title: First-Trimester Urine Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites and Phenols and Placenta miRNA Expression in a Cohort of U.S. Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing concern that early-life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can influence the risk of disease development. Phthalates and phenols are two classes of suspected EDCs that are used in a variety of everyday consumer products, including plastics, epoxy resins, and cosmetics. In utero exposure to EDCs may affect disease propensity through epigenetic mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether prenatal exposure to multiple EDCs is associated with changes in miRNA expression of human placenta, and whether miRNA alterations are associated with birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was restricted to a total of 179 women co-enrolled in the Harvard Epigenetic Birth Cohort and the Predictors of Preeclampsia Study. We analyzed associations between first-trimester urine concentrations of 8 phenols and 11 phthalate metabolites and expression of 29 candidate miRNAs in placenta by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For three miRNAs--miR-142-3p, miR15a-5p, and miR-185--we detected associations between Σphthalates or Σphenols on expression levels (p < 0.05). By assessing gene ontology enrichment, we determined the potential mRNA targets of these microRNAs predicted in silico were associated with several biological pathways, including the regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. Four gene ontology biological processes were enriched among genes significantly correlated with the expression of miRNAs associated with EDC burden.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these results suggest that prenatal phenol and phthalate exposure is associated with altered miRNA expression in placenta, suggesting a potential mechanism of EDC toxicity in humans.
authors.affiliation: Harvard University Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LaRocca
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: McElrath
authors.forename: Karin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D035683:MicroRNAs; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids