title: Task positive and default mode networks during a working memory in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and healthy controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal enuresis is a common developmental disorder in children, and primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is the dominant subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study investigated brain functional abnormalities that are specifically related to working memory in children with PMNE using function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in combination with an n-back task. Twenty children with PMNE and 20 healthy children, group-matched for age and sex, participated in this experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several brain regions exhibited reduced activation during the n-back task in children with PMNE, including the right precentral gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule extending to the postcentral gyrus. Children with PMNE exhibited decreased cerebral activation in the task-positive network, increased task-related cerebral deactivation during a working memory task, and longer response times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients exhibited different brain response patterns to different levels of working memory and tended to compensate by greater default mode network deactivation to sustain normal working memory function. Our results suggest that children with PMNE have potential working memory dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kaihua
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Radiology, MR Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Du
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mengxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jilei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors