title: Effects of oral premedication on cognitive status of elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sedatives and analgesics are often administered to achieve conscious sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Appropriate concerns have been raised regarding post procedure delirium related to peri-procedural medication in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of premedication on new onset delirium and procedural care in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients ≥ 70 years old and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization were randomly assigned to receive either oral diphenhydramine and diazepam (25 mg/5 mg) or no premedication. All patients underwent a mini mental state exam and delirium assessment using confusion assessment method prior to the procedure and repeated at 4 h after the procedure and prior to discharge. Patients' cooperation during the procedure and ease of post-procedure were measured using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The degree of alertness was assessed immediately on arrival to the floor, and twice hourly afterwards using Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 93 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 77 years, and 47 patients received premedication prior to the procedure. None of the patients in either group developed delirium. Patients' cooperation and the ease of procedure was greater and pain medication requirement less both during and after the procedure in the pre-medicated group (P < 0.05 for both). Nurses reported an improvement with patient management in the pre-medicated group (P = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, premedication did not cause delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The reduced pain medication requirement, perceived procedural ease and post procedure management favors premedication in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Truman Medical Center, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Javed M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Neelima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vallurupalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellantonio
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cook
keywords: Cardiac catheterization; Delirium; Diazepam; Diphenhydramine; The elderly