title: Training order and structural location of meaningful stimuli: effects on equivalence class formation.
abstract: In the present study, equivalence class formation was influenced by the temporal point of inclusion of a meaningful stimulus when baseline relations were serially or sequentially trained, and much less so by the location of the meaningful stimulus in the nodal structure of the class. In Experiment 1, participants attempted to form three 3-node, 5-member classes (A→B→C→D→E) under the simultaneous protocol. After serially training the baseline relations AB, BC, CD, and DE, in that order, the emergence of all emergent relations was tested concurrently. In the A-as-PIC condition, A was meaningful stimulus and B to E were meaningless stimulus, and 60 % of the participants formed classes. In addition, classes were formed by 40 %, 70 %, 40 %, and 20 % of the participants in the B-as-PIC, C-as-PIC, D-as-PIC, and E-as-PIC groups, respectively. Thus, the likelihood of class formation could have been influenced by the location of a meaningful stimulus in the class structure and/or by its order of introduction during training. In Experiment 2, we controlled for any effect of order of introduction by the concurrent training of all of the baseline relations. Regardless of the location of the meaningful stimulus, 0-20 % of participants formed classes. Thus, the temporal order of introducing a meaningful stimulus was the primary modulator of the class-enhancing property of meaningful stimuli, and not the location of the meaningful stimulus in the class structure.
authors.affiliation: Department for Behavioral Science, Oslo and Akershus University College, PO Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. rknartey@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nartey
authors.affiliation: Department for Behavioral Science, Oslo and Akershus University College, PO Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. erik.arntzen@equivalence.net.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arntzen
authors.affiliation: Queens College and The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lanny
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fields
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001245:Association Learning; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Meaningful stimulus; Order of training; Serialized; Simultaneous protocol; Stimulus equivalence