title: The complementarity of PIXE and PIGE techniques: A case study of size segregated airborne particulates collected from a Nigeria city.
abstract: The Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique is a reliable ion beam analytical tool for the characterization of thin aerosol samples, but it can underestimate the lightest measurable elements (such as Na, Mg, Al and Si) owing to the absorption of their X-rays inside the sample. The Proton Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) technique could be employed as avalid means to determine corrections for such an effect. Hence, in this study, Fine (PM(2.5)) and Coarse (PM(10-2.5)) particulate matter samples collected at Ikeja, Lagos-Nigeria, using a double staged 'Gent' stacked sampler were analyzed for their elemental concentrations using an external beam set-up for simultaneous PIXE and PIGE measurements. The measured PIXE concentrations as well as the PIGE correction factors for Na and Al detected in the PM(10-2.5) samples (collected on polycarbonate Nuclepore membranes) are reported. The concentrations of 24 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cs and Pb) detected in both fractions were displayed, discussed and likely sources of these elements were also identified.
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Research and Information Analysis Laboratory (ARIAL), Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Electronic address: gcezeh@cerd.gov.ng.
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ezeh
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric Research and Information Analysis Laboratory (ARIAL), Centre for Energy Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Obioh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: O I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Asubiojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze and I.N.F.N, via Sansone 1, 50029 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze and I.N.F.N, via Sansone 1, 50029 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze and I.N.F.N, via Sansone 1, 50029 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calzolai
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze and I.N.F.N, via Sansone 1, 50029 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucarelli
authors.affiliation: Accelerator Research Laboratory, Atomic Energy Agency, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nuviadenu
keywords: Air pollutants; Emissions; Ion Beam; Particulates; Pige; Pixe