title: Mycotoxin Cocktail in the Samples of Oilseed Cake from Early Maturing Cotton Varieties Associated with Cattle Feeding Problems.
abstract: Cottonseed cake in South East Asia has been associated with health issues in ruminants in the recent years. The present study was carried out to investigate the health issues associated with cottonseed cake feeding in dairy animals in Pakistan. All the cake samples were confirmed to be from early maturing cotton varieties (maturing prior to or during Monsoon). A survey of the resource persons indicated that the feeding problems with cottonseed cake appeared after 4-5 months of post-production storage. All the cake samples had heavy bacterial counts, and contaminated with over a dozen different fungal genera. Screening for toxins revealed co-contamination with toxic levels of nearly a dozen mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 + B2 (556 to 5574 ppb), ochratoxin A + B (47 to 2335 ppb), cyclopiazonic acid (1090 to 6706 ppb), equisetin (2226 to 12672 ppb), rubrofusarin (81 to 1125), tenuazonic acid (549 to 9882 ppb), 3-nitropropionic acid (111 to 1032 ppb), and citrinin (29 to 359 ppb). Two buffalo calves in a diagnostic feed trial also showed signs of complex toxicity. These results indicate that inappropriate processing and storage of the cake, in the typical conditions of the subcontinent, could be the main contributory factors regarding the low quality of cottonseed cake.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Program, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan. aghawaqaryunus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Agha W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Yunus
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, Tulln A-3430, Austria. michael.sulyok@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria. josef.boehm@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003368:Gossypium; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009183:Mycotoxins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords: cattle; cottonseed; mycotoxin; toxicity