title: Peak weight velocity in infancy is negatively associated with lung function in adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid weight gain during infancy increases childhood asthma risk, which might be related to impaired lung function. This study investigated associations between peak weight velocity (PWV) during the first two years of life and spirometric lung function indices at 15 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1842 children participating in the GINIplus German birth cohort who underwent spirometry at age 15 were analysed. PWV was calculated from weight measurements obtained between birth and two years of age. Generalised additive models were fitted after adjustment for potential confounding factors (birth weight, height, and age at lung function testing). Results are presented per interquartile range increase (3.5 kg/year) in PWV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PWV was negatively associated with pre-bronchodilation flow rates after extensive adjustment for potential confounders including asthma: forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50 ) decreased by 141 ml/s (95%CI = [-225;-57]), FEF75 by 84 ml/s [-144;-24] and FEF25-75 by 118 ml/s [-192;-44]. FEV1 /FVC was also negatively associated with PWV (-0.750% [-1.273;-0.226]) whereas forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were not. Similar results were found for measurements post-bronchodilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early life weight gain was negatively associated with flow indices in adolescence, suggesting structural changes in peripheral lungs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Flexeder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Claudia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiering
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berdel
authors.affiliation: IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Carl-Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001724:Birth Weight; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008450:Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013147:Spirometry; D014797:Vital Capacity; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: adolescence; asthma; early life factor; growth; lung function; spirometry; weight gain