title: Tubing modifications for countercurrent chromatography (CCC): Stationary phase retention and separation efficiency.
abstract: Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a separation technique in which two immiscible liquid phases are used for the preparative purification of synthetic and natural products. In CCC the number of repetitive mixing and de-mixing processes, the retention of the stationary phase and the mass transfer between the liquid phases are significant parameters that influence the resolution and separation efficiency. Limited mass transfer is the main reason for peak broadening and a low number of theoretical plates along with impaired peak resolution in CCC. Hence, technical improvements with regard to column design and tubing modifications is an important aspect to enhance mixing and mass transfer. In this study we constructed a crimping tool which allowed us to make reproducible, semi-automated modifications of conventional round-shaped tubing. Six crimped tubing modifications were prepared, mounted onto multilayer coils which were subsequently installed in the CCC system. The stationary phase retention of the tubing modifications were compared to the conventional system with unmodified tubing in a hydrophobic, an intermediate and a hydrophilic two-phase solvent system. Generally, the tubing modifications provided higher capabilities to retain the stationary phase depending on the solvent system and flow rates. In the intermediate solvent system the separation efficiency was evaluated with a mixture of six alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates. The peak resolution could be increased up to 50% with one of the tubing modifications compared to the unmodified tubing. Using the most convincing tubing modification at fixed values for the stationary phase retention, a reasonable comparison to the unmodified tubing was achieved. The peak width could be reduced up to 49% and a strong positive impact at increased flow rates regarding peak resolution and theoretical plate number was observed compared to unmodified tubing. It could be concluded that the tubing modification enhanced the interphase mixing and mass transfer of the two phases by additional and more vigorous agitation.
authors.affiliation: University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Englert
authors.affiliation: University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: walter.vetter@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vetter
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D003377:Countercurrent Distribution / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D006586:Hexanes; D012997:Solvents; C026385:n-hexane; D000432:Methanol; C032159:acetonitrile
keywords: Column; Countercurrent chromatography; Instrumentation; Multilayer coil; Separation efficiency; Tubing modification