title: Enrichment of perfluorinated alkyl substances on polyethersulfone using 1-methylpyperidine as ion-pair reagent for the clean-up of carrot and amended soil extracts.
abstract: The development of a simple, cheap and environment friendly analytical method for the simultaneous determination of different perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) including seven perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, three perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids and perfluorooctanesulfonamide in carrot and amended soil was carried out in the present work. The method was based on focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction followed by extract clean-up through enrichment of the target compounds on a polymeric material using an ion-pair reagent and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The following variables affecting the clean-up step were evaluated: the nature of the polymeric material (polyethersulfone, PES, versus silicone rod), the amount of the polymeric material (from 1 to 9 mg), the ion-pair reagent (1-methylpyperidine, 1-MP, versus tetrabutylammonium salts), the concentration of the ion-pair reagent (from 5 to 50 mM) and the extraction time (from 15 min to 24 h). Optimum clean-up conditions were obtained using preconcentration on 9 mg of PES polymeric material combined with 5 mM 1-MP as ion-pair reagent for 3h. The method was validated in terms of apparent recoveries in the range of 77-140% and 95-137% at the low concentration (50 ng g(-1)) and in the range of 70-136% and 79-132% at the high concentration (290 ng g(-1)) for amended soil and carrot, respectively, after correction with the corresponding labeled standards. Precision, as relative standard deviation, was within 2-23%, while method detection limits were 0.31-2.85 ng g(-1) for amended soil and 0.11-1.83 ng g(-1) for carrot. In the absence of a certified reference material for the target analytes in the matrices studied, inter-method comparison was carried out and the same samples were processed using two independent clean-up procedures, the one developed in the present work and a classical based on solid-phase extraction. Statistically comparable results were obtained according to the one-way analysis of variance for peel, core, leaves as well as amended soil (F(Calc)=2.59, 5.06, 5.82 and 2.34 <F(Crit)=7.71). Finally, the method was applied for the determination of PFASs in uptake experiments where carrots were cultivated in an amended soil polluted with perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at 500 ng g(-1) level. The highest concentration was measured in the carrot leaves (669 ng g(-1)), while the concentrations in peel and core were at the same level (72 ng g(-1) and 62 ng g(-1) respectively), concluding that translocation of PFOS from the soil to the leaves had occurred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. Electronic address: ekhine.bizkarguenaga@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Ekhiñe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bizkarguenaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Itsaso
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zabaleta
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Arantza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iparraguirre
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Josu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Ángel
authors.initials: LÁ
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Ailette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zuloaga
mesh_terms: D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D010880:Piperidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010880:Piperidines; D011108:Polymers; D012987:Soil; D013450:Sulfones; C022840:polyether sulfone; C059226:N-methylpiperidine
keywords: 1-methylpyperidine; Amended soil; Carrot; Perfluoroalkyl substances; Polyethersulfone