title: Rhodnius prolixus supergene families of enzymes potentially associated with insecticide resistance.
abstract: Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Once known as an endemic health problem of poor rural populations in Latin American countries, it has now spread worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by triatomine bugs, of which Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) is one of the vectors and a model organism. This species occurs mainly in Central and South American countries where the disease is endemic. Disease prevention focuses on vector control programs that, in general, rely intensely on insecticide use. However, the massive use of chemical insecticides can lead to resistance. One of the major mechanisms is known as metabolic resistance that is associated with an increase in the expression or activity of detoxification genes. Three of the enzyme families that are involved in this process - carboxylesterases (CCE), glutathione s-transferases (GST) and cytochrome P450s (CYP) - are analyzed in the R. prolixus genome. A similar set of detoxification genes to those of the Hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum but smaller than in most dipteran species was found in R. prolixus genome. All major CCE classes (43 genes found) are present but the pheromone/hormone processing class had fewer genes than usual. One main expansion was detected on the detoxification/dietary class. The phosphotriesterase family, recently associated with insecticide resistance, was also represented with one gene. One microsomal GST gene was found and the cytosolic GST gene count (14 genes) is extremely low when compared to the other hemipteran species with sequenced genomes. However, this is similar to Apis mellifera, a species known for its deficit in detoxification genes. In R. prolixus 88 CYP genes were found, with representatives in the four clans (CYP2, CYP3, CYP4 and mitochondrial) usually found in insects. R. prolixus seems to have smaller species-specific expansions of CYP genes than mosquitoes and beetles, among others. The number of R. prolixus CYP genes is similar to the hemipteran Ac. pisum, although with a bigger expansion in CYP3 and CYP4 clans, along with several gene fragments, mostly in CYP4 clan. Eleven founding members of new families were detected, consisting of ten genes in the CYP3 clan and 1 gene in the CYP4 clan. Members of these clans were proposed to have important detoxification roles in insects. The identification of CCE, GST and CYP genes is of utmost importance for directing detoxification studies on triatomines that can help insecticide management strategies in control programs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil. Electronic address: schama@ioc.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schama
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Electronic address: nicopedrini@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pedrini
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: M Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Juárez
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e de Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mesquita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D049750:Genome, Insect; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000235:genetics*; D007303:Insect Vectors; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides; D010802:Phylogeny; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
keywords: Carboxylesterase; Cytochrome P450; Detoxification metabolism; Gene family; Glutathione s-transferase; Insecticide resistance; Rhodnius prolixus