title: Controlled formation of closed-edge nanopores in graphene.
abstract: Dangling bonds at the edge of a nanopore in monolayer graphene make it susceptible to back-filling at low temperatures from atmospheric hydrocarbons, leading to potential instability for nanopore applications, such as DNA sequencing. We show that closed edge nanopores in bilayer graphene are robust to back-filling under atmospheric conditions for days. A controlled method for closed edge nanopore formation starting from monolayer graphene is reported using an in situ heating holder and electron beam irradiation within an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Tailoring of closed-edge nanopore sizes is demonstrated from 1.4-7.4 nm. These results should provide mechanisms for improving the stability of nanopores in graphene for a wide range of applications involving mass transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK. Jamie.Warner@materials.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kuang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Alex W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Chuncheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Henny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zandbergen
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Angus I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.forename: Jamie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Warner