title: A call for policy guidance on psychometric testing in doping control in sport.
abstract: One of the fundamental challenges in anti-doping is identifying athletes who use, or are at risk of using, prohibited performance enhancing substances. The growing trend to employ a forensic approach to doping control aims to integrate information from social sciences (e.g., psychology of doping) into organised intelligence to protect clean sport. Beyond the foreseeable consequences of a positive identification as a doping user, this task is further complicated by the discrepancy between what constitutes a doping offence in the World Anti-Doping Code and operationalized in doping research. Whilst psychology plays an important role in developing our understanding of doping behaviour in order to inform intervention and prevention, its contribution to the array of doping diagnostic tools is still in its infancy. In both research and forensic settings, we must acknowledge that (1) socially desirable responding confounds self-reported psychometric test results and (2) that the cognitive complexity surrounding test performance means that the response-time based measures and the lie detector tests for revealing concealed life-events (e.g., doping use) are prone to produce false or non-interpretable outcomes in field settings. Differences in social-cognitive characteristics of doping behaviour that are tested at group level (doping users vs. non-users) cannot be extrapolated to individuals; nor these psychometric measures used for individual diagnostics. In this paper, we present a position statement calling for policy guidance on appropriate use of psychometric assessments in the pursuit of clean sport. We argue that, to date, both self-reported and response-time based psychometric tests for doping have been designed, tested and validated to explore how athletes feel and think about doping in order to develop a better understanding of doping behaviour, not to establish evidence for doping. A false 'positive' psychological profile for doping affects not only the individual 'clean' athlete but also their entourage, their organisation and sport itself. The proposed policy guidance aims to protect the global athletic community against social, ethical and legal consequences from potential misuse of psychological tests, including erroneous or incompetent applications as forensic diagnostic tools in both practice and research.
authors.affiliation: Kingston University London, United Kingdom; University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Electronic address: A.Petroczi@kingston.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petróczi
authors.affiliation: Leeds Beckett University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Backhouse
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barkoukis
authors.affiliation: University of Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elbe
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield International Faculty, Greece.
authors.forename: Lambros
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lazuras
authors.affiliation: Sapienza University Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucidi
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D003071:Cognition; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances; D057766:Policy; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D058573:Performance-Enhancing Substances
keywords: Anti-doping; Athlete; Attitude; Drug; Prohibited performance enhancement