title: Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti.
abstract: Container-based sanitation (CBS) - in which wastes are captured in sealable containers that are then transported to treatment facilities - is an alternative sanitation option in urban areas where on-site sanitation and sewerage are infeasible. This paper presents the results of a pilot household CBS service in Cap Haitien, Haiti. We quantify the excreta generated weekly in a dense urban slum,(1)the proportion safely removed via container-based public and household toilets, and the costs associated with these systems. The CBS service yielded an approximately 3.5-fold decrease in the unmanaged share of faeces produced, and nearly eliminated the reported use of open defecation and "flying toilets" among service recipients. The costs of this pilot small-scale service were higher than those of large-scale waterborne sewerage, but economies of scale have the potential to reduce CBS costs over time. The paper concludes with a discussion of planning and policy implications of incorporating CBS into the menu of sanitation options for rapidly growing cities.
authors.affiliation: e-mail: stilmans@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tilmans
authors.affiliation: e-mail: kcrussel@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Kory
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.affiliation: e-mail: rsklar@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sklar
authors.affiliation: e-mail: lnevada@oursoil.org.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: e-mail: skramer@oursoil.org.
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, California, USA, e-mail: jennadavis@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
keywords: container-based sanitation; faecal management; urban sanitation; waste infrastructure; waterless sanitation