title: Management of North American Culicoides Biting Midges: Current Knowledge and Research Needs.
abstract: Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are biological vectors of two important viruses impacting North American ruminants--bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). These viruses have been identified for over 60 years in North America, but we still lack an adequate understanding of the basic biology and ecology of the confirmed vector, Culicoides sonorensis, and know even less about other putative Culicoides vector species. The major gaps in our knowledge of the biology of Culicoides midges are broad and include an understanding of the ecology of juveniles, the identity of potential alternate vector species, interactions of midges with both pathogens and vertebrates, and the effectiveness of potential control measures. Due to these broad and numerous fundamental knowledge gaps, vector biologists and livestock producers are left with few options to respond to or understand outbreaks of EHD or BT in North America, or respond to emerging or exotic Culicoides-transmitted pathogens. Here we outline current knowledge of vector ecology and control tactics for North American Culicoides species, and delineate research recommendations aimed to fill knowledge gaps.
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pfannenstiel
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California.
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mullens
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruder
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Ludek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zurek
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Lee W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Cohnstaedt
authors.affiliation: 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nayduch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000502:physiology; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D018164:Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic / Q000502:physiology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology; D009656:North America; D012088:Reoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D012418:Ruminants; D012756:Sheep
keywords: BTV; Bluetongue; EHDV; Epizootic hemorrhagic disease; Insecticides; Vector