title: Orbiviruses: A North American Perspective.
abstract: Orbiviruses are members of the Reoviridae family and include bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). These viruses are the cause of significant regional disease outbreaks among livestock and wildlife in the United States, some of which have been characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Competent vectors are clearly present in most regions of the globe; therefore, all segments of production livestock are at risk for serious disease outbreaks. Animals with subclinical infections also serve as reservoirs of infection and often result in significant trade restrictions. The economic and explicit impacts of BTV and EHDV infections are difficult to measure, but infections are a cause of economic loss for producers and loss of natural resources (wildlife). In response to United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) Resolution 16, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), in collaboration with the Department of the Interior (DOI), organized a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on Orbiviruses. The workshop participants met at the Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit in Manhattan, KS, May 14-16, 2013, to assess the available scientific information and status of currently available countermeasures to effectively control and mitigate the impact of an outbreak of an emerging Orbivirus with epizootic potential, with special emphasis given to BTV and EHDV. In assessing the threats, workshop participants determined that available countermeasures are somewhat effective, but several weaknesses were identified that affect their ability to prevent and control disease outbreaks effectively.
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: D Scott
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: McVey
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Drolet
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nayduch
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfannenstiel
authors.affiliation: 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Cohnstaedt
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California.
authors.forename: N James
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: MacLachlan
authors.affiliation: 3 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Program 103-Animal Health , Beltsville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Cyril G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001179:Arthropod Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000276:immunology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D018163:Orbivirus / Q000276:immunology*; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Bluetongue virus; Diagnostic test; Epidemiology; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease; Vaccine; Vector