, TNF-α, and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, were the highest in the HF + HFr combination group. Although intrahepatic fat deposition was less prominent in the HFr diet model, intrahepatic inflammation was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrahepatic inflammation and metabolic derangements were more prominent in the HF and HFr combination model than in the HF monodiet model.
authors.affiliation: Department Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2875-6139
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Hyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1234-1668
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Waqar Khalid
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000235:genetics; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005632:Fructose